WO2023277720A1 - Ekranoplane porte-aéronef nucléaire (epan) et fonction de propulsion de celui-ci - Google Patents

Ekranoplane porte-aéronef nucléaire (epan) et fonction de propulsion de celui-ci Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023277720A1
WO2023277720A1 PCT/RU2021/000249 RU2021000249W WO2023277720A1 WO 2023277720 A1 WO2023277720 A1 WO 2023277720A1 RU 2021000249 W RU2021000249 W RU 2021000249W WO 2023277720 A1 WO2023277720 A1 WO 2023277720A1
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Prior art keywords
aaep
water
aircraft
vapors
ptc
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PCT/RU2021/000249
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English (en)
Russian (ru)
Inventor
Владимир Петрович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ
Алексей Иванович ПЕТРОВ
Дмитрий Владимирович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ
Original Assignee
Владимир Петрович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ
Алексей Иванович ПЕТРОВ
Дмитрий Владимирович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ
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Application filed by Владимир Петрович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ, Алексей Иванович ПЕТРОВ, Дмитрий Владимирович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ filed Critical Владимир Петрович СЕВАСТЬЯНОВ
Priority to PCT/RU2021/000249 priority Critical patent/WO2023277720A1/fr
Publication of WO2023277720A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023277720A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60V—AIR-CUSHION VEHICLES
    • B60V1/00—Air-cushion
    • B60V1/08—Air-cushion wherein the cushion is created during forward movement of the vehicle by ram effect
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D27/00—Arrangement or mounting of power plants in aircraft; Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/02—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants
    • B64D27/24—Aircraft characterised by the type or position of power plants using steam or spring force
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K23/00—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids
    • F01K23/02—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled
    • F01K23/04—Plants characterised by more than one engine delivering power external to the plant, the engines being driven by different fluids the engine cycles being thermally coupled condensation heat from one cycle heating the fluid in another cycle

Definitions

  • the presented group of inventions relates to the field of nuclear attack and other aircraft-carrying ships.
  • Aircraft carriers in modern configurations are very expensive weapons and, the use of which requires a large number of escort and support ships, including submarines.
  • Aircraft carriers are built very large using nuclear propulsion systems, which allows them to have on board relatively large air groups of various aircraft, while at the same time providing greater autonomy.
  • Ekranoplans have several fundamentally irreparable shortcomings. Some of them degrade performance and make it difficult to operate, while others impose significant restrictions on the methods and methods of work.
  • the ekranoplan of a traditional design which does not have the ability to climb to a significant height, needs the right choice of route, which should not contain tall objects or sudden changes in altitude. In addition, it cannot perform deep turns, which greatly increases the turning radius and limits maneuverability, [1].
  • the nuclear fleet is the most environmentally friendly if its use excludes accidents accompanied by releases of radioactive substances into the environment.
  • there are continuous improvements in nuclear technology that increase its reliability - technologies are improved and new materials are used that are more resistant to the harsh conditions of their operation.
  • the use of new and effective structural materials is expected, when compared with the materials used, for example, in the ekranoplan project 903 "Lun".
  • take-off from an ekranoplan-aircraft carrier could be carried out as follows.
  • the refueled and equipped aircraft with a crew and with warmed-up engines is installed on an aircraft lift, fixed on it behind the landing gear with grips and a special delay, and rises to the launch pad.
  • the pilot starts the engines and brings them to the nominal mode.
  • the ekranoplan reaches a speed that is 5-8% higher than the required takeoff speed for this type of aircraft.
  • the pilot of the aircraft gives a command to open the grips holding it on the platform of the aircraft lift, and switches the engines to takeoff or afterburner mode.
  • the delay control link breaks, freeing the aircraft and, for takeoff, the pilot moves the handle or steering wheel towards himself, the aircraft separates from the aircraft carrier platform and goes into free flight.
  • the ekranoplan-aircraft carrier When receiving an aircraft on its board, the ekranoplan-aircraft carrier moves with a speed slightly higher than the landing speed of the aircraft. The latter approaches the ekranoplan from the stern and, equalizing the speed, hangs, as it were, above the launch pad at a height of several meters. Then, under the supervision of the flight director, the pilot makes a slow, targeted descent of the aircraft from the hovering position to the platform of the aircraft elevator, maintaining the same speeds until full contact with it at the desired point, after which the grippers are activated, fixing the aircraft on the platform, the pilot turns off the engines, and the aircraft elevator lowers the aircraft into the ekranoplan .
  • the large size of the WIG aircraft carrier A-2000 would allow it to move on screen mode at a height of 10-15 m from the water surface. Such a flight height would provide him with good seaworthiness, allowing him to move without pitching, without hitting the crests of waves, without flooding and splashing in any sea state up to a nine-point storm [2].
  • hovercraft carriers show well how the need to rebuild the entire structure of the fleet can ruin even a very good idea. Similar hovercraft could well build, but for successful use they would require the creation of auxiliary ships with a similar principle of maintenance, and this required huge costs. As soon as interest in conventional military hovercraft disappeared, it also disappeared in similar aircraft carriers, [8].
  • a nuclear reactor was chosen as the propulsion system for the aircraft carrier
  • the propulsion function is based on the use of heat from nuclear reactors
  • AAEP is able to move above the water surface and afloat
  • the AAEP design is double-hulled, catamaran aerohydrodynamic layout of the “composite wing” type, with streamlined hulls, between which there is one large wing, on which the flight deck of aircraft is located and, to the left and right of the hulls, there is also one aerodynamic wing each;
  • tails are provided and, on the left and right in the front parts of its hulls, there are front aerodynamic wings;
  • the AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with more than one heat from nuclear reactors;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • wave sensors are provided for positioning aircraft during their landing on the slipways;
  • AAEP is equipped with a nuclear auxiliary power plant for own needs, (EUSN);
  • the design of the AAEP provides not only water intakes for cooling the ETC, but also air-pressure confusers of vortex apparatuses for mass-temperature stratification and cooling air condensers;
  • EKRANOPLAN is equipped not only with anti-ship missiles and air defense weapons, but also with a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects with an antenna lowered into the water when EKRANOPLAN is afloat and is also equipped with mine-torpedo tubes.
  • Jet marine apparatus - HYDROLET capable of moving above the surface of the water (in versions under water and on the surface of the water);
  • the hydroplane has a streamlined body-fuselage, wings, including a transformable annular wing to create aerodynamic lift;
  • the hydroplane is equipped with a jet water jet installation with several water outlet nozzles that provide vertical lift of the hydroplane during its ascent and is equipped with mid-flight outlet nozzles;
  • the hydroplane has a submersible water intake device fixed to the body-fuselage by means of a transformable telescopic structure;
  • the hydroplane has a water supply system connected with a submersible water intake and a power jet water jet;
  • Lifting water outlet nozzles of the hydroplane are located along the perimeter of the body-fuselage
  • Propulsion water jet nozzles are located in the tail section of the body-fuselage; GENERAL FEATURES OF THE ANALOGUE With the present invention are:
  • Hydroplane and AAEP are able to move above the water surface and afloat, on the water surface;
  • a hydroplane and an AAEP can move with relatively similar speeds in modes based on an aerodynamic air cushion
  • Hydroplane and AAEP have streamlined hulls/fuselages and wings to generate aerodynamic lift
  • Hydrolet and AAEP are equipped with a jet water jet installation with several water outlet nozzles providing vertical rise of the hydroplane and AAEP during their rise;
  • Hydrolet and AAEP have submersible water intakes fixed to the hulls/fuselages by means of transformable telescopic structures;
  • Hydrolet and AAEP have water supply systems associated with submersible water intake devices and power jet water jet installations;
  • Lifting water outlet nozzles of the hydroplane and AAEP are located along the perimeters of their hulls/fuselages;
  • the hydroplane does not have a large wing on which it can be located flight deck of aircraft;
  • the AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with heat from nuclear reactors, which is not provided for in a hydroplane;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the hydroplane is not equipped with traction propellers driven by the steam turbine units of the CBC;
  • hydroplanes are not provided with wave sensors for positioning aircraft when they land on the conveyor slipway;
  • the hydroplane is not equipped with a nuclear auxiliary power plant for its own needs, (EUSN);
  • the hydroplane is equipped with a jet water jet installation with several water outlet nozzles providing the vertical rise of the hydroplane and is equipped with mid-flight outlet nozzles, however, for vertical and horizontal stabilization of the hydroplane during its takeoffs, splashdown and when it moves over water, individually adjustable vertical thrust jet water jets controlled by an automatic system are not used. , working according to the data of gyroscope and accelerometric sensors;
  • the hydroplane does not have a radar target detection, weapon guidance and control system (AEW&C), with its antenna made as a tethered quadcopter, with the aerodynamic capabilities of a kite / paraglider;
  • AEW&C radar target detection, weapon guidance and control system
  • the hydroplane is not equipped with anti-ship missiles and air defense weapons, and is not equipped with a sonar station for detecting and tracking underwater objects, nor is it equipped with mine-torpedo tubes.
