WO2023225119A1

WO2023225119A1 - Stabilization of integrin inhibitors

Info

Publication number: WO2023225119A1
Application number: PCT/US2023/022591
Authority: WO
Inventors: Jacob CHA; Naveen Kumar BEJUGAM
Original assignee: Pliant Therapeutics, Inc.
Priority date: 2022-05-18
Filing date: 2023-05-17
Publication date: 2023-11-23

Abstract

Provided herein are formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A) or a salt thereof. Also provided herein are methods of preparing formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A).

Description

STABILIZATION OF INTEGRIN INHIBITORS

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/343,454, filed May 18, 2022, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD

[0002] Provided herein are formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component, such as an integrin inhibitor.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Fibrosis, a pathologic feature of many diseases, is caused by a dysfunction in the body’s natural ability to repair damaged tissues. If left untreated, fibrosis can result in scarring of vital organs causing irreparable damage and eventual organ failure.

[0004] Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) may progress from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and then fibrosis. While liver fibrosis is reversible in its initial stages, progressive liver fibrosis can lead to cirrhosis.

[0005] Fibrosis in the kidney, characterized by glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis, is the final common manifestation of a wide variety of chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Irrespective of the initial causes, progressive CKD often results in widespread tissue scarring that leads to destruction of kidney parenchyma and end-stage renal failure, a devastating condition that requires dialysis or kidney replacement.

[0006] Scleroderma encompasses a spectrum of complex and variable conditions primarily characterized by fibrosis, vascular alterations, and autoimmunity. The scleroderma spectrum of disorders share the common feature of fibrosis, resulting in hardening or thickening of the skin. For some patients, this hardening occurs only in limited areas, but for others, it can spread to other major organs.

[0007] Following myocardial infarction, cardiac structural remodeling is associated with an inflammatory reaction, resulting in scar formation at the site of the infarction. This scar formation is a result of fibrotic tissue deposition which may lead to reduced cardiac function and disruption of electrical activity within the heart. [0008] Crohn’s Disease is a chronic disease of unknown etiology tending to progress even in the setting of medical or surgical treatment. Intestinal fibrosis is among the most common complications of Crohn’s disease, resulting in stricture formation in the small intestine and colon.

[0009] Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing disease of unknown etiology, occurring in adults and limited to the lungs. In IPF, the lung tissue becomes thickened, stiff, and scarred. As lung fibrosis progresses, it becomes more difficult for the lungs to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream and the organs do not receive the oxygen needed to function properly. IPF currently affects approximately 200,000 people in the U.S., resulting in 40,000 deaths per year. Patients diagnosed with IPF experience progressive breathlessness and eventually, complete respiratory failure.

[0010] Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), also known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is a chronic disease of the liver that causes damage and fibrosis in the liver. It results from a slow, progressive destruction of the small bile ducts of the liver, causing bile and other toxins to build up in the liver, a condition called cholestasis. Over time, this leads to scarring and fibrosis in both the liver and biliary tract.

[0011] Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) is a rare disorder that affects the tissue that surrounds and separates the tiny air sacs of the lungs. These air sacs, called the alveoli, are where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the lungs and the bloodstream. Interstitial pneumonia is a disease in which the mesh-like walls of the alveoli become inflamed. The pleura (a thin covering that protects and cushions the lungs and the individual lobes of the lungs) might become inflamed as well. There are two primary forms of NSIP - cellular and fibrotic. The cellular form is defined mainly by inflammation of the cells of the interstitium. The fibrotic form is defined by thickening and scarring of lung tissue. This scarring is known as fibrosis and is irreversible. When the lung tissue thickens or becomes scarred, it does not function as effectively. Breathing becomes less efficient, and there are lower levels of oxygen in the blood. (Kim et al., Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. (2006) 3:285-292; Lynch, D., Radiology (2001) 221 :583-584; Kinder et al., Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. (2007) 176:691-697).

[0012] Available courses of treatment are scarce, as there are currently no options on the market proven to have an effect on long-term patient survival or symptomatology. There remains a need for treatment of fibrotic diseases. [0013] The av06 integrin is expressed in epithelial cells, and binds to the latency- associated peptide of transforming growth factor-pi (TGFpi) and mediates TGFpi activation. Its expression level is significantly increased after injury to lung and cholangiocytes, and plays a critical in vivo role in tissue fibrosis. Increased levels are also associated with increased mortality in IPF and NSIP patients.

[0014] Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) involves bile duct inflammation, and fibrosis that obliterates the bile ducts. The resulting impediment to the flow of bile to the intestines can lead to cirrhosis of the liver and subsequent complications such as liver failure and liver cancer. Expression of av e is elevated in liver and bile duct of PSC patients.

[0015] There remains a great need for agents that exploit new mechanisms of action and may have better outcomes in terms of relief of symptoms, safety, and patient mortality, both short-term and long-term.

[0016] To facilitate the use of such compounds in a viable pharmaceutical product, it is important to provide stable compositions, comprising such compounds, which are stable under temperature and humidity conditions relevant to manufacture, distribution, and storage. Accordingly, there is a need for further improvements.

BRIEF SUMMARY

[0017] There is a need for methods of acceptably formulating deliquescent and/or hygroscopic integrin inhibitors suitable for manufacturing and dosage forms.

[0018] Provided herein are formulations and methods for preparing the same, comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A)

or a salt thereof, wherein:

R¹ is Ce-Ci4 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl wherein the Ce-Cu aryl and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted by R^la; R² is hydrogen; deuterium; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by

R^2a; -OH; -O-Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a; C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b; -O-C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b; 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by R^2c; or -S(O)2R^2d; with the proviso that any carbon atom bonded directly to a nitrogen atom is optionally substituted with an R^2a moiety other than halogen; each R^la is independently Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-

Cs cycloalkyl, C4-C8 cycloalkenyl, 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, Ce-Cu aryl, deuterium, halogen, -CN, -OR³, -SR³, -NR⁴R⁵, -NO2, -C=NH(OR³), -C(O)R³, -OC(O)R³, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)NR⁴R⁵, -NR³C(O)R⁴, -NR³C(O)OR⁴, -NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, -S(O)R³, -S(O)₂R³, -NR³S(O)R⁴, -NR³S(O)₂R⁴, -S(O)NR⁴R⁵, -S(O)2NR⁴R⁵, or -P(O)(OR⁴)(OR⁵), wherein each R^lais, where possible, independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁶, -NR⁶R⁷, -C(O)R⁶, -CN, -S(O)R⁶, -S(O)2R⁶, -P(O)(OR⁶)(OR⁷), C3-C8 cycloalkyl, 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, Ce-Cu aryl, or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, oxo, -OH or halogen; each R^2a, R^2b, R^2c, R^2e , and R^2f is independently oxo or R^la;

R^2d is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2e or C3-C5 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2f;

R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl of R³ are independently optionally substituted by halogen, deuterium, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹, -P(O)(OR⁸)(OR⁹), or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 6- membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl of R⁴ and R⁵ are independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or -OH; R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, C2-C6 alkenyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, or C2-C6 alkynyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo; or R⁶ and R⁷ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo;

R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, C2-C6 alkenyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen or oxo, or C2-C6 alkynyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo; or R⁸ and R⁹ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3-6 membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, oxo, or halogen; each R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or deuterium;

R¹⁴ is deuterium; q is O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; each R¹⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, or halogen; each R¹⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, or halogen; and p is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.

[0019] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid:

, or a salt thereof.

[0020] In some embodiments, the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more hygroscopic excipients. In some embodiments, the one or more hygroscopic excipients are selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polyglycolized glycerides, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalates, hydroxyethylcelluloses, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, cyclodextrins, or carbomers. [0021] In some embodiments, the method comprises coating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more moisture resistant coating. In some embodiments, the one or more moisture-resistant coating is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcoholpolyethylene glycol copolymer, a methyl methacrylate and diethylamino-ethyl ethacrylate copolymer dispersion, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, ammonio methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, poly(ethyl acrylate-co- methyl methacrylate), shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methacrylic acid copolymer, amino diethyl-methacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0022] In some embodiments, the method comprises tableting the hygroscopic or deliquescent component using a dry granulation process.

[0023] In another aspect, provided is a substantially non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A).

or a salt thereof, wherein:

R¹ is Ce-Ci4 aryl or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl wherein the Ce-Cu aryl and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted by R^la;

R² is hydrogen; deuterium; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by

R^2a; -OH; -O-Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a; C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b; -O-C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b; 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by R^2c; or -S(O)2R^2d; with the proviso that any carbon atom bonded directly to a nitrogen atom is optionally substituted with an R^2a moiety other than halogen; each R^la is independently Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3- Cx cycloalkyl, C4-C8 cycloalkenyl, 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, Ce-Cu aryl, deuterium, halogen, -CN, -OR³, -SR³, -NR⁴R⁵, -NO2, -C=NH(OR³), -C(O)R³, -OC(O)R³, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)NR⁴R⁵, -NR³C(O)R⁴, -NR³C(O)OR⁴, -NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, -S(O)R³, -S(O)₂R³, -NR³S(O)R⁴, -NR³S(O)₂R⁴, -S(O)NR⁴R⁵, -S(O)₂NR⁴R⁵, or -P(O)(OR⁴)(OR⁵), wherein each R^lais, where possible, independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁶, -NR⁶R⁷, -C(O)R⁶, -CN, -S(O)R⁶, -S(O)₂R⁶, -P(O)(OR⁶)(OR⁷), Cs-Cs cycloalkyl, 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, Ce-Cu aryl, or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, oxo, -OH or halogen; each R^2a, R^2b, R^2c, R^2e , and R^2f is independently oxo or R^la;

R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C₂-Ce alkenyl, C₂-Ce alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C₂-Ce alkenyl, C₂-Ce alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl of R³ are independently optionally substituted by halogen, deuterium, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹, -P(O)(OR⁸)(OR⁹), or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C₂-Ce alkenyl, C₂-Ce alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 6- membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C₂-Ce alkenyl, C₂-Ce alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl of R⁴ and R⁵ are independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or -OH;

R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, C₂-Ce alkenyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, or C₂-Ce alkynyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo; or R⁶ and R⁷ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo;

R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, C₂-Ce alkenyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen or oxo, or C₂-Ce alkynyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo; or R⁸ and R⁹ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3-6 membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, oxo, or halogen; each R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or deuterium;

[0024] In some embodiments, provided is a non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A). In some embodiments, provided is a substantially non-hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A). In some embodiments, provided is a non-hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A).

[0025] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid:

[0026] In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a salt of (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a crystalline form of a salt of (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid, or a solvate thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a crystalline form of a phosphate salt of (S)-4- ((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a crystalline form of hydrate of a phosphate salt of (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a crystalline form of mixed solvate of isopropyl alcohol and water of a phosphate salt of (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a crystalline form of a fumarate salt of (S)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is a crystalline form of a 1,5-naphthalenedisulfonate salt of (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid. Specific examples of such crystalline forms, and methods of preparation thereof, may be found, for example, in US Patent Application Publication US 2022/0177468 Al, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the compound of formula (A) is Form I, Form II, Form III, or Form IV as described in US Patent Application Publication US 2022/0177468 Al, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0027] In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises one or more hygroscopic excipients. In some embodiments, the one or more hygroscopic excipients are selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polyglycolized glycerides, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalates, hydroxyethylcelluloses, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, cyclodextrins, or carbomers.

[0028] In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises a core and a coating shell. In some embodiments, the core comprises at least about 50% w/w, at least about 60% w/w, at least about 70% w/w, at least about 80% w/w, at least about 90% w/w, at least about 95% w/w, at least about 96% w/w, at least about 97% w/w, at least about 98% w/w, at least about 99% w/w, or at least about 99.9% w/w of the the compound of formula (A). [0029] In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises one or more moisture-resistant coatings. In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non- deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises one or more moisture-resistant solid coatings. In some embodiments, the one or more moisture-resistant coatings are selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol copolymer, a methyl methacrylate and diethylamino-ethyl ethacrylate copolymer dispersion, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, ammonio methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methacrylic acid copolymer, amino diethyl-methacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0030] In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation is a tablet in tablet formulation. In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises a dry coating. In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises a press or compression coating. In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises a coating that is free of any aqueous or organic solvents.

[0031] In some embodiments, provided are methods of treating a fibrotic disease in an individual in need thereof comprising administering any one of the formulations described herein. In some embodiments, provided are methods of treating a fibrotic disease in an individual in need thereof comprising administering a formulation prepared according to any of the methods described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0032] FIG. 1 shows compounds 1-780 as disclosed herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0033] Provided herein are methods of preparing substantially non-deliquescent, non- deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic compositions comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings. In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is integrin inhibitor. In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound disclosed in US 20190276449. In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is (S)- 4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin- 4-ylamino)butanoic acid. For example, US 20190276449, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, discloses compounds, including (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid, which are av06 integrin inhibitors and methods of treatment using the same.

[0034] Compounds and compositions that are hygroscopic or deliquescent are difficult to handle and formulate. Such compounds also present issues of stability, as they may convert to potentially undesired forms upon exposure to moisture. Discussions related to hygroscopic or deliquescent compounds may be found, e.g., in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 21^st ed. (2005), and Pharmaceutics: The science of dosage form design, M. E. Aulton, (1988), both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Definitions

[0035] For use herein, unless clearly indicated otherwise, use of the terms “a”, “an” and the like refers to one or more.

[0036] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X”.

[0037] “Alkyl” as used herein refers to and includes, unless otherwise stated, a saturated linear (i.e., unbranched) or branched univalent hydrocarbon chain or combination thereof, having the number of carbon atoms designated (i.e., Ci-Cio means one to ten carbon atoms). Particular alkyl groups are those having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (a “C1-C20 alkyl”), having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (a “C1-C10 alkyl”), having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cio alkyl”), having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (a “Ci-Ce alkyl”), having 2 to 6 carbon atoms (a “C2-C6 alkyl”), or having 1 to 4 carbon atoms (a “C1-C4 alkyl”). Examples of alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, n- pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, and the like.

[0038] “Alkylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as alkyl, but having bivalency. Particular alkylene groups are those having 1 to 20 carbon atoms (a “C1-C20 alkylene”), having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (a “C1-C10 alkylene”), having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cio alkylene”), having 1 to 6 carbon atoms (a “Ci-Ce alkylene”), 1 to 5 carbon atoms (a “C1-C5 alkylene”), 1 to 4 carbon atoms (a “C1-C4 alkylene”) or 1 to 3 carbon atoms (a “Ci- C3 alkylene”). Examples of alkylene include, but are not limited to, groups such as methylene (-CH2-), ethylene (-CH2CH2-), propylene (-CH2CH2CH2-), isopropylene (-CEbCE^CEh)-), butylene (-CEb(CEb)2CEb-), isobutylene (-CEbCH(CH3)CEb-), pentylene (-CEb(CEb)3CEb-), hexylene (-CEb(CEb)4CEb-), heptylene (-CEb(CEb)5CEb-), octylene (-CH2(CH2)eCH2-), and the like.

