WO2023228016A1

WO2023228016A1 - Agglomerate composite material based on coffee waste

Info

Publication number: WO2023228016A1
Application number: PCT/IB2023/055095
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jhon Bryan ARIZALA BATIOJA; Elizabeth CALDERON ARCOS; Richard Marcelo IMBACHI CHAVEZ; Jaime Fernando LOPEZ PALACIO; Brandon RUIZ PISSO
Original assignee: Corporacion Parque Tecnologico De Innovacion Del Cafe Y Su Caficultura; Fundación Universitaria De Popayan
Priority date: 2022-05-23
Filing date: 2023-05-17
Publication date: 2023-11-30
Also published as: CO2022006790A1

Abstract

The present invention relates to agglomerate composite materials derived from coffee waste, for producing indoor furniture products, as alternatives to conventional agglomerate materials. In particular, the agglomerate composite materials of the invention comprise: 10-40% w/w coffee pulp; 10-20% w/w coffee husk; 5-30% w/w coffee grounds; 5-20% w/w coffee wood; 15-35% w/w binders; and, optionally, 20-30% w/w additives. These materials are characterised in that they have a modulus of elasticity of 800-2400 N/mm2; a modulus of rupture of 13.07 N/mm2; a density of 1700-1710.52 kg/m3; an absorption percentage of 1-1.49% in 70 minutes of immersion and 0-0.24% in 45 minutes of immersion; moisture content of 17-17.37% in 25 hours of immersion; a swelling percentage of 1-1.69% in 25 hours of immersion and of 0% in 45 minutes of immersion.

Description

AGLOMERATED COMPOSITE MATERIAL BASED ON COFFEE WASTE

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The development belongs to the field of materials engineering, particularly agglomerated composite materials similar to agglomerated wood, alternative to traditional agglomerated materials, made from waste or by-products of the coffee production chain, for the manufacture of interior furniture products and with which it is possible to provide added value to this type of waste.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STATE OF THE ART

Wood agglomerated lignocellulosic materials are composed of wood particles or shavings of different sizes, joined together by some type of resin, glue or other binding material, pressed at a controlled temperature and pressure. Wood binding materials are widely used in various industrial fields due to the possibility of adjusting their properties depending on the intended application, guaranteeing their performance and profitability provided by their excellent quality/price ratio. Wood chipboards, through carpentry activities, are mainly used in the manufacture of interior furniture, particularly in the manufacture of furniture, but also in a wide variety of applications including modulation of kitchens, wardrobes, chests of drawers, shoe cabinets, shelves, furniture. office or in the interior carpentry of doors, walls and ceilings. In general terms, different types of wood can be used to make wood chipboard materials. The most commonly used are soft woods, although other hard woods such as eucalyptus or pine can also be used. You can also find chipboard made with remains of planks, sawdust and pieces found after logging.

However, it is possible to manufacture wood chipboard materials from other non-traditional lignocellulosic materials and even from by-products of different productive chains, which possibly could not have been used for other uses and would become waste materials with high environmental impact.

For example, patent CN213703773 refers to a chipboard composed of a series of layers where the core of the board (central layer) is arranged in the center, two boards made with coffee waste (husk, pulp and grounds) are arranged side and side of the core (middle layers), two layers of protection on the middle layers made of coffee wood and one layer of protection made of an antibacterial coating.

On the other hand, patent US3686384 mentions methods for producing agglomerates or similar materials made from a mixture of coffee grounds with a cross-linked resin to form a moldable mass that is subsequently pressed until achieving the physical characteristics of an agglomerate material.

Similarly, patent KR102137916 discloses a method for producing agglomerates from coffee husks mixed with different components, including cross-linked reams, calcium carbonate, talc and plasticizers to form moldable masses that are processed under conditions of heat, pressure and cutting. until achieving the physical characteristics of a chipboard.

In turn, Scatolino M.V. et al., (“Eucalyptus wood and coffee parchment for particleboard production: Physical and mechanical properties”. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 41(2): 139-146, 2017”) propose the development of agglomerates based on a mixture of eucalyptus wood , coffee parchment and urea-formaldehyde formed through several pressing cycles at different pressures.