  • ALSO KNOWN is a weakly relevant INVENTION - EKRANOPLAN WITH a water jet, which is a vessel on a dynamic air cushion,
  • the ekranoplan is equipped with one or more water-jet propulsion units located in the tail part of the ekranoplan fuselage and is made with full pressure water intakes;
  • the ekranoplan has conduits from the water intakes to the water outlet nozzles of the jet propulsion, through the bladed propellers - the impellers of the pumps, with this blade screws - the impellers of the pumps are driven by engines of one type or another;
  • Horizontal stabilizers with horizontal rudders are installed on the permanently wetted part of fully pressure water intakes;
  • Ekranoplanes can move afloat on the water surface at relatively low speeds, and above the water surface at high speeds based on the effect of an aerodynamic air cushion;
  • Ekranoplanes are equipped with several jet propulsion units and are made with fully pressurized water intakes;
  • Ekranoplanes have conduits from water intakes to water outlet nozzles of jet propulsion
  • Ekranoplan is single-hulled, not double-hulled, catamaran layout with hulls between which there is one large wing, that is, according to the aerohydrodynamic layout of the “composite wing” type, when there is also one aerodynamic wing to the left and right of the hulls;
  • AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with heat from nuclear reactors, which is not provided for in the ekranoplan;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the ekranoplan is not equipped with a nuclear auxiliary power plant for its own needs, (EUSN);
  • the ekranoplan is equipped with cruising jet water cannons with water outlet nozzles, however, for vertical and horizontal stabilization of the ekranoplan during takeoffs, splashdowns and when it moves over water, the ekranoplan does not use individually adjustable vertical thrust jet water cannons controlled by an automatic system operating according to gyroscope and accelerometric sensors ;
  • the ekranoplan does not have a complex of radar target detection, weapon guidance and control, (AEW&C), with its antenna made as a tethered quadcopter, with the aerodynamic capabilities of a kite / paraglider;
  • AEW&C radar target detection, weapon guidance and control
  • the ekranoplan is not equipped with anti-ship missile weapons and air defense weapons, and is not equipped with a sonar station for detecting and tracking underwater objects, nor is it equipped with mine-torpedo tubes;
  • KNOWN is the project of the strategic EKRANOPLANE of the A-2000 aircraft carrier, [2, 4, 5, 6].
  • the main technical solutions developed in this project are taken as PROTOTYPE.
  • A-2000 is able to move above the water surface and afloat - on the water surface
  • the A-2000 design was designed as a double-hull catamaran with streamlined hulls, between which there is one large wing, when there was also one aerodynamic wing to the left and right of the hulls;
  • the large wing located between the hulls of the ekranoplan is also the flight deck of the aircraft;
  • Wings of A-2000 ekranoplan located to the left and right of each hull were made with the possibility of changing their sweep;
  • the Ekranoplan A-2000 project includes anti-ship missile weapons.
  • the large wing located between the hulls of the EKRANOPLANS is also the flight deck of aircraft;
  • Tail empennages are installed on the hulls of EKRANOPLANS;
  • EKRANOPLANS provide for Radar Target Detection, Weapon Guidance and Weapon Control Complexes (AEW&C);
  • the catamaran two-hull design of the AAEP is made according to the aerohydrodynamic layout of the “composite wing” type, when the main aerodynamic wings, located to the left and right of the hulls, are composed of center sections and consoles;
  • the AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with heat from nuclear reactors;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the AAEP has relatively heavy radiation shields
  • AAEP propulsion propellers are driven by steam turbine units of the KBC and are used as twin propeller fans;
  • AAEP is equipped with slipway conveyors for moving aircraft
  • AAEP is equipped with a nuclear auxiliary power plant for own needs, (EUSN);
  • Water-submersible keels are provided on the telescopic consoles carrying water intakes of the AAEP;
  • AAEP has relatively well-known ekranoplans high aerohydrodynamic maneuverability due to the presence, along with tail fin fins, water-submersible fins;
  • the use of more than one onboard nuclear reactor in the AAEP increases the reliability of the power supply of the AAEP as a whole and ensures high energy maneuverability of the AAEP in relation to high-speed cruising modes of its movement and in connection with the speeds used by the AAEP during takeoffs and landings of aircraft on it;
  • the design of the AAEP provides not only water intakes for cooling the ETC, but also air-pressure confusers of vortex apparatuses for mass-temperature stratification and cooling air condensers;
  • the structures of the AAEP buildings contain water supply systems connecting the equipment of its Combined Binary Cycles (CBC), namely, full pressure water intakes, VTK and pumps of vertical thrust jet water jets;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the antenna of the radar target detection, weapon guidance and weapon control complex is made as a high-altitude - tethered quadcopter, with the aerodynamic capabilities of a kite / paraglider and powered by an electric cable / cable;
  • a landing pad for the quadcopter tethered antenna AEW&C is provided;
  • AAEP is equipped with long-range air defense missiles
  • AAEP is equipped with short-range anti-aircraft guns, electronic warfare equipment and laser weapons; • The AAEP provides for a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects with an antenna lowered into the water when the EKRANOPLANE is afloat;
  • the AAEP hull provides for a built-in and retractable down into the water, when the EKRANOPLANE is afloat and with the possibility of its rotation in a horizontal plane, - a drum of mine-torpedo tubes.
  • the OBJECTIVE of the presented AAEP invention is to develop inventive solutions focused on the possibility of creating small and inexpensive aircraft carriers that do not require a large flight deck when using conventional aircraft, without the possibility of vertical takeoff and landing. And at the same time, the second task in solving which when creating AAPE is the possibility of their use at the greatest distance from their bases with great autonomy.
  • AAEP is capable of moving above the water surface on an aerodynamic air cushion, and afloat at low speeds, or it can be motionless.
  • the movement of the ekranoplan above the water surface is based on the effect of an aerodynamic air cushion.
  • the possible maximum speeds of the EKRANOPLANE are 550-600 km / h, as well as speeds of 200-350 km / h, that is, in the range of take-off and landing speeds of modern combat aircraft.
  • the design of the AAEP is double-hull, catamaran layout with streamlined hulls, between which there is one large wing, that is, according to the aerohydrodynamic layout of the “composite wing” type, when there is also one aerodynamic wing to the left and right of the hulls.
  • takeoff from the AAEP can be carried out as follows:
  • the aircraft with the pilot and with warmed-up engines is installed on the conveyor slipway and fixed on it behind the chassis with special grips and the conveyor slipway is moved to the starting position of the flight deck. Then the pilot starts the pre-heated engines and, at the same time, the ekranoplan reaches a speed that is 5-8% higher than the take-off speed. Having received a message that such a speed has been reached, the pilot of the aircraft gives a command to open the grips that hold the aircraft on the conveyor slipway, freeing the aircraft and transferring the engines and the aircraft as a whole to the takeoff mode and the aircraft leaves the AAEP for flight.
  • the AAEP moves at a speed slightly higher than the landing speed of the aircraft.
  • the latter approaches the ekranoplan from the stern and, equalizing the speed, hovering over the launch pad at a height of several meters.
  • the pilot performs a slow targeted descent of the aircraft from the hovering position onto the conveyor slipway while maintaining the same speeds until full contact with it at the desired point.
  • the grips of the conveyor slipway fixing the aircraft on it are automatically triggered, the pilot turns off the engines, and the conveyor slipway moves the aircraft to the ekranoplan hangar.
  • the buildings of the AAEP have hangars for aircraft with built-in sliding gates for moving aircraft by slipway conveyors.
  • aircraft landing markings and wave sensors for their positioning during landings on the slipway conveyors are provided.
  • road guides of the conveyor stocks are placed, along which the latter move aircraft between the hangars and positional platforms for takeoffs and landings of aircraft.
  • the use of more than one onboard nuclear reactor in the AAEP increases the reliability of the AAEP power supply as a whole and ensures high energy maneuverability of the AAEP in relation to high-speed cruising modes of its movement and in connection with the speeds used by the AAEP during takeoffs and landings of aircraft on it.
  • the AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with heat from nuclear reactors and, in the design of the AAEC, several engines are used, the traction propellers of which are driven by the CBC steam turbine units and are used as twin-propeller fans, providing an increased efficiency of these screws.
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the proposed EKRANOPLANE provides for two tails with keels and horizontal stabilizers, and, in addition, water-submersible keels are provided on the telescopic consoles carrying water intakes.
  • the AAEP has, relatively well-known ekranoplans, high aerohydrodynamic maneuverability due to the presence, along with the tail fin fins, of water-submersible keels mounted on telescopic consoles carrying water intakes.
  • individually adjustable vertical thrust jet water jets are used, controlled by an automatic system operating in real time according to gyroscope and accelerometric sensors.
  • the AAEP water intakes and consoles carrying them in the zones of their frontal resistance, (by analogy with the Shkval, Barrakuda and Hoot torpedoes) are equipped with boost nozzles - active cavitation boundary layer spoilers fed by high-pressure air from special turbochargers.
  • the structures of the AAEP hulls have high-pressure air pipeline systems connecting the turbochargers with the water intakes of the cylinder head and the convertible consoles carrying them.
