WO2023225043A1

WO2023225043A1 - Tricyclic and tetracyclic serotonin receptor modulators and methods of making and using the same

Info

Publication number: WO2023225043A1
Application number: PCT/US2023/022465
Authority: WO
Inventors: David Gilles
Original assignee: Kuleon Llc
Priority date: 2022-05-18
Filing date: 2023-05-17
Publication date: 2023-11-23

Abstract

Tricyclic and tetracyclic compounds, analogs, and methods of making and using the same.

Description

TRICYCLIC AND TETRACYCLIC SEROTONIN RECEPTOR MODULATORS AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/343,450 filed on May 18, 2022, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to tricyclic and tetracyclic serotonergic compounds, combinations thereof, and methods of using them for treating and preventing a variety of human conditions.

BACKGROUND

Many people worldwide are afflicted with psychological or mood disorders, such as schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, compulsion, and post-traumatic stress disorders. Many of these conditions are believed to involve a person's serotonin system-including interactions between (A) the neurotransmitter serotonin (often abbreviated 5-HT) and (B) several different subtypes of serotonin neurotransmitter receptors found in the human body.

A variety of compositions are known to modulate activity at the serotonin receptors. A number of pharmaceuticals (antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, etc.) have become available. Almost all these pharmaceuticals target neurotransmitters, e.g., serotonergic receptors, adrenergic receptors, dopaminergic receptors, etc., and in different ways. All ten of the leading pharmaceutical products for treating mood disorders (such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, and/or anxiety disorders) target serotonin pathways.

However, despite their unquestionable popularity and commercial success, the users of these pharmaceutical products are unsatisfied with their long onset times, severe side-effects, and poor efficacy. In many cases, these drugs are harmful to the user. For example, many people taking prescription drugs targeting serotonin receptors report feeling suicidal thoughts, sexual dysfunction, fatigue, elevated blood pressure, blurred vision, abnormal heart rate, nausea, and weight gain.

Accordingly, there remains a need to develop novel serotonergic compounds, including those with reduced side effects. There also remains a need to develop novel drugs that are selective for certain serotonin receptor subtypes, as well as ligands capable of eliciting “functionally selective” signaling mechanisms via orthosteric or allosteric receptor modulation. SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula I:

wherein

Y is selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C1-C₈ alkyl, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or Y is taken together with X_b or R₃’, and the nitrogen and carbon atoms therebetween, to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally including 1 to 2 additional ring heteromoieties selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, and NR₉;

W₁ is selected from O, NR₁, Se, Se(O), SeO₂ S, S(O), and SO₂;

W₂ is selected from -CD₂-, -CHD-, -(CD₂)₂-, -CH₂- and -(CH₂)₂-;

W₃ is selected from O, S and -CH₂-;

Z₅ is selected from N and CR₅; Z₆ is selected from N and CR₆;

Z₇ is selected from N and CR₇;

L for each occurrence is selected from C(R_4c)(R_4d) and z is an integer selected from 0 to 6;

R₁ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, -C(O)R₈, -C(O)OR₈, -P(O)(OR₉)₂, -C(O)N(R₉)₂, -SOR₈, and -SO₂R₈;

R₂, R₃, R₃’, R₆ and R7 are each independently selected from hydrogen, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, halo, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or R₃ is taken together with R_4a to form a covalent bond;

R_4a, R_4b, R_4C, R_4d, R₅, X_a, and X_b are independently for each occurrence selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, - C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -C(O)N(R₈)₂, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈; each R₈ is independently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each R₉ is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1- C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

The disclosure also relates to compositions comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a compound of Formula I and an excipient. The disclosure further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, wherein the excipient is a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present disclosure further relates to a method of preventing or treating a psychological disorder comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutical composition containing the same.

Embodiments of the disclosure also relate to a composition comprising, consisting of, or consisting essentially of a first compound selected from compounds of Formula I; and a second active compound. In certain embodiments, the second active compound comprises a serotonergic compound.

Also described herein are methods of preventing or treating inflammation and/or pain comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I, or a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition) containing said compound of Formula I.

Unless context indicates differently, reference to a compound of Formula I includes all subgenera of Formula I (e.g., Formulae la, II, etc.).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Disclosed herein are compounds of Formula I:

Y selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or Y is taken together with X_b or R₃', and the nitrogen and carbon atoms therebetween, to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally including 1 to 2 additional ring heteromoieties selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, and NR₉.

W₁ is selected from O, NRi, Se, Se(O), SeO₂ S, S(O), and SO₂;

W₂ is selected from -CD₂-, -CHD-, -(CD₂)₂-, -CH₂- and -(CH₂)₂-; W₃ is selected from O, S and -CH₂-;

Z₅ is selected from N and CR₅;

Z₆ is selected from N and CR₆;

Z₇ is selected from N and CR₇;

Ri is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, -C(O)R₈, -C(O)OR₈, -P(O)(OR₉)₂, -C(O)N(R₉)₂, -SOR₈, and -SO₂R_8;

R₂, R₈, R₈’, Re and R₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, halo, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or R₃ is taken together with R_4a to form a covalent bond;

R_4a, R_4b, R_4C, R₄d, R₅, X_a, and X_b are independently for each occurrence selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -C(O)N(R₈)₂, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈; each R₈ is independently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each R₉ is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁- C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

In some embodiments, Ri is optionally substituted C₂-C₄ alkyl, such as ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, etc.

In some embodiments, R₂, R₃, R₃, R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, halo, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or Y is taken together with Ry and the nitrogen and carbon atoms therebetween to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring optionally including 1 to 2 additional ring heteromoieties selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, and NR₉.

In some embodiments, R_4a, R_4b, R_4c, R₄d, R₅, X_a, and X_b are each independently selected from hydrogen, deuterium, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -C(O)N(R₈)₂, -OC(O)OR₈, - OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈. In some embodiments, R_4a, R_4b, R_4c, R₄d and R₅ are each independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈.

In some embodiments, each R₈ is independently selected from optionally substituted C₁- C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, such as unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₉ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl. In some embodiments, R₉ is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, such as unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl.

Exemplary halo residues for compounds of Formula I include chloro, bromo, fluoro, and iodo.

In some embodiments, L for each occurrence is selected from C(R_4c)(R_4d) and z is an integer selected from 0 to 6. In some embodiments, z is 1 . In some embodiments, R_4c and R_4d for each occurrence are independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₈ alkyl.

In some embodiments, W₁ is selected from O, NR₁, Se, Se(O), SeO₂, S, S(O), and SO₂. In some embodiments, W₁ is S. In some embodiments, W₁ is Se.

In some embodiments, W₂ is selected from -CD₂-, -CHD-, -(CD₂)2-, -CH₂- and -(CH₂)₂-. In some embodiments, W₂ is -CH₂-.

In some embodiments, W₃ is selected from O, S and -CH₂-. In some embodiments, W₃ is O.

In some embodiments, Z₅ is selected from N and CR₅. In some embodiments, Z₆ is selected from N and CR₆. In some embodiments, Z₇ is selected from N and CR₇. In some embodiments, Z₅ is CR₅ and R₅ is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and halo. In some embodiments, Z₆ is CR₆ and R₆ is selected from hydrogen and halo. In some embodiments, Z₇ is CR₇ and R₇ is selected from hydrogen, C₁-C₈ alkoxy and C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In certain embodiments, the alkyl groups of Formula I are selected from C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂- C₈ alkyl, C₃-C₈ alkyl, and C₄-C₈ alkyl, or methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec- butyl, tert-butyl pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, etc. In certain embodiments, the alkenyl groups of Formula I are selected from C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₃-C₈ alkenyl, and C₄-C₈ alkenyl, or ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, etc. In certain embodiments, the alkyl and alkenyl groups of Formula I may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups selected from aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy, alkyl sulfonamido, aryl sulfonamido, and halo.

In certain embodiments, the aryl groups of Formula I may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups selected from aryl, alkyl, heteroaryl, hydroxyl, and halo.

In certain embodiments, the alkoxy groups of Formula I may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups selected from aryl, alkyl, heteroaryl, hydroxyl, and halo.

In certain embodiments, R₅ is a C₁-C₅ alkoxy group, or in some embodiments a C₂-C₄ alkoxy group, wherein it may be a straight chain or branched C₁-C₅ alkoxy group or C₂-C₄ alkoxy group. In certain embodiments, the C₁-C₅ alkoxy group or C₂-C₄ alkoxy group is a straight chain. In certain embodiments, R₅ is methoxy or ethoxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is a straight chain or branched C₁-C₅ alkyl or C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₅ is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or n-butyl, and for example is methyl or ethyl.

In some embodiments, Y is unsubstituted C₁-C₈ alkyl. In some embodiments, Y may be a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl or a C₂-C₄ alkenyl. In some embodiments, Y is methyl. In some embodiments, Y is ethyl. In some embodiments, Y is propyl. In some embodiments, Y is isopropyl. In some embodiments, Y is hydrogen. In some embodiments, Y is deuterium.

In some embodiments, R₂, R₃, R₃, R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen or a straight chain or branched C₁-C₄ alkyl, for example a straight chain C₁-C₄ alkyl. In some embodiments, R₂, R₃, R₃’, R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl and isobutyl. In other embodiments, R₂, R₃, R₃ , Re and R₇ are each independently hydrogen, methyl, and ethyl. In some embodiments, R₃ is taken together with R_4a to form a covalent bond.

In some embodiments, R_4a, R_4b, R_4C, R_4d, R_5, X_a, and X_b are independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈.

In some embodiments, R₅ is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted C₁- C₈ alkyl, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈. In some embodiments, R5 is selected from unsubstituted C₂-C₈ alkyl, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R8. In some embodiments, R₅ is hydroxy. In some embodiments, R₅ is -OC(O)R₈. In some embodiments, R₈ is unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl that is branched or straight. In some embodiments, R₈ is methyl.

In some embodiments, R_4a, R_4b, R_4c, R_4d, X_a, and X_b are independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, and -C₁-C₈ alkoxy. In some embodiments, R_4a, R_4b, R_4c, R_4d, X_a, and X_b are independently selected from hydrogen and optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I are selected from compounds of Formula II:

Formula II wherein Y, W₁ , W₂, W₃, Z₅, Z₆, Z₇, R₂, R₃, R_4b, R_4c, R_4b, X_a, and X_b are as defined herein, and salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

In some embodiments for compounds of Formula II, when W₁ is NR₁, R₁ and R₂ are hydrogen, W₂ is -CH₂-, R_4b and Ry are hydrogen, W₃ is O, Z₅ is CR₅, Z₆ is CR₆, Z₇ is CR₇, X_a, X_b, R_4C, and R_4d are hydrogen, and R₆ is hydrogen, then Y is not methyl, propyl or allyl.

In some embodiments for compounds of Formula II, when W₁ is NR₁, R₁ is methyl, - C(O)R₈, or -SO₂R₈, R₂ is hydrogen, W₂ is -CH₂-, R_4b and Ry are hydrogen, W₃ is O, Z₅ is CR₅, Z₆ is CR₆, Z₇ is CR₇, X_a, X_b, R_4C, and R_4d are hydrogen, and R₆ is hydrogen, then Y is not methyl.

Exemplary compounds of Formula I include:

and salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I comprise pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited to, HCI, HI, HBr, HF, ascorbate, hydrofumarate, fumarate, oxalate, maleate, and the like. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I is in its free base form. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I comprises a salt, such as a [1 :1] salt (e.g., HCI, hydrofumarate) or a [2:1 ] salt (e.g.,

5 oxalate, fumarate). For the [1 :1] salts, one ammonium cation of Formula I is balanced by a single anion (CI-, I-, etc.). For the [2:1] salts, two ammonium cations of two molecules of Formula I are balanced by a dianionic species, such as a dianion derived from di-acids such as oxalic acid and fumaric acid.

Other exemplary compounds include those of Formula la below:

Formula la

Table 1

Compositions, Methods, and Treatments

As used herein, the term “5-HT1 A” refers to a 5-HT1 A receptor. As used herein, the term “5-HT2A” refers to a 5-HT2A receptor. As used herein, the term “effective amount” in connection with a compound disclosed herein means an amount capable of treating or preventing a disorder, disease or condition, or symptoms thereof, disclosed herein.

As used herein, the term "hallucination" (and related terms such as “hallucinogenic” and “hallucinogen”) refers to a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. In some embodiments, hallucinations may be vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located in external objective space. As used herein, hallucinations may occur in any sensory modality including, but not limited to visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and chronoceptive. In some embodiments, the hallucinations are selected from visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations, olfactory hallucinations, gustatory hallucinations, tactile hallucinations, proprioceptive hallucinations, equilibrioceptive hallucinations, nociceptive hallucinations, thermoceptive hallucinations, chronoceptive hallucinations and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, hallucinations are visual hallucinations.

As used herein, the terms “prevent” or “preventing” refers to means a method of delaying and/or precluding the onset, recurrence or spread, in whole or in part, of a disorder, disease or condition; barring a subject from acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition; or reducing a subject’s risk of acquiring a disorder, disease, or condition.

As used herein, the term “treat” or “treating” refers to an alleviation, in whole or in part, of a disorder, disease or condition, or one or more of the symptoms associated with a disorder, disease, or condition, or slowing or halting of further progression or worsening of those symptoms or alleviating or eradicating the cause(s) of the disorder, disease, or condition itself.

In further embodiments of the present disclosure, described are novel compounds and compositions, as well as methods of administering the same. In some embodiments, a compound provided herein is for use in the methods provided herein. In some embodiments, the disclosure provides the use of a compound provided herein in the preparation of a medicament for treating one or more of the diseases or disorders provided herein.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering a serotonin 5-HT1A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist. Without being bound to any particular theory, in certain embodiments it has been surprisingly discovered that administering a serotonin 5-HT1 A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist can be effective in preventing or treating one or more of the conditions described herein. In certain embodiments, it has also been surprisingly discovered that administering a serotonin 5-HT1 A agonist and a hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonist can effectively treat patients without the patients experiencing the hallucinogenic effects of the 5-HT2A agonist. Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the patient can experience a therapeutic effect without experiencing a hallucinogenic manifestation that typically results from the administration of a 5-HT2A agonist because the 5-HT1A agonist can “turn off” the hallucinogenic effects of the of the 5-HT2A agonist without otherwise significantly altering its agonism at a 5-HT2A receptor. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist is a partial agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist is a full agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is a partial agonist. In some embodiments, the 5- HT2A agonist is a full agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT 1 A and/or 5-HT2A agonists may be selected from compounds of Formula I or Formula II herein. In some embodiments, the 5- HT1 A and the 5-HT2A agonists are the same compound {e.g., a compound of Formula I or Formula II).

As defined herein, a “full agonist” means an agonist having an Emax% of at least 90% for the relevant serotonin receptor agonist assay {e.g., BRET2, calcium mobilization, betaarrestin) when compared to an industry-accepted control compound for that particular receptor assay {e.g., serotonin (5-OH-tryptamine)). In some embodiments, a “full agonist” will exhibit an Emax% of at least 90, at least 91 , at least 92, at least 93, at least 94, at least 95, at least 96, at least 97, at least 98, or at least 99%. Also defined herein, a “partial agonist” shall mean an agonist having an Emax% of less than 90% for the relevant serotonin receptor when compared to an industry-accepted control compound for that particular receptor {e.g., serotonin (5-OH- tryptamine)). In some embodiments, a “partial agonist” will exhibit an Emax% of less than 85, 80, 75, 70, 65, 60, 55, 50, 45, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or even less than 5%. In some embodiments, a partial agonist will exhibit an Emax% of about 0.1 to about 89.9%, such as about 1 to about 89, about 5 to about 85, about 50 to about 88, about 40 to about 85, about 35 to about 75, about 25 to about 65, or about 20 to about 55%.

In some embodiments, the 5-HT1A agonist as used herein is selected from buspirone (8-[4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-1 -yl)butyl]-8 -azaspiro[4.5]decane-7, 9-dione), 5-OH-buspirone, 6-OH-buspirone, tandospirone ((1 R,2R,6S,7S)-4-{4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1 -yl]butyl}-4- azatricyclo[5.2.1 .02, 6]decane-3, 5-dione), gepirone (4,4-dimethyl-1 -[4-(4-pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-

1 -yl)butyl]piperidine-2, 6-dione), alnespirone ((+)-4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl]-propylamino]butyl]- 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7, 9-dione), binospirone (8-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzodioxin-2- ylmethylamino)ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4.5]-decane-7, 9-dione), ipsapirone (9,9-dioxo-8-[4-(4-pyrimidin-

2-ylpiperazin-1 -yl)butyl]-9.lamda.6-thia-8-a-zabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-1 ,3,5-trien-7-one), perospirone (3aR, 7aS)-2-{4-[4-(1 ,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl} hexahydro-1 H-isoindole-

1 ,3(2H)-dione, befiradol (F-13,640) (3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl-[4-fluoro-4-([(5-methylpyridin-2- yl)methylamino]methyl)piperidin-1 -yl]methanone, repinotan ((R)-(-)-2-[4-[(chroman-2-ylmethyl)- amino]-butyl]-1 ,1-dioxo-benzo[d]isothiazolone), piclozotan (3-chloro-4-[4-[4-(2-pyridinyl)-1 ,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridin-1 -yl]butyl]-1 ,4-benzoxazepin-5(4H)-one), osemozotan (5-(3-[((2S)-1 ,4- benzodioxan-2-ylmethyl)amino]propoxy)-1 ,3-benzodioxole), flesinoxan (4-fluoro-N-[2-[4-[(3S)-3- (hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzodioxin-8-yl]piperazin-1 -yl]ethyl]benzamide), flibanserin (1 -(2-{4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperazin-1 -yljethyl)- 1 ,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one), 8- OH-DPAT (7-(Dipropylamino)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1 -ol), and sarizotan (EMD-128,130) (1 -[(2R)-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl]-N-([5-(4 -fluorophenyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl)methanamine), a compound of Formula I or Formula II, or a prodrug, salt, solvate, hydrate, or derivative thereof.

In some embodiments, the 5-HT1A agonist and 5-HT2A agonist are administered at the same time. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist and 5-HT2A agonist are administered at different times. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1A agonist and 5-HT2A agonist are administered sequentially. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist is administered first, and 5-HT2A agonist is administered second. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is administered about 30 minutes to about 12 hrs after administration of 5-HT1 A agonist, such as about 1 hr to about 6 hrs afterwards. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist and 5-HT2A agonist are administered at the same time in the same composition. In some embodiments, 5- HT1A agonist is selected from buspirone, 5-OH-buspirone, 6-OH-buspirone, and 8-OH-DPAT. In some embodiments, the 5-HT 1 A agonist is buspirone. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist is selected from compounds of Formula I or Formula II, such as for example compounds of Formula la. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is hallucinogenic. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is non-hallucinogenic. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is selected from compounds of Formula I or Formula II, such as for example compounds of Formula la.

In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist and the 5-HT1A agonist may comprise the same compound. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II described herein (e.g., compounds of Formula la) can act as both 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A agonists. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are full agonists for both 5-HT1 A and 5-HT2A.

In some embodiments, the 5-HT1A agonist and 5-HT2A agonist are full agonists for a 5- HT1A receptor and a 5-HT2A receptor, respectively. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist exhibits a higher level of molar potency (/.e., lower EC50) for activating a 5-HT1 A receptor than the 5-HT2A agonist exhibits for activating the 5-HT2A receptor. Without being bound to any particular scientific theory, in certain embodiments it has been surprisingly discovered that compounds that are agonists for 5-HT1 A and 5-HT2A - but which exhibit a higher molar potency for 5-HT1 A - may be useful to patients needing and/or desiring non-hallucinogenic 5- HT2A modulation. In other embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist is a partial agonist (e.g., buspirone) for a 5-HT1A receptor and the 5-HT2A agonist is a full agonist for a 5-HT2A receptor. In other embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist is a partial agonist (e.g., buspirone) for a 5-HT1 A receptor and the 5-HT2A agonist is a partial agonist for a 5-HT2A receptor.

In certain embodiments are described methods for treating, preventing, ameliorating, or curing a disease or disorder via a non-hallucinogenic therapeutic treatment regimen that includes modulation of a 5-HT1 A receptor. In certain embodiments, the method comprises identifying a subject in need of treatment for a disease or condition associated with modulation of a 5-HT1 A receptor; selecting a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., Formula la); and administering the compound to the subject in need of treatment. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering to a subject in need of treatment for a disease or condition associated with modulation of a 5-HT1 A receptor a compound of Formula I or Formula II (e.g., Formula la). In some embodiments, the compound modulates activity at both a 5-HT1 A and 5- HT2A receptor. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II is a full agonist of a 5-HT1 A receptor. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II is a full agonist for both 5-HT1 A and 5-HT2A receptors. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II is a partial agonist for a 5-HT1 A receptor and a full agonist for a 5- HT2A receptor. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II is a partial agonist for a 5-HT 1 A receptor and a partial agonist for a 5-HT2A receptor. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula I or Formula II exhibits a higher molar potency (lower EC₅O) for a 5-HT1 A receptor when compared to a 5-HT2A receptor.

In certain embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist has an EC₅o for activating a 5-HT1A receptor of less than about 100nM, such as less than about 75nm, less than about 50nm, less than about 25nm, less than about 15nm, less than about 10nm, or less than about 5nm. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist has an EC₅o for activating a 5-HT2A receptor of less than about 100nM, such as less than about 75nm, less than about 50nm, less than about 25nm, less than about 15nm, less than about 10nm, or less than about 5nm. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist exhibits an EC₅o for activating a 5-HT1A receptor of about 0.01 nM to about 100nM, such as about 0.05 to about 50nm, about 0.1 to about 25nM, or about 0.5 to about 10nM. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist has an EC50 for activating a 5-HT2A receptor of about 0.01 nM to about 100nM, such as about 0.05 to about 50nm, about 0.1 to about 25nM, or about 0.5 to about 10nM. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist has an EC50 for activating a 5-HT2A receptor of about 5 to about 75nM, such as about 10 to about 60nm, about 15 to about 50nM, or about 20 to about 40nM. In some embodiments, the 5-HT1 A agonist/5-HT2A agonist exhibits a 5-HT1A receptor: 5-HT2A receptor EC₅o ratio range of about 1 :2 to about 1 :100, such as about 1 :5 to about 1 :50 or about 1 :10 to about 1 :40. In some embodiments, a compound of Formula I or Formula II exhibits a 5-HT1 A receptor: 5-HT2A receptor EC50 ratio range of about 1 :2 to about 1 :100, such as about 1 :5 to about 1 :50 or about 1 :10 to about 1 :40. Relevant testing parameters to determine full vs. partial agonism (Emax%) and molar potency (EC50) include those known to persons of skill in the art, such as the 5-HT Functional Assays described further below.

In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising administering a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2B antagonist. Without being bound to any particular theory, in certain embodiments it has been surprisingly discovered that administering a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2B antagonist can be effective in preventing or treating one or more of the conditions described herein. In some embodiments, it has been surprisingly discovered that administering a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2B antagonist can effectively treat patients while also reducing serotonin 5-HT2B-induced cardiotoxicity (e.g., heart valve fibrosis and hypertrophy). In certain embodiments, it has also been surprisingly discovered that administering both a serotonin 5-HT2B antagonist and a 5- HT2A agonist can be used to safely and effectively treat patients as described herein without the patients experiencing the hallucinogenic effects that can be associated with hallucinogenic 5-HT2A agonists. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is a full agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is a partial agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2B antagonist is a full antagonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2B antagonist is a partial antagonist.

Exemplary serotonin 5-HT2B antagonists include, but are not limited to, agomelatine, amisulpride, ariprazole, carprazine, clozapine, cyproheptadine, mCCP, sarpogrelate, lisuride, tegasurod, metadoxine, and promethazine. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2B antagonist is not an antagonist at any of the other serotonin 5-HT type receptor subtypes, such as 5-HT1 A and 5-HT2A. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2B receptor antagonist is also a full or partial agonist at a 5-HT1 A and/or 5-HT2A receptor.

In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and 5-HT2B antagonist are administered at the same time. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and 5- HT2B antagonist are administered at different times. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5- HT2A agonist and 5-HT2B antagonist are administered at the same time in the same composition. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT1 A agonist and 5-HT2B antagonist are administered sequentially. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2B antagonist is administered first, and 5-HT2A agonist is administered second. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist is administered about 30 minutes to about 12 hrs after administration of 5-HT2B antagonist, such as about 1 hr to about 6 hrs afterwards. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is hallucinogenic. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is non- hallucinogenic. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is selected from compounds of Formula I or Formula II, such as for example compounds of Formula la.

In certain embodiments, provided herein is a method comprising administering a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2C agonist. Without being bound to any particular theory, in certain embodiments it has been surprisingly discovered that administering a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2C agonist can be effective in preventing or treating one or more of the conditions described herein. In some embodiments, it has been surprisingly discovered that administering a serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and a serotonin 5-HT2C agonist can effectively treat patients while also reducing or eliminating the hallucinogenic “trip” typically associated with 5-HT2A agonists. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is a full agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is a partial agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2C agonist is a full agonist. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2C agonist is a partial agonist.

Exemplary serotonin 5-HT2C agonists include, but are not limited to, lorcaserin, vabicaserin, aripiprazole, YM-348, PRX-00933, and meta-chlorophenylpiperazine. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2C agonist is not an agonist at any of the other serotonin 5-HT type receptor subtypes, such as 5-HT1A and 5-HT2B. In certain embodiments, the 5-HT2C receptor agonist will be inactive or only a partial agonist at a 5-HT1 A and/or 5-HT2B receptor.

In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and 5-HT2C agonist are administered at the same time. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and 5- HT2C agonist are administered at different times. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and 5-HT2C agonist are administered at the same time in the same composition. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist and 5-HT2C agonist are administered sequentially. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2C agonist is administered first, and 5- HT2A agonist is administered second. In some embodiments, the serotonin 5-HT2A agonist is administered about 30 minutes to about 12 hrs after administration of 5-HT2C agonist, such as about 1 hr to about 6 hrs afterwards. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is hallucinogenic. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is non-hallucinogenic. In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist is selected from compounds of Formula I or Formula II, such as for example compounds of Formula la.

In some embodiments, the 5-HT2A agonist and the 5-HT2C agonist may comprise the same compound. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II described herein (e.g., compounds of Formula la) can act as both 5-HT2C and 5-HT2A receptor agonists. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are full agonists for both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein act as partial agonists at 5- HT2A and full agonists at 5-HT2C. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are partial agonists for both 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein act as agonists at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C but are only partial agonists (or inactive) at a 5- HT2C receptor.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II are selective agonists of 5-HT2C, wherein said compounds are more potent and/or efficacious (Emax) when compared to the other serotonin receptor subtypes (e.g., 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B). Without being bound to any particular theory, it has been surprisingly discovered that compounds of the present disclosure are orthosteric ligands of 5-HT2C that exhibit a G_q-mediated signaling bias and no or minimal p-arrestin recruitment or p-arrestin-mediated intracellular signaling. Applicant theorizes that this G_q-biased signaling mechanism results in reduced signal attenuation caused from p-arrestin recruitment, resulting in a greater therapeutic effect and fewer side effects for certain therapeutic indications (e.g., Alzheimer’s psychosis, schizophrenia, addiction, obesity, etc.).

In certain embodiments for compounds of Formula I or Formula II, Applicant has discovered that the size and nature of alkyl groups for Y, or the substituents X_a, X_b, R₃ and Ry, can affect the metabolism of such compounds. For example, it has been theorized that compounds such as 5-MeO-Dimethyltryptamine (5-MeO-DMT) and Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) are inactive upon oral administration due to rapid metabolism of the methylamino residues by monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes. It has also been theorized that the oral stability of psilocin (4-OH-dimethyltryptamine), on the other hand, is due largely to intramolecular coordination (hydrogen bonding) between the 4-OH group and the dimethylamino residue, which effectively shields and/or inhibits rapid MAO degradation.

Without being bound to any particular scientific theory, Applicant has surprisingly found that substituting the alkyl of Y with substituents such as deuterium and fluorine can help inhibit MAO degradation of those groups, despite the absence of a hydrogen bond donor (e.g., -OH) at the 4-position. Similarly, use of deuterium or fluorine as substituents for X_a, X_b, R₃ and/or R₃ (or substituting alkyl groups of X_a, X_b, R₃ and/or R₃’ with fluorine or deuterium) can help reduce the rate of MAO degradation. In addition, or in the alternative, Applicant has discovered that using non-methyl alkyl groups, such as ethyl or n-propyl, at Y can also slow or inhibit rapid MAO metabolism upon oral administration. This, in turn, permits the preparation of orally available compounds of Formula I or Formula II that are highly active serotonergic drugs that do not require special formulating procedures (e.g., dosages containing MAO inhibitors), or the presence of hydrogen bond-forming donors at the 4-position that - in some cases - can negatively impact the properties of the underlying compound (e.g., reduction of 5-HT1A and/or 5-HT2A agonism).

In some embodiments, Applicant has also surprisingly discovered that alpha-deuteration of the compounds of Formula I (wherein X_a, X_b, R₃ and/or R₃ are deuterium) can improve the pharmacokinetics of those compounds. Without being bound to any particular scientific theory, it is believed that the heavier deuterium isotope disrupts the enzymatic metabolism of those compounds. However, in some embodiments it may not be desirable to “over deuterate” the compound, such as further including deuterated species for residues for Y or deuteration at the beta position (i.e., \N₂), which can further alter the compound’s pharmacokinetic profiles (e.g., greatly extended half lives) in an undesirable manner. Accordingly, in some embodiments, Applicant has discovered that minimal deuteration may be used to achieve the desired pharmacokinetic outcome. For example, in some embodiments adding a single deuterium atom at the alpha position (i.e., R₃ or R₃) can greatly enhance the desired pharmacokinetic profile. It is theorized that this may be due, in part, to the creation of a stereocenter at the alpha position upon deuteration that impacts the enzymes’ ability to metabolize the compound (e.g., hindrance of MAO degradation and/or the ability of enzymes to oxidize the alpha position during metabolic processes).

In one embodiment, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II, the methods, and the pharmaceutical compositions described herein are used to modulate the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II. Methods include the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II to prevent or treat a psychological disorder such as those discussed herein. Compounds of Formula I or Formula II may be administered neat or as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II as discussed herein.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I may be used to prevent and/or treat a psychological disorder. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating a psychological disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, including for example the exemplary embodiments discussed above. The psychological disorder may be chosen from depression; psychotic disorder; schizophrenia; schizophreniform disorder (acute schizophrenic episode); schizoaffective disorder; bipolar I disorder (mania, manic disorder, manic-depressive psychosis); bipolar II disorder; major depressive disorder; major depressive disorder with psychotic feature (psychotic depression); delusional disorders (paranoia); Shared Psychotic Disorder (Shared paranoia disorder); Brief Psychotic disorder (Other and Unspecified Reactive Psychosis); Psychotic disorder not otherwise specified (Unspecified Psychosis); paranoid personality disorder; schizoid personality disorder; schizotypal personality disorder; anxiety disorder; social anxiety disorder; substance-induced anxiety disorder; selective mutism; panic disorder; panic attacks; agoraphobia; attention deficit syndrome; posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD); and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II may be used to prevent and/or treat a brain disorder. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating a brain disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, including for example the exemplary embodiments discussed above. The brain disorder may be chosen from Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and Parkinson's disease.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II may be used to prevent and/or treat developmental disorders, delirium, dementia, amnestic disorders and other cognitive disorders, psychiatric disorders due to a somatic condition, drug-related disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, somatoform disorders, factitious disorders, dissociative disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, impulse control disorders, adjustment disorders, or personality disorders. The disclosure provides a method for preventing and/or treating these disorders by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, including for example the exemplary embodiments discussed above.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II may be used to prevent and/or treat inflammation and/or pain, such as, for example, inflammation and/or pain associated with inflammatory skeletal or muscular diseases or conditions. Accordingly, the disclosure relates in some embodiments to a method for preventing and/or treating inflammation and/or pain by administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, including for example the exemplary embodiments discussed herein. Generally speaking, treatable "pain" includes nociceptive, neuropathic, and mix-type. In some embodiments, a method of the disclosure may reduce or alleviate the symptoms associated with inflammation, including, but not limited to, treating localized manifestation of inflammation characterized by acute or chronic swelling, pain, redness, increased temperature, or loss of function in some cases. In some embodiments, a method of the disclosure may reduce or alleviate the symptoms of pain regardless of the cause of the pain, including, but not limited to, reducing pain of varying severity (e.g., mild, moderate and severe pain), acute pain and chronic pain. In some embodiments, a method of the disclosure is effective in treating joint pain, muscle pain, tendon pain, burn pain, and pain caused by inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis. Skeletal or muscular diseases or conditions which may be treated include, but are not limited to, musculoskeletal sprains, musculoskeletal strains, tendinopathy, peripheral radiculopathy, osteoarthritis, joint degenerative disease, polymyalgia rheumatica, juvenile arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, costochondritis, tendonitis, bursitis, such as the common lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow), medial epicondylitis (pitchers elbow) and trochanteric bursitis, temporomandibular joint syndrome, and fibromyalgia.

In other embodiments, the methods and compositions disclosed herein comprise regulating the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor with a formulation comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a first dosage formulation comprising at least one compound of Formula I or Formula II and a second active compound. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a first dosage formulation comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a neurotransmitter activity modulator (e.g., a second serotonergic drug). In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a first dosage formulation comprising at least one compound of Formula I or Formula II and a second dosage form comprising at least one cannabinoid, at least one terpene, or a second serotonergic drug.

The present disclosure relates to compositions comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of an effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II and an excipient. The terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably herein. Other embodiments relate to pharmaceutical compositions comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II, including those discussed above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient (also known as a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier). As discussed above, a compound of Formula I or Formula II may be therapeutically useful to prevent and/or treat, for example, psychological disorders, brain disorders, pain and inflammation as well as other disorders such as those discussed above.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein may comprise at least one compound of Formula I or Formula II, and a second compound selected from at least one of a second serotonergic drug, a cannabinoid, a terpene, and an MAO inhibitor. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise administering at least one compound of Formula I or Formula II, and a second compound selected from at least one of a second serotonergic drug, a cannabinoid, a terpene, and an MAO inhibitor.

In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound or composition that has been crystallized. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound or composition that has been chromatographed, for example by gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (e.g., LC, HPLC, etc.), etc. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound or composition that has been distilled. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound or composition that has been sublimed. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound or composition that has been subject to two or more steps chosen from crystallization, chromatography, distillation, and sublimation.

In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound or composition that has a purity ranging from about 80% to about 100%, meaning that the compound makes up about 80% to about 100%of the total mass of the composition. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound that has a purity ranging from about 90% to about 100%, meaning that the compound makes up about 90% to about 100% of the total mass of the composition. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound that has a purity ranging from about 95% to about 100%, meaning that the compound makes up about 95% to about 100% of the total mass of the composition. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound that has a purity ranging from about 99% to about 100% pure, meaning that the compound makes up about 99% to about 100% of the total mass of the composition. In one embodiment, the term "purified" refers to a compound that has a purity ranging from about 99.9% to about 100%, meaning that the compound makes up about 99.9% to about 100% of the total mass of the composition.

As used herein, the term "particular ratio" refers to the amount of a compound in relation to the amount of another compound or compounds. In one embodiment, a particular ratio of compounds is measured by the same unit, e.g., grams, kilograms, pounds, ounces, etc. In one embodiment, a particular ratio of compounds is measured in moles, i.e., molar proportions or molar ratios.

As used herein, the term "particular amount" refers to the quantity of a compound or compounds. In one embodiment, a particular amount is the combined quantity of two compounds within a sample. In one embodiment, a particular amount is measured by dry weight. In one embodiment, the particular amount has 1 , 2, 3, or 4 significant figures.

Disclosed herein are compositions comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a second compound, and methods of administering the same. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a molar ratio ranging from about 10:1 to about 1 :10 of a compound of Formula I or Formula II {e.g., a 5-HT2A agonist) to a second compound {e.g., a 5- HT1A agonist). In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a molar ratio ranging from about 100:1 to about 1 :100 of a compound of Formula I or Formula II to a second compound. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a molar ratio ranging from about 1 ,000:1 to about 1 :1 ,000 of a compound of Formula I or Formula II to a second compound. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a molar ratio ranging from about 10,000:1 to about 1 :10,000 of a compound of Formula I or Formula II to a second compound.

Within the context of this disclosure, unless otherwise specified, the serotonergic compounds {e.g., tryptamine compounds) described herein may be present in their protonated or deprotonated (salt or freebase) forms or mixtures thereof depending on the context, for example, the pH of the solution or composition. However, in certain embodiments, the serotonergic compounds described herein are lipophilic, meaning they will tend to combine with lipids and fats and can readily pass though biological membranes in the body of an animal or human {e.g., blood brain barrier). In certain embodiments, the serotonergic compound in free base form is lipophilic.

As used herein, the term "salt" refers to a neutralized ionic compound. In one embodiment, a salt is formed from the neutralization of acids and bases. In one embodiment, a salt is electrically neutral.

As used herein, the terms "serotonergic drug" and “serotonergic compound” are used interchangeably and refer to a compound that binds to, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric or orthosteric binding) activity at a serotonin receptor. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug binds to a serotonin receptor. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug indirectly affects a serotonin receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at the serotonin receptor. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is an agonist, e.g., a compound activating a serotonin receptor. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is an antagonist, e.g., a compound binding but not activating a serotonin receptor, e.g., blocking a receptor. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is an effector molecule, e.g., a compound binding to an enzyme for allosteric regulation. In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of receptor (e.g., 5HT, dopamine, adrenergic, acetylcholine, etc.).

In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is an antidepressant.

In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is an anxiolytic.

In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

In one embodiment, a serotonergic drug is a selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor.

In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula I or Formula II are serotonergic drugs. In some embodiments, at least one compound of Formula I or Formula II is administered with a second serotonergic drug, such as one of the serotonergic drugs identified below.

Some exemplary serotonergic drugs include the following molecules: 4-hydroxy-N- methyltryptamine (aka 3[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol), aeruginascin (aka [3-[2- (trimethylazaniumyl)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] hydrogen phosphate), baeocystin (aka [3-[2- (methylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate), bufotenidine (aka 3-[2- (trimethylazaniumypethyl]-1 H-indol-5-olate), bufotenin (aka 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol- 5-ol), ethocybin (aka [3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate), norbaeocystin (aka [3-(2-aminoethyl)-1 H-indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate), norpsilocin, psilocin (aka 3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol) , psilocybin (aka [3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H- indol-4-yl] dihydrogen phosphate), serotonin (aka 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1 H-indol-5-ol), 1 P-LSD (aka (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4-propanoyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydroindolo [4,3-fg] quinoline-9- carboxamide), ALD-52 (aka (6aR,9R)-4-acetyl-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9- tetrahydroindolo[4,3-fg]q- uinoline-9-carboxamide), AL-LAD (aka (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-prop-2- enyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]q- uinoline-9-carboxamide), BU-LAD (aka (6aR,9R)-7- butyl-N,N-diethyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoli- ne-9-carboxamide), DAL (aka (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-N,N-bis(prop-2-enyl)-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide), DAM-57 (aka (6aR,9R)-N,N,7-trimethyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9- -carboxamide), EIPLA (aka (6aR,9R)-N-ethyl-7-methyl-N-propan-2-yl-6,6a,8,9- tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3- -fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide), ETH-LAD (aka (6aR,9R)-N,N,7-triethyl- 6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide), LAE-32 (aka (6aR,9R)-N-ethyl- 7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline- 9-carboxamide), LPD-824 (aka [(6aR,9R)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]qiiinoline-9-yl]-p- yrrolidin-1 - ylmethanone), LSB (aka (6aR,9R)-N-butan-2-yl-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3- fg]quino- line-9-carboxamide), LSA (aka (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9-carbox- amide), LSD-25 (aka (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro- 4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinol- ine-9-carboxamide), LSD-PiP (aka (7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H- indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl)-piperidin— 1 -ylmethanone), LSM-775 (aka [(6aR,9R)-7-methyl- 6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]-m- orpholin-4-ylmethanone), LSP (aka (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-N-pentan-3-yl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quin- oline-9- carboxamide), LSZ (aka [(6aR,9R)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-yl]- [- (2S,4S)-2,4-dimethylazetidin-1 -yl]methanone), methergine (aka (6aR,9R)-N-(1 -hydroxybutan- 2-yl)-7-methyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4- ,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide), MiPLA (aka (6aR,9R)-N,7-dimethyl-N-propan-2-yl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]- quinoline-9- carboxamide), NDTDI, PARGY-LAD, PRO-LAD (aka (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-propyl-6,6a,8,9- tetrahydro-4H-indolo[4,3-fg]quinol- ine-9-carboxamide), 2-Me-DET (aka N,N-diethyl-2-(2-methyl- 1 H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine), 2-Me-DMT (aka N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-methyl-1 H-indol-3- yl)ethanamine), 2,alpha-DMT (aka 1 -(2-methyl-1 H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine), 4-AcO-DALT (aka [3-[2-[bis(prop-2-enyl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] acetate), 4-AcO-DET (aka [3-[2- (diethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] acetate), 4-AcO-DIPT (aka 3-[2-(Diisopropylamino)ethyl]-1 H- indol-4-yl acetate), 4-AcO-DMT (aka [3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] acetate), 4-AcO- DPT (aka [3-[2-(dipropylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] acetate), 4-AcO-EPT (aka 3-{2- [Ethyl(propyl)amino]ethyl}-1 H-indol-4-yl acetate), 4-AcO-MET (aka [3-[2- [ethyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] acetate), 4-AcO-MIPT (aka [3-[2-[methyl(propan-2- yl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-yl] acetate), 4-AcO-MPT, 4-HO-DBT (aka 3-[2-(dibutylamino)ethyl]- 1 H-indol-4-ol) , 4-HO-DET (aka 3-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol), 4-HO-DIPT (aka 3-[2- [di(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol) , 4-HO-DPT (aka 3-[2-(dipropylamino)ethyl]-1 H-indol- 4-ol), 4-HO-EPT, 4-HO-MCPT, 4-HO-MET (aka 3-[2-[ethyl(methyl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol), 4- HO-MIPT (aka 3-[2-[methyl(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol), 4-HO-MPMI (aka 3-[(1- methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methyl]-1 H-indol-4-ol), 4-HO-MPT (aka 3-[2-[methyl(propyl)amino]ethyl]- 1 H-indol-4-ol), 4-HO-pyr-T (aka 3-(2-pyrrolidin-1 -ylethyl)-1 H-indol-4-ol), 4-MeO-MIPT (aka N-[2- (4-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylpropan-2-amine), 4,5-MDO-DIPT (aka N-[2-(6H-

[1 .3]dioxolo[4,5-e]indol-8-yl)ethyl]-N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine- ), 4,5-MDO-DMT (aka 2-(6H-

[1 .3]dioxolo[4,5-e]indol-8-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine), 5-BROMO-DMT (aka 2-(5-bromo-1 H- indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine), 5-chloro-alpha-MT (aka 1 -(5-chloro-1 H-indol-3-yl)propan-

2-amine), 5-fluoro-AMT (aka 1 -(5-fluoro-1 H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine), 5-MeO-AET (aka 1-(5- methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-amine), 5-MeO-AMT (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)propan-2- amine), 5-MeO-DALT (aka N-[2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-prop-2-enylprop-2-en-1 - amine), 5-MeO-DET (aka N,N-diethyl-2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol -3-yl)ethanamine), 5-MeO-DiPT (aka N-[2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine), 5-MeO-DMT (aka 2- (5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine), 5-MeO -DPT (aka N-[2-(5-methoxy-1 H- indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-propylpropan-1 -amine), 5-MeO-EiPT (aka N-ethyl-N-[2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-

3-yl)ethyl]propan-2-amine), 5-MeO-MALT (aka N-[2-(5-Methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N- methylprop-2-en-1 -amine), 5-MeO-MiPT (aka N-[2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol -3-yl)ethyl]-N- methylpropan-2-amine), 5-MeO-NMT (aka 2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)-N- methylethanamine;hydrochloride), 5-MeO-pyr-T (aka 4-fluoro-5-methoxy-3-(2-pyrrolidin-1- ylethyl)- 1 H-indole), 5-MeO-TMT (aka 2-(5-methoxy-2-methyl-1 H-indol-3-yl)-N,N- dimethylethanamine), 5-MeS-DMT (aka N,N-dimethyl-2-(5-methylsulfanyl-1 H-indol-3- yl)ethanamine), 5,6-MDO-DIPT (aka N-[2-(5H-[1 ,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)ethyl]-N-propan-2- ylpropan-2-amine- ), 5,6-MDO-DMT (aka 2-(5H-[1 ,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)-N,N- dimethylethanamine), 5,6-MDO-MIPT (aka N-[2-(5H-[1 ,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]indol-7-yl)ethyl]-N- ethylpropan-2-amine), 5,6-MeO-MIPT (aka N-[2-(5,6-dimethoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N- methylpropan-2-amine), 5,N,N-TMT (aka N,N-dimethyl-2-(5-methyl-1 H-indol-3-ethanamine), 6- MeO-THH (aka 6-methoxy-1 -methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1 H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole), alpha-ET (aka 1 -(1 H-indol-3-yl)butan-2-amine), alpha-MT (aka 1-(1 H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine), alpha-TMT (aka 1-(1 H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine), alpha, N-DMT (aka 2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)-N,N- dimethylethanamine), alpha, N,O-TMS (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)-N-methylpropan-2- amine), alpha, O-DMS (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)propan-2-amine), DALT (aka N-[2-(1 H- indol-3-ypethyl]-N-prop-2-enylprop-2-en-1-amine), DBT (aka N-butyl-N-[2-(1 H-indol-3- yl)ethyl]butan-1 -amine), DET (aka N,N-diethyl-2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine), DiPT (aka N-[2-(5- methoxy-1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine), DMT (aka 2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)-N,N- dimethylethanamine), DPT (aka N-[2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-propylpropan-1 -amine), EiPT (aka N-ethyl-N-[2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]propan-2-amine), Harmaline (aka 7-methoxy-1 -methyl-3,4- dihydro-2H-pyrido [3,4-b]indole), Harmine (aka 7-methoxy-1 -methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), MALT, MBT (aka 3H-1 ,3-benzothiazole-2-thione), Melatonin (aka N-[2-(5-methoxy-1 H-indol-3- yl)ethyl]acetamide), MET (aka N-ethyl-2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)-N-methylethanamine), MiPT (aka N-[2- (1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-methylpropan-2-amine), MPT (aka 3-[2-[methyl(propyl)amino]ethyl]-1 H- indol-4-ol), NET (aka N-ethyl-2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine), NMT (aka 2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)-N- methylethanamine), PiPT (aka N-[2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]-N-propan-2-ylpropan-1 -amine), pyr-T (aka 3-(2-pyrrolidin-1 -ylethyl)-1 H-indole), T (aka 2-(1 H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine), Tetrahydroharmine (aka 7-methoxy-1 -methyl-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1 H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), 2-Br-

4.5-MDA (aka 1 -(6-bromo-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine), 2-TIM (aka 2-(3,4-dimethoxy- 2-methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 2-TOET (aka 1 -(4-ethyl-5-methoxy-2- methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), 2-TOM (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-4-methyl-2- methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), 2,4-DMA (aka 1 -(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine),

2.5-DMA (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), 2C-B (aka 2-(4-bromo-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-C (aka 2-(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-D (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-E (aka 2-(4-ethyl-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-F (aka 2-(4-fluoro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-G (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylpheny)ethanamine), 2C-G-3 (aka 2-(4,7-dimethoxy-2,3- dihydro-1 H-inden-5-yl)ethanamine), 2C-G-4 (aka 2-(1 ,4-dimethoxy-5, 6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethanamine), 2C-G-5 (aka CAS 207740-20-3), 2C-G-N (aka 2-(1 ,4- dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)ethanamine), 2C-H (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-I (aka 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-N (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- nitrophenyl)ethanamine), 2C-O-4 (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-P (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-SE (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylselanylphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-T (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-T-13 (aka 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(2- methoxyethylsulfanyl)phenyl]ethanamine), 2C-T-15 (aka 2-(4-cyclopropylsulfanyl-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-T-17 (aka 2-(4-butan-2-ylsulfanyl-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-T-2 (aka 2-(4-ethylsulfanyl-2,5- dimethoxypheny)ethanamine), 2C-T-2 (aka 2-[4-(2-fluoroethylsulfanyl)-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine), 2C-T-4 (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propan-2- ylsulfanylpheny)ethanamine), 2C-T-7 (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- propylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 2C-T-8 (aka 2-[4-(cyclopropylmethylsulfanyl)-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine), 2C-T-9 (aka 2-(4-butylsulfanyl-2,5- dimethoxypheny)ethanamine), 2C-TFM (aka 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4- (trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethanamine), 2T-MMDA-3a (aka 1 -(4-methylsulfanyl-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- yl)propan-2-amine), 3-T-TRIS (aka 2-(3,4-diethoxy-5-ethylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 3-TASB (aka 2-(3-ethoxy-4-ethylsulfanyl-5-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 3-TE (aka 2-(4-ethoxy-3- methoxy-5-methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 3-TFM (aka 2-(2,4-dimethoxy-3- methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 3-TM (aka 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-5- methylsulfanylpheny)ethanamine), 3-TME (aka 2-(3-ethylsulfanyl-4,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 3-TSB (aka 2-(3-ethoxy-5-ethylsulfanyl-4- methoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 3,4-DMA (aka 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), 3C-BZ (aka 1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), 3C-E (aka 1 -(4-ethoxy-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), 4-Br-3,5-DMA (aka 1-(4-bromo-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), 4-D (aka CAS 1020518-87-9), 4-MA (aka 1 -(4- methoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), 4-T-TRIS (aka 2-(3,5-diethoxy-4- ethylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 4-TASB (aka 2-(3-ethoxy-4-ethylsulfanyl-5- methoxypheny)ethanamine), 4-TE (aka 2-(4-ethylsulfanyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 4- TIM (aka 2-(2,3-dimethoxy-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 4-TM (aka 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4- methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 4-TME (aka 2-(3-ethoxy-5-methoxy-4- methylsulfanylpheny)ethanamine), 4-TSB (aka 2-(3,5-diethoxy-4- methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 4T-MMDA-2 (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-1 ,3-benzoxathiol-6- yl)propan-2-amine), 5-TASB (aka 2-(3,4-diethoxy-5-methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 5-TME (aka 2-(3-ethoxy-4-methoxy-5-methylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), 5-TOET (aka 1 -(4-ethyl-2- methoxy-5-methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), 5-TOM (aka 1 -(2-methoxy-4-methyl-5- methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), 25B-NBF (aka 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2- fluorophenyl)methyl]ethanamine- ), 25B-NBOH (aka 2-[[2-(4-bromo-2,5- dimethoxypheny)ethylaminolmethyl]phenol), 25B-NBOMe (aka 2-(4-bromo-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)-N[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine- ), 25C-NB3OMe (aka 2-(4-chloro- 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[((3-methoxypheny)methyl]ethanamine), 25C-NB4OMe (aka 2-(4- chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25C-NBF (aka 2-(4- chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25C-NBOH (aka 2-(4- chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylaminolmethyl]phenol), 25C-NBOMe (aka 2-(4-chloro-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)-N[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25CN-NBOH (aka 4-[2-[(2- hydroxyphenyl)methylaminolethyl]-2,5-dimethoxybenzoriitrile), 25CN-NBOMe (aka CAS 1354632-16-8), 25D-NBOMe (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-N-[(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25E-NBOMe (aka 2-(4-ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N4(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25G-NBOMe (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylphenyl)- N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25H-NBOMe (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(2- methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25H-NB34MD (aka N-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2-(4- iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 25l-NB3OMe (aka 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [(3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25l-NB4OMe (aka 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- [(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25I-NBF (aka N-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-2-(4-iodo-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 25I-NBMD (aka N-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-4-ylmethyl)-2-(4-iodo-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), 25I-NBOH (aka 2-[[2-(4-iodo-2,5- dimethoxypheny)ethylamino]methyl]phenol), 25l-NBOMe (aka 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)- N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25iP-NBOMe (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propan-2- ylphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxypheny)methyl]ethanamin- e), 25N-NBOMe (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- nitrophenyl)-N-[(2-methoxypheny)methyl]ethanamine), 25P-NBOMe (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- propylphenyl)-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine), 25TFM-NBOMe (aka 2-[2,5- dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]et-hanamirie), 2CBCB- NBOMe (aka 1-[(7R)-3-bromo-2,5-dimethoxy-7-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1 (6),2,4-trienyl]-N-[(- 2- methoxypheny)methyl]methanamine), 2CBFIy-NBOMe (aka 2-(4-bromo-2, 3,6,7- tetrahydrofuro[2,3-f][1]benzofuran-8-yl)-N-[(2-methoxy- phenyl)methyl]thanamine), AEM (aka 1- (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butan-2-amine), AL (aka 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-prop-2- enoxyphenyl)ethanamine), ALEPH (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2- amine; hydrochloride), ALEPH-2 (aka 1 -(4-ethylsulfanyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), ALEPH-4 (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propan-2-ylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), ALEPH-6 (aka

1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4-phenylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), ALEPH-7 (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4- propylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), ARIADNE (aka (2R)-1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylphenyl)butan-2-amine), ASB (aka 2-(3,4-diethoxy-5-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine), B (aka

2-(4-butoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), BEATRICE (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylphenyl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine), beta-D (aka 2,2-dideuterio-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), BIS-TOM (aka 1 -[4-methyl-2,5- bis(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]propan-2-amine), bk-2C-B (aka 2-amino-1 -(4-bromo-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone), BOB (aka 2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2- methoxyethanamine), BOD (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2-methoxyethanamine), BOH (aka 2-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methoxyethanamine), BOHD (aka 2-amino-1 -(2,5- dimethoxy-4-methylpheny)ethanol), BOM (aka 2-methoxy-2-(3,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), bromo-dragonFLY (aka 1 -(4-bromofuro[2,3-f][1]benzofuran-8- yl)propan-2-amine), butylone (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxl-5-yl)-2-(methylamino)butan-1 -one), CPM (aka 2-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]ethanamine), DESOXY (aka 2-(3,5- dimethoxy-4-methylpheny)ethanamine), DMCPA (aka 2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- methylphenyl)cyclopropan-1 -amine), DME (aka 2-amino-1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol), DMMDA (aka 1 -(4,7-dimethoxy-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine), DMMDA-2 (aka 1 -(6,7- dimethoxy-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine), DMPEA (aka 2-(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), DOAM (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4-pentylphenyl)propan-2-amine), DOB (aka 1 -(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), DOBU (aka 1 -(4-butyl-2,5- dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), DOC (aka 1 -(4-chloro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2- amine), DOEF (aka 1 -[4-(2-fluoroethyl)-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl]propan-2-amine), DOET (aka 1-(4- ethyl-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), DOF (aka 1 -(4-fluoro-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan- 2-amine), DOI (aka 1 -(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), DOM (aka 1 -(2,5- dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)propan-2-amine), DON (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4-nitrophenyl)propan- 2-amine), DOPR (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-4-propylphenyl)propan-2-amine), DOTFM (aka 1 -[2,5- dimethoxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propan-2-amine), E (aka 2-(4-ethoxy-3,5- dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), EBDP (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylpentan-2-amine), EEE (aka 1-(2,4,5-triethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), EEM (aka 1 -(2,4-diethoxy-5- methoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), EME (aka 1-(2,5-diethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), EMM (aka 1 -(2-ethoxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), ETHYL-J (aka 1 -(1 ,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylbutan-2-amine), ETHYL-K (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N- ethylpentan-2-amine), F-2 (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1 -benzofuran-6-yl)propan-2- amine), F-22 (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-3H-1 -benzofuran-6-yl)propan-2-amine), FLEA (aka N-[1 (1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-yl]-N-methylhydroxylamine), G-3 (aka 1-(4,7- dimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-5-yl)propan-2-amine), G-4 (aka 1 -(1 ,4-dimethoxy-5, 6,7,8- tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)propan-2-amine), G-5 (aka 3,6-dimethoxy-4-(2- aminopropyl)benzonorbornane), G-N (aka 1-(1 ,4-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)propan-2-amine), GANESHA (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxy-3,4-dimethylphenyl)propan-2-amine), HOT-17 (aka N-[2-(4- butan-2-ylsulfanyl-2,5-dimethoxypheny)ethyl]hydroxylamine), HOT-2 (aka N-[2-(4-ethylsulfanyl- 2,5-dimethoxypheny)ethyl]hydroxylamine), HOT-7 (aka N-[2-(2,5-dimethoxy-4- propylsulfanylpheny)ethyl]hydroxylamine), IDNNA (aka 1 -(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N,N- dimethylpropan-2-amine), IM (aka 2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)e thanamine), IP (aka 2-(3,5- dimethoxy-4-propan-2-yloxyphenyl)ethanamine), IRIS (aka 1 -(5-ethoxy-2-methoxy-4- methylphenyl)propan-2-amine), J (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)butan-2-amine), jimscaline (aka [(1 R)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2,3-dihydro-1 H-inden-1 -yl]methanamine), LOPHOPHINE (aka 2-(7- methoxy-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)ethanamine), M (aka 2-(3,4,5-trimethoxypheny)ethanamine), MADAM-6 (aka N-methyl-1 -(6-methyl-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine), MAL (aka 2-[3,5- dimethoxy-4-(2-methylprop-2-enoxy)phenyl]ethanamine), MDA (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- yl)propan-2-amine), MDAL (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-prop-2-enylpropan-2-amine), MDBU (aka N-[1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-yl]butan-1 -amine), MDBZ (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- yl)-N-benzylpropan-2-amine), MDCPM (aka 1-(3a,7a-dihydro-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N- (cyclopropylmethyl)propan-2-amin- e), MDDM (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N,N- dimethylpropan-2-amine), MDE (aka 1-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-ethylpropan-2-amine), MDHOET (aka 2-[1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-ylamino]ethanol), MDIP (aka 1 -(1 ,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-propan-2-ylpropan-2-amine), MDMA (aka 1-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N- methylpropan-2-amine), MDMC (aka 1-(2,3-dihydro-1 ,4-benzodioxin-6-yl)-N-methylpropan-2- amine), MDMEO (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methoxypropan-2-amine), MDMEOET (aka 1 - (1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)propan-2-amine), MDMP (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- yl)-N,2-dimethylpropan-2-amine), MDOH (aka N-[1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2- yl]hydroxylamine), MDPEA (aka 2-(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)ethanamine), MDPH (aka 1 -(1 ,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-methylpropan-2-amine), MDPL (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-prop-2- ynylpropan-2-amine), MDPR (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-propylpropan-2-amine), ME (aka 2-(3-ethoxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), MEDA (aka 1 -(5-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1 ,4- benzodioxin-7-yl)propan-2-amine), MEE (aka 1 -(4,5-diethoxy-2-methoxyphenyl)propan-2- amine), MEM (aka 1 -(4-ethoxy-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), MEPEA (aka 2-(4- ethoxy-3-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine), META-DOB (aka 1 -(5-bromo-2,4- dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), META-DOT (aka 1-(2,4-dimethoxy-5- methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), METHYL-DMA (aka 1 -(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- methylpropan-2-amine), METHYL-DOB (aka 1 -(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N- methylpropan-2-amine), METHYL-J (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylbutan-2-amine), METHYL-K (aka 1 -(1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpentan-2-amine), METHYL-MA (aka 1-(4- methoxyphenyl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine), METHYL-MMDA-2 (aka 1 -(6-methoxy-1 ,3- benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine), MMDA (aka 1 -(7-methoxy-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5- yl)propan-2-amine), MMDA-2 (aka 1 -(6-methoxy-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine), MMDA- 3a (aka 1-(4-methoxy-1 ,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)propan-2-amine), MMDA-3b (aka 1 -(7-methoxy-1 ,3- benzodioxol-4-yl)propan-2-amine), MME (aka 1-(5-ethoxy-2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propan-2- amine), MP (aka 2-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-propoxyphenyl)ethanamine), MPM (aka 1 -(2,4-dimethoxy- 5-propoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), NBOMe-mescaline (aka N-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2- (3,4,5-trimethoxypheny)ethanamine), ORTHO-DOT (aka 1-(4,5-dimethoxy-2- methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-2-amine), P (aka 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-propoxyphenyl)ethanamine), PE (aka 2-[3,5-dimethoxy-4-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl]ethanamine), PEA (aka 2- phenylethanamine), PROPYNYL (aka 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-prop-2-ynoxyphenyl)ethanamine), psi-2C-T-4, psi-DOM (aka 1 -(2,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)propan-2-amine), SB (aka 2-(3,5- diethoxy-4-methoxyphenyl)ethanamine), TA (aka 1-(2,3,4,5-tetramethoxyphenyl)propan-2- amine), TB (aka 2-(4-butylsulfanyl-3,5-dimethoxypheny)ethanamine), TCB-2 (aka (3-bromo-2,5- dimethoxy-7-bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1 (6), 2,4-trienyl)methanamine;hydrobromide), TMA (aka 1 - (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), TMA-2 (aka 1 -(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2- amine), TMA-3 (aka 1 -(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), TMA-4 (aka 1 -(2,3,5- trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), TMA-5 (aka 1 -(2,3,6-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), TMA-6 (aka 1 -(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2-amine), TMPEA (aka 2-(2,4,5- trimethoxyphenyl)ethanamine), TOMSO (aka 1 -(2-methoxy-4-methyl-5- methylsulfinylphenyl)propan-2-amine), TP (aka 2-(3,5-dimethoxy-4- propylsulfanylphenyl)ethanamine), and TRIS (aka 2-(3,4,5-triethoxyphenyl)ethanamine).

In one embodiment, the serotonergic drug is chosen from alprazolam, amphetamine, aripiprazole, azapirone, a barbiturate, bromazepam, bupropion, buspirone, a cannabinoid, chlordiazepoxide, citalopram, clonazepam, clorazepate, dextromethorphan, diazepam, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, flurazepam, fluvoxamine, lorazepam, lysergic acid diethylamide, lysergamide, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, milnacipran, mirtazapine, naratriptan, paroxetine, pethidine, phenethylamine, psicaine, oxazepam, reboxetine, serenic, serotonin, sertraline, temazepam, tramadol, triazolam, a tryptamine, venlafaxine, vortioxetine, and derivatives thereof.

In one embodiment, the serotonin drug acts at a serotonin receptor, e.g., by acting as a ligand at a 5-HT receptor. In one embodiment, serotonin is produced by an organism for use as a neurotransmitter within that organism. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein increase the activity at a serotonin receptor. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein decrease the activity at a serotonin receptor.

As used herein, the term "serotonin receptor" refers to a collection of G protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels expressed on the surface of cells of the central and peripheral nervous system that are modulated by the neurotransmitter serotonin. In one embodiment, a serotonin receptor is expressed on a cell within the central nervous system of an organism. In one embodiment, a serotonin receptor is expressed on a cell within the peripheral nervous system of an organism. In one embodiment, a serotonin receptor modulates the release of a neurotransmitter, e.g., glutamate, gamma-Aminobutyric acid, dopamine, epinephrine (a.k.a. norepinephrine), acetylcholine, etc. In one embodiment, a serotonin receptor modulates the release of a hormone, e.g., oxytocin, prolactin, vasopressin, cortisol, corticotropin, substance P, etc.

Examples of serotonin receptors include, but are not limited to, 5-HTIA, 5-HTIB, 5-HTID, 5-HTIE, 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, 5-HT_2C, 5-HT₃, 5-HT₄, 5-HT₅A, 5-HT_5B, 5-HT₆, and 5-HT₇.

As used herein, the term "adrenergic drug" refers to a compound that binds, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric reaction) activity at an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug binds to an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug indirectly affects an adrenergic receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at the adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an agonist, e.g., a compound activating an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an antagonist, e.g., a compound binding but not activating an adrenergic receptor, e.g., blocking a receptor. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an effector molecule, e.g., a compound binding to an enzyme for allosteric regulation. In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of receptor (e.g., 5HT, dopamine, adrenergic, acetylcholine, etc.).

In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is an antidepressant.

In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is a norepinephrine transporter inhibitor.

In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is a vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor.

In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug is chosen from adrenaline, agmatine, amoxapine, aptazapine, atomoxetine, bupropion, clonidine, doxepin, duloxetine, esmirtazpine, mianserin, mirabegron, mirtazapine, norepinephrine, phentolamine, phenylephrine, piperoxan, reserpine, ritodrine, setiptiline, tesofensine, timolol, trazodone, trimipramine, and xylazine.

In one embodiment, an adrenergic drug acts at an adrenergic receptor, e.g., by acting as a ligand at an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, adrenaline is produced by an organism for use as a neurotransmitter within that organism. In one embodiment, norepinephrine is produced by an organism for use as a neurotransmitter within that organism. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein increase the activity at an adrenergic receptor. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein decrease the activity at an adrenergic receptor.

As used herein, the term "adrenergic receptor" refers to a collection of G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the surface of cells that are modulated by adrenalin and noradrenaline. Adrenergic receptors are divided into a and p groups, each with multiple subtypes. In one embodiment, an adrenergic receptor is expressed on a cell within the central nervous system of an organism. In one embodiment, an adrenergic receptor is expressed on a cell within the sympathetic nervous system of an organism.

As used herein, the term "dopaminergic drug" refers to a compound that binds, blocks, or otherwise influences (e.g., via an allosteric or orthosteric reaction) activity at a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug binds to a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug indirectly affects a dopamine receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at the dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is an agonist, e.g., a compound activating a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is an antagonist, e.g., a compound binding but not activating a dopamine receptor, e.g., blocking a receptor. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is an effector molecule, e.g., a compound binding to an enzyme for allosteric regulation. In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of receptor (e.g., 5HT, dopamine, adrenergic, acetylcholine, etc.).

In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is a dopamine transporter inhibitor.

In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is a vesicular monoamine transporter inhibitor.

In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug is chosen from amineptine, apomorphine, benzylpiperazine, bromocriptine, cabergoline, chlorpromazine, clozapine, dihydrexidine, domperidone, dopamine, fluphenazine, haloperidol, ketamine, loxapine, methamphetamine, olanzapine, pemoline, perphenazine, pergolide, phencyclidine, phenethylamine, phenmetrazine, pimozide, piribedil, a psychostimulant, reserpine, risperidone, ropinirole, tetrabenazine, and thioridazine.

In one embodiment, a dopaminergic drug acts at a dopamine receptor, e.g., by acting as a ligand at a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, dopamine is produced by an organism for use as a neurotransmitter within that organism. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein increase the activity at a dopamine receptor. In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein decrease the activity at a dopamine receptor.

As used herein, the term "dopamine receptor" refers to a collection of G protein coupled receptors expressed on the surface of cells that are modulated by dopamine. In one embodiment, a dopamine receptor is expressed on a cell within the central nervous system of an organism.

In one embodiment, a purified terpene modulates the activity of a neurotransmitter at its native receptor, e.g., serotonin at a serotonin receptor, dopamine at a dopaminergic drug, norephedrine at an adrenergic receptor, etc.

In one embodiment, a purified terpene is active at one or more receptors, e.g., a serotonin receptor, an adrenergic receptor, a dopamine receptor, a GABAergic receptor, a glutaminergic receptor, a histaminergic receptor, a cholinergic receptor, an opioid receptor, or a glycinergic receptor.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a composition comprising a monoamine oxidase inhibitor.

As used herein, the term "monoamine oxidase inhibitor” refers to a molecule binding to a monoamine oxidase enzyme thereby reducing the activity of the monoamine oxidase enzyme. Within the context of this disclosure, examples of monoamine oxidase inhibitors include aurorix, deprenyl, eldepryl, emsam, humoryl, hydracarbazine, isocarboxazid, linezolid, manerix, nydrazid, phenelzine, pirazidol, procarbazine, rasagiline, and tranylcypromine. In one embodiment, monoamine oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a monoamine, e.g., serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, amphetamine, adrenaline, etc.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a stabilizer. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprising administering a composition comprising a stabilizer. As used herein, the term "stabilizer" refers to a compound useful for preventing the degradation of an active ingredient, e.g., a compound of Formula I or Formula II, a psilocybin derivative, a cannabinoid, a terpene, etc. In one embodiment, a stabilizer prevents an active ingredient from degrading. In one embodiment, a stabilizer prevents a serotonergic drug from reacting with other compounds in the composition, e.g., a cannabinoid, a terpene, a base, an acid, etc. In one embodiment, a stabilizer prevents a serotonergic drug from reacting with the ambient atmosphere, e.g., heat, light, water, and/or oxygen. In one embodiment, a stabilizer comprises an antioxidant. In one embodiment, a stabilizer comprises a pH buffer. In one embodiment, the methods and compositions disclosed herein comprise an antioxidant. As used herein, the term "antioxidant" refers to a compound and/or a composition useful for preventing oxidation. In one embodiment