However, in none of the cases mentioned has it been proposed to integrate the different wastes from coffee processing into a single composite material, so the need persists to develop alternative materials that allow these elements to be integrated preferably into a single agglomerated material that can serve as a substitute for agglomerated materials found on the market. Such the case of the wood agglomerated materials of the present development in which pulp, husk, lint and coffee wood dust or shavings are used for their manufacture, that is, four of the main waste derived from the coffee production chain are used. . In particular, it is estimated that during the production of a cup of coffee, approximately 90.5% of usable biomass waste is generated, of which only 9.5% is used, the waste that is not subjected to compost processes by the growers become polluting material in soils and waters. Consequently, agglomerated materials made from coffee waste become an alternative for the efficient use of renewable biomass from coffee production compared to biomass from logging exploitation. In this sense, the agglomerated materials of this development have the potential to become a new model of sustainable circular economy based on the industrial use of waste from coffee processing, which will generate added value to this productive chain, transforming a co-product in a substitute material for the existing chipboard industry.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present development refers to an agglomerated composite material that comprises coffee pulp in a range between 10% w/w and 40% w/w; coffee husks in a range of 10% w/w and 20% w/w; coffee grounds in a range between 5% w/w and 30% w/w; coffee wood powder in a range between 5% w/w and 20% w/w; binders in a range between 15% w/w and 35% w/w; and optionally additives between 20% w/w and 30% w/w.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1. Sample of agglomerated wood made from coffee waste. Coffee wood powder fulfills the same function in the manufacture of chipboards as it has a size between 2 mm and 0.074 mm; which is to join the fluff and the additive. This behavior is similar to that of concrete preparation where sand (in this case coffee wood dust) plays an important role in bonding with Cement and water (binder) are what cover the gravel (pulp, husk and lint), preventing segregation and maintaining the agglutination of the elements.

FIG. 2. Mor mechanical resistance diagram for coffee agglomerates. Testing was carried out on a Shimadzu universal testing press. The maximum elongation limit is around 19.27 mm, with a force applied at rupture of 1,104 KN, generating an MOR index of 27 N/mm ² . It is noteworthy that, by making use of the largest amount of coffee biomass, considered a hardwood, this rupture curve under a forming force of around 15.5 Ton behaves like a 100% epoxy forming.

FIG, 3. Test diagram of the MOE module of chipboards. The MOE index has a value of 2600 N/mm ² , wood powder has been added in low percentages and coffee pulp dried under forced air cooling, preserving a large percentage of cellulose and lignin, substantial elements that give flexibility to the compound. .

DETAILED DESCRIPTION For purposes of interpreting this description, the following definitions will apply and where appropriate, terms used in the singular form will also include the plural form.

The terms used in the description have the meanings normally given to them in the technical field unless this description or the context clearly indicates otherwise.

The present development corresponds to an agglomerated composite material based on coffee waste for the manufacture of various alternative furniture products to traditional agglomerated materials. Particularly, the agglomerated composite material of the present development comprises at least a mixture of pulp, husk, lint and coffee wood particles or shavings joined together by at least one binder. The wood binder material of the present development allows producing chipboards with physical and mechanical characteristics equal to or superior to traditional wood chipboards. For example, according to the NTC 2261 standard, the present development in accordance with its characteristics is classified into the grade of high density board, greater than 800 kg/m ³ , type of medium special grade board (MGS) and high density board. degree (HG). Furthermore, due to the nature of its components, it is possible to adjust the said properties with slight variations in the components and in their percentage, guaranteeing the quality/price ratio expected for this type of materials, also ensuring the use of the waste generated during coffee processing.

Unless otherwise indicated, implied from the context or customary in the art, all parts and percentages herein are based on weight.

For the purposes of this development, agglomerated composite material is understood as those materials composed of particles or wood chips of different sizes that, when combined with different binders through pressure processes and controlled temperatures, result in agglomerated wood that forms boards of different sizes, uniform thickness and texture.