  • the relatively increased aerodynamic maneuverability of the AAEP design is realized due to the additional steering control from the submerged parts of the telescopic length-controlled consoles carrying fully submersible water intakes.
  • the design of the AAEP provides not only water intakes for cooling the VTC, but also air-pressure confusers of vortex devices for mass-temperature stratification and cooling air condensers.
  • the structures of the AAEP hulls contain water-carrying systems connecting the components of its Combined Binary Cycles (CBC), namely, full pressure water intakes, VTK and vertical thrust jet water jet pumps.
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the AAEP To reduce the radio visibility of the AAEP hulls and other structural elements of its airframe, they are made with a wide-band radar absorbing coating.
  • the AAEP also installs a radar target detection, weapon guidance and weapon control complex (AEW & C), while it is assumed that its antenna is designed as a high-altitude - tethered quadrocopter, with the aerodynamic capabilities of a kite / paraglider and powered by an electric cable / cable.
  • AEW & C radar target detection, weapon guidance and weapon control complex
  • a special landing site for the AEW&C high-altitude quadcopter tethered antenna is provided on the AAEP body.
  • the AAEP is equipped with anti-ship missile weapons, long-range air defense weapons, short-range anti-aircraft guns, electronic warfare equipment and laser weapons.
  • the AAEP provides for a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects with an antenna lowered into the water when the AAEP is afloat. And in its hull, a built-in and retractable down into the water is installed, while the EKRANOPLANE is afloat and, with the possibility of its rotation in a horizontal plane, a drum of mine-torpedo tubes.
  • THE HEAT POWER SYSTEM OF THE AAEP PROPULSION PLANT due to the design of its external elements, differs significantly from the classical NPP schemes due to the specifics of the external flight conditions. Namely, due to the high speeds of the AEEC, as a result of which high pressure is provided from the incoming air flow on the frontal parts of the AEEC structural elements and this makes it possible to greatly increase the cooling of the condensers of its heat and power circuit. Which, according to the laws of thermodynamics of heat engines, provides an increase in efficiency. A similar factor operates in the AAEP with respect to the oncoming water flow to its submersible water intakes.
  • CBCs Combined Binary Cycles
  • COP Efficiency Factors
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • An additional factor in reducing the thermal footprint is the use of original air condensers, due to which a significant part of the waste heat of energy cycles is not discharged into water, but quickly dissipates in the air.
  • the AAEP uses several engines with traction propellers driven by steam turbine units of the CBC.
  • each pair of propellers operates from one CBC - one propeller from the steam turbine unit of the first heat and power circuit, the other propeller from the steam turbine unit of the second heat and power circuit.
  • turbojet engines without propellers can be used, if there is a cryogenic installation on board of the AAEP that liquefies the air, as proposed in [14] for an aerospace aircraft with a nuclear engine.
  • the effectiveness of this solution is based on the fact that the evaporative expansion of liquid air is about 700 times when heated, for example, by atmospheric air temperatures above minus 35. It is obvious here that heating air with the heat of AAEP nuclear onboard reactors to high temperatures will provide an even greater expansion coefficient air, increasing the efficiency of the "propulsion function".
  • molten salt reactors can be used in the AAEP, the history of which dates back to the late 40s of the last century. Until the end of the 1960s, attempts to improve such reactors did not stop, taking into account their compact size, even as power sources for aircraft.
  • the first operating reactor was ready in 1954 and, at the same time, the United States managed to equip the B-36 bomber with such a reactor [17, 18].
  • Such reactors can also be uranium-thorium reactors with all their inherent advantages [19].
  • fast reactors with lead [20] or lead-bismuth coolant which have a number of advantages. These reactors are also characterized by a high level of internal self-protection and passive safety with the relative simplicity of their design and their compactness [21, 22].
  • accelerators can be used, in which the accelerating structures are connected to each other by magnetic nodes for turning proton beams at angles of less than 180 degrees [23, 24], these are also backward wave accelerators [25].
  • the compactness of such accelerators is estimated in [26] as 60x18x4 meters, in [27] as 60x24x6 meters.
  • a 1 GeV proton accelerator is the most compact: it can be placed (also without optimization for aviation applications) on an area of 50x8 square meters. m., and a 10 GeV accelerator on an area of 60x15 m, [25].
  • data are given on cyclotron accelerators of protons with energies up to 900 MeV located on a platform with dimensions of 15x35 sq. meters.
  • the molten salts can also serve as a target for the driver accelerator, which solves the problem with the stability of the fuel target and the uniformity of its burnout [30, 31, 32].
  • auxiliary power units (APU) will be used on board, which are traditionally used in modern aviation using hydrocarbon fuel.
  • APU auxiliary power units
  • the APU will use the heat of a nuclear reactor.
  • the APUs themselves can be made by steam turbines, or by Stirling engines, or even by Reylis engines.
  • VAU-6 the generation of electrical energy reached large values of 600 kW.
  • VEU-6 was made in a cylindrical body with a diameter of 2.9 m, a length of 6.5 m, and a mass of 70 tons, including this own body with radiation protection.
  • AAEP is able to move above the water surface and afloat - on the water surface
  • tails are provided;
  • the AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with heat from nuclear reactors;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the AAEP has relatively heavy radiation shields
  • AAEP is equipped with slipway conveyors for moving aircraft
  • wave sensors are provided for positioning aircraft during their landing on the slipways;
  • AAEP is equipped with a nuclear auxiliary power plant for own needs, (EUSN); • On the bottoms of the AAEP hulls there are transformable telescopic consoles controlled along the length, carrying water intakes of the VTK CBC, power supply for the EUSN and feed pumps for vertical thrust jet water jets.
  • EUSN nuclear auxiliary power plant for own needs
  • AAEP has relatively well-known ekranoplans high aerohydrodynamic maneuverability due to the presence, along with tail fin fins, water submersible keels mounted on telescopic consoles carrying water intakes;
  • the structures of the AAEP hulls have high-pressure air piping systems connecting the turbocompressors with the water intakes of the cylinder head and the convertible consoles carrying them;
  • the design of the AAEP provides not only water intakes for cooling the ETC, but also air-pressure confusers of vortex apparatuses for mass-temperature stratification and cooling air condensers;
  • AAEP hulls contain water-carrying systems connecting the components of its Combined Binary Cycles (CBC), namely, full pressure water intakes, VTC and vertical thrust jet water jet pumps;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the proposed AAEP installs the Radar Target Acquisition, Weapon Guidance and Control (AEW&C) complex, while it is assumed that its antenna is designed as high-altitude - tethered quadrocopter, with the aerodynamic capabilities of a kite / paraglider and powered by an electric cable / cable;
  • AEW&C Radar Target Acquisition, Weapon Guidance and Control
  • EKRANOPLAN is equipped not only with anti-ship missiles and air defense weapons, but also with a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects with an antenna lowered into the water when EKRANOPLAN is afloat and is also equipped with mine-torpedo tubes.
  • AAEP is able to move above the water surface on an aerodynamic air cushion and afloat - on the water surface
  • the AAEP propulsion function is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC) with heat from nuclear reactors;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the AAEP has relatively heavy radiation shields
  • AAEP propulsion propellers are driven by steam turbine units of the KBC and are used as twin propeller fans;
  • AAEP is equipped with slipway conveyors for moving aircraft
  • AAEP is equipped with a nuclear auxiliary power plant for own needs, (EUSN);
  • the proposed EKRANOPLANE provides for two tails with keels and horizontal stabilizers, and, in addition, water submersible keels are provided on the telescopic consoles carrying water intakes;
  • AAEP has relatively well-known ekranoplans high aerohydrodynamic maneuverability due to the presence, along with tail fin fins, water submersible keels mounted on telescopic consoles carrying water intakes;
  • the AAEP water intakes and consoles carrying them, in the areas of their frontal hydrodynamic resistance, are equipped with boost nozzles - active cavitation interceptors of the boundary layer, fed by high-pressure air from special turbocompressors;
  • the use of more than one onboard nuclear reactor in the AAEP increases the reliability of the power supply of the AAEP as a whole and ensures high energy maneuverability of the AAEP in relation to high-speed cruising modes of its movement and in connection with the speeds used by the AAEP during takeoffs and landings of aircraft on it;
  • the design of the AAEP provides not only water intakes for cooling the ETC, but also air-pressure confusers of vortex apparatuses for mass-temperature stratification and cooling air condensers;
  • the structures of the AAEP hulls contain plumbing systems connecting the components of its Combined Binary Cycles (CBC), and it is full of pressure water intakes, VTK and vertical thrust jet water jet pumps;
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the structural elements of its airframe are made with a wide-band radar absorbing coating
  • AEW&C radar target detection, weapon guidance and weapon control
  • a landing site for a high-altitude quadrocopter tethered antenna AEW&C is provided on the AAEP body;
  • EKRANOPLAN is equipped with anti-ship missile weapons
  • AAEP is equipped with short-range anti-aircraft guns, electronic warfare equipment and laser weapons;
  • the AAEP provides for a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects with an antenna lowered into the water when the EKRANOPLANE is afloat;
  • the AAEP hull provides for a built-in and retractable down into the water, when the EKRANOPLANE is afloat and, with the possibility of its rotation in a horizontal plane, a drum of mine-torpedo tubes.