[0039] “Alkenyl” as used herein refers to and includes, unless otherwise stated, an unsaturated linear (z.e., unbranched) or branched univalent hydrocarbon chain or combination thereof, having at least one site of olefinic unsaturation (z.e., having at least one moiety of the formula C=C) and having the number of carbon atoms designated (z.e., C2-C10 means two to ten carbon atoms). An alkenyl group may have “cis” or “trans” configurations, or alternatively have “E” or “Z” configurations. Particular alkenyl groups are those having 2 to 20 carbon atoms (a “C2-C20 alkenyl”), having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cio alkenyl”), having 2 to 8 carbon atoms (a “C2-C8 alkenyl”), having 2 to 6 carbon atoms (a “C2-C6 alkenyl”), or having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (a “C2-C4 alkenyl”). Examples of alkenyl group include, but are not limited to, groups such as ethenyl (or vinyl), prop-l-enyl, prop-2-enyl (or allyl), 2-methylprop-l-enyl, but-l-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, buta-l,3-dienyl, 2- methylbuta-l,3-dienyl, pent-l-enyl, pent-2-enyl, hex-l-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-3 -enyl, and the like.

[0040] “Alkenylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as alkenyl, but having bivalency. Particular alkenylene groups are those having 2 to 20 carbon atoms (a “C2-C20 alkenylene”), having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (a “C2-C10 alkenylene”), having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cio alkenylene”), having 2 to 6 carbon atoms (a “C2-C6 alkenylene”), 2 to 4 carbon atoms (a “C2-C4 alkenylene”) or 2 to 3 carbon atoms (a “C2-C3 alkenylene”). Examples of alkenylene include, but are not limited to, groups such as ethenylene (or vinylene) (-CH=CH-), propenylene (-CH=CHCH2-), 1,4-but-l-enylene (-CH=CH-CH2CH2-), l,4-but-2-enylene (-CEECE^CElCEh-), 1,6-hex-l-enylene (-CH=CH-(CH2)3CH2-), and the like.

[0041] “Alkynyl” as used herein refers to and includes, unless otherwise stated, an unsaturated linear (z.e., unbranched) or branched univalent hydrocarbon chain or combination thereof, having at least one site of acetylenic unsaturation (z.e., having at least one moiety of the formula C=C) and having the number of carbon atoms designated (z.e., C2-C10 means two to ten carbon atoms). Particular alkynyl groups are those having 2 to 20 carbon atoms (a “C2- C20 alkynyl”), having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cio alkynyl”), having 2 to 8 carbon atoms (a “C2-C8 alkynyl”), having 2 to 6 carbon atoms (a “C2-C6 alkynyl”), or having 2 to 4 carbon atoms (a “C2-C4 alkynyl”). Examples of alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, groups such as ethynyl (or acetylenyl), prop-l-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl (or propargyl), but-l-ynyl, but-2- ynyl, but-3-ynyl, and the like.

[0042] “Alkynylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as alkynyl, but having bivalency. Particular alkynylene groups are those having 2 to 20 carbon atoms (a “C2-C20 alkynylene”), having 2 to 10 carbon atoms (a “C2-C10 alkynylene”), having 6 to 10 carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cio alkynylene”), having 2 to 6 carbon atoms (a “C2-C6 alkynylene”), 2 to 4 carbon atoms (a “C2-C4 alkynylene”) or 2 to 3 carbon atoms (a “C2-C3 alkynylene”). Examples of alkynylene include, but are not limited to, groups such as ethynylene (or acetylenylene) (-C=C-), propynylene (-OCCH2-), and the like.

[0043] “Cycloalkyl” as used herein refers to and includes, unless otherwise stated, saturated cyclic univalent hydrocarbon structures, having the number of carbon atoms designated (z.e., C3-C10 means three to ten carbon atoms). Cycloalkyl can consist of one ring, such as cyclohexyl, or multiple rings, such as adamantyl. A cycloalkyl comprising more than one ring may be fused, spiro or bridged, or combinations thereof. Particular cycloalkyl groups are those having from 3 to 12 annular carbon atoms. A preferred cycloalkyl is a cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 8 annular carbon atoms (a "C3-C8 cycloalkyl"), having 3 to 6 annular carbon atoms (a “C3-C6 cycloalkyl”), or having from 3 to 4 annular carbon atoms (a "C3-C4 cycloalkyl"). Examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl, and the like. [0044] “Cycloalkylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as cycloalkyl, but having bivalency. Cycloalkylene can consist of one ring or multiple rings which may be fused, spiro or bridged, or combinations thereof. Particular cycloalkylene groups are those having from 3 to 12 annular carbon atoms. A preferred cycloalkylene is a cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 8 annular carbon atoms (a "Cs-Cs cycloalkylene"), having 3 to 6 carbon atoms (a “C3-C6 cycloalkylene”), or having from 3 to 4 annular carbon atoms (a "C3-C4 cycloalkylene"). Examples of cycloalkylene include, but are not limited to, cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, cyclohexylene, cycloheptylene, norbornylene, and the like. A cycloalkylene may attach to the remaining structures via the same ring carbon atom or different ring carbon atoms. When a cycloalkylene attaches to the remaining structures via two different ring carbon atoms, the connecting bonds may be cis- or trans- to each other. For example, cyclopropylene may include 1,1 -cyclopropylene and 1,2-cyclopropylene (e.g., cis- 1,2-cyclopropylene or trans- 1,2-cyclopropylene), or a mixture thereof.

[0045] “Cycloalkenyl” refers to and includes, unless otherwise stated, an unsaturated cyclic non-aromatic univalent hydrocarbon structure, having at least one site of olefinic unsaturation (z.e., having at least one moiety of the formula C=C) and having the number of carbon atoms designated (z.e., C3-C10 means three to ten carbon atoms). Cycloalkenyl can consist of one ring, such as cyclohexenyl, or multiple rings, such as norbornenyl. A preferred cycloalkenyl is an unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 8 annular carbon atoms (a “C3-C8 cycloalkenyl”). Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, norbornenyl, and the like.

[0046] “Cycloalkenylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as cycloalkenyl, but having bivalency.

[0047] “Aryl” or “Ar” as used herein refers to an unsaturated aromatic carbocyclic group having a single ring (e.g., phenyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., naphthyl or anthryl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. Particular aryl groups are those having from 6 to 14 annular carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cu aryl”). An aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position. In one variation, an aryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position. [0048] “Arylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as aryl, but having bivalency. Particular arylene groups are those having from 6 to 14 annular carbon atoms (a “Ce-Cu arylene”).

[0049] “Heteroaryl” as used herein refers to an unsaturated aromatic cyclic group having from 1 to 14 annular carbon atoms and at least one annular heteroatom, including but not limited to heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A heteroaryl group may have a single ring (e.g., pyridyl, furyl) or multiple condensed rings (e.g., indolizinyl, benzothienyl) which condensed rings may or may not be aromatic. Particular heteroaryl groups are 5 to 14- membered rings having 1 to 12 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 6 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, 5 to 10-membered rings having 1 to 8 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, or 5, 6 or 7-membered rings having 1 to 5 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In one variation, particular heteroaryl groups are monocyclic aromatic 5-, 6- or 7-membered rings having from 1 to 6 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In another variation, particular heteroaryl groups are polycyclic aromatic rings having from 1 to 12 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 6 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. A heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non-aromatic may be connected to the parent structure at either an aromatic ring position or at a non-aromatic ring position. In one variation, a heteroaryl group having more than one ring where at least one ring is non- aromatic is connected to the parent structure at an aromatic ring position. A heteroaryl group may be connected to the parent structure at a ring carbon atom or a ring heteroatom.

[0050] “Heteroarylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as heteroaryl, but having bivalency.

[0051] “Heterocycle”, “heterocyclic”, or “heterocyclyl” as used herein refers to a saturated or an unsaturated non-aromatic cyclic group having a single ring or multiple condensed rings, and having from 1 to 14 annular carbon atoms and from 1 to 6 annular heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen, and the like. A heterocycle comprising more than one ring may be fused, bridged or spiro, or any combination thereof, but excludes heteroaryl groups. The heterocyclyl group may be optionally substituted independently with one or more substituents described herein. Particular heterocyclyl groups are 3 to 14- membered rings having 1 to 13 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 6 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, 3 to 12-membered rings having 1 to 11 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 6 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, 3 to 10-membered rings having 1 to 9 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, 3 to 8- membered rings having 1 to 7 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, or 3 to 6-membered rings having 1 to 5 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In one variation, heterocyclyl includes monocyclic 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- or 7-membered rings having from 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, or 1 to 6 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 2, 1 to 3, or 1 to 4 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. In another variation, heterocyclyl includes polycyclic non-aromatic rings having from 1 to 12 annular carbon atoms and 1 to 6 annular heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.

[0052] “Heterocyclylene” as used herein refers to the same residues as heterocyclyl, but having bivalency.

[0053] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to elements of the Group 17 series having atomic number 9 to 85. Preferred halo groups include the radicals of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Where a residue is substituted with more than one halogen, it may be referred to by using a prefix corresponding to the number of halogen moi eties attached, e.g., dihaloaryl, dihaloalkyl, trihaloaryl etc. refer to aryl and alkyl substituted with two (“di”) or three (“tri”) halo groups, which may be but are not necessarily the same halogen; thus 4-chl oro-3 - fluorophenyl is within the scope of dihaloaryl. An alkyl group in which each hydrogen is replaced with a halo group is referred to as a “perhaloalkyl.” A preferred perhaloalkyl group is trifluoromethyl (-CF3). Similarly, “perhaloalkoxy” refers to an alkoxy group in which a halogen takes the place of each H in the hydrocarbon making up the alkyl moiety of the alkoxy group. An example of a perhaloalkoxy group is trifluoromethoxy (-OCF3).

[0054] “Carbonyl” refers to the group C=O.

[0055] “Thiocarbonyl” refers to the group C=S.

[0056] Oxo” refers to the moiety =0.

[0057] “D” refers to deuterium (²H).

[0058] “T” refers to tritium (³H). [0059] An alkyl group in which each hydrogen is replaced with deuterium is referred to as “perdeuterated.” An alkyl group in which each hydrogen is replaced with tritium is referred to as “pertritiated.”

[0060] “Optionally substituted” unless otherwise specified means that a group may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5) of the substituents listed for that group in which the substituents may be the same of different. In one embodiment, an optionally substituted group has one substituent. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has two substituents. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has three substituents. In another embodiment, an optionally substituted group has four substituents. In some embodiments, an optionally substituted group has 1 to 2, 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, or 2 to 5 substituents. In one embodiment, an optionally substituted group is unsubstituted.

[0061] It is understood that an optionally substituted moiety can be substituted with more than five substituents, if permitted by the number of valences available for substitution on the moiety. For example, a propyl group can be substituted with seven halogen atoms to provide a perhalopropyl group. The substituents may be the same or different.

[0062] “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” are those salts which retain at least some of the biological activity of the free (non-salt) compound and which can be administered as drugs or pharmaceuticals to an individual. Such salts, for example, include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid and the like; (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base. Acceptable organic bases include ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine and the like. Acceptable inorganic bases include aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, and the like. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be prepared in situ in the manufacturing process, or by separately reacting a purified compound described herein in its free acid or base form with a suitable organic or inorganic base or acid, respectively, and isolating the salt thus formed during subsequent purification. [0063] The term “excipient” as used herein means an inert or inactive substance that may be used in the production of a drug or pharmaceutical, such as a tablet containing a compound described herein as an active ingredient. Various substances may be embraced by the term excipient, including without limitation any substance used as a binder, disintegrant, coating, compression/encapsulation aid, cream or lotion, lubricant, solutions for parenteral administration, materials for chewable tablets, sweetener or flavoring, suspending/gelling agent, or wet granulation agent. Binders include, e.g., carbomers, povidone, xanthan gum, etc.; coatings include, e.g., cellulose acetate phthalate, ethylcellulose, gellan gum, maltodextrin, enteric coatings, etc.; compression/encapsulation aids include, e.g., calcium carbonate, dextrose, fructose de (de = “directly compressible”), honey de, lactose (anhydrate or monohydrate; optionally in combination with aspartame, cellulose, or microcrystalline cellulose), starch de, sucrose, etc.; disintegrants include, e.g., croscarmellose sodium, gellan gum, sodium starch glycolate, etc.; creams or lotions include, e.g., maltodextrin, carrageenans, etc.; lubricants include, e.g., magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium stearyl fumarate, etc.; materials for chewable tablets include, e.g., dextrose, fructose de, lactose (monohydrate, optionally in combination with aspartame or cellulose), etc.; suspending/gelling agents include, e.g., carrageenan, sodium starch glycolate, xanthan gum, etc.; sweeteners include, e.g., aspartame, dextrose, fructose de, sorbitol, sucrose de, etc.; and wet granulation agents include, e.g., calcium carbonate, maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose, etc.

[0064] It is understood that aspects and embodiments described herein as “comprising” include “consisting of’ and “consisting essentially of’ embodiments.

Compounds

[0065] In one aspect, provided is a method for preparing a substantially non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided is a method for preparing a non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0066] In another aspect, provided is a method for preparing a substantially non- hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided is a method for preparing a non-hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0067] In another aspect, provided is a substantially non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a subformula thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided is a non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0068] In another aspect, provided is a substantially non-hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a subformula thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, provided is a non-hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0069] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a given relative humidity (RH) and a given temperature over a given time period. In some embodiments, the given RH is about 60%. In some embodiments, the given RH is between about 55% and about 65%. In some embodiments, the given relative humidity is about 75%. In some embodiments, the relative humidity is between about 70%-80%. In some embodiments the given temperature is between about 20 °C and 25 °C. In some embodiments, the given temperature is between about 23 °C and about 27 °C. In some embodiments, the given temperature is between about 38 C and 42 C. In some embodiments, the given time period is about 24 hours, about 48 hours, about 72 hours, about 96 hours, about 1 week, about 2 weeks, about 3 weeks, or about 1 month.

[0070] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 24 hours.

[0071] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 48 hours.

[0072] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 72 hours.

[0073] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 96 hours.

[0074] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 1 week.

[0075] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 2 weeks.

[0076] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 3 weeks.

[0077] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% over about 1 month.

[0078] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60%, and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 24 hours.

[0079] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 48 hours.

[0080] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 72 hours.

[0081] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 96 hours.

[0082] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 week.

[0083] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 2 weeks.

[0084] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 3 weeks.

[0085] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 20 °C and 25 °C, over about 1 month.

[0086] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 24 hours.

[0087] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 48 hours.

[0088] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 72 hours.

[0089] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 96 hours.

[0090] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 week.

[0091] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 2 weeks.

[0092] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 3 weeks.

[0093] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 23 °C and about 27 °C, over about 1 month.

[0094] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 24 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 24 hours. [0095] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 48 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 48 hours.

[0096] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 72 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 72 hours.

[0097] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 96 hours. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 96 hours.

[0098] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 week. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 week.

[0099] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 2 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 2 weeks.

[0100] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 3 weeks. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 3 weeks.

[0101] In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 60% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 55% and about 65% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) of about 75% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 month. In some embodiments, a formulation that is “substantially non-hygroscopic” exhibits a water uptake of less than about 0.1%, less than about 0.2%, less than about 0.5%, less than about 1%, less than about 1.5%, less than about 2%, less than about 3%, less than about 4%, or less than about 5% at a relative humidity (RH) between about 70% and about 80% and a temperature between about 38 °C and 42 °C, over about 1 month.