Coffee pulp is the first product obtained in the processing of the coffee fruit, and represents on a wet basis around 43.58% of the weight of the fresh fruit, the husk is the endocarp of the fruit made up of the husk (cisco). and the silver film is another byproduct with excellent fuel properties. This represents by weight 4.2% of the fresh fruit. For this by-product, they report a heat capacity of 17.90 MJ/kg. The waste is the waste generated in soluble coffee factories and homes and corresponds to the fraction insoluble from the roasted grain, it represents about 10% of the weight of the fresh fruit.

In general, the composition of coffee wood comprises 50% plant polysaccharide cellulose, which is similar to starch, 25% hemicellulose, which is what binds the fibers and 25% lignin and provides hardness and protection to the wood, the coffee chip or powder is obtained from coffee wood.

The binder is a product that uses two elements or components: a resin and a hardener. As they come together, a special chemical reaction occurs and the mixture becomes a very powerful adhesive. A third element, the curing agent, allows the mixture to solidify as it dries, ensuring its strength and durability. The components, separately, have no adhesive power. It is said that strength is in the union and the proof is in the adhesives.

In general, the chipboards of the present development have dimensions of 1.22 m x 2.44 m, similar to the commercial ones or in less common dimensions of 2.85 m x 2.10 m; or 2.44 m x 2.50 m; or 3.66 m x 2.05 m. However, the boards manufactured from the agglomerated materials of the present development may have dimensions different from the standard dimensions and can, if necessary, be manufactured to measure or in special molds according to the needs of use. For example, the dimensions of the chipboards of the present development can vary between 1.22m x 2.44m; or between 1.0 m x 1.83 m. Furthermore, the agglomerated materials of the present development have presentations in different thicknesses that can vary between 3 mm and 10 mm; or between 10 mm and 15 mm, or, between 15 mm and 21 mm, or between 21 mm and 36 mm.

According to the present development, the agglomerated material comprises particles of at least one of the following coffee residues, including coffee pulp, husks, grounds or wood and mixtures thereof and at least one binder.

In a first aspect, the present development refers to an agglomerated composite material that comprises coffee pulp in a range between 10% w/p and 40% w/w: coffee husk in a range of 10% w/p and 20% w/ p; coffee grounds in a range between 5% w/w and 30% w/w; coffee wood powder in a range between 5% w/w and 20% w/w; binders in a range between 15% w/w and 35% w/w; and optionally additives between

20% p/p and 30% p/p.

For example, the agglomerated composite material of the present development comprises coffee pulp and at least one binder; or coffee husks and at least one binder; or coffee grounds and at least one binder; or coffee wood and at least one binder; or coffee pulp and husks and at least one binder; or coffee pulp and grounds and at least one binder; or coffee pulp and wood and at least one binder; or coffee husks and grounds and at least one binder; or coffee husk and wood and at least one binder; or erasers and wood and at least one binder; or pulp, husks and coffee grounds and at least one binder; or coffee pulp, husk and wood and at least one binder; or coffee husks, grounds and wood and at least one binder; or coffee pulp, husk, grounds and wood and at least one binder.

In particular, the agglomerate composite material of the present development comprises coffee pulp in a range between 10% w/w and 40% w/w; or between 19% w/w and 33.2% w/w.

Coffee husks in a range between 10% w/w and 20% w/w; or between 12% w/w and 18.6% w/w.

Coffee grounds in a range between 5% w/w and 30% w/w; or between 8.3% w/w and 26.4% w/w.

Coffee wood in a range between 5% w/w and 20% w/w; or between 9.7% p/p and 17.4% p/p. Additionally, the wood binding material of the present development also comprises particles of other hard or soft woods (recycled or not) or mixtures thereof, in a range between 18% w/w and 29% w/w; or between 20% w/w and 28% w/w.

For example, the wood binder material of the present development comprises coffee pulp and particles of other hard or soft woods and binder; or coffee husks and particles of other hard or soft woods and binder; o coffee grounds and particles of other hard or soft woods and agiomente; or coffee wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and binder; or coffee pulp and husks and particles of other hard or soft woods; at least one binder; or coffee pulp and grounds and particles of other hard or soft woods with at least one binder; or coffee pulp and wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or coffee husks and grounds and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or coffee husks and wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or coffee grounds and wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or pulp, husks and grounds of coffee and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or coffee pulp, husks and wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or husks, linters and coffee wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder; or pulp, husk, lint and coffee wood and particles of other hard or soft woods and at least one binder. In some embodiments of the present development, the wood binding material also comprises lightening agents including some synthetic polymers such as epoxy resins and phenolics, coffee mucilage, binders derived from corn.