  • FIG. 1 shows the general appearance of the AAEP layout.
  • FIG. Figure 2 shows a front view of the AAEP, illustrating it when moving over the water surface at cruising speeds and at a speed corresponding to the takeoff and landing speeds of modern combat aircraft.
  • FIG. 3 shows the view of the AAED on the left, illustrating it when moving over the surface of the water at cruising speeds and at a speed corresponding to the takeoff and landing speeds of modern combat aircraft.
  • FIG. 4 is a left side view of the AAEP illustrating it afloat. It also shows a retractable antenna for a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects and a retractable drum for mine-torpedo tubes. VARIANT FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION - Atomic Aircraft Carrying Ekranoplan In Fig. 1, fig. 2, fig. 3 and FIG. 4 shows the general appearance of the AAEP, front view and left side views.
  • EUSN nuclear power plant for own needs
  • the design of the AAEP is composed of two hulls 1 and 2 - a catamaran layout with streamlined hulls, between which there is one large wing 114, that is, according to the aerohydrodynamic layout of the "composite wing" type, when there is also one composite aerodynamic wing 105 to the left and right of the hulls, 107 and 104, 106.
  • On the bottoms of the hulls 1 and 2 of the WIG there are chevron-shaped hydrodynamic steps 144 and 145 (others, not shown on the hull 1).
  • buildings 1 and 2 of the AAEP there are hangars for aircraft with built-in sliding gates, for example, 119 for moving aircraft on slipways by conveyors 117 and 118.
  • markings 115 and 116 landing of aircraft and wave sensors for their positioning during landings on the slipway conveyors 117 and another are provided.
  • road guides are placed, (in Fig. 1 shown without reference designations) a slipway of conveyors 117 and 118, along which the latter move aircraft between hangars and positional platforms takeoffs and landings of aircraft.
  • takeoff from the AAEP can be carried out as follows:
  • the aircraft (in Fig. 1 without reference designation) with a pilot and with heated engines is installed, for example, on a slipway conveyor 117 and is fixed on it behind the chassis with special grips and moves this slipway with a conveyor 117 to the starting position of the flight deck - in the middle of the markings 116 s wave positioning sensors for aircraft during their landings. Then the pilot starts the pre-heated aircraft engines and, at the same time, the AAEP reaches a speed that is 5-8% higher than the take-off speed of the aircraft.
  • the pilot of the aircraft Having received a message about reaching such a speed, the pilot of the aircraft gives a command to open the grips that hold the aircraft on the slipway conveyor 117, freeing the aircraft and transfers the engines and the aircraft as a whole to takeoff mode and the aircraft leaves the AAEP to fly.
  • the AAEP moves at a speed slightly higher than the landing speed of the aircraft. The latter comes to the AAEP from the stern and, equalizing the speed, hovering over the starting position, over the slipway conveyor 117, at a height of several meters. Then, using a special instrumental system equipped with wave sensors 116 for positioning the aircraft, the pilot performs a slow targeted descent of the aircraft from the hovering position onto the slipway conveyor 117 while maintaining the same speeds until full contact with it at the desired point. After that, the captures of the stocks of the conveyor 117 are automatically triggered, fixing the aircraft on it. The pilot turns off the engines, and the slipway conveyor 117 moves the aircraft to the ekranoplan hangar through the sliding gate 119.
  • Fig. 5, - 147 and 1408 The use of more than one onboard nuclear reactor (Fig. 5, - 147 and 148) in the AAEP increases the reliability of the energy supply of the AAEP as a whole and provides high energy maneuverability of the AAEP in relation to high-speed cruising modes of its movement and in connection with the speeds used by the AAEP during takeoffs and planes landing on it.
  • the propulsion function of the AAEP is implemented on the basis of several Combined Binary Cycles (CBC, Fig. 5, - 149 + 152) with heat from nuclear reactors (Fig. 5, - 147 and 148) and, in the design of the AAEP, several engines with traction propellers are used 9 + 12 and 102, 103, 138 and 139 driven by steam turbine units of the KBC, (Fig. 5, 149 + 152). These 9 + 12 and 102, 103, 138 and 139 thrust propellers are used as twin propellers for increased efficiency.
  • the proposed EKRANOPLANE provides for two tails with keels 108 and 109 and with horizontal stabilizers 110 113.
  • individually adjustable jet water cannons 50, 100 and other vertical thrust are used, controlled by an automatic system operating in real time according to gyroscope and accelerometric sensors.
  • the AAEP water intakes 101, 135 and 146 and the consoles 124 and 125 carrying them, in the zones of their frontal resistance, are equipped with boost nozzles - active cavitation interceptors of the boundary layer fed by high-pressure air from special turbochargers 153 and others.
  • the relatively increased aerodynamic maneuverability of the AAEP design is realized due to the additional steering control from the submerged parts of the telescopic length-controlled consoles 124 and 125, which carry fully submersible water intakes 101, 135 and 146.
  • the design of the AAEP provides not only water intakes 101, 135 and 146 for cooling the VTC, but also air pressure confusers 36, 39, 40, 127 130 vortex devices for mass-temperature stratification cooling air condensers.
  • the structures of the AAEP buildings contain water supply systems connecting the components of its Combined Binary Cycles (CBC), namely, water intakes 101, 135 and 146, VTK (Fig. 5. - 58, 154, 155 and others and, pumps 49 and others) and jet water cannons vertical thrust 50, 100 and others.
  • CBC Combined Binary Cycles
  • the AAEP and other structural elements of its airframe are made with a wide-band radar absorbing coating.
  • a radar target detection, weapon guidance and weapon control complex (AEW & C) is also installed, while it is assumed that its antenna 131 is designed as a high-altitude - tethered quadrocopter, with the aerodynamic capabilities of a kite / paraglider and powered by an electric cable / cable 132
  • a special landing pad 133 for a high-altitude quadcopter tethered antenna AEW&C - 131 is provided on the AAEP body.
  • the AAEP is equipped with anti-ship missile weapons, long-range air defense weapons and is equipped with anti-aircraft guns, electronic warfare equipment and short-range laser defense weapons - 120, 121, 122 and 123.
  • the AAEP provides for a hydroacoustic station for detecting and tracking underwater objects with an antenna 140 lowered into the water when the AAEP is afloat. And in its body 2, a built-in and retractable down into the water, while the EKRANOPLANE is afloat and, with the possibility of its rotation in a horizontal plane, is installed - a drum of mine-torpedo tubes 142.
  • the proposed method for constructing an AAEP can be effectively used for relatively small air groups of combat aircraft, as well as for high-speed large-tonnage transportation of both cargo and passengers.
  • EKRANOPLAN as a launch and accelerating system in water areas near the equator with the direction of the horizontal launch of space launch vehicles in the direction of the Earth's rotation. That provides starting speeds of carrier rockets of about 2250 km / h.
  • the invention of the KBC AAEP relates to the field of technologies for the generation of mechanical energy based on the thermal energy of nuclear reactors.
  • APPLICATION of the AAEP CBC technology is carried out according to the inventive concept on board the AAEP to provide traction energy to the AAEP itself.
  • the OBJECTIVE of the AAEP CBC invention is to present a new engineering heat and power solution for generating mechanical energy from heat with the greatest efficiency, using the environmental conditions of the ekranoplan during its high-speed movements above the water surface.
  • the first medium is the medium that transfers thermal energy from the heat source to the power generation system in a binary cycle
  • the second medium the so-called intermediate medium, is heated by the first medium and which is used in the primary circuit of the binary cycle, where energy is generated by the steam turbine and the first electric generator;
  • the third medium is an organic substance with a low liquid boiling point. This third medium is also the working medium used in the second circuit of the binary cycle, where energy through an organic turbine and a second electric generator.
  • the waste heat of the exhaust vapors is utilized in the condenser/evaporator.
  • the organic liquid evaporates, due to which its vapors are further worked out by the organic turbine and energy is generated, then, respectively, electrical energy on the second electric generator.
  • the SECOND PART OF THE LIQUID INTERMEDIATE medium after its condensation, is also directed to its evaporation from the heat source, by the heat of the first medium.
  • this medium After recuperative heating of the organic medium in the second circuit of the binary cycle, this medium is condensed on an air condenser and waste heat is removed to the external environment.
  • the working medium of the heat source which has given off thermal energy to the binary cycle, is removed from this cycle.
  • the intermediate medium may be water, or another liquid - preferably this synthetic alkylated aromatic heat transfer fluid.