[0102] In any of the aspects or embodiments provided herein, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component may be a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof

or a salt thereof, wherein:

R² is hydrogen; deuterium; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by

R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl of R³ are independently optionally substituted by halogen, deuterium, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹, -P(O)(OR⁸)(OR⁹), or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo;

R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 6- membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl of R⁴ and R⁵ are independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or -OH;

R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, C2-C6 alkenyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, or C2-C6 alkynyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo; or R⁶ and R⁷ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo;

R¹⁴ is deuterium; q is O, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; each R¹⁵ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, or halogen; each R¹⁶ is independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, or halogen; and p is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9

[0103] In one variation, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of the formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NHR¹ moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another variation, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of the formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NHR¹ moieties is in the “A” configuration. Embodiments wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a mixture of compounds of the formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof are also embraced, including racemic or non- racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0104] In one variation of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, R² has the proviso that any carbon atom bonded directly to a nitrogen atom is either unsubstituted or is substituted with deuterium.

[0105] In the descriptions herein, it is understood that every description, variation, embodiment or aspect of a moiety may be combined with every description, variation, embodiment or aspect of other moieties the same as if each and every combination of descriptions is specifically and individually listed. For example, every description, variation, embodiment or aspect provided herein with respect to R¹ of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof may be combined with every description, variation, embodiment or aspect of R² the same as if each and every combination were specifically and individually listed.

[0106] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound is a compound of formula (I)

or a salt thereof, wherein:

R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a; C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b; 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by R^2c; or -S(O)2R^2d; each R^la is independently Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-

Cx cycloalkyl, C4-C8 cycloalkenyl, 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, Ce-Cu aryl, deuterium, halogen, -CN, -OR³, -SR³, -NR⁴R⁵, -NO2, -C=NH(OR³), -C(O)R³, -OC(O)R³, -C(O)OR³, -C(O)NR⁴R⁵, -NR³C(O)R⁴, -NR³C(O)OR⁴, -NR³C(O)NR⁴R⁵, -S(O)R³, -S(O)₂R³, -NR³S(O)R⁴, -NR³S(O)₂R⁴, -S(O)NR⁴R⁵, -S(O)2NR⁴R⁵, or -P(O)(OR⁴)(OR⁵), wherein each R^lais, where possible, independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁶, -NR⁶R⁷, -C(O)R⁶, -CN, -S(O)R⁶, -S(O)2R⁶, -P(O)(OR⁶)(OR⁷), C3-C8 cycloalkyl, 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, Ce-Cu aryl, or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, oxo, -OH or halogen; each R^2a, R^2b, R^2c, R^2e , and R^2f is independently oxo or R^la;

R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo, C2-C6 alkenyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen or oxo, or C2-C6 alkynyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, or oxo; or R⁸ and R⁹ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3-6 membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, oxo, or halogen; each R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are independently hydrogen or deuterium;

R¹⁴ is deuterium; q is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; and p is 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.

[0107] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound is a compound of the formula (I), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NHR¹ moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another variation, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NHR¹ moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0108] In one variation of formula (I), R² includes the proviso that any carbon atom bonded directly to a nitrogen atom is optionally substituted with an R^2a moiety other than halogen. In one variation of formula (I), R² includes the proviso that any carbon atom bonded directly to a nitrogen atom is either unsubstituted or is substituted with deuterium.

[0109] In the descriptions herein, it is understood that every description, variation, embodiment or aspect of a moiety may be combined with every description, variation, embodiment or aspect of other moieties the same as if each and every combination of descriptions is specifically and individually listed. For example, every description, variation, embodiment or aspect provided herein with respect to R¹ of formula (I) may be combined with every description, variation, embodiment or aspect of R² the same as if each and every combination were specifically and individually listed.

[0110] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), or a salt thereof, at least one of R^la, R^2a, R^2b, R^2c, R^2e, R^2f, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁵, or R¹⁶ is deuterium.

[0111] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), or a salt thereof, R¹ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrazolyl) or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., methyl, difluoromethyl, and trifluorom ethyl). In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrazolyl or pyridinyl) or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., methyl, difluoromethyl, and trifluoromethyl). In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl substituted by both methyl and trifluoromethyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl substituted by both methyl and pyridinyl. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is Ce-Cu aryl (e.g., phenyl). In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is -CN. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-2-yl optionally substituted by R^la. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrimidin-2-yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., methyl or trifluoromethyl), -CN, or C3-C8 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl). In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), or a salt thereof, R¹ is quinazolin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la. In some embodiments, R¹ is quinazolin-4-yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is halogen (e.g., fluoro and chloro), Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., methyl or trifluoromethyl), or Ci-Ce alkoxy (e.g., methoxy). In some embodiments, R¹ is quinazolin-4- yl optionally substituted by R^la wherein R^la is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl). In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrazolopyrimidinyl optionally substituted by R^la. In some embodiments, R¹ is pyrazolopyrimidinyl optionally substituted by R^la, wherein R^la is Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., methyl). In some embodiments where R¹ is indicated as optionally substituted by R^la, the R¹ moiety is unsubstituted. In some embodiments where R¹ is indicated as optionally substituted by R^la, the R¹ moiety is substituted by one R^la. In some embodiments where R¹ is indicated as optionally substituted by R^la, the R¹ moiety is substituted by 2 to 6 or 2 to 5 or 2 to 4 or 2 to 3 R^la moieties, which may be the same or different.

[0112] In some embodiments of formula (I), including the embodiments that describe the R¹ variable, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I), including the embodiments that describe the R¹ variable, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments, including the embodiments that describe the R¹ variable, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0113] In some embodiments of formula (I), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II):

or a salt thereof, wherein R¹ and R² are as defined for formula (I).

[0114] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-A):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and the positions on the pyrimidine ring and tetrahydronaphthyridine ring are as indicated.

[0115] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-A), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-A), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-A) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0116] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of formula (I-A), m is 1, 2 or 3.

[0117] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 1, and R^la is at the 2-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 1, and R^la is at the 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, and 6-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-A), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “A” configuration.

[0118] In some embodiments of formula (I-A), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-A), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-A), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0119] In some embodiments of formula (I-A), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-A):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, or 3, and the positions on the pyrimidine ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-A) and (II-A).

[0120] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-B):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula

(I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and the positions on the quinazoline ring are as indicated.

[0121] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-B), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and

NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-B), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-B) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0122] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[0123] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 1, and R^la is at the 2-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 1, and R^la is at the 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 1, and R^la is at the 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 1, and R^la is at the 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 7- position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 6-position, and

7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 7-position, and

8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 6- position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-B), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration.

[0124] In some embodiments of formula (I-B), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-B), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-B), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0125] In some embodiments of formula (I-B), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-B):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and the positions on the quinazoline ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-B) and (II-B).

[0126] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-C):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the positions on the pyrido[3,2-t ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated. [0127] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-C), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-C), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-C) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0128] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 1, 2, 3, or 4

[0129] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 1, and R^la is at the 2-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 1, and R^la is at the 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 1, and R^la is at the 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6- position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 7-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-C), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration.

[0130] In some embodiments of formula (I-C), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-C), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-C), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0131] In some embodiments of formula (I-C), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-C):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the positions on the pyrido[3,2- ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-C) and (II-C).

[0132] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-D):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the positions on the pyrido[3,4-t ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated. [0133] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-D), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-D), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-D) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0134] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalky), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 1, 2, 3, or 4. [0135] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 1, and R^la is at the 2-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 1, and R^la is at the 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 1, and R^la is at the 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-D), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration.

[0136] In some embodiments of formula (I-D), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-D), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-D), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5. [0137] In some embodiments of formula (I-D), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-D):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the positions on the pyrido[3,4- ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-D) and (II-D).

[0138] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-E):

(I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the positions on the pyrido[2,3-t ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated.

[0139] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-E), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-E), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-E) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0140] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 1, 2, 3, or 4.

[0141] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 1, and R^la is at the 2-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 1, and R^la is at the 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 1, and R^la is at the 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-E), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration. [0142] In some embodiments of formula (I-E), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-E), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-E), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0143] In some embodiments of formula (I-E), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-E):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, and the positions on the pyrido[2,3-t ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-E) and (II-E).

[0144] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-F):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and the positions on the quinoline ring are as indicated.

[0145] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-F), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-F), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-F) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0146] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0147] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, and R^la is at the 2-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, and R^la is at the 3 -position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, and R^la is at the 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, and R^la is at the 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 1, and R^la is at the 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 3-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6- position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 7-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 3-position, and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 3-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 3-position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 5-position, and 7- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 6- position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 3-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 7- position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 6-position, 7- position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 2- position, 3-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 5- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 5-position, 7-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I- F), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), m is 6, and the R^la groups are at the 2-position, 3-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-F), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration.

[0148] In some embodiments of formula (I-F), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-F), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-F), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0149] In some embodiments of formula (I-F), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-F):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and the positions on the quinoline ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-F) and (II-F).

[0150] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-G):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and the positions on the isoquinoline ring are as indicated. [0151] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-G), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-G), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-G) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae.

[0152] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0153] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, and R^la is at the 3 -position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, and R^la is at the 4-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, and R^la is at the 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, and R^la is at the 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 1, and R^la is at the 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position and 4-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 4- position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6- position and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 7-position and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 4-position, and 5-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 4-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 4- position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 5-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 4- position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 4- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 5- position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 3, and the R^la groups are at the 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 4-position, 5-position, and 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 5-position, and 7- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 5-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 6- position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 3-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 4-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 5-position, 7- position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 6-position, 7- position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 4, and the R^la groups are at the 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position, 4-position, 5-position, 6-position, and 7-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 5- position, 6-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 5-position, 7-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 4-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I- G), m is 5, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8- position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), m is 6, and the R^la groups are at the 3-position, 4-position, 5-position, 6-position, 7-position, and 8-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-G), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration.

[0154] In some embodiments of formula (I-G), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-G), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-G), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5. [0155] In some embodiments of formula (I-G), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-G):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 and the positions on the isoquinoline ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-G) and (II-G).

[0156] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I), wherein R¹ is 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la, the compound is of the formula (I-H):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la, R², R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴, q and p are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, or 2, and the positions on the 1 -methyl- U7-pyrazolo[3,4- ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated.

[0157] In some embodiments of formula (A), the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-H), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “5” configuration. In another embodiment, the compound of formula (A) is a compound of the formula (I-H), or a salt thereof, wherein the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties is in the “A” configuration. Mixtures of a compound of the formula (I-H) are also embraced, including racemic or non-racemic mixtures of a given compound, and mixtures of two or more compounds of different chemical formulae. [0158] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 0, 1, or 2, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 0, 1, or 2, and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci- Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 1 or 2.

[0159] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 0. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 1, and R^la is at the 3 -position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 1, and R^la is at the 6-position. In some embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), m is 2, and the R^la groups are at the 3- position and 6-position. Whenever more than one R^la group is present, the R^la groups can be chosen independently. In any of these embodiments of the compound of formula (I-H), or a salt thereof, the carbon bearing the CO2H and NH moieties may be in the “5” configuration or the “7?” configuration.

[0160] In some embodiments of formula (I-H), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, each of R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen. In some embodiments of formula (I-H), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables, q is 0. In some embodiments of formula (I-H), including the embodiments that describe the R^la and m variables, and/or the R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ variables and/or the q variable, p is 3, 4 or 5.

[0161] In some embodiments of formula (I-H), R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹² and R¹³ are hydrogen, p is 3, q is 0 and the compound is of the formula (II-H):

or a salt thereof, wherein R^la and R² are as defined for formula (I), m is 0, 1, or 2, and the positions on the 1 -methyl- l/7-pyrazolo[3, 4- ]pyrimidine ring are as indicated. All descriptions of R^la, R² and m with reference to formula (I) apply equally to formulae (I-H) and (II-H).

[0162] In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or a salt thereof, wherein R¹ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by R^la. In some embodiments, R¹ is unsubstituted 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, quinolinyl, pyridopyrimidinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, benzothiazolyl, isoquinolinyl, purinyl, or benzooxazolyl). In some embodiments, R¹ is 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^la groups which may be the same or different, wherein each R^la is independently selected from halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, or bromo), Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., -CH3, -CHF2, -CF3, or C(CH3)3), C3-C6 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl), 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl or pyrazolyl), Ce-Cu aryl (e.g., phenyl), -CN, -OR³ (e.g., -OCH3), and -NR⁴R⁵ (e.g., -N(CH3)2). In some embodiments, R¹ is 5-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrazolyl) substituted by 1, 2, 3, or 4 R^la groups which may be the same or different and is selected from -CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, and -CF3. In some embodiments, R¹ is 6-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, or pyrazinyl) substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^la groups which may be the same or different and is selected from halogen (e.g., fluoro, chloro, or bromo), C3-C6 cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopropyl), 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl or pyrazolyl), Ce-Cio aryl (e.g., phenyl), C1-C4 alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., -CH3, -CF3 or C(CH3)3), -CN, -OR³ (e.g., -OCH3), and -NR⁴R⁵ (e.g., -N(CH3)2). In some embodiments, R¹ is 9-membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyrazolopyrimidinyl, pyrrolopyrimidinyl, thienopyrimidinyl, indazolyl, indolyl, or benzoimidazolyl) substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^la groups which may be the same or different and is selected from -CHa, -CH2F, -CHF2, and -CF3. In some embodiments, R¹ is 10- membered heteroaryl (e.g., quinazolinyl) substituted by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 R^la groups which may be the same or different and is selected from halogen (e.g., fluoro or chloro), 5- to 6- membered heteroaryl (e.g., pyridinyl), Ci alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., -CHa or -CF3), and -OR³ (e.g., -OCH3).

[0163] In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or

hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with deuterium atom(s). In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or a salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from any of the foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with tritium atom(s). For example, in some embodiments, each hydrogen bonded to a ring carbon in the foregoing groups may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Each hydrogen bonded to an acyclic carbon in the foregoing groups, e.g., methyl or methoxy carbons, may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Further, for example, the foregoing groups may be perdeuterated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with deuterium, or pertritiated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with tritium. In some embodiments, one or more ring carbons in the foregoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C. For example, in polycyclic rings among the foregoing groups, one or more ring carbons in the ring directly bonded to the rest of the compound may be replaced with ¹³C. In polycyclic rings among the foregoing groups, one or more ring carbons may be replaced with ¹³C in the ring that substitutes or is fused to the ring bonded to the rest of the compound. Further, for example, every ring carbon in the foregoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C.

[0164] In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or

foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with deuterium atom(s). In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or a salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from any of the foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with tritium atom(s). For example, in some embodiments, each hydrogen bonded to a ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Each hydrogen bonded to an acyclic carbon in the forgoing groups, e.g., methyl or methoxy carbons, may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Further, for example, the forgoing groups may be perdeuterated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with deuterium, or pertritiated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with tritium. In some embodiments, one or more ring carbons in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C. For example, in polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons in the ring directly bonded to the rest of the compound may be replaced with ¹³C. In polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons may be replaced with ¹³C in the ring that substitutes or is fused to the ring bonded to the rest of the compound. Further, for example, every ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C.

[0165] In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or

any of the foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with deuterium atom(s). In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or a salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from any of the foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with tritium atom(s). For example, in some embodiments, each hydrogen bonded to a ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Each hydrogen bonded to an acyclic carbon in the forgoing groups, e.g., methyl or methoxy carbons, may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Further, for example, the forgoing groups may be perdeuterated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with deuterium, or pertritiated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with tritium. In some embodiments, one or more ring carbons in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C. For example, in polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons in the ring directly bonded to the rest of the compound may be replaced with ¹³C. In polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons may be replaced with ¹³C in the ring that substitutes or is fused to the ring bonded to the rest of the compound. Further, for example, every ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C.