The lightening materials can be between 15% w/w and 35% w/w; or between 16.4% w/w and 32.7% w/w.

For the purposes of the present development, the binders are selected, but not limited, from the group comprising epoxy resins, phenolic resins, coffee mucilage, binders derived from corn and mixtures thereof.

Furthermore, the binders in the agglomerated composite material of the present development are in a range between 15% w/w and 35% w/w; or between 20% w/w and 34.5% w/w.

For the purposes of this development, the agglomerated composite material comprises additives selected from colorants, antioxidant agents, flame retardant agents, water-repellent agents, mold release agents, antistatic agents, or mixtures thereof, in a range between 1% w/p and 3% w/ p. For the purposes of this development, the properties of the raw material and the compound have water-repellent properties; Staining has been carried out with green pigments such as chlorophyllins or cupric chlorophyll. For the fire-retardant component, additions of a fire-retardant additive of ammonium polyphosphate with a red identifier based on a red cochineal pigment were made.

The antioxidant agents are selected from the group comprising phenolic acids in the range of alkaloids, caffeic, chlorogenic, polyphenols or caffeine-type alkaloids. The flame retardant agents are selected from the group comprising the group of ammonium polyphosphates, ammonium sulfate.

The water-repellent agents are selected from the group comprising chlorophyllins, cupric chlorophyll.

The release agents are selected from the group that includes Vinipel or “Film stretch” as it is also known, it is a palletizable film, commonly made of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE); Special for wrapping and bundling items. The elastic force keeps products tightly together, making them easy to store or transport.

Antistatic agents are selected from the group comprising alkoxylated amides, alkoxylated fatty amines, glycerol esters. For example, the agglomerated composite material of the present development comprises coffee pulp, husk, grounds or wood and mixtures thereof, at least one binder and one or more colorants and optionally, oxidizing agents, antistatic release agents or mixtures of the themselves. In another embodiment, the agglomerated composite material of the present development comprises coffee pulp, husk, grounds or wood and mixtures thereof, at least one binder, one or more colorants (for example, red dyes), one or more agents fire retardants and optionally, oxidizing agents, antistatic release agents or mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the agglomerated composite material of the present development comprises coffee pulp, husk, lint or wood and mixtures thereof, at least one binder, one or more colorants (for example, green colorants), one or more water-repellent agents. , and optionally, oxidizing agents, antistatic release agents or mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, the agglomerated composite material of the present development comprises coffee pulp, husk, lint or wood and mixtures thereof, at least one binder, one or more colorants, one or more flame retardant agents, one or more water repellent agents and optionally, oxidizing agents, antistatic release agents or mixtures thereof.

For the purposes of this development, the percentage of moisture in the coffee pulp, husk, lint and wood is in a range between 1% w/w and 10% w/w; or between 12% w/w and 15% w/w or between 20% w/w and 30% w/w. For the purposes of this development, the average size of coffee pulp is between 2 mm and 5 mm; or between 6 mm and 9 mm.

For the purposes of this development, the average size of the coffee husk is between

2mm and 5mm; or between 6 mm and 9 mm.

For the purposes of this development, the average size of the coffee grounds is between 0.02 mm and 0.05 mm; or between 1 mm and 2 mm.

For the purposes of the present development, the average particle size of coffee powder or wood chip is between 63 μm and 75 μm; or between 75 μm and 90 pm. In one embodiment of the present development, the agglomerated composite material comprises coarser particles on the inside and finer particles on the outside in order to achieve a smoother surface. To do this, the finer particles are added before the pressing process and on top of the coarse particles.

Additionally, the agglomerated materials of this development can be coated with melamine or other products to give them a resistant, waterproof finish and with different designs. In other embodiments, the agglomerated materials of the present development can be covered with natural wood veneers or veneers of other materials.

For the purposes of this development, agglomerated materials have a modulus of elasticity between 238 N/mm ² and 1771 N/mm ² ; or between 1800 N/mm ² and 2400 N/mm ² .