  • GENERAL FEATURES of analogue [38] with the proposed invention are:
  • the thermal energy discharged from the primary circuit of the binary cycle can not only be utilized in the second circuit of this cycle, but can also be partly discharged into the environment;
  • the AAEP control the duty cycle and duration of the quasi-pulses of the reactors with periods that ensure the maintenance of reasonable temperatures of the coolant that transmits energy to the PTC and the CTC;
  • thermal inertial energy storage device To smooth out the quasi-impulses of thermal energy supply in the PTC and in the CTC, a thermal inertial energy storage device is used; • Thermal energy from the primary sources of the AAEP BCC is transferred both to the first circuit of the binary cycle - to the PTC, and in parallel to the second circuit of the binary cycle - to the CHS;
  • the vapors exhausted in the medium pressure cylinder (MPC) and the LPC are compressed, as well as the cold part of the vapors obtained as a result of the separation of vapors in the cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the CTP from the vapors exhausted in the HPC and compressed after their expiration from the HPC; in addition, these combined vapors (before their compression) are supplemented with preheated vapors from the PTC intercycle condenser, which are formed and expire supercooled from a cascade of adiabatic vortex devices of mass-temperature stratification of CTC; this compression provides an increase in the temperature of condensation of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF;
  • Vapors of discharged thermal energy sent to the CHF from the PHC, after their utilization in the CHF, are vapors of the working medium of the primary circuit of the binary cycle, condense by means of the cold part of the vapors exhausted in the turbine of the CHF and obtained as a result of the separation of the vapors exhausted in the CHF - in a cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses COT;
  • This invention presents a method for generating electricity, in which the equipment operates on a trinary cycle and the construction of the last two cycles is highly relevant to the present invention, and therefore, in the following description, the last two cycles of the invention [39, 40] will be considered analogous.
  • the medium of the heat source from the primary circuit of the trinary cycle and two different media of the “further binary cycle” the first medium is the heat carrier through which thermal energy is transferred from the “conditionally external” heat source to the binary cycle
  • the second and third media is water and is an organic liquid with a low boiling point
  • the analogue technique in terms of the last two circuits of the trinary cycle is basically built as a binary cycle with a steam-water primary circuit (steam turbine cycle - STC) and with a light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit (organic turbine cycle - COT).
  • steam turbine cycle - STC steam turbine cycle - STC
  • organic turbine cycle - COT light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit
  • the thermal energy discharged from the PTC is utilized mainly in the second circuit and can also be partially removed to the external environment;
  • PTC is carried out according to the Rankine cycle with reheating of vapors to improve efficiency, due to the elimination of part of the intra-cycle losses of thermal energy;
  • PTCs create supercritical parameters of the working environment from a "conditionally external" heat source - (from the first circuit of the trinary cycle) transferred to the PTC superheater and, thereby, additionally superheat the working environment;
  • the vapors exhausted in the medium pressure cylinder (MPC) and the LPC are compressed, as well as the cold part of the vapors obtained as a result of the separation of vapors in the cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the CTP from the vapors exhausted in the HPC and compressed after their expiration from the HPC; in addition, these combined vapors (before their compression) are supplemented with preheated vapors from the PTC intercycle condenser, which are formed and flow out supercooled from the cascade of adiabatic devices for CTC mass-temperature stratification; this compression also ensures an increase in the temperature of condensation of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF;
  • Condensation of vapors of the working medium of the CHF is provided by an independent refrigerant of the compression refrigerator in the circuit of which, before the refrigerator condenser, the refrigerant vapors are pre-cooled from the process heat extraction heater, and then by another cooling of the refrigerator condenser from the device, or the cascade of devices for vortex mass-temperature stratification of the CHF and also from the external environment.
  • GENERAL ESSENTIAL FEATURES of the analogue [39, 40] with the proposed invention are:
  • the analogue power generation system uses three fluid media, the heat source medium from the primary circuit of the trinary cycle and two different media of the “further binary cycle”, the first medium is the heat carrier through which thermal energy is transferred from the “conditionally external” heat source to the binary cycle , the second and third environments, this is water and this organic liquid with a low boiling point;
  • the analogue technique in terms of the last two circuits of the trinary cycle is basically built as a binary cycle with a steam-water primary circuit (steam turbine cycle - STC) and with a light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit (organic turbine cycle - COT).
  • steam turbine cycle - STC steam turbine cycle - STC
  • organic turbine cycle - COT light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit
  • the thermal energy discharged from the PTC is utilized mainly in the second circuit and can also be partially removed to the external environment;
  • PTC is carried out according to the Rankine cycle with reheating of vapors to improve efficiency, due to the elimination of part of the intra-cycle losses of thermal energy;
  • the vapors exhausted in the medium pressure cylinder (MPC) and the LPC are compressed, as well as the cold part of the vapors obtained as a result of the separation of vapors in the cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the CTP from the vapors exhausted in the HPC and compressed after their expiration from the HPC; in addition, these combined vapors (before their compression) are supplemented with preheated vapors from the PTC intercycle condenser, which are formed and flow out supercooled from the cascade of adiabatic devices for CTC mass-temperature stratification; this compression provides an increase in the temperature of condensation of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF;
  • Vapors of discharged thermal energy sent to the CHF from the PHC, after their utilization in the CHF, are vapors of the working medium of the primary circuit of the binary cycle, condense by means of the cold part of the vapors exhausted in the turbine of the CHF and obtained as a result of the separation of the vapors exhausted in the CHF - in a cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses COT;
  • Condensation of vapors of the working medium of the central heating plant is provided by an independent the refrigerant of the compression refrigerator in the circuit of which, in front of the refrigerator condenser, the refrigerant vapor is pre-cooled from the process heat extraction heater, and then another cooling of the refrigerator condenser from the apparatus, or a cascade of devices for vortex mass-temperature stratification of the CTC and also from the external environment.
  • CBC AAEP is performed as SEVERAL PARALLEL OPERATING CBC, in which low-boiling working fluids are used in the secondary circuits;
  • the AAEP control the duty cycle and duration of the quasi-pulses of the reactors with periods that ensure the maintenance of reasonable temperatures of the coolant that transmits energy to the PTC and the CTC;
  • thermal inertial energy storage device To smooth the quasi-impulses of thermal energy supply from nuclear reactors in the PTC and in the CTC, a thermal inertial energy storage device is used;
  • the invention is also known [41, 42].
  • the invention is accepted as a PROTOTYPE.
  • the equipment that ensures the operation of the Hybrid Thermal Power Cycle (GCHPP), including nuclear reactors, is placed on board a flying nuclear aircraft;
  • the GTPP is basically built as a binary cycle with a steam-water primary circuit (steam turbine cycle - STC) and with a light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit (organic turbine cycle - CHT).
  • steam turbine cycle - STC steam turbine cycle - STC
  • organic turbine cycle - CHT light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit
  • the thermal energy discharged from the primary circuit is utilized mainly in the second circuit and can also be partially discharged into the external environment;
  • the power generation system uses three fluids, a heat source medium and two different binary cycle media, this is a molten salt the coolant, through which thermal energy is transferred from nuclear / nuclear reactors to binary cycles, is water and it is an organic liquid with a low boiling point;
  • More than one subcritical hybrid nuclear reactor or accelerator-controlled subcritical nuclear reactors is used as the primary source of thermal energy in the GTPP;
  • GTPP is implemented as a binary cycle with several secondary circuits operating in parallel with low-boiling working fluids
  • the duty cycle and duration of the quasi-pulses of the reactors are controlled with periods that ensure the maintenance of reasonable temperatures of the coolant that transmits energy to the CHP and the CHP;
  • thermal inertial energy storage device To smooth the quasi-impulses of thermal energy supply from nuclear reactors in the PTC and in the CTC, a thermal inertial energy storage device is used;
  • the heat carrier of primary heat sources is heated from conditionally external energy sources
  • PTC and CHP are carried out according to the Rankine cycle with quasi-intermediate vapor reheating to improve efficiency, due to the exclusion of significant parts of intra-cycle thermal energy losses due to its intra-cycle recovery by exchanging heat with superheated vapors obtained as exhaust vapors flowing from High Pressure Cylinders (HPC) in the PTC and COT during their mass-temperature separation in cascades of the corresponding adiabatic vortex devices;
  • HPC High Pressure Cylinders
  • the vapors exhausted in the Medium Pressure Cylinder (MPC) and LPC are compressed, as well as the cold part of the vapors obtained as a result of the separation of vapors in the cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the CTP from the vapors exhausted in the HPC and compressed after their expiration from the HPC; in addition, these combined vapors (before their compression) are supplemented with preheated vapors from the PTC intercycle condenser, which are formed and flow supercooled from the cascade of vortex adiabatic devices of CTC mass-temperature stratification; this compression provides an increase in the temperature of condensation of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF;
  • MPC Medium Pressure Cylinder
  • LPC Low Pressure Cylinder
  • Vapors of discharged thermal energy sent to the CHF from the PHC, after their utilization in the CHF, - vapors of the working medium of the primary circuit of the binary cycle, are condensed by means of the cold part of the vapors exhausted in the turbine of the CHF and obtained as a result of the separation of the vapors exhausted in the CHF - in a cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses COT;
  • Condensation of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF is provided by an independent refrigerant of the compression cooler in the circuit of which, before refrigerator condenser, the refrigerant vapor is pre-cooled from the process heat extraction heater (for regenerative heating of the CHF), as well as another effectively enhanced cooling of the waste heat of the CHF (discharged to the external environment) by an air condenser powered by vortex mass-temperature stratification devices, in turn powered by incoming air flow in the flight of a nuclear aircraft;
  • the CBC of AAEP is composed of several CFCs operating in parallel from the heat of more than two nuclear reactors;
  • VTC In the PTC and in the CTC of the CTC, in addition to air condensers working with mass-temperature stratification devices, VTC is used, fed from submersible full-pressure water intakes made with almost zero frontal hydrodynamic resistance to the oncoming water flow during cruising AAEP;
  • THE OBJECTIVE OF THE PRESENT INVENTION of the AAEP CBC is to develop a highly efficient technology for generating mechanical energy and generating electrical energy for the AAEP's own needs based on the generation of thermal energy through nuclear reactors.