[0166] In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or

wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with deuterium atom(s). In some embodiments, the compound is a compound of formula (A), (I) or (II), or a salt thereof, wherein R¹ is selected from any of the foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with tritium atom(s). For example, in some embodiments, each hydrogen bonded to a ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Each hydrogen bonded to an acyclic carbon in the forgoing groups, e.g., methyl or methoxy carbons, may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Further, for example, the forgoing groups may be perdeuterated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with deuterium, or pertritiated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with tritium. In some embodiments, one or more ring carbons in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C. For example, in polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons in the ring directly bonded to the rest of the compound may be replaced with ¹³C. In polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons may be replaced with ¹³C in the ring that substitutes or is fused to the ring bonded to the rest of the compound. Further, for example, every ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C.

[0168] The R¹ groups described herein as moieties (shown with a W XT symbol) are shown as attached at specific positions (e.g., pyrimid-4-yl, quinazolin-4-yl, isoquinolin- 1-yl) but they can also be attached via any other available valence (e.g., pyrimid-2-yl). In some embodiments of the compound of formula (A) (I) or (II), or a salt thereof, R¹ is

, wherein m is 0, 1, 2, or 3 and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (A)

(I) or (II), or a salt thereof,

, wherein m is 1, 2, or 3 and each

R^la is independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In another embodiment, R¹ is

wherein m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 and each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further embodiment of the compound of formula (A)

independently deuterium, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, and heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium. In a further variation of such embodiments, each R^la is, where applicable, independently deuterium, halogen, Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl (which in one variation may be Ci-Ce perhaloalkyl), Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, -CN, or 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, Ci-Ce haloalkyl, Ci-Ce alkoxy, hydroxy, and 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl of R^la are independently optionally substituted by deuterium.

[0169] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I-A), (II-A), (I- B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (n-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a where R^2a is: halogen (e.g., fluoro); C3-

Cx cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclobutyl optionally substituted by fluoro); 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., pyrazolyl optionally substituted by methyl); -S(O)2R³; -NR⁴R⁵; -NR³C(O)R⁴; oxo; or -OR³. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a where R^2a is: halogen (e.g., fluoro); C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclobutyl optionally substituted by fluoro); 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., pyrazolyl optionally substituted by methyl); 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., oxetanyl optionally substituted by fluoro), -S(O)2R³; -NR⁴R⁵; - NR³C(O)R⁴; OXO; or -OR³. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by -OR³ wherein R³ is: hydrogen; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, -CH2CHF2, and -CH2CF3); C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclopropyl substituted by fluoro); Ce-Cu aryl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., phenyl optionally substituted by fluoro); or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by halogen or Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., pyridinyl optionally substituted by fluoro or methyl). In some embodiments, R² is -CH2CH2OCH3. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by both halogen and OR³. In some embodiments, R² is //-propyl substituted by both halogen and alkoxy (e.g., -CH2CH(F)CH2OCH3). In some embodiments where R² is indicated as optionally substituted by R^2a, the R² moiety is unsubstituted. In some embodiments where R² is indicated as optionally substituted by R^2a, the R² moiety is substituted by one R^2a. In some embodiments where R² is indicated as optionally substituted by R^2a, the R² moiety is substituted by 2 to 6 or 2 to 5 or 2 to 4 or 2 to 3 R^2a moieties, which may be the same or different.

[0170] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I-A), (II-A), (I- B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (n-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a where R^2a is: halogen (e.g., fluoro); C3-

Cs cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclobutyl optionally substituted by fluoro); 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., pyrazolyl optionally substituted by methyl); -S(O)2R³; -NR⁴R⁵; -NR³C(O)R⁴; oxo; or -OR³. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a where R^2a is: halogen (e.g., fluoro); C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclobutyl optionally substituted by fluoro); 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., pyrazolyl optionally substituted by methyl); 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., oxetanyl optionally substituted by fluoro); -S(O)2R³; -NR⁴R⁵; - NR³C(O)R⁴; OXO; or -OR³. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a where R^2a is: halogen (e.g., fluoro); C3-C8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclobutyl optionally substituted by fluoro); Ce-Cu aryl (e.g., phenyl); 5- to 10- membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., thiazolyl or pyrazolyl optionally substituted by methyl); 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by halogen or oxo (e.g., R^2a is: oxetanyl optionally substituted by fluoro; tetrahydrofuranyl; pyrrolidinyl optionally substituted by oxo; morpholinyl optionally substituted by oxo; or dioxanyl); -S(O)2R³; -NR⁴R⁵; -NR³C(O)R⁴; oxo; -OR³; or -CN. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by -OR³ wherein R³ is: hydrogen; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., methyl, ethyl, difluoromethyl, -CH2CHF2, and -CH2CF3); C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., cyclopropyl substituted by fluoro); Ce-Cu aryl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., phenyl optionally substituted by fluoro); or 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl optionally substituted by halogen or Ci-Ce alkyl (e.g., pyridinyl optionally substituted by fluoro or methyl). In some embodiments, R² is -CH2CH2OCH3. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by both halogen and OR³. In some embodiments, R² is //-propyl substituted by both halogen and alkoxy (e.g., - CH2CH(F)CH2OCH3). In some embodiments where R² is indicated as optionally substituted by R^2a, the R² moiety is unsubstituted. In some embodiments where R² is indicated as optionally substituted by R^2a, the R² moiety is substituted by one R^2a. In some embodiments where R² is indicated as optionally substituted by R^2a, the R² moiety is substituted by 2 to 6 or 2 to 5 or 2 to 4 or 2 to 3 R^2a moieties, which may be the same or different. In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by two halogen groups, which may be the same or different (e.g., two fluoro groups). In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by two -OR³ groups, which may be the same or different (e.g., two -OH groups, one -OH group and one -OCH3 group, or two -OCH3 groups). In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by one halogen group (e.g., fluoro) and one -OR³ group (e.g., -OH or -OCH3). In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by two halogen groups, which may be the same or different (e.g., two fluoro groups), and one -OR³ group (e.g., -OH or -OCH3). In some embodiments, R² is Ci-Ce alkyl substituted by one halogen group (e.g., fluoro) and two -OR³ groups, which may be the same or different (e.g., two -OH groups, one -OH group and one -OCH3 group, or two -OCH3 groups).

[0171] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I-A), (II-A), (I- B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (n-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, R² is C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b. In some embodiments, R² is C3-C6 cycloalkyl substituted by 1 or 2 R^2b moieties which may be the same or different. In some embodiments, R² is C3-C4 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by halogen (e.g., unsubstituted cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl optionally substituted by fluoro). In some embodiments, R² is C3-C4 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, or tritium atom(s). For example, in some embodiments, each hydrogen bonded to a ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Each hydrogen bonded to an acyclic carbon in the forgoing groups, e.g., methyl or methoxy carbons, may be replaced with a corresponding isotope, e.g., deuterium or tritium. Further, for example, the forgoing groups may be perdeuterated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with deuterium, or pertritiated, in which every hydrogen is replaced with tritium. In some embodiments, one or more ring carbons in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C. For example, in polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons in the ring directly bonded to the rest of the compound may be replaced with ¹³C. In polycyclic rings among the forgoing groups, one or more ring carbons may be replaced with ¹³C in the ring that substitutes or is fused to the ring bonded to the rest of the compound. Further, for example, every ring carbon in the forgoing groups may be replaced with ¹³C.

[0172] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I-A), (II-A), (I- B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, R² is hydrogen.

[0173] In some embodiments of the compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I-A), (II-A), (I- B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, R² is -O-Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a. In some embodiments, R² is -OCH₃.

[0174] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I- A), (II- A), (I-B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I- F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, wherein R² is selected from the

wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with deuterium atom(s).

[0175] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I- A), (II- A), (I-B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I- F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, wherein R² is selected from the

, and any of the foregoing groups wherein any one or more hydrogen atom(s) are replaced with deuterium atom(s).

[0176] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I- A), (II- A), (I-B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-

F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, wherein

wherein R³ and each R^2a are as defined for formula (I).

[0177] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I- A), (II- A), (I-B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-

F

F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, wherein R² is

wherein each R^2a are as defined for formula (I). [0178] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), (I), (II), (I- A), (II- A), (I-B), (II-B), (I-C), (II-C), (I-D), (II-D), (I-E), (II-E), (I-

F), (II-F), (I-G), (II-G), (I-H) or (II-H), or a salt thereof, wherein

wherein R³ is as defined for formula (I).

[0179] In one embodiment of formula (I), the tetrahydronaphthyridine group is disubstituted with deuterium at the 2-position.

[0180] In some embodiments, the compound is of the formula (II):

or a salt thereof, wherein

or a salt thereof, wherein

R² is selected from the group consisting

[0182] In some embodiments, the compound is of the formula (II):

or a salt thereof, wherein

[0183] Any variations or combinations recited herein for compounds of formula (I) also apply to formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, with the addition of any possible combinations of R¹⁵ and R¹⁶.

[0184] Representative compounds are listed in FIG. 1.

[0185] In some embodiments, the compound is selected from Compound Nos. 1-66 in FIG. 1, or a stereoisomer thereof (including a mixture of two or more stereoisomers thereof), or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound is a salt of a compound selected from Compound Nos. 1-66 in FIG. 1, or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0186] In some embodiments, the compound is selected from Compound Nos. 1-147, or a stereoisomer thereof (including a mixture of two or more stereoisomers thereof), or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound is a salt of a compound selected from Compound Nos. 1-147, or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0187] In some embodiments, the compound is selected from Compound Nos. 1-665, or a stereoisomer thereof (including a mixture of two or more stereoisomers thereof), or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound is a salt of a compound selected from Compound Nos. 1-665, or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0188] In some embodiments, the compound is selected from Compound Nos. 1-780, or a stereoisomer thereof (including a mixture of two or more stereoisomers thereof), or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound is a salt of a compound selected from Compound Nos. 1-780, or a stereoisomer thereof.

[0189] In one variation, the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((6- (difluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrimidin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((l-methyl-lH- pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin- 4-ylamino)butanoic acid; 4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-

(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-

(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrido[2, 3- d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((7-

(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-

(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((8-

(trifluoromethyl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrido[3, 2- d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrido[3, 4- d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-fluoroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-fluoroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((8-fluoroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6,7-difluoroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-methyl-

6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid; 2-((6-(difluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((6-methyl- 2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -phenoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin- 4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((3,3-difluoropropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((3-fluoropropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-

4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2 -fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-(((3,3-difluorocyclobutyl)methyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-(isoquinolin-l-ylamino)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(difluoromethoxy)ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-chloroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((8-chloroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)-4-((4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)(2-(2, 2,2- trifluoroethoxy)ethyl)amino)butanoic acid; 2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3-fluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((7- methoxyquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(2,2-difluorocyclopropoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3-fluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((8- methoxyquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(3,5-dimethyl-lH-pyrazol-l-yl)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-(((S)-2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- 2-((2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(3,5-difluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- 2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((8-chloroquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-(pyridin-2-yloxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(pyridin-2-yloxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(2,2-difluoroethoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-(pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-4-((4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)(2-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)ethyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-((2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-((2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-((2-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-ethoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid; 4-((2-((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-((6-methylpyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-((5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)oxy)ethyl)(4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-acetamidoethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- 2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((7-fluoro-2-methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid; and

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- methylquinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid.

In another variation, the compound detailed herein is selected from the group consisting of: 2-((3-cyanopyrazin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin- 2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyanopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid; 4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((l- methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-hydroxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-

4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((3-cyanopyrazin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((lH-pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((6- phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((l-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-phenoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-phenoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyanopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((l- methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -phenoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5-

(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid; 2-((lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-phenoxyethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-phenoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -phenoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -phenoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((6- phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2 -phenoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-(pyridin-

3-yl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-

(pyri din-3 -yl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-

(pyri din-3 -yl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((l -methyl- lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4- (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((l-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid; 4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (pyridin-3-yl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-( 1 H-pyrazol - 1 -yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-fluoro-3 -methoxypropyl)(4-(5 ,6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((2-(pyridin-3-yl)quinazolin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-

((5-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyanopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-phenoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5-

(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-

(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyclopropylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-phenoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyanopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-

(pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- fluoropyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((6- methyl-2-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((l-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyclopropylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid; 2-((lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((6-(lH-pyrazol-l-yl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-(methylsulfonyl)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (pyrimidin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-fluoro-3-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((6-phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((oxetan-2-ylmethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

4-((3-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((3,3-difluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3,3-difluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3,3-difluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((l- methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3,3-difluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyclopropylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((3,3-difluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3-fluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((l-methyl- lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((3-fluoropropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyanopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- 2-((l-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- 2-((5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid; 4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((6- phenylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-4-((2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2-(4-fluorophenoxy)ethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid;

4-((2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- 2-((2-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)butanoic acid;

2-((5-cyclopropylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)-4-((2,2-difluoroethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid; and 4-(((3-fluorooxetan-3-yl)methyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid.

Methods

[0190] Provided herein are methods for preparing substantially non-deliquescent formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a hygroscopic or deliquescent compound. Also provided herein are methods for preparing non-deliquescent formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a hygroscopic or deliquescent compound. Also provided herein are methods for preparing substantially non- hygroscopic formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a hygroscopic or deliquescent compound. Also provided herein are methods for preparing non- hygroscopic formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a hygroscopic or deliquescent compound.

[0191] Provided herein are methods for preparing substantially non-deliquescent formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof. Also provided herein are methods for preparing non- deliquescent formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof. Also provided herein are methods for preparing substantially non-hygroscopic formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof. Also provided herein are methods for preparing non-hygroscopic formulations comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof.

[0192] In some embodiments, the method comprises processing the hygroscopic or deliquescent component according to a formulation process to provide a substantially non- deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation. In some embodiments, the formulation process comprises a single processing step. In some embodiments, the formulation process comprises two or more processing steps. In some embodiments, the method comprises limiting exposure of the hygroscopic or deliquescent component to any sources of moisture during the formulation process. In some embodiments, intermediate compositions are generated during the formulation process. In some embodiments, the intermediate compositions are stored in a low moisture environment between processing steps. In some embodiments, the intermediate compositions are stored in a sealed, moisture-resistant container. In some embodiments, the container is a bag, a bottle, a canister, a desiccator, or any other suitable moisture-resistant container. In some embodiments, the container is an aluminum bag with a heat seal. In some embodiments, the intermediate composition is stored with one or more additional packaging materials. In some embodiments, the one or more additional packaging materials are desiccants. In some embodiments, the intermediate composition is stored under an inert gas. In some embodiments, the inert gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and argon.

[0193] In some embodiments, the method comprises performing any of the formulation steps, or all of the formulation steps, in a low relative humidity environment. In some embodiment, the method comprises performing any of the formulation steps, or all of the formulation steps, in an inert environment. In some embodiments, the atmosphere of the inert environment comprises an inert gas. In some embodiments, the inert gas is selected from the group consisting of nitrogen or argon.

[0194] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is absorbed onto a solid support prior to further formulation. In some embodiments, the solid support is selected from the group consisting of silicon dioxide, magnesium aluminosilicate, cellulose powder, microcrystalline cellulose, or any other suitable solid support. In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is absorbed onto a silicon dioxide solid support. In some embodiments, the process of absorbing the hygroscopic or deliquescent component onto the solid support comprises dissolving or suspending the hygroscopic or deliquescent component in a non-aqueous solvent, admixing with a solid support, and removing the solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using evaporation under vacuum. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using spray drying. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using fluid bed drying. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using filtration. In some embodiments, the resulting composition is stored prior to further processing according to any of the embodiments described above.