For the purposes of this development, the agglomerated materials have a modulus of rupture between 8 N/mm ² and 13.07 N/mm ² ; or 14 N/mm ² and 21 N/mm ² .

For the purposes of this development, agglomerated materials have a density between 600 kg/m ³ and 1700 kg/m ³ ; or between 1710.52 kg/m ³ and 1800 kg/m ³ . For the purposes of this development, agglomerated materials have an absorption percentage between 0% and 0.24%; or between 1% and 1.49% in 70 minutes.

For the purposes of this development, agglomerated materials have a moisture content between 13% and 16%; or 17% and 17.3% in immersion at 25 hours.

For the purposes of this development, agglomerated materials have a swelling percentage between 0% and 5%; or 1% and 1.69% in 25 hour immersion.

For the purposes of this development, the components that make up the agglomerated materials can be obtained through the processes of pulping (pulp), threshing (husk or parchment), preparation of the coffee drink and roasting of the coffee bean (boira) and stumping of coffee trees (wood). For the purposes of this development, the components that form the agglomerated materials can be dried until the required humidity percentages are obtained by any method known in the art, including solar radiation, gravity convection ovens, forced convection ovens, perforated plate dryers, conveyor sieve dryers, tower dryers, rotary dryers, screw conveyor dryers, fluidized bed dryers, forced air refrigeration dryers, among others. For the purposes of the present development, the mixing of components that form the agglomerated materials based on coffee waste can be carried out by any method known in the art including tumbling mixers, ribbon mixers, or vertical thyme mixers, in-line mixers. v, propeller mixers, paddle mixers.

Additionally, the manufacturing process of the agglomerated materials of the present development involves mixing the coffee waste (pulp, husk, coffee grounds or wood and mixtures thereof) with the binder and, optionally, the additives. Subsequently, the above mixture is subjected to a curing stage at a temperature between 18 °C and 60 °C at a pressure between 5 tn and 17 tn.

The agglomerated composite materials of the present development are useful in the manufacture of interior furniture, particularly in the manufacture of furniture, but also in a wide variety of applications including modulation of kitchens, wardrobes, chests of drawers, shoe racks, shelves, office furniture or in carpentry. interior of doors, walls and ceilings, floors, mezzanines, false ceiling, broom storage among others.

The present invention will be presented in detail through the following examples, which are provided for illustrative purposes only and not with the aim of limiting its scope. EXAMPLES

Example 1: Obtaining and preparation of coffee waste The components that form the agglomerated materials based on coffee waste (pulp, husk, grounds and wood) were obtained in the TECNICAFÉ Coffee Technology Park and the Supracafé company located north of the department of Cauca in the municipality of Cajibío, Cauca, on the Popayán plateau, department of Cauca, has its own farms converted into technological validation stations, at altitudes ranging from 1700 to 1900 meters above sea level. Where in conjunction with several universities and

CENICAFÉ is validating more than 200 varieties of Arabica coffee and producing micro lots of high quality and traceability.

In the Cajibío sector, north of the city of Popayán, there are 12,000 coffee-growing families, which produce 1 to 2 coffee harvests each year. For this, the ripe coffee cherries were manually collected, which were subjected to a pulping process to separate the pulp from the grain. Subsequently, the coffee beans were dried by exposing them to solar radiation for 6 days at an ambient temperature between 19°C and 25°C. Once the beans are dry, they are separated from the husk through a threshing process to separate the husk from the coffee kernel. The coffee grounds were obtained after the preparation of the coffee drink, while the wood was obtained from the cutting of the coffee trees on the same farm.

To prepare the components that make up the agglomerated materials, the coffee waste was subjected to a drying process that consisted of designing and implementing the logistics for collecting the co-products, drying each by-product in order to carry out its proper treatment. and form the required agglomerate, having an exception with the husk, because its humidity percentage is very low when it is collected, being between 11% and 12%, which is the percentage that the coffee growers federation requires for consumer coffee. Each waste is taken which contains high humidity, the lint and pulp are weighed in a 20 L bucket obtaining a weight of 3.9 kg, 3 kg respectively, subsequently it is dried at room temperature, exposed to solar radiation, having a temperature that is between 23 °C and 27 °C, with a duration of 7 days to obtain a by-product in good condition, in special cases of high humidity in the fluff, a industrial oven for drying, it will be refined.