  • the task of inventing the high efficiency of the AAEC CBC is due to the requirements of the minimum weight and size parameters of the onboard technological equipment with the highest possible value of energy generation with high efficiency, which is the achieved technical result providing the invention.
  • Efficient conversion of thermal energy for AAEP is especially important in connection with the airborne placement of power plants, with their minimum weight and dimensions.
  • the relevance of weight and size characteristics is due to the fact that the Efficiency Factor (COP) of nuclear power plants in the general traditional case is relatively low due to the low temperatures of the coolant heating the working fluid in heat and power cycles, when compared with the cycles of thermal power plants.
  • COP Efficiency Factor
  • the invention [44] also shows that in order to increase the power and efficiency of a nuclear power plant by increasing the enthalpy drop across the entire steam turbine, while maintaining the existing power of a nuclear reactor, high-temperature steam superheating is introduced from an external source of thermal energy, for example, when burning hydrocarbon fuel.
  • the invention [45] also aimed at obtaining additional NPP power and its maneuverability, shows the effective use of a gas turbine plant integrated into the NPP thermal circuit.
  • inventions [46, 47] are aimed at increasing the efficiency of nuclear power plants by generating additional electricity due to the introduction into the NPP thermal power circuit as a superheater - a boiler for burning hydrogen in an oxygen environment.
  • the increase in thermal efficiency in the cycles of generating mechanical energy is associated with an increase in the average temperature of the working fluid when heat is supplied and a decrease in the average temperature when heat is removed.
  • Combined installations are understood as a set of two or several installations with different working fluids and exchanging heat.
  • the main idea behind the combined cycle concept is the combination of a backpressure steam turbine with an organic Rankine cycle [49].
  • binary cycles which are a combination of two thermodynamic cycles and are carried out by two working fluids so that the heat removed in one cycle is used in another.
  • the steam turbine condenser is replaced, for example, by a freon steam generator, [48 p.129].
  • the high efficiency of the “onboard water-freon cycle” is due to the fact that from the oncoming air flow in flight of the AAEP when using vortex mass-temperature stratification, the temperature of the cooling air in the condensers of the onboard power plants of the AAEP will be in the range from minus 30 to minus 60 degrees Celsius.
  • a special concept is introduced, a device - an Air Condenser of Vortex Mass-Temperature Stratification, (KMTS).
  • AAEP uses Combined Binary Heat and Power Cycles (CBC) in which Steam Turbine Cycles (PTC) are used with intermediate superheating of steam by means of vortex mass-temperature stratification and use Organic Turbine Cycles (OCT), also with intermediate superheating of organic vapor through vortex mass-temperature stratification, as partially shown in [39, 52].
  • CBC Combined Binary Heat and Power Cycles
  • PTC Steam Turbine Cycles
  • OCT Organic Turbine Cycles
  • the CBC uses special-purpose turbines, which retain commonality with condensing turbines, but also have features with respect to turbines with backpressure and steam extraction. Their peculiarity is that part of the mass of the working medium - its hot part is transferred from the separators of this medium to the expansion, and the other part of the mass of the working medium - its cold part is transferred from the separators of this medium to the compressor wheels and returns to the cylinder head, which makes it possible to close the heat engineering cycle, excluding significant heat losses of working media in the processes of converting thermal energy into mechanical work to generate electricity.
  • the structural composition of the onboard equipment of the AAEP CBC is represented by sources of thermal energy - nuclear reactors, more than one, equipment for several steam turbine cycles and equipment for several cycles of organic turbines, leading to movement traction propellers AAEP.
  • positions 23 and 148 show, as an option, on-board liquid-salt nuclear reactors that provide thermal energy to the PTC and COT.
  • melts of uranium salt fuel with a temperature of about 550 600 degrees Celsius, MOVEMENT along the outer contour of the primary heat exchanger 191, along the loop circulation line 29 and through the valve 30, by means of the circulation pump 31, made with inert purge and removal of xenon and krypton.
  • the loop line 32 circulates the molten salt/coolant, which transfers heat to the PTC, at a temperature of about 500 ⁇ * ⁇ 570 degrees Celsius.
  • the circulation pump 223 of this line is equipped with salt purification elements.
  • Heat transfer to the PTC through line 32 is carried out by means of secondary heat exchangers, which are parts of the steam heater 220 and superheater 35.
  • reactors 23 and 148 are used in quasi-pulse modes, in turn, providing the PTC with a continuous supply of thermal energy of various values.
  • the salt melt that has given off thermal energy in the superheater 35 is sent to the steam heater 220 and after it part of the remaining heat is utilized in the heater 222 of the independent coolant 192, using this part of the remaining heat in the future to heat the liquid organic working medium in TsOT.
  • PTC and CTC of the proposed method for implementing CBC are performed as cycles with improved efficiency, due to the exclusion of a significant part of intra-cycle energy losses due to its intra-cycle recuperation using the effect of vortex mass-temperature stratification, similar to how it is done in the invention [52].
  • additional superheating of the working medium is carried out by a vortex apparatus superheater 172, or a cascade of such apparatuses.
  • the outflowing steam 173 from the superheater is fed into this apparatus and, according to the laws of physics of the operation of such apparatuses, superheated live steam 170 is obtained, and even under increased pressure than steam 173 entering apparatus 172. Further, superheated (hot) steam 170 is triggered in the Cylinder High Pressure 42 (HPC) PTC turbines. At the same time, the separated part of the working medium 177, obtained from the apparatus 172, is cold and, with a lower pressure than the steam 173 entering the apparatus 172, is compressed by the compressor 178, equalizing the pressure of the steam 179 expiring from this compressor with the pressure of the steam 47 and 46 exhausted in the LPC 217.
  • HPC Cylinder High Pressure 42
  • the compressor 178 also ensures that there is no significant backpressure at the outlet of the cold part apparatus 172 from the separated working medium and, which is favorable for the operation of the separation apparatus 172 Mass Temperature Stratification (MTS).
  • MTS Mass Temperature Stratification
  • the evaporation of the heated feed water is carried out in the steam generator 221 of the PTC boiler 218 by means of the hot part of the vapors 59 obtained by separating the exhaust steam 37 from the HPC 42 of the steam turbine.
  • the mass-temperature separation of the steam 37 exhausted in the HPC is carried out at two (or more) stages of the cascade of vortex apparatuses 43 for intermediate regenerative heating in the PTC.
  • the selection of the hot part of the steam directed to the steam generator 221 of the boiler 218, and having the highest temperature is carried out from the last stage of the cascade of vortex apparatuses 43 MTS.
  • the mass of steam, from which part of the energy was recovered in the steam generator 221 of the boiler 218, is sent to the Medium Pressure Cylinder 44 (MPC) of the steam turbine, where the corresponding mechanical energy is generated.
  • MPC Medium Pressure Cylinder 44
  • the mass of exhaust steam is directed, in turn, to power generation in LPC 217.
  • the mechanical energy generated in the PTC is sent to the AAEP traction screws.
  • part of this mechanical energy is directed to the pump 49 of the vertical thrust jet water jet to ensure the stabilization of the AAEP flight.
  • So steam 18 is sent to the steam generator 8 of the organic working environment of the boiler 16 COT 202 to generate mechanical energy of the traction propeller of the twin-screw fan unit / engine 9.
  • the other, second part of the steam 94 compressed in the compressor 48 is sent (as waste energy of the PTC 198) in the VTC 154 and further into the air KMTS 55.
  • the mass ratio of the first and second parts of the combined vapors 41, 46 and 179 is regulated by means of the valve 92.
  • the cooling of the intercycle condenser 51 is carried out not from the external environment, but from the COT due to the technique of mass-temperature stratification in the devices 15 and 54 of the COT.
  • the AAEP in accordance with the inventive concept, REGULATE THE TOTAL OUTPUT THERMAL POWER OF THE REACTORS by controlling the duration of the operation quasi-pulses of each reactor and, thus further providing the possibility of controlling the power of the generated energy on the steam turbine of the CBC.
  • the RATIO for the selection of combined vapors is also regulated, from the compressor 48, as described above, in the direction of the central heating plant, and in the direction of their condensation in the KMTS 55 PTC.