[0195] In some embodiments, the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with excipients having a low moisture content and/or excipients that are non-hygroscopic. In some embodiments, the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more excipients or coatings selected from the group consisting of anhydrous lactose, calcium phosphate, and mannitol.

[0196] In some embodiments, the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component, or compositions comprising thereof, with one or more hygroscopic excipients. In some embodiments, the one or more hygroscopic excipients are selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polyglycolized glycerides, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalates, hydroxyethylcelluloses, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, cyclodextrins, or carbomers.

[0197] In some embodiments, the method comprises coating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component, or compositions comprising thereof, with one or more moisture resistant coating. In some embodiments the one or more moisture coating is a polymer. In some embodiments, the one or more moisture-resistant coating is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol copolymer, a methyl methacrylate and diethylaminoethyl ethacrylate copolymer dispersion, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, ammonio methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methacrylic acid copolymer, amino diethyl-methacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

[0198] In some embodiments, the method comprises encapsulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component, or compositions comprising thereof, with a polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is a hydrophilic polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is an enteric polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is an amphiphilic polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and copovidone. In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the hygroscopic or deliquescent component, or compositions comprising thereof, with a polymer and heating the admixture to form a melt. In some embodiments, the method further comprises extruding the melt to form granules. In some embodiments the method comprises suspending or dissolving the hygroscopic or deliquescent component, or compositions comprising thereof, and the polymer in a non-aqueous solvent. In some embodiments, the method further comprises removing the solvent. In some embodiments, the method comprises further processing the resulting solids. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using evaporation under vacuum. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using spray drying. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using fluid bed drying. In some embodiments, the solvent is removed using filtration. In some embodiments, the polymer is formulated in about a 1 : 1 ratio of drug substance to polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is formulated in a 1 : 1 ratio of drug substance to polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is formulated in about a 1 :4 ratio of drug substance to polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is formulated in a 1 :4 ratio of drug substance to polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is formulated in a ratio between about 1 : 1 and about 1 :4 of drug substance to polymer. In some embodiments, the polymer is formulated in a ratio between 1 : 1 and 1 :4 of drug substance to polymer.

[0199] In some embodiments, the method comprises tableting the hygroscopic or deliquescent component using a dry granulation process.

[0200] In some embodiments, the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent components into one or more tablet cores. In some embodiments, the method comprises applying a low-hygroscopic coating onto the one or more tablet cores. In some embodiments, the coating is a film coating. In some embodiments, the coating is a dry coating. In some embodiments, the coating is a compression coating. In some embodiments, the coating is a hot melt coating. In some embodiments the coating formulation comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of film forming polymers, hydrophobic plasticizers, and pigments that act as moisture barriers. In some embodiments, the coating formulation comprises a coating polymer selected from the group consisting of poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose, hydroxy ethyl cellulose, PVA- PEG (polyethylene glycol), hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), methyl methacrylates and other copolymers of acrylates, poly vinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthal ate/buty rate, shellac, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the coating formulation comprises one or more waxes. In some embodiments, the coating formulation comprises one or more oils. In some embodiments, the coating formulation comprises one or more fatty acids.

[0201] In some embodiments, the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is formulated in a capsule, wherein the capsule comprises low-moisture HPMC. In some embodiments, the capsule is a Quali-V® Extra Dry capsule. In some embodiments, an intermediate composition comprising the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is formulated in a capsule, wherein the capsule comprises low-moisture HPMC. In some embodiments, the intermediate composition comprises the hygroscopic or deliquescent component absorbed onto a solid support according to any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the capsule is a Quali-V® Extra Dry capsule.

[0202] Additional formulation techniques are disclosed in US patent Nos. 5,037,698; 6,204,255; 8,299,271; 8,916.214; 3,553,114; or 4,223,006, or PCT publication WO 2004/060353, hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

[0203] In some embodiments, any of the substantially non-deliquescent, non- deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulations described herein are packaged to further limit exposure of the formulation to moisture. In some embodiments, the formulation is packaged in a moisture-resistant bottle. In some embodiments, the formulation is packaged in a moisture-resistant blister package. In some embodiments, the moisture-resistant blister package is Alu-Alu packaging. In some embodiments, the formulation is packaged with one or more additional packing materials. In some embodiments, the one or more additional packaging material comprises a desiccant.

[0204] In some embodiments, the packaging is an HDPE bottle. In some embodiments the packaging is an HDPE bottle that further comprises a desiccant. In some embodiments, the packaging is an HDPE bottle, and the formulation is sealed in the HDPE bottle using heat or induction. In some embodiments, the packaging is an HDPE bottle, and the formulation and a desiccant are sealed in the HDPE bottle together using heat or induction.

[0205] In some embodiments, the packaging is a blister pack. In some embodiments, the blister pack is a thermoform blister. In some embodiments, the blister pack is a coldform blister. In some embodiments, the packaging is a blister pack that further comprises a desiccant. In some embodiments, the packaging is a blister pack that further comprises a desiccant, and the desiccant is included as a film inside of each cavity of the blister pack. In some embodiments, the packaging is a blister pack that further comprises a desiccant, and the desiccant is located in a dedicated cavity connected via a channel to each cavity comprising the formulation.

[0206] In some embodiments, the packaging comprises a material with a high moisture shielding capacity. In some embodiments, the packaging comprises a material with a low moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR).

[0207] In some embodiments, the packaging comprises a desiccant.

[0208] In some embodiments the method comprises dissolving a hygroscopic or deliquescent compound in absolute ethanol to a concentration of 95-105 mg/mL, charging silicon dioxide to a fluid bed dryer, and spraying the compound onto the solid silicon dioxide particles while fluidizing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying until loss on drying of no more than 2% is obtained, to provide a drug product intermediate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the resulting drug product intermediate in a sealed foil pouch with a desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 5 - 50% w/w mannitol, and 1 - 10% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 25% w/w mannitol, and 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the intragranular blend to a roller compactor and compacting to provide granules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with 0.1 - 5% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with 1% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the final blend is stored in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments the method further comprises compressing the granulation blend using a tablet press to provide a tablet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the tablets in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of 3-5% w/w is achieved. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of 4% w/w is achieved.

[0209] In some embodiments the method comprises dissolving a compound of formula (A), or any sub-formula thereof, in absolute ethanol to a concentration of 95-105 mg/mL, charging silicon dioxide to a fluid bed dryer, and spraying the compound onto the solid silicon dioxide particles while fluidizing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying until loss on drying of no more than 2% is obtained, to provide a drug product intermediate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the resulting drug product intermediate in a sealed foil pouch with a desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 5 - 50% w/w mannitol, and 1 - 10% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 25% w/w mannitol, and 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the intragranular blend to a roller compactor and compacting to provide granules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with 0.1 - 5% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with 1% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the final blend is stored in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments the method further comprises compressing the granulation blend using a tablet press to provide a tablet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the tablets in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of 3-5% w/w is achieved. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of 4% w/w is achieved.

[0210] In some embodiments the method comprises dissolving (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid in absolute ethanol to a concentration of 95-105 mg/mL, charging silicon dioxide to a fluid bed dryer, and spraying the compound onto the solid silicon dioxide particles while fluidizing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying until loss on drying of no more than 2% is obtained, to provide a drug product intermediate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the resulting drug product intermediate in a sealed foil pouch with a desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 5 - 50% w/w mannitol, and 1 - 10% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 25% w/w mannitol, and 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the intragranular blend to a roller compactor and compacting to provide granules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with 0.1 - 5% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with 1% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the final blend is stored in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments the method further comprises compressing the granulation blend using a tablet press to provide a tablet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the tablets in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of 3-5% w/w is achieved. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of 4% w/w is achieved.

[0211] In some embodiments the method comprises dissolving a hygroscopic or deliquescent compound in absolute ethanol to a concentration of about 95-105 mg/mL, charging silicon dioxide to a fluid bed dryer, and spraying the compound onto the solid silicon dioxide particles while fluidizing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying until loss on drying of no more than about 2% is obtained, to provide a drug product intermediate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the resulting drug product intermediate in a sealed foil pouch with a desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 5 - 50% w/w mannitol, and about 1 - 10% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 25% w/w mannitol, and about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the intragranular blend to a roller compactor and compacting to provide granules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with about 0.1 - 5% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with about 1% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the final blend is stored in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments the method further comprises compressing the granulation blend using a tablet press to provide a tablet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the tablets in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of about 3-5% w/w is achieved. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of about 4% w/w is achieved.

[0212] In some embodiments the method comprises dissolving a compound of formula (A), or any sub-formula thereof, in absolute ethanol to a concentration of about 95-105 mg/mL, charging silicon dioxide to a fluid bed dryer, and spraying the compound onto the solid silicon dioxide particles while fluidizing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying until loss on drying of no more than about 2% is obtained, to provide a drug product intermediate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the resulting drug product intermediate in a sealed foil pouch with a desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 5 - 50% w/w mannitol, and about 1 - 10% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 25% w/w mannitol, and about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the intragranular blend to a roller compactor and compacting to provide granules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with about 0.1 - 5% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with about 1% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the final blend is stored in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments the method further comprises compressing the granulation blend using a tablet press to provide a tablet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the tablets in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of about 3-5% w/w is achieved. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of about 4% w/w is achieved.

[0213] In some embodiments the method comprises dissolving (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid in absolute ethanol to a concentration of about 95-105 mg/mL, charging silicon dioxide to a fluid bed dryer, and spraying the compound onto the solid silicon dioxide particles while fluidizing. In some embodiments, the method further comprises drying until loss on drying of no more than about 2% is obtained, to provide a drug product intermediate. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the resulting drug product intermediate in a sealed foil pouch with a desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 5 - 50% w/w mannitol, and about 1 - 10% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In In some embodiments, the method comprises admixing the drug product intermediate with about 25% w/w mannitol, and about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium to provide an intragranular blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises transferring the intragranular blend to a roller compactor and compacting to provide granules. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with about 0.1 - 5% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the method further comprises blending the granules with about 1% w/w magnesium stearate to provide a granulation blend. In some embodiments, the final blend is stored in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments the method further comprises compressing the granulation blend using a tablet press to provide a tablet. In some embodiments, the method further comprises storing the tablets in a sealed foil pouch containing desiccant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of about 3-5% w/w is achieved. In some embodiments, the method further comprises coating the tablets with an Opadry® suspension until a tablet weight gain of about 4% w/w is achieved.

Compositions

[0214] In another aspect, provided is a substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof

[0215] In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises one or more hygroscopic excipients. In some embodiments, the one or more hygroscopic excipients are selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polyglycolized glycerides, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalates, hydroxyethylcelluloses, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, cyclodextrins, or carbomers.

[0216] In some embodiments, the substantially non-deliquescent, non-deliquescent, substantially non-hygroscopic, and/or non-hygroscopic formulation comprises one or more moisture-resistant coatings. In some embodiments, the one or more moisture-resistant coatings are selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol copolymer, a methyl methacrylate and diethylamino-ethyl ethacrylate copolymer dispersion, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, ammonio methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methacrylic acid copolymer, amino diethyl-methacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose. In some embodiments, the moisture resistant coating comprises Opadry®. In some embodiments, the moisture resistant coating comprises Opadry QX® or Opadry AMB II®.

Formulations

[0217] Pharmaceutical compositions of any of the compounds detailed herein, including compounds of the formula (A), (I), (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I-D), (I-E), (I-F), (I-G), (I-H), (II), (II- A), (II-B), (II-C), (II-D), (II-E), (II-F), (II-G), or (II-H), or a salt thereof, or any of compounds of FIG. 1, or a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof, are embraced herein. Pharmaceutical compositions of any of the compounds detailed herein, including compounds of the formula (A), (I), (I-A), (I-B), (I-C), (I-D), (I-E), (I-F), (I-G), (I-H), (II), (II- A), (II-B), (II-C), (II-D), (II-E), (II-F), (II-G), or (II-H), or a salt thereof, or any of compounds of FIG. 1, or a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof, are embraced herein. Pharmaceutical compositions of compounds of the formula (A), or a sub-formula thereof, or a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof, are embraced herein. Provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one aspect, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is an acid addition salt, such as a salt formed with an inorganic or organic acid. Pharmaceutical compositions described herein may take a form suitable for oral, buccal, parenteral, nasal, topical or rectal administration or a form suitable for administration by inhalation. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is a composition for controlled release of any of the compounds detailed herein.

[0218] A compound as detailed herein may in one aspect be in a purified form and compositions comprising a compound in purified forms are detailed herein. In one embodiment, compositions may have no more than 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound comprising the majority of the composition or a salt thereof, for example, a composition of a compound selected from a compound of FIG. 1 may contains no more than 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound of FIG. 1 or a salt thereof. In one embodiment, compositions may have no more than 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound comprising the majority of the composition or a salt thereof, for example, a composition of a compound selected from a compound of FIG. 1 may contain no more than 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound of FIG. 1, or a salt thereof. In one embodiment, compositions may contain no more than 25% impurity. In one embodiment, compositions may contains no more than 20% impurity. In still further embodiments, compositions comprising a compound as detailed herein or a salt thereof are provided as compositions of substantially pure compounds. "Substantially pure" compositions comprise no more than 10% impurity, such as a composition comprising less than 9%, 7%, 5%, 3%, 1%, or 0.5% impurity. In some embodiments, a composition containing a compound as detailed herein or a salt thereof is in substantially pure form. In still another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 10% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 9% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 7% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 5% impurity. In another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 3% impurity. In still another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 1% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than 0.5% impurity. In yet other variations, a composition of substantially pure compound means that the composition contains no more than 10% or preferably no more than 5% or more preferably no more than 3% or even more preferably no more than 1% impurity or most preferably no more than 0.5% impurity, which impurity may be the compound in a different stereochemical form. For instance, a composition of substantially pure (5) compound means that the composition contains no more than 10% or no more than 5% or no more than 3% or no more than 1% or no more than 0.5% of the (R) form of the compound.

[0219] A compound as detailed herein may in one aspect be in a purified form and compositions comprising a compound in purified forms are detailed herein. In one embodiment, compositions may have no more than about 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound comprising the majority of the composition or a salt thereof, for example, a composition of a compound selected from a compound of FIG. 1 may contains no more than about 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound of FIG. 1 or a salt thereof. In one embodiment, compositions may have no more than about 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound comprising the majority of the composition or a salt thereof, for example, a composition of a compound selected from a compound of FIG. 1 may contain no more than about 35% impurity, wherein the impurity denotes a compound other than the compound of FIG. 1, or a salt thereof. In one embodiment, compositions may contain no more than about 25% impurity. In one embodiment, compositions may contains no more than about 20% impurity. In still further embodiments, compositions comprising a compound as detailed herein or a salt thereof are provided as compositions of substantially pure compounds. "Substantially pure" compositions comprise no more than about 10% impurity, such as a composition comprising less than about 9%, about 7%, about 5%, about 3%, about 1%, or about 0.5% impurity. In some embodiments, a composition containing a compound as detailed herein or a salt thereof is in substantially pure form. In still another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 10% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 9% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 7% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 5% impurity. In another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 3% impurity. In still another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 1% impurity. In a further variation, a composition of substantially pure compound or a salt thereof is provided wherein the composition contains or no more than about 0.5% impurity. In yet other variations, a composition of substantially pure compound means that the composition contains no more than about 10% or preferably no more than about 5% or more preferably no more than 3% or even more preferably no more than about 1% impurity or most preferably no more than about 0.5% impurity, which impurity may be the compound in a different stereochemical form. For instance, a composition of substantially pure (5) compound means that the composition contains no more than about 10% or no more than about 5% or no more than about 3% or no more than about 1% or no more than about 0.5% of the (R) form of the compound.