After the drying days, it is weighed again to know its final state, determining a weight of 3.2 kg and 2.5 kg respectively. Another drying method used is the use of forced air cooling with rotary removal of the material for 48 hours, preserving cellulose and lignin properties necessary for the bending characteristics of the final composite. When collected, the coffee by-products have a thick texture (coffee pulp and wood), a reduction in volume through grinding, with the exception of the grounds and cisco because their physical characteristics are small and acceptable for the process. . This is done by means of a mill and its size is reduced until it is as small as possible, separated by sieves, having a raw material under equal conditions to be mixed and compacted.

Once the components have a moisture content between 11% and 11.5%, they undergo a refining process that consists of reducing the particle size through crushing. For this, the coffee husk and pulp were subjected to a grinding process that consists of passing the pulp and husk through an endless screw mill until its size is reduced and passed through a number sieve.

or number 4 corresponding to 5 mm or 6.3 mm.

The dried coffee wood was subjected to a grinding process by drying in an oven at 90°C for 3 hours to be able to remove the bark. This wood was then subjected to spraying on a sanding disc until it passed through a number 100 sieve (0. 160 mm), with the aim of achieving a greater reduction in particle size.

In this case, no process was carried out to reduce the particle size of the coffee grounds because they already have an acceptable size to be used directly, only drying was carried out at 90°C for 3 hours and in a mill the lump of dried material was reduced. In this case, no process was carried out to reduce the particle size of the coffee grounds because they already have an acceptable size to be used directly.

The average particle size of the coffee grounds and wood was estimated by Laser Diffraction (LD) and Wet Scattering using a Mastersizer 2000 from Malvem Instruments, in accordance with ISO 1332.0. To determine the ideal size of the average size of the wood particle, a number 200 sieve (0.08 mm) is used, the material that passes is the one that we will use in our chipboard; For the average size of the fluff particle, a number 60 sieve (0.30 mm) is used, the material that passes is the one we will use in our chipboard. The most relevant results are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Average particle size for coffee grounds and wood.

Where:

Percentile d(0,l): is the particle size below which 10% of the sample remains. Percentile d(0.5): is the particle size in which 50% of the sample is below and 50% is above.

Percentile d(0.9): is the particle size below which 90% of the sample remains. D[3,4]: It is the average diameter of the distribution, considered in volume. The average particle size of coffee husk and pulp was estimated by sieving granulometry according to NTC 77 (Test method for sieving analysis of fine and coarse aggregates). For the finer components, 7 standardized wire mesh sieves with square openings varying between 150 μm and 9.5 mm were used, while for the thicker components, 13 standardized wire mesh sieves with square openings varying between

1.18mm and 100mm. The results are presented in Tables 2 and 3.

Table 2: Average particle size for coffee husks.

Table 3: Average particle size for coffee pulp.

From Tables 1 to 3 it is observed that after the component refining process the average particle size is approximately:

105 μm for the fluff;

74 μm for coffee wood chips;

4.74 mm for coffee husks; and

4.74 mm for coffee pulp. However, it is important to note that the particle size of each component depends largely on the grinding process to which it is subjected and with which the particle size required for each component can be adjusted individually depending on the particle size. required for the manufacture of the particular agglomerated composite material.

Example 2: Obtaining the agglomerated composite material

For the manufacture of the agglomerate composite material, the components of the agglomerate were mixed in different proportions according to Table 4.

Table 4. Formulations of coffee waste agglomerates

To manufacture the agglomerates, each component was pre-mixed with solid coffee waste or additives (whenever more than two components were present) using a container measuring 35 cm long x 30 cm wide x 15 cm long. cm deep, into which the coffee by-products are poured to be mixed with the help of a construction trowel until the mixture is homogeneous. Subsequently, the pre-mix of components is added to the binder, taking portions of the pre-mix and little by little. The epoxy adheres poorly by friction between the hands to homogenize these components. This is done repetitively until a color change is seen in the premix and the epoxy until a homogeneous paste is obtained. The paste from the previous step was placed in a mold and subjected to 152.5 KN at a temperature of 20 °C for 90 min or until the mixture of components completely hardened.