  • the need for load maneuverability of the AAEP CBC is determined not only by the AAEP takeoffs, flights and landings, but also depending on the current weather conditions and battery recharging processes.
  • the maneuvering statics and dynamics of the control of the PTC equipment are realized (among other things) and thanks to the introduction of an inertial link matching heat energy flows to boiler 218 and further to the PTC turbine unit from alternately operating reactors.
  • Such a thermal inertial link is introduced into the line 32 of the molten salt, at its inlet to the superheater 35 of the boiler 218 and representing the buffer tank 171 of the molten salt.
  • a mixture composed of a small amount of helium with titanium tetrachloride [56]. Titanium tetrachloride, having a boiling point of 135.9 degrees Celsius, exhibits stable properties up to a temperature of 1727 degrees Celsius, and its critical temperature is 357.9 degrees Celsius.
  • metal vapors such as potassium, whose vapors have good compatibility with iron-chromium-nickel alloys, or niobium alloys, [57].
  • the cycles of Organic Turbines are implemented using a working medium with the property of low-temperature boiling.
  • ozone-safe freons R23, R32, R125, R134a, R152a, freon mixtures such as R407c, R507, R508 and low-temperature mixture R404A can be used.
  • the azeotropic mixture of freons R507c can be effectively used, as well as the high-density mixture R410A, which has practically no temperature slip and has high thermal conductivity, combined with a relatively low viscosity.
  • alkanes such as Butane (R600 with a boiling point of 0.5 degrees Celsius), or its isomer (Isobutane R600a with a boiling point of -11.7 degrees Celsius ).
  • the use of isobutane in COT is justified in view of its ozone safety and its thermodynamic properties in connection with the likely possible use of supercritical parameters in the proposed invention, which implement due to the mass-temperature separation of the working medium. So, the critical temperature of isobutane is 134.69 degrees Celsius, and the critical pressure is 3.629 MPa, with a density of 225.5 kg/m.
  • Saturated fluorocarbons have low boiling points, for example, in the range (-128) - (-2.0) degrees Celsius, high density. They are chemically inert - resistant to acids, alkalis and oxidizing agents, difficult to combust, non-explosive and slightly toxic. They have a high heat of vaporization and are easily liquefied under pressure, which is important for the efficiency of the central heating system represented by the present invention, in which, according to the inventive concept, the vapors exhausted in the organic turbine are compressed by a compressor, raising their condensation temperature, which ensures an increase in the efficiency of the central heating condenser and, in consequently, the weight and size characteristics of this capacitor are reduced.
  • hot vapors 174 which are obtained as exhaust vapors 175 from the HPC 75 of an organic turbine, during their mass-temperature separation in a cascade of vortex apparatuses 15 and 54 of the CHF 202, are sent to the steam heater 193 of this boiler.
  • the steam heater 193 the vapors from the steam generator 8 are heated to SUPERCRITICAL parameters - obtaining vapors 160 due to regenerative quasi-intermediate heating of superheated vapors 174 of the same working medium. And then these couples 160 work in the CVP 75 COT.
  • the cold parts of vapors 183 of the organic medium on the cascade of vortex apparatuses are used, as shown earlier, to condense vapors 60 in the PTC and use them in the COT, returning the energy of these vapors to the general CBC.
  • cold vapors 183 are heated with water vapors 60 in the intercycle condenser 51 (PTC condenser) using these vapors 183 as a cooling agent, obtaining these heated vapors 63.
  • the other coldest vapors 61 of the organic working medium obtained from the first stage of the cascade of vortex apparatuses - apparatus 54 COT is compressed by the compressor 62, equalizing their pressure and combining with a part of the vapors 149 of the organic working medium, worked out sequentially in the TsSD 64 and LPC 65 and combined with the vapors 63. Then the entire mass of the three combined parts of the vapors 63, 149 and 61 of the organic working medium, to increase its condensation temperature, it is compressed by a compressor 66 and condensed into liquid on the condenser 67 of the COT 202, which is the evaporator of the COT 202 refrigerator.
  • This COT 202 refrigerator runs on its own independent refrigerant through a compressor 68 driven by an organic cycle turbine.
  • the organic liquid of the working medium is supplied by a condensate pump 224 to the feed tank 188, from which this liquid, by means of the feed pump 156, is pumped into the steam generator 8 of the boiler 16, heating it previously and sequentially, by means of independent heat carriers 180 and 192 with the heat of heated refrigerant vapor 207 and warmth compressor 68 sent for condensation to VTK 58 and KMTS 70 and heated by the heat of molten salts from line 32 - the coolant returned to reactors 23 and 148 after the heat of these melts is recovered in PTC 198, 199, 200 and 201.
  • part of the waste heat COT 202 refrigerator is regenerated increasing the efficiency of this cycle.
  • Vapors of supercritical organic medium from the steam heater 193 of the boiler 16 are fired in the HPC 75 of the organic turbine, and then these spent steams 175 are subjected to mass-temperature separation in the cascade of vortex apparatuses 15 and 54 of the CTC, as previously mentioned. Pairs, with the withdrawn part of the energy in the steam heater 193 of the boiler 16 COT, are sent to the TsSD 64 and then to the LPC 65 of the organic turbine to generate mechanical energy.
  • a feature of the CTC in the presented CBCs is the need for forced start-up of the CTC by additional means from energy, for example, generated by EUSN 176.
  • the structural and functional construction of the proposed CBCs ensures highly efficient conversion of the thermal energy of onboard nuclear reactors into mechanical energy.
  • a relatively small proportion of thermal energy removed to the external environment from the CBC is determined by the waste heat carried away from the HTC and KMTS of the CTC refrigerators.
  • the CBCs presented in the present invention provide side generation of thermal energy, which is directed for technical combating possible icing of the AAEP airframe.
  • the waste heat in the CBC 194 is represented by hot air 164 and 165, flowing from the MTS devices 22 and 72, from the oncoming air flows 57 and 73.
  • the AAEP uses several parallel Combined Binary Cycles with their equipment, including nuclear reactors, placed on board the ekranoplan;
  • AAEP CBC More than one nuclear reactor is used as the primary source of thermal energy in the AAEP CBC; • AAEP CBCs are basically built as binary cycles with a steam-water primary circuit (steam turbine cycle - STC) and with a light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit (organic turbine cycle - COT).
  • steam-water primary circuit steam turbine cycle - STC
  • organic turbine cycle - COT light-boiling working fluid in the second circuit
  • the thermal energy discharged from the primary circuit is utilized mainly in the second circuit and can also be partially discharged into the external environment;
  • the AAEP CBC uses three fluids, a heat source medium and two different binary cycle media, this is a molten salt coolant, through which thermal energy is transferred from nuclear reactors to the CBC, it is water and it is an organic liquid with a low boiling point;
  • VTC In the PTC and in the CTC of the CBC, in addition to air condensers working with air MTS devices, VTC is also used, fed from submersible full-pressure water intakes;
  • PTC and CHP are carried out according to the Rankine cycle with quasi-intermediate vapor reheating to improve efficiency, due to the exclusion of significant parts of intra-cycle thermal energy losses due to its intra-cycle recuperation by exchanging heat with superheated vapors obtained as waste vapors flowing from high-pressure cylinders (HPC) of PTC and COT during their mass-temperature separation in cascades of corresponding MTS adiabatic vortex devices;
  • HPC high-pressure cylinders
  • the PTC creates supercritical parameters of the working medium from the heat of nuclear reactors, which is directed to the superheater - a cascade of MTS adiabatic apparatus and, thereby, carry out additional superheating of the working medium;
  • the vapors exhausted in the CPC and LPC COT are compressed, as well as the cold part of the vapors obtained in the separation of the exhausted vapors in the HPC in the cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the MTS COT and compressed to equalize their pressure with the steam exhausted in the CPC and LPC and heated vapors from the inter-cycle capacitor CBC; this compression of all common combined vapors ensures an increase in the condensation temperature of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF;
  • Waste vapors of the working medium of the CFC primary circuit after their utilization in the CTC are condensed by means of the cold part of the vapors PRODUCED during separation in a cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the CTC MTS from the exhaust vapors at the CTC turbine unit;
  • Condensation of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF is provided by an independent refrigerant of the compression refrigerator in the circuit of which the VTC and air KMTS are used and, in addition, before these condensers, vapors the refrigerant is pre-cooled from the process heat extraction heaters for regenerative heating of the CHF;
  • the AAEP uses several parallel Combined Binary Cycles with their equipment, including nuclear reactors, placed on board the ekranoplan;
  • AAEP CBCs are basically built as binary cycles with a steam-water primary circuit (steam-turbine cycle - STC) and with a low-boiling working fluid in the second circuit (organic turbine cycle - COT).