[0220] In one variation, the compounds herein are synthetic compounds prepared for administration to an individual such as a human. In another variation, compositions are provided containing a compound in substantially pure form. In another variation, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound detailed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another variation, methods of administering a compound are provided. The purified forms, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of administering the compounds are suitable for any compound or form thereof detailed herein.

[0221] A compound detailed herein or salt thereof may be formulated for any available delivery route, including an oral, mucosal (e.g., nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal or rectal), parenteral (e.g., intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous), topical or transdermal delivery form. A compound or salt thereof may be formulated with suitable carriers to provide delivery forms that include, but are not limited to, tablets, caplets, capsules (such as hard gelatin capsules or soft elastic gelatin capsules), cachets, troches, lozenges, gums, dispersions, suppositories, ointments, cataplasms (poultices), pastes, powders, dressings, creams, solutions, patches, aerosols (e.g., nasal spray or inhalers), gels, suspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions, oil-in-water emulsions or water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions and elixirs.

[0222] One or several compounds described herein or a salt thereof can be used in the preparation of a formulation, such as a pharmaceutical formulation, by combining the compound or compounds, or a salt thereof, as an active ingredient with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as those mentioned above. Depending on the therapeutic form of the system (e.g., transdermal patch vs. oral tablet), the carrier may be in various forms. In addition, pharmaceutical formulations may contain preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, rewetting agents, emulgators, sweeteners, dyes, adjusters, and salts for the adjustment of osmotic pressure, buffers, coating agents or antioxidants. Formulations comprising the compound may also contain other substances which have valuable therapeutic properties. Pharmaceutical formulations may be prepared by known pharmaceutical methods. Suitable formulations can be found, e.g., in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 21^st ed. (2005), which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0223] Compounds as described herein may be administered to individuals (e.g., a human) in a form of generally accepted oral compositions, such as tablets, coated tablets, and gel capsules in a hard or in soft shell, emulsions or suspensions. Examples of carriers, which may be used for the preparation of such compositions, are lactose, com starch or its derivatives, talc, stearate or its salts, etc. Acceptable carriers for gel capsules with soft shell are, for instance, plant oils, wax, fats, semisolid and liquid poly-ols, and so on. In addition, pharmaceutical formulations may contain preservatives, solubilizers, stabilizers, re-wetting agents, emulgators, sweeteners, dyes, adjusters, and salts for the adjustment of osmotic pressure, buffers, coating agents or antioxidants.

[0224] Any of the compounds described herein can be formulated in a tablet in any dosage form described, for example, a compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be formulated as a 10 mg tablet.

[0225] Compositions comprising a compound provided herein are also described. In one variation, the composition comprises a compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another variation, a composition of substantially pure compound is provided. In some embodiments, the composition is for use as a human or veterinary medicament. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in a method described herein. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder described herein.

[0226] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and Opadry®.

[0227] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 1-10% Opadry®.

[0228] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 3-5% Opadry®.

[0229] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising about 25% w/w mannitol; about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; about 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and about 4% Opadry®.

[0230] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between 3-5% Opadry®.

[0231] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and 4% Opadry®.

[0232] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and Opadry®.

[0233] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between about 1-10% Opadry®.

[0234] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 1-75% silicon dioxide; and between about 3-5% Opadry®. [0235] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; between 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between 3-5% Opadry®.

[0236] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; between 1-75% silicon dioxide; and 4% Opadry®.

[0237] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and Opadry® QX.

[0238] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 1-10% Opadry® QX.

[0239] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 3-5% Opadry® QX.

[0240] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising about 25% w/w mannitol; about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; about 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and about 4% Opadry® QX.

[0241] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between 3-5% Opadry® QX.

[0242] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and 4% Opadry® QX.

[0243] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and Opadry® QX.

[0244] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between about 1-10% Opadry® QX.

[0245] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 1-75% silicon dioxide; and between about 3-5% Opadry® QX.

[0246] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; between 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between 3-5% Opadry® QX.

[0247] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; between 1-75% silicon dioxide; and 4% Opadry® QX.

[0248] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and Opadry® AMB II.

[0249] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 1-10% Opadry® AMB II.

[0250] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 3-5% Opadry® AMB II.

[0251] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising about 25% w/w mannitol; about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; about 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and about 4% Opadry® AMB II.

[0252] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between 3-5% Opadry® AMB II.

[0253] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and 4% Opadry® AMB II.

[0254] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and Opadry® AMB II.

[0255] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between about 1-10% Opadry® AMB II. [0256] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 1-75% silicon dioxide; and between about 3-5% Opadry® AMB II.

[0257] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; between 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between 3-5% Opadry® AMB II.

[0258] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; between 1-75% silicon dioxide; and 4% Opadry® AMB II.

[0259] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, and a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0260] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 1-10% of a polyethylene glycolpolyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0261] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 3-5% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0262] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising about 25% w/w mannitol; about 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; about 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and about 4% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0263] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between 3-5% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0264] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; and 4% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer. [0265] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and a polyethylene glycolpolyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0266] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 1- 75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between about 1-10% of a polyethylene glycol -polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0267] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between about 5- 50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1- 5% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 1-75% silicon dioxide; and between about 3-5% of a polyethylene glycol -polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0268] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; between 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between 3-5% of a polyethylene glycolpolyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0269] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; between 1-75% silicon dioxide; and 4% of a polyethylene glycol -polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0270] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid, mannitol, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0271] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid, between about 1-75% w/w mannitol; between about 0.1-20% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.05-10% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between about 1-10% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0272] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid, between about 5-50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between about 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; between about 1- 75% silicon dioxide; and between about 3-5% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0273] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid, between 5-50% w/w mannitol; between 1-10% w/w croscarmellose sodium; between 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; between 0.1-90% silicon dioxide; and between 3-5% of a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

[0274] In some embodiments, provided is a formulation comprising (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid, 25% w/w mannitol; 5% w/w croscarmellose sodium; 1% w/w magnesium stearate; between 1-75% silicon dioxide; and 4% of a polyethylene glycolpolyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

Methods of treatment

[0275] In some embodiments, provided is a method of treating a fibrotic disease in an individual in need thereof comprising administering any one of the formulations described herein. In some embodiments, provided is a method of treating a fibrotic disease comprising administering a formulation prepared according to any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments the fibrotic disease is pulmonary fibrosis, liver fibrosis, skin fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, gastrointestinal fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or biliary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrotic disease is liver fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, or biliary fibrosis.

[0276] In some embodiments, provided is a kit comprising any one of the formulations described herein. In some embodiments, provided is a kit comprising a formulation prepared according to any of the methods described herein.

[0277] In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting avP6 integrin in an individual comprising administering any one of the formulations described herein. In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting avP6 integrin in an individual comprising administering a formulation prepared according to any of the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the individual has or is at risk of a fibrotic disease selected from the group consisting of: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), interstitial lung disease, radiation- induced pulmonary fibrosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), alcoholic liver disease induced fibrosis, Alport syndrome, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), primary biliary cholangitis, biliary atresia, systemic sclerosis associated interstitial lung disease, scleroderma, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and Crohn’s Disease. In some embodiments, the fibrotic disease is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In some embodiments, the fibrotic disease is primary sclerosing cholangitis.

[0278] In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting TGFP activation in a cell comprising any one of the formulations described herein. In some embodiments, provided is a method of inhibiting TGFP activation in a cell comprising a formulation prepared according to any of the methods described herein.

[0279] Methods of treatment comprising compounds of formula (A) are disclosed, for example, in US patent number 10,793,564, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

General Synthetic Methods

[0280] The compounds described herein may be prepared by a number of processes as generally described below and more specifically in the Examples hereinafter (such as the schemes provides in the Examples below). In the following process descriptions, the symbols when used in the formulae depicted are to be understood to represent those groups described above in relation to the formulae herein.

[0281] Where it is desired to obtain a particular enantiomer of a compound, this may be accomplished from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers using any suitable conventional procedure for separating or resolving enantiomers. Thus, for example, diastereomeric derivatives may be produced by reaction of a mixture of enantiomers, e.g., a racemate, and an appropriate chiral compound. The diastereomers may then be separated by any convenient means, for example by crystallization, and the desired enantiomer recovered. In another resolution process, a racemate may be separated using chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Alternatively, if desired a particular enantiomer may be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described.

[0282] Chromatography, recrystallization and other conventional separation procedures may also be used with intermediates or final products where it is desired to obtain a particular isomer of a compound or to otherwise purify a product of a reaction. [0283] Solvates and/or polymorphs of a compound provided herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are also contemplated. Solvates contain either stoichiometric or non- stoichiometric amounts of a solvent, and are often formed during the process of crystallization. Hydrates are formed when the solvent is water, or alcoholates are formed when the solvent is alcohol. Polymorphs include the different crystal packing arrangements of the same elemental composition of a compound. Polymorphs usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectra, melting points, density, hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability, and/or solubility. Various factors such as the recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, and storage temperature may cause a single crystal form to dominate.

[0284] Compounds provided herein may be prepared according to General Schemes A, B, C, and D, General Procedures A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, and P, and the examples herein.

[0285] Compounds provided herein may be prepared according to General Schemes A, B, C, and D, General Procedures A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, P, Q, R, S, T, and U, and the examples herein.

[0286] Compounds of formula 11 A can be prepared according to General Scheme A, wherein R¹ and R² are as defined for formula (I), or any applicable variations detailed herein.

General Scheme A

[0287] Coupling of 1 A with a compound of formula 2 A in the presence of a suitable coupling agent yields a compound of formula 3 A, which is reduced to yield a compound of formula 4A. Reductive amination of a compound of formula 4A with compound 5 A gives a compound of formula 6A. Removal of the N-Boc protecting group with a compound of formula 6A by exposure to an appropriate acid gives a compound of formula 7A, which can be coupled with a compound of formula 8 A to give a compound of formula 10A. Hydrolysis of a compound of formula 10A in the presence of a suitable hydroxide source gives compounds of formula 11 A.

[0288] Reaction conditions for the transformations of General Scheme A are provided in the General Procedures that follow, in particular General Procedures A, D, E, F, G, H, and P.

[0289] General Scheme A can be modified to prepare variants of compounds of formula 11 A by beginning with variants of 1 A with 5 and 6 carbon linkers between the nitrogen bearing the R² group and the tetrahydronaphthyridine group. These variants of compounds of formula 11 A can be synthesized by using the route described in General Scheme A substituting 1 A with either 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-pentanoic acid or 5, 6, 7, 8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-hexanoic acid. 6-oxoheptanoic acid and 7-oxooctanoic acid can be converted to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-pentanoic acid and 5, 6, 7, 8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-hexanoic acid, respectively, by condensation with 2- aminonicotinaldehyde in the presence of an appropriate catalyst followed by hydrogenation of the resulting naphthyridine ring to the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyridine ring using procedures known in the chemical literature.

[0290] Compounds of formula 11 A can alternatively be prepared according to General Scheme B, wherein R¹ and R² are as defined for formula (I), or any applicable variations detailed herein.

General Scheme B

[0291] Installation of a N-Boc group of IB in the presence of a suitable base and di-tert- butyl decarbonate yields a compound of formula 2B, which is reduced to yield a compound of formula 3B. Oxidation of a compound of formula 3B with a suitable oxidizing agent gives a compound of formula 4B. Reductive amination of a compound of formula 4B with compound 2 A gives a compound of formula 5B. Reductive amination of a compound of formula 5B with compound 5 A gives a compound of formula 7B. Removal of the N-Boc protecting group with a compound of formula 7B by exposure to an appropriate acid gives a compound of formula 7A, which can be coupled with a compound of formula 8A to give a compound of formula 10A. Hydrolysis of a compound of formula 10A in the presence of a suitable hydroxide source gives compounds of formula 11 A.

[0292] Reaction conditions for the transformations of General Scheme B are provided in the General Procedures that follow, in particular General Procedures B, D, F, G, H, and P.

[0293] General Scheme B can be modified to prepare variants of compounds of formula 11 A by beginning with variants of IB with 5 and 6 carbon linkers between the nitrogen bearing the R² group and the tetrahydronaphthyridine group. These variants of compounds of formula 11 A can be synthesized by using the route described in General Scheme B substituting IB with either ethyl 5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pentanoate or ethyl 6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)hexanoate. Ethyl 6-oxoheptanoate and ethyl 7-oxooctanoate can be converted to ethyl 5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)pentanoate and ethyl 6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)hexanoate, respectively, by condensation with 2-aminonicotinaldehyde in the presence of an appropriate catalyst followed by hydrogenation of the resulting naphthyridine ring to the 5, 6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthyridine ring using procedures known in the chemical literature.

[0294] Compounds of formula 10C can be prepared according to General Scheme C, wherein R is C1-C5 alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a, and R¹ and R^2a are as defined for formula (I), or any applicable variations detailed herein.

General Scheme C

[0295] Coupling of 1C with a compound of formula 4C in the presence of a suitable coupling agent yields a compound of formula 2C, which is reduced to yield a compound of formula 3C. Reductive amination of a compound of formula 3C with compound 5 A gives a compound of formula 5C. Global removal of the N-Boc protecting groups with a compound of formula 5C by exposure to an appropriate acid gives a compound of formula 6C, which can be coupled with a compound of formula 8A to give a compound of formula 9C.

Hydrolysis of a compound of formula 9C in the presence of a suitable hydroxide source gives compounds of formula 10C.

[0296] Reaction conditions for the transformations of General Scheme C are provided in the General Procedures that follow, in particular General Procedures B, D, F, G, H, and P.

[0297] General Scheme C can be modified to prepare variants of compounds of formula 10C by beginning with variants of 1C with 5 and 6 carbon linkers between the nitrogen bearing the -CH2R group and the tetrahydronaphthyridine group. These variants of compounds of formula 10C can be synthesized by using the route described in General Scheme C substituting 1C with either 5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pentan-l- amine or 6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)hexan-l-amine. 6-oxoheptanoic acid and 7-oxooctanoic acid can be converted to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-pentanoic acid and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-hexanoic acid, respectively, by condensation with 2-aminonicotinaldehyde in the presence of an appropriate catalyst followed by hydrogenation of the resulting naphthyridine ring to the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyridine ring using procedures known in the chemical literature. The resulting carboxylic acids can be converted to a primary amine by a two-step procedure that includes coupling of the carboxylic acid with an appropriate ammonia source in the presence of suitable coupling reagents followed by reduction.

[0298] Compounds of formula 10C can alternatively be prepared according to General Scheme D, wherein R is C1-C5 alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a, and R¹ and R^2a are as defined for formula (I), or any applicable variations detailed herein.

General Scheme D

[0299] Alkylation of 1C with a compound of formula 2D in the presence of a suitable alkyl halide yields a compound of formula 3C. Reductive amination of a compound of formula 3C with compound 5A gives a compound of formula 5C. Removal of the N-Boc protecting group with a compound of formula 5C by exposure to an appropriate acid gives a compound of formula 6C, which can be coupled with a compound of formula 9A to give a compound of formula 9C. Hydrolysis of a compound of formula 8A in the presence of a suitable hydroxide source gives compounds of formula 10C. [0300] Reaction conditions for the transformations of General Scheme D are provided in the General Procedures that follow, in particular General Procedures C, F, G, H, and P.

[0301] General Scheme D can be modified to prepare variants of compounds of formula 10C by beginning with variants of 1C with 5 and 6 carbon linkers between the nitrogen bearing the -CH2R group and the tetrahydronaphthyridine group. These variants of compounds of formula 10C can be synthesized by using the route described in General Scheme D substituting 1C with either 5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)pentan-l- amine or 6-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)hexan-l-amine. 6-oxoheptanoic acid and 7-oxooctanoic acid can be converted to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-pentanoic acid and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridine-2-hexanoic acid, respectively, by condensation with 2-aminonicotinaldehyde in the presence of an appropriate catalyst followed by hydrogenation of the resulting naphthyridine ring to the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyridine ring using procedures known in the chemical literature. The resulting carboxylic acids can be converted to a primary amine by a two-step procedure that includes coupling of the carboxylic acid with an appropriate ammonia source in the presence of suitable coupling reagents followed by reduction.

[0302] Compounds of formula If can be prepared according to General Scheme E. It is understood the ring bearing the Het description can be any heteroaromatic ring.

General Scheme E

[0303] Hydrolysis of a compound of formula la gives a compound of formula lb which can be alkylated with a suitable electrophile to give a compound of formula 1c. Deprotection under reductive conditions of a compound of formula 1c gives a compound of formula Id. Metal catalyzed cross coupling of a halogenated arene with a compound of formula Id gives a compound of formula le, which can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions to give compound of formula If.

[0304] Reaction conditions for the transformations of General Scheme E are provided in the General Procedures that follow, in particular General Procedures Q, R, S, T, and U.

[0305] It is understood that the schemes above may be modified to arrive at various compounds described herein by selection of appropriate reagents and starting materials. For a general description of protecting groups and their use, see P.G.M. Wuts and T.W. Greene, Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis 4^th edition, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2006.

[0306] Additional methods of preparing compounds according to Formula (I), and salts thereof, are provided in the Examples. As a skilled artisan would recognize, the methods of preparation taught herein may be adapted to provide additional compounds within the scope of Formula (I), for example, by selecting starting materials which would provide a desired compound.

[0307] Additional synthetic methods for preparing the compounds described herein are disclosed in US patent number 10,793,564, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

General Procedures

[0308] Compounds provided herein may be prepared according to General Schemes, as exemplified by the General Procedures and Examples. Minor variations in temperatures, concentrations, reaction times, and other parameters can be made when following the General Procedures, which do not substantially affect the results of the procedures.

[0309] When a specific stereoisomer, or an unspecified stereoisomer, or a mixture of stereoisomers is shown in the following general procedures, it is understood that similar chemical transformations can be performed on other specific stereoisomers, or an unspecified stereoisomer, or mixtures thereof. For example, a hydrolysis reaction of a methyl fS')-4- amino-butanoate to an (, )-4-amino-butanoic acid can also be performed on a methyl (A)-4- amino-butanoate to prepare an (A)-4-amino-butanoic acid, or on a mixture of a methyl (5)-4- amino-butanoat and a methyl (A)-4-amino-butanoate to prepare a mixture of an fS')-4-amino- butanoic acid and an (A)-4-amino-butanoic acid.

[0310] Some of the following general procedures use specific compounds to illustrate a general reaction (e.g., deprotection of a compound having a Boc-protected amine to a compound having a deprotected amine using acid). The general reaction can be carried out on other specific compounds having the same functional group (e.g., a different compound having a protected amine where the Boc-protecting group can be removed using acid in the same manner) as long as such other specific compounds do not contain additional functional groups affected by the general reaction (i.e., such other specific compounds do not contain acid-sensitive functional groups), or if the effect of the general reaction on those additional functional groups is desired (e.g., such other specific compounds have another group that is affected by acid, and the effect of the acid on that other group is a desirable reaction).

[0311] Where specific reagents or solvents are specified for reactions in the general procedures, the skilled artisan will recognize that other reagents or solvents can be substituted as desired. For example, where hydrochloric acid is used to remove a Boc group, trifluoroacetic acid can be used instead. As another example, where HATU (1- [bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-lH-l,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate) is used as a coupling reagent, BOP (benzotriazol- 1- yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate) or PyBOP (benzotriazol-l-yl- oxytripyrrolidinophosphonium hexafluorophosphate) can be used instead.

General Procedure A

CH₂CI₂

A/-cyclopropyl-4-(5, 6,7,8-

4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- cyclopropanamine naphthyridin-2-yl)butanoic acid tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butanamide

[0312] N-cyclopropyl-4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro- 1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butanamideHo a mixture of 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butanoic acid hydrochloride (5.0 g, 19.48 mmol) and cyclopropanamine (1.51 mL, 21.42 mmol) in CH2CI2 (80 mL) at rt was added DIPEA (13.57 mL, 77.9 mmol). To this was then added HATU (8.1 g, 21.42 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give N-cyclopropyl-4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butanamide.

General Procedure B

THF/DMF

4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- N-(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-1 -amine naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)formamide

[0313] N-(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)formamide. To a mixture of 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-l-amine (351 mg, 1.71 mmol) and formic acid (0.09 mL, 2.22 mmol) in 4: 1 THF/DMF (5 mL) was added HATU (844 mg, 2.22 mmol) followed by DIPEA (0.89 mL, 5.13 mmol) and the reaction was allowed to stir at rt for 1 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give N-(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)formamide.

General Procedure C

[0314] N-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-l-amine.

A mixture of 4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-l-amine (300 mg, 1.46 mmol), 1 -bromo-2-m ethoxy ethane (0.11 mL, 1.17 mmol) and DIPEA (0.25 mL, 1.46 mmol) in z-PrOH (3 mL) was heated to 70 °C for 18 hr. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to rt and then concentrated in vacuo and purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give N-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butan-l -amine.

General Procedure D

/V-(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- /V-methyl-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)formamide naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-1 -amine [0315] N-methyl-4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-l-amine. To a solution of N-(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)formamide (200 mg, 0.86 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at rt was added borane tetrahydrofuran complex solution (1 ,0M in THF, 4.0 mL, 4.0 mmol) dropwise. The resulting mixture was then heated to 60 °C for 2 hr and then allowed to cool to rt. The reaction mixture was diluted with MeOH and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give N-methyl-4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyri din-2 -yl)butan-l- amine.

General Procedure E

/V-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(5, 6,7,8- /V-(2-methoxyethyl)-4- tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2- (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l ,8- yl)butanamide naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-1 - amine

[0316] N-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-l-amine

(5). To a solution of N-(2-methoxyethyl)-4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyri din-2 - yl)butanamide (15.5 g, 1.0 equiv) in 1,4-dioxane (124 mL) at rt was slowly added LiAIT (1.0 M in THF, 123 mL, 2.2 equiv) and the resulting mixture was heated to reflux for 20 hours and then cooled to 0 °C. To this solution was added H2O (4.7 mL), then IM NaOH (4.7 mL) then H2O (4.7 mL) and warmed to room temperature and stirred for 30 minutes, at which time, solid MgSCU was added and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The resulting mixture was filtered and the filter cake was washed with THF. The filtrate were concentrated in vacuo to give N-(2 -methoxy ethyl)-4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyri din-2 -yl)butan-l- amine.

General Procedure F

/V-methyl-4-(5, 6,7,8- methyl (S)-2-((tert- methyl (S)-2-((tert- tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4- 2-yl)butan-1-amine oxobutanoate (5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l ,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate [0317] methyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate. To a mixture of N-methyl-4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro- l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-l -amine (5) (187 mg, 0.85mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) at rt was added acetic acid (0.12 mL, 2.05 mmol) followed by methyl (S)-2-((tert- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate (217 mg, 0.94 mmol). The resulting mixture was allowed to stir at rt for 15 min, at which time, sodium cyanoborohydride (80 mg, 1.28 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and stirred for 30 min and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give methyl (S)-2- ((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate.

General Procedure G

methyl (S)-2-((tert- methyl (S)-2-amino-4-(methyl(4- butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2- 2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate yl)butyl)amino)butanoate

[0318] methyl (S)-2-amino-4-(methyl(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate. To a solution of methyl (S)-2-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)-4- (methyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate (152 mg, 0.35mmol) in CH2Q2 (2 mL) at rt was added 4N HC1 in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL, 4 mmol) and the resulting mixture was allowed to stir for 2 hr. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give methyl (S)-2-amino-4-(methyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate as the trihydrochloride salt.

General Procedure H

methyl (S)-2-amino-4-((2- 4-chloro-2-methyl-6- methyl (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- (trifluoromethyl) pyrimidine (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-methyl-6- (trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4- yl)amino)butanoate

A solution of methyl (S)-2-amino-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate trihydrochloride (80 mg, 0.16 mmol), 4-chloro-2- methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (64 mg, 0.33 mmol) and DIPEA (0.23 mL, 1.31 mmol) in z-PrOH (1 mL) was heated at 60 °C overnight. The reaction was allowed to cool to rt and then concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give methyl (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4- yl)amino)butanoate.

General Procedure P

methyl (S)-2-((2-chloro-3- fluorophenyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4-(5, 6,7,8- (S)-2-((2-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)amino)-4- tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2- (methyl(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l ,8- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid

[0319] (S)-2-((2-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid To a solution of methyl (S)-2-((2-chl oro-3 - fhiorophenyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyri din-2 - yl)butyl)amino)butanoate in 4: 1 : 1 THF/MeOH/ILO at rt was added lithium hydroxide (approximately four equivalents) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting crude residue purified by reverse phase HPLC to give (S)-2-((2-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)amino)-4-(methyl(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid, as the trifluoroacetate salt.

General Procedure Q

methyl (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2- (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2- methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l ,8-naphthyridin-2- methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l ,8- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid

[0320] (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyri din-2 -yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid. A mixture of methyl (S)-2-

(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate (1 g, 1.90 mmol) in H2O (3 mL) and THF (3 mL) and MeOH (3 mL) was added LiOH’LLO (159.36 mg, 3.80 mmol) and then the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h and the resulting mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The mixture was adjusted to pH=6 by AcOH (2 mL) and the residue was concentrated in vacuo to give a residue to yield compound (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2- methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid. LCMS (ESI+): m/z = 513.5 (M+H)⁺. 'H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d): 8 ppm 7.25 - 7.37 (m, 5 H) 7.00 (d, J=7.28 Hz, 1 H) 6.81 (br d, J=7.50 Hz, 1 H) 6.22 (d, J=7.28 Hz, 1 H₆) 4.93 - 5.05 (m, 2 H) 3.68 - 3.77 (m, 1 H) 3.25 - 3.34 (m, 1 H) 3.15 - 3.24 (m, 5 H) 2.58 (br t, J=6.06 Hz, 2 H) 2.29 - 2.49 (m, 8 H) 2.16 (br dd, J=12.90, 6.06 Hz, 1 H) 1.69 - 1.78 (m, 2 H) 1.58 - 1.68 (m, 1 H) 1.53 (quin, J=7.39 Hz, 2 H) 1.28 - 1.40 (m, 2 H) 1.00 (d, J=5.95 Hz, 3 H).

General Procedure R

2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- lert-butyl (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid (((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5.6.7.8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate

[0321] tert-butyl (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate: A solution of (S)-2- (((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoic acid (300 mg, 523.84 umol, HOAc salt) in DMA (4 mL) was added N-benzyl-N,N-diethylethanaminium chloride (119.32 mg, 523.84 umol), K2CO3 (1.88 g, 13.62 mmol), 2-bromo-2-methylpropane (3.45 g, 25.14 mmol,). The mixture was stirred for 18 h at the 55 °C and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the aqueous phase was extracted with ethyl acetate.

The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by prep-TLC to give tert-butyl (S)-2- (((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate. LCMS (ESI+): m/z = 569.3 (M+H)⁺.

General Procedure S

fert- butyl (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4- tert-butyl (S)-2-amino-4-(((R)-2- (((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1 ,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate

[0322] tert-butyl (S)-2-amino-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate. To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-2- (((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate (107 mg, 188.13 umol) in z-PrOH (2 mL) was added Pd(OH)2 (26 mg) under an N2 atmosphere. The suspension was degassed under vacuum and purged with H2 several times. The mixture was stirred under H2 (15 psi) at room temperature for 15 h. The mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give tert-butyl (S)-2-amino-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate. LCMS (ESI+): m/z = 435.5 (M+H)⁺. 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh): 8 ppm 7.06 (d, 7=7.34 Hz, 1 H) 6.34 (d, 7=7.34 Hz, 1 H) 4.98 (br s, 1 H) 3.38 - 3.44 (m, 4 H) 3.34 (s, 3 H) 2.69 (t, 7=6.30 Hz, 2 H) 2.51 - 2.59 (m, 5 H) 2.31 (dd, 7=13.39, 5.56 Hz, 1 H) 1.86 - 1.94 (m, 5 H) 1.49 - 1.69 (m, 6 H) 1.47 (s, 9 H) 1.13 (d, 7=6.11 Hz, 3 H).

General Procedure T

[0323] tert-butyl (S)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoate. To a solution of (S)-tert-butyl 2-amino-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)butanoate tert-butyl (S)-2-amino-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)butanoate (100 mg, 230.09 umol) and 2- chloro-5-methyl-pyrimidine (24.65 mg, 191.74 umol) in 2-methyl-2 -butanol (2 mL) was added t-BuONa (2 M in THF, 191.74 uL) and [2-(2-aminophenyl)phenyl]- methylsulfonyloxy-palladium;ditert-butyl-[2-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl)phenyl]phosphane (15.23 mg, 19.17 umol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 14 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give (S)-tert-butyl 4-(((S)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyri din-2 -yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoate. LCMS (ESI+): m/z = 527.3 (M+H)⁺.

General Procedure U

(S)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5, 6,7,8-

tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)- tert-butyl (S)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8- 2-((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid tetrahydro-1 ,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoate

[0324] (S)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid. To a solution of tert-butyl (S)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- ((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoate (80 mg, 151.89 umol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (254.14 mg, 2.23 mmol) at 0 °C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting crude residue was purified by prep- HPLC to give compound (S)-4-(((R)-2-methoxypropyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-((5-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)amino)butanoic acid. LCMS (ESI+): m/z = 471.2 (M+H)⁺. 'H NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄) 8 ppm 8.57 (br s, 2 H) 7.60 (d, J=7.28 Hz, 1 H) 6.67 (d, J=7.28 Hz, 1 H) 4.81 - 4.86 (m, 1 H) 3.86 (br s, 1 H) 3.41 - 3.59 (m, 4 H) 3.39 (s, 3 H) 3.33 - 3.38 (m, 1 H) 3.12 - 3.30 (m, 3 H) 2.76 - 2.86 (m, 4 H) 2.54 (br s, 1 H) 2.39 (br d, J=8.82 Hz, 1 H) 2.30 (s, 3 H) 1.76 - 1.99 (m, 6 H) 1.22 (d, J=5.95 Hz, 3 H). Additional general procedures for preparing the compounds described herein are disclosed in US patent number 10,793,564, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

EXAMPLES

Example 1 - Synthesis of compounds 1-10

[0325] Compound 1 : (S)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino)-2-((6-(difluoromethyl)pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with cyclopropylamine, and Procedure H with 4- chloro-6-(difluoromethyl)pyrimidine. LCMS theoretical m/z = 475.3. [M+H]+, found 475.2.

[0326] Step 1 : tert-butyl 7-(4-(cyclopropylamino) butyl)-3,4-dihydro-l,8-naphthyridine- 1 (2H)-carboxylate . To a solution of cyclopropanamine (22.8 mL, 328.5 mmol), AcOH (18.8 mL, 328.5 mmol), and NaBHsCN (4.13 g, 65.7 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) at 0° C was added a solution of tert-butyl 7-(4-oxobutyl)-3,4-dihydro-l,8-naphthyridine-l(2H)-carboxylate (10.0 g, 32.9 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was diluted with sat. NaHCOs and stirred until gas evolution ceased and then concentrated in vacuo to remove the volatiles. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic extracts were dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by prep-HPLC to give the title compound. LCMS theoretical m/z = 346.3. [M+H]+, found 346.5.

[0327] Step 2: N-(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)cyclopropanamine .

To a solution of tert-butyl 7-(4-(cyclopropylamino)butyl)-3,4-dihydro-l,8-naphthyridine- l(2H)-carboxylate (2.5 g, 7.24 mmol) in EtOAc (10 mL) was added 4 M HCI in EtOAc (1.8 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 12 h and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was used without further purification. LCMS theoretical m/z = 246.2. [M+H]+, found 246.0.

[0328] Step 3: methyl (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5, 6, 7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoate. To a mixture of methyl (S)-2- (((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-oxobutanoate (2.59 g, 9.8 mmol) and N-(4-(5,6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)cyclopropanamine hydrochloride (2.5 g, 8.9 mmol) in DCE (40 mL) was added AcOH (761 pL, 13.3 mmol) at 0° C was added NaBH(OAc)3 (2.82 g, 13.3 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at rt. The mixture was diluted with sat. aq. NaHCOs and stirred until gas evolution ceased and then was extracted with CH2Q2. The combined organic extracts were washed with brine and then dried over Na2SO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by normal phase silica gel chromatography to give the title compound. LCMS theoretical m/z = 495.3. [M+H]+, found 495.4.

[0329] Step 4: (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5, 6,7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid. To a solution of methyl (S)- 2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoate (4 g, 7.9 mmol) in 1 : 1 : 1 THF/MeOH/LEO (36 mL) was added LiOH’LEO (664 mg, 15.8 mmol) at 0° C and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 1 h. The mixture was then adjusted to pH = 6 by the careful addition of 1 N HC1 and then concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound. LCMS theoretical m/z = 480.3 [M]+, found 480.1.

[0330] Step 5: (S)-2-amino-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid. A flask containing (S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)-4- (cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid (4.5 g, 9.4 mmol) was charged with 20 wt% Pd(OH)2/C (4.5 g) and then diluted with i-PrOH (300 mL) and stirred under an H2 atmosphere at 50 psi for 48 h at rt. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of CELITE® and rinsed with MeOH and then concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phase prep-HPLC to give the title compound. LCMS theoretical m/z = 347.2. [M+H]+, found 347.2.

[0331] Step 6: (S)-2-((5-bromopyrimidin-4-yl) amino)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5, 6, 7,8- tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid. To a solution of (S)-2-amino- 4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid trifluoroacetate (150 mg, 0.3 mmol) in 4: 1 THF/H2O (3 mL) was added 5-bromo-4-chloro- pyrimidine (69 mg, 0.4 mmol) and NaHCO, (137 mg, 1.63 mmol) and then was stirred at 70° C for 2 h and then cooled to rt and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was used without further purification.

[0332] Step 7: (S)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6, 7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino)-2-(pyrimidin-4-ylamino) butanoic acid. A flask containing (S)-2-((5- bromopyrimidin-4-yl) amino)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid (157 mg, 0.3 mmol) was charged with 20 wt% Pd/C (200 mg) and then diluted with MeOH (20 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt under an H2 atmosphere for 4 h and then filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue was purified by reverse phase prep-HPLC to give the title compound. LCMS (ESI+): m/z = 425.2 (M+H)⁺. flT NMR (400 MHz, Methanol-d₄): 8 ppm 8.34 (s, 1 H) 7.96 (br s, 1 H) 7.18 (d, J=7.21 Hz, 1 H) 6.52 (br s, 1 H) 6.39 (d, J=7.21 Hz, 1 H) 3.87 - 4.65 (m, 1 H) 3.34 - 3.42 (m, 2 H) 2.76 - 2.96 (m, 2 H) 2.70 (br t, J=6.11 Hz, 4 H) 2.54 (br t, J=7.03 Hz, 2 H) 2.14 - 2.26 (m, 1 H) 1.96 - 2.08 (m, 1 H) 1.87 (q, J=5.87 Hz, 3 H) 1.62 (br d, J=4.40 Hz, 4 H) 0.37 - 0.59 (m, 4 H). LCMS theoretical m/z = 425.3. [M+H]+, found 425.2.

[0333] Compound 3: (S)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino)-2-((l-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl) amino) butanoic acid. To a mixture of (S)-2-amino-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid hydrochloride (170 mg, 0.4 mmol) in 4: 1 THF/H2O (2.5 mL) was added 4-chloro-l-methyl-lH-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (75 mg, 0.4 mmol) and NaHCCL (112 mg, 1.33 mmol) and the resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C for 1 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude residue was purified by reverse phase prep-HPLC to give the title compound as the trifluoroacetate salt. ¹ H NMR (400 MHz, D₂O): 8 ppm 8.32 - 8.47 (m, 2 H) 7.51 (br d, J=6.60 Hz, 1 H) 6.56 (br s, 1 H) 4.85 (br s, 1 H) 4.03 (br s, 3 H) 3.29 - 3.63 (m, 6 H) 2.38 - 2.91 (m, 7 H) 1.64 - 1.95 (m, 6 H) 0.90 - 1.09 (m, 4 H). LCMS theoretical m/z = 479.3. [M+H]+, found 479.2.

[0334] Compound 4: (S)-4-((2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) (4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8- naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino)-2-(pyrimidin-4-ylamino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with l-amino-2-methylpropan-2-ol, Procedure H with 4- chloropyrimidine, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 457.3. [M+H]+, found 457.2. [0335] Compound 5: (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl) (4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2- yl) butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with 2-methoxyethan-l -amine, Procedure H with 4-chloroquinazoline, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 493.1. [M+H]+, found 493.1.

[0336] Compound 6 : (S)-4-(cyclopropyl(4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with cyclopropylamine, Procedure H with 4-chloroquinazoline, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 475.3. [M+H]+, found 475.3.

[0337] Compound 7: (S)-2-((7-fluoroquinazolin-4-yl) amino)-4-((2-methoxy ethyl) (4- (5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with 2-methoxyethan-l -amine, Procedure H with 4-chloro-7- fluoroquinazoline, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 511.3. [M+H]+, found 511.3.

[0338] Compound 8: (S)-4-((2,2-difluoroethyl) (4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2- yl) butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with 2,2-difluoroethan-l -amine, Procedure H with 4-chloroquinazoline, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 499.3. [M+H]+, found 499.3.

[0339] Compound 9: (S)-4-((3, 3 -difluorocyclobutyl) (4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8- naphthyridin-2-yl) butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4-ylamino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with 3,3-difluorocyclobutan-l-amine, Procedure H with 4- chloroquinazoline, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 523.3. [M+H]+, found 525.3.

[0340] Compound 10: (S)-4-((2-methoxyethyl) (4-(5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2- yl) butyl)amino)-2-((2-methylquinazolin-4-yl) amino) butanoic acid. Prepared according to Scheme A using Procedure A with 2-methoxyethan-l -amine, Procedure H with 4-chloro-2- methylquinazoline, and Procedure P. LCMS theoretical m/z = 507.3. [M+H]+, found 507.3.

Example 2 - Preparation of a formulation comprising Compound 5

[0341] Compound 5 was dissolved in absolute ethanol to a concentration of 95-105 mg/mL. Silicon dioxide was charged to a fluid bed dryer and the ethanolic solution of Compound 5 was sprayed onto the solid particles while fluidizing. Drying was continued until loss on drying of no more than 2% was obtained. The resulting Compound 5 (50 - 70% w/w, preferably 60% w/w) drug product intermediate was stored in a foil pouch with desiccant, sealed and stored for further use. [0342] Compound 5 drug product intermediate, mannitol (5 - 50% w/w, preferably 25% w/w of the batch size), and croscarmellose sodium (1 - 10% w/w, preferably 5% w/w of batch size) were blended. The resulting intragranular blend was transferred to a roller compactor and was compacted into granules. The granules were blended with magnesium stearate (0.1 - 5% w/w, preferably 1% w/w of batch size) and the final blend was transferred to a foil pouch containing desiccant, sealed and stored for later use.

[0343] The granulation blend was compressed into tablet cores using a tablet press. The tablet cores were transferred to a foil pouch containing desiccant, sealed and stored for later use. During compression the average weight, individual weight, average hardness and average thickness were monitored. Friability and disintegration time were evaluated at the start and end of each tableting run.

[0344] The tablet cores were film-coated with an Opadry QX® suspension until the target tablet weight gain was achieved (3 - 5% w/w, preferably 4.0% w/w weight gain). Analytical testing includes HPLC-UV for identification and impurities; dissolution, Karl-Fischer and residual solvents by GC.

[0345] All references throughout, such as publications, patents, and patent applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0346] Although the invention has been described and illustrated in the foregoing illustrative embodiments, it is understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of example, and that numerous changes in the details of implementation of the invention can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is limited only by the claims that follow. Features of the disclosed embodiments can be combined and rearranged in various ways within the scope and spirit of the invention.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A substantially non-deliquescent formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component and one or more excipients or coatings, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A)

or a salt thereof, wherein:

R² is hydrogen; deuterium; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by

R^2d is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2e or C3-C5 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2f; R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl of R³ are independently optionally substituted by halogen, deuterium, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹, -P(O)(OR⁸)(OR⁹), or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo;

2. The formulation of claim 1, wherein

R² is Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by R^2a; C3-C6 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by R^2b; 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by R^2c; or -S(O)2R^2d;

R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl of R³ are independently optionally substituted by halogen, deuterium, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹, -P(O)(OR⁸)(OR⁹), or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo; each R¹⁵ is hydrogen; and each R¹⁶ is hydrogen; and the compound of formula (A) is represented by Formula (I):

3. The formulation of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are hydrogen; p is 3; q is 0; and the compound of formula (A) is represented by formula (II):

4. The formulation of claim 1, wherein the compound of formula (A) is (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid:

5. The formulation of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the composition comprises one or more hygroscopic excipients and a moisture-resistant coating.

6. The formulation of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the one or more hygroscopic excipients comprise sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polyglycolized glycerides, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalates, hydroxyethylcelluloses, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, cyclodextrins, or carbomers.

7. The formulation of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is loaded onto a solid support.

8. The formulation of claim 7, wherein the solid support is silicon dioxide.

9. The formulation of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the composition comprises one or more moisture-resistant coatings.

10. The formulation of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the one or more moisture-resistant coatings comprise polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol copolymer, a methyl methacrylate and diethylamino-ethyl ethacrylate copolymer dispersion, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, ammonio methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methacrylic acid copolymer, amino diethyl-methacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

11. The formulation of any one of claims 1-10, comprising

(S)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid; mannitol; croscarmellose; magnesium stearate; and a polyethylene glycol-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer.

12. The formulation of any one of claim 11, comprising

(S)-4-((2 -methoxy ethyl)(4-(5, 6,7, 8-tetrahydro-l, 8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2- (quinazolin-4-ylamino)butanoic acid; between about 5-50% w/w mannitol; between about 1-10% w/w croscarmellose; between about 0.1-5% w/w magnesium stearate; and between about 3-5% of a polyethylene glycol-poly vinyl alcohol copolymer.

13. The formulation of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the formulation is a tablet.

14. The formulation of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the formulation is a tablet in tablet formulation.

15. The formulation of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the formulation is packaged in a moisture-resistant packaging.

16. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the moisture-resistant packaging is an HDPE bottle.

17. The formulation of claim 15, wherein the moisture-resistant packaging is a moistureresistant blister package.

18. The formulation of any one of claims 15-17, wherein the packaging comprises a desiccant.

19. A method for preparing a formulation comprising a hygroscopic or deliquescent component, wherein the method comprises at least one of the following:

(i) combining the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more excipients; and/or

(ii) coating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more moistureresistant coatings, and wherein the hygroscopic or deliquescent component is a compound of formula (A)

wherein:

R² is hydrogen; deuterium; Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by

R³ is independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 12-membered heterocyclyl of R³ are independently optionally substituted by halogen, deuterium, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹, -P(O)(OR⁸)(OR⁹), or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo; R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl or 3- to 6- membered heterocyclyl, wherein the Ci-Ce alkyl, C2-C6 alkenyl, C2-C6 alkynyl, C3-C6 cycloalkyl, Ce-Cu aryl, 5- to 6-membered heteroaryl and 3- to 6-membered heterocyclyl of R⁴ and R⁵ are independently optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -CN, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, -OH or oxo; or R⁴ and R⁵ are taken together with the atom to which they attached to form a 3 - to 6- membered heterocyclyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo, -OR⁸, -NR⁸R⁹ or Ci-Ce alkyl optionally substituted by deuterium, halogen, oxo or -OH;

20. The method of claim 19, wherein

21. The method of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein R¹⁰, R¹¹, R¹², and R¹³ are hydrogen; p is 3; q is 0; and the compound of formula (A) is represented by formula (II):

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the compound of formula (A) is (S)-4-((2- methoxyethyl)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-l,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butyl)amino)-2-(quinazolin-4- ylamino)butanoic acid:

23. The method of any one of claims 19-22, wherein the method comprises loading the hygroscopic or deliquescent component onto a solid support.

24. The method of claim 23, wherein the solid support is silicon dioxide.

25. The method of any one of claims 19-24, wherein the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more excipients.

26. The method of any one of claims 19-25, wherein the method comprises formulating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more hygroscopic excipients.

27. The method of any one of claims 19-26, wherein the one or more hygroscopic excipients comprise sorbitol, citric acid, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyvinylpolypyrrolidones, polyethylene glycols, polyglycolized glycerides, pregelatinized starch, hydroxypropylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcelluloses, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalates, hydroxyethylcelluloses, magnesium aluminum silicate, calcium carbonate, cyclodextrins, or carbomers.

28. The method of any one of claims 19-27, wherein the method comprises coating the hygroscopic or deliquescent component with one or more moisture-resistant coatings.

29. The method of any one of claims 19-28, wherein the one or more moisture-resistant coatings comprise polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol-polyethylene glycol copolymer, a methyl methacrylate and diethylamino-ethyl ethacrylate copolymer dispersion, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl acetate, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, ammonio methacrylate, ammonio methacrylate copolymer, poly(ethyl acrylate-co-methyl methacrylate), shellac, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate butyrate, methacrylic acid copolymer, amino diethyl-methacrylate copolymer, acrylic acid copolymer, sodium alginate, and carboxymethyl cellulose.

30. The method of claim 19-29, wherein the method comprises tableting the hygroscopic or deliquescent component using a dry granulation process.