After 2 days of drying the chipboard at room temperature, it has a shiny texture without cracks and a smooth texture without imperfections, with a dimension of 57 cm long x 8 cm wide x 2 cm high as seen in Figure 1 .

Example 3. Estimation of the mechanical behavior of agglomerated composite materials made from by-product waste from the coffee production chain

To determine the mechanical behavior of the agglomerates obtained, the formulation samples 8 samples were subjected to tests of density, breakage, elasticity, and percentages of absorption, humidity and swelling. The density of the agglomerates was estimated following the NTC 2261 standards based on ASTM D 1037-99 and ANSI A208.1-1999, section 7.2 DETERMINATION OF DENSITY, subindex 7.2.3 Calculations, where the density equation is given by: D = (M/V)* 1000, where: D = density, in kg/m ³

M = mass of the test tube, in grams

V = volume, in cm ³ the dimensions of the test pieces are as follows: width: 7.5 cm - length A: 24 times the nominal thickness, plus 5 cm, if the thickness is less than or equal to

7mm length B: 15 times the nominal thickness, plus 5 cm, if the thickness is greater than 7 mm. The density of a board will be the arithmetic mean of the tested specimens.

To estimate the MOR modulus of rupture of the agglomerates, it was estimated in accordance with NTC 2261, "DETERMINATION OF THE RUPTURE MODULE AND THE

OF ELASTICITY”, subindex 7.4, where it is defined as the maximum stress that a rectangular test specimen can withstand in a 3-point bending test until it breaks, expressed in N/mm ² or MPa. The MOR and MOE are determined with a material resistance testing machine, provided with two parallel supports whose distance is adjustable. The supports can have rounded or flat ends, so that not much pressure is produced at these points of the specimen during the test. The distance between the supports must be the following: 25 times the thickness of the specimen, if this is less than 7 mm. 5 times the thickness of the test piece, if it is greater than 7 mm. The load is applied to the entire width of the specimen, normal to the plane of the surface and equidistant from the support points. The application of the load must be continuous and uniform with a speed of the machine head calculated as follows: where

N = machine head speed, in mm/min.

Z = unit strain rate of the extreme fiber 0.005 (mm/mm)/min. L = distance between supports, in mm. e = nominal thickness of the specimen, in mm. The modulus of rupture is expressed in N/mm ² , the equation is defined as: where:

MOR: Modulus of rupture, in N/mm ² ;

P: Applied load, in kgf,

L: Distance between the supports, in mm; - a: Width of the sample, in mm; e: Thickness of the sample, in mm.

MOR: 13.07 N/mm ²

The modulus of elasticity is determined under the same conditions in which the determination of the modulus of rupture is carried out. To estimate the modulus of elasticity, the agglomerates are defined as the maximum compression that a rectangular test specimen can be supported in a pressure test towards the object, in which the agglomerate presents a deflection. Expressed in N/mm ² or MPa, the equation is defined as: _where :

MOE: Modulus of elasticity, in N/mm ² ;

P ₁ : Load in the proportional limit, in N;

Y ₁ : Deflection at the proportional limit, in mm; e: Nominal thickness of the specimen, in mm; - a: Width of the test piece, in mm;

L: Distance between supports, in mm.

MOE: 1771 N/mm ² To estimate the percentage of absorption by which the chipboard or object is at different weights and is subjected to submersion, the equation is given by: where:

- Aa: Water absorption in percentage;

P ₁ : Weight of the sample after submersion, in g;

P ₀ : Weight of the sample before submersion, in g.

To estimate the percentage of humidity of the agglomerates, it is the amount of water contained in a material, it corresponds to the humidity of the agglomerate at the end of the production process. This value will vary depending on the relative humidity of the environment in which it is located, tending to seek equilibrium humidity, the equation is given by: , where:

CH: Moisture content, in mass percentage;

M ₁ : Initial mass of the sample, in g;

M ₂ : Dry mass of the sample, in g. To estimate the percentage of swelling of the agglomerates when exposed to the action of water, the particle agglomerates in general show an increase in thickness due to water absorption. With this test we try to determine how the action of water affects the agglomerates, the equation is the following: . where:

H: Swelling, in percentage;

V ₁ : Volume after submersion, in cm ³ ;

V ₀ : Volume before submersion, in cm ³ .

The results of the tests are presented in Tables 5 to 12. Table 5. Initial tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 6. Tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 7. Tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 8. Tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 9. Tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 10. Tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 11. Tests with pulp, lint and cisco, MOR index and MOE

Table 12. Tests with pulp, lint, cisco and wood, MOR and MOE index

From the results of the mechanical tests it can be seen that the samples corresponding to Tables 6 and 12 are the ones that came closest to the required values. by the NTC 2261 standard for an MOR index between (8 and 21) N/mm ² . an MOE index between (800 and 2400) N/mm ² , with respect to resistance to humidity, the composite in Table 7 is more resistant due to the use of the greater amount of biomass from a hardwood, the physical appearance of This last compound is very similar to the finish of a granite slab, with a very reduced presence of spaces inside. The MOR and MOE modulus of Figures 2 and 3, corresponding to the compound of Table 12, have a behavior similar to that represented for a 100% epoxy compound according to Papadopoulou & Chrissafis, (“Particleboards from agricultural lignocellulosics and biodegradable polymers prepared with raw materials from natural resources.” In AK Lau & APY Hung (Eds.), Natural Fiber-Reinforced

Biodegradable and Bioresorbable Polymer Composites, pages 19-30, Woodhead Publishing, 2017). According to the board classification of the European standard EN 312:2010, the compound in Table 12 with a thickness of ±1.5 cm could be used for high-traffic floors and interior divisions (PIO, Pl l and P12 boards) , interior accessories (P2 boards), outdoor furniture (P3 boards). In the document developed by Dominguez Ortiz & Londoño Zuluaga (2015) they refer to the classification of chipboards, from which the compound in Table 12 and its derivatives can be classified by density as a heavy board, by finish as unsanded, by water-repellent and fire-repellent treatment. The boards made with the compound in Table 12 and its derivatives have a lower hygroscopic load of less than 5% at a relative humidity between 70% and 100%, results that improve the product presented by Bekalo & Reinhardt (2010), in addition to present a low percentage of thickness variation. In the document presented by Rachtanapun et al. (“Correlation of Density and Properties of Particleboard from Coffee Waste with Urea-Formaldehyde and Polymeric Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanates.” Journal of Composite

Materials, 2012, 46(15): 1839-50) a high humidity load close to 85% is evident for a compound of fluff and urea-formaldehyde exposed for 24 h and 24% for a compound of fluff and polymeric diphenyl methylene disocyanate .

Claims

1. An agglomerated composite material comprising: coffee pulp in a range between 10% w/w and 40% w/w; - coffee husks in a range between 10% w/w and 2.0% w/w; coffee grounds in a range between 5% w/w and 30% w/w; coffee wood in a range between 5% w/w and 20% w/w; and binders in a range between 15% w/w and 35% w/w; and optionally additives between 20% w/w and 30% w/w.

2. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the percentage of moisture of the pulp, husk, lint and coffee wood is in a range between 1% and 10%, respectively.

3. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the average size of the coffee pulp is between: 4.74 mm and 5 mm.

4. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the average size of the coffee husk is between: 4.74 mm and 5 mm.

5. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the average size of the coffee grounds is between: 105 μm and 149 pm.

6. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the average particle size of the coffee wood chip is between 52 pm and 74 pm.

7. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the binders are selected from the group comprising epoxy resins, phenolic resins, coffee mucilage and mixtures thereof.

8. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, wherein the additives are selected from colorants, antioxidant agents, flame retardant agents, water-repellent agents, lightening agents, release agents, antistatic agents, or mixtures thereof.

9. The agglomerated composite material according to Claim 1, characterized by:

- modulus of elasticity 1771 N/mm ² ;

- modulus of rupture 13.07 N/mm ² ; density between 1700 kg/m ³ and 1710.52 kg/m':

- absorption percentage between 1% and 1.49% in 70 minutes of immersion; - moisture content between 17% and 17.37% in 25 hours of immersion;

- swelling percentage 1% and 1.69% in 25 hours of immersion.