  • steam-turbine cycle - STC steam-turbine cycle - STC
  • organic turbine cycle - COT low-boiling working fluid in the second circuit
  • the thermal energy discharged from the primary circuit is utilized mainly in the second circuit and can also be partially discharged into the external environment;
  • the AAEP CBC uses three fluids, a heat source medium and two different binary cycle media, this is a molten salt coolant, through which thermal energy is transferred from nuclear reactors to the CBC, it is water and it is an organic liquid with a low boiling point;
  • VTC In the PTC and in the CTC of the CBC, in addition to air condensers working with air MTS devices, VTC is also used, fed from submersible full-pressure water intakes;
  • the AAEP control the duty cycle and duration of the quasi-pulses of the reactors with periods that ensure the maintenance of reasonable temperatures of the coolant that transmits energy to the PTC and the CTC;
  • thermal inertial energy storage device To smooth the quasi-impulses of thermal energy supply from nuclear reactors in the PTC and in the CTC, a thermal inertial energy storage device is used;
  • PTC and CHP are carried out according to the Rankine cycle with quasi-intermediate vapor reheating to improve efficiency, due to the exclusion of significant parts of intra-cycle thermal energy losses due to its intra-cycle recuperation by exchanging heat with superheated vapors obtained as waste vapors flowing from high-pressure cylinders (HPC) of PTC and COT during their mass-temperature separation in cascades of corresponding adiabatic vortex devices;
  • HPC high-pressure cylinders
  • the PTC creates supercritical parameters of the working medium from the heat of nuclear reactors, which is directed to the superheater - a cascade of MTS adiabatic apparatus and, thereby, carry out additional superheating of the working medium;
  • the vapors of the PTC exhausted in the LPC and the cold part of the vapors are compressed adiabatic vortex apparatus MTS - superheater, while also improving the mode of operation of the condensers of the heat discharged into the external environment;
  • the vapors exhausted in the CPC and LPC COT are compressed, as well as the cold part of the vapors obtained in the separation of the exhausted vapors in the HPC in the cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the MTS COT and compressed to equalize their pressure with the steam exhausted in the CPC and LPC and heated vapors from the inter-cycle capacitor CBC; this compression of all common combined vapors ensures an increase in the condensation temperature of the vapors of the working medium of the CHF;
  • Waste vapors of the working medium of the CFC primary circuit after their utilization in the CTC are condensed by means of the cold part of the vapors PRODUCED during separation in a cascade of adiabatic vortex apparatuses of the CTC MTS from the exhaust vapors at the CTC turbine unit;
  • Condensation of vapors of the CHF working medium is provided by an independent refrigerant of the compression cooler in the circuit of which VTC and air compressors are used and, in addition, before these condensers, the refrigerant vapors are pre-cooled from the process heat extraction heaters for regenerative heating of the CHF;
  • the side heat generated by the used MTS vortex apparatus for air condensers of the CBC is used for technological control of possible icing of the AAEP in flight.
  • FIG. 5 shows one of the possible technological schemes for the generation of propulsion mechanical energy and electrical energy for the AAEP's own needs - Combined Binary Cycles, (CBC) AAEP with heat sources from nuclear reactors. Shown here are the diagrams of the internal CBC cycles and the relationship between these cycles, as well as the use of the generated mechanical energy to drive the AAEP thrust propellers.
  • CBC Binary Cycles
  • EUSN nuclear power plant for own needs
  • positions 23 and 148 show, as an option, on-board liquid-salt nuclear reactors that provide thermal energy to the PTC and CTH of the AAEP.
  • the active zone 187 of the nuclear reactor 23 melts of uranium salt fuel nuclear fuel, with a temperature of about 550 + 600 degrees Celsius, MOVEMENT along the outer contour of the primary heat exchanger 191, along the loop circulation line 29 and through the valve 30, by means of the circulation pump 31, made with inert purge and removal of xenon and krypton.
  • the loop line 32 circulates the coolant - molten salt, which transfers heat to the PTC 198, at a temperature of about 500 - 570 degrees Celsius.
  • the circulation pump 223 of this line is equipped with salt purification elements.
  • Heat transfer to PTC 198, 199, 200 and 201 through lines 32 is carried out by means of secondary heat exchangers, which are parts of steam heaters, for example 220 and superheater 35.
  • the salt melt that gave off thermal energy in the superheater 35 is sent to the steam heater 220 and after it part of the remaining heat is utilized in the heater 222 of the independent coolant 192, using this part of the remaining heat in the future to heat the liquid organic working medium in the COT.
  • PTC and CTC of the proposed method for implementing CBC are performed as cycles with improved efficiency, due to the exclusion of a significant part of intra-cycle energy losses due to its intra-cycle recuperation using the effect of vortex mass-temperature stratification, similar to how it is done in the invention [52].
  • additional superheating of the working medium is carried out by a vortex apparatus superheater 172, or a cascade of such apparatuses.
  • the outflowing steam 173 from the superheater 35 is fed into this apparatus and, according to the laws of physics of the operation of such apparatuses, superheated (hot) steam 170 is obtained, and even under increased pressure than steam 173 entering apparatus 172. Further superheated (hot) steam 170 work in the HPC 42 of the turbine PTC 198.
  • the separated part of the working medium 177, obtained from the apparatus 172 cold and, with a lower pressure than the steam 173 entering the apparatus 172 is compressed by the compressor 178, equalizing the pressure of the steam 179 expiring from this compressor with the pressure of the exhausted in LPC 217 pair 47 and 46.
  • the mass of exhaust steam 17 is sent, in turn, to power generation in LPC 217.
  • the mechanical energy generated in PTC 198 is sent to the traction screws of the twin-screw fan unit/engine 102 AAEP.
  • part of this mechanical energy is sent to the vertical thrust jet pump 49 (jet jet nozzle 50) to ensure the stabilization of the AAEP flight.
  • the mass of steam 60 from which part of the energy in the steam generator 8 of the boiler 16 of the central heating center is utilized, is condensed in the intercycle condenser 51 of the CBTs 194.
  • obtaining condensate water 13 the energy of the cold part of the vapors 183 of the organic working medium obtained from the last stage of the cascade of vortex apparatuses 15 and 54 COT.
  • Condensate water 13, obtained in this way, as circulating water, is sent for use in PTC 198.
  • the cooling of the intercycle condenser 51 is carried out not from the external environment, but from COT 202 due to the technique of mass-temperature stratification in apparatuses 15 and 54 of COT 202.
  • this KMTS 55 is carried out by the stream 206 high cold air by means of the vortex apparatus 22 MTS, or a cascade of such apparatuses, fed from the confuser 36, from the oncoming air flow 57 in flight of the AAEP.
  • the organic liquid 151 of the working medium is supplied by a condensate pump 224 to the feed tank 188, from which this liquid, 158 by means of the feed pump 156, is pumped into the steam generator 8 of the boiler 16.
  • the liquid 158 is preheated by an independent heat carrier 180 in the regenerative cooler 181 - the heat of the heated refrigerant vapor 207 and the heat generated by the compressor 68, sent for condensation in the VTK 58 and KMTS 70.
  • a feature of the DHC in the AAEP presented by the CBC is the need for forced start-up of the DHC by additional means, for example, from the energy generated by EUSN 176.
  • the AAEP CBCs presented in the present invention provide the generation of secondary thermal energy, which is directed for technical control of possible AAEP airframe icing.
  • the waste heat in the CBC 194 is represented by hot air 164 and 165 flowing out of the MTS devices 22 and 72 from the oncoming air flows 57 and 73.
  • the inventive method of constructing the AAEP CBC can be effectively used on board the AAEP to provide the propulsion function - the thrust of the AAEP glider.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un ekranoplane porte-aéronef nucléaire (EPAN) capable de se déplacer au-dessus de la surface de l'eau à une vitesse maximale de 5504-600 km/h et qui possède une structure à deux coques de type catamaran. Entre les coques se trouve une grande aile, réalisée selon un schéma aérodynamique de type aile composite. Cette grande aile consiste en un pont de vol pour aéronefs. La structure de l'EPAN comprend plusieurs propulseurs à hélices soufflantes; pour sa stabilisation verticale lors du décollage, de l'amerrissage et lors de son déplacement au-dessus de l'eau, on utilise des hydrojets à réaction ajustables individuellement à poussée verticale qui sont commandés par un système automatique fonctionnant selon les données de capteurs gyroscopiques et accélérométriques. La fonction de propulsion de l'EPAN est réalisée sur la base de plusieurs cycles binaires combinés (CBC) en utilisant la chaleur des réacteurs nucléaires. Les pressions élevées des flux d'air et d'eau incidents sur les parties avant des prises d'eau immergées et des concentrateurs d'air assurent un refroidissement élevé des condenseurs du circuit thermo-énergétique, ce qui entraîne une augmentation du coefficient d'efficacité et du CBC. L'EPAN comprend une installation énergétique nucléaire pour ses besoins propres.
PCT/RU2021/000249 2021-07-01 2021-07-01 Ekranoplane porte-aéronef nucléaire (epan) et fonction de propulsion de celui-ci WO2023277720A1 (fr)

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RU2433282C2 (ru) * 2010-05-07 2011-11-10 Владимир Петрович Севастьянов Способ псевдодетонационной газификации угольной суспензии в комбинированном цикле "icsgcc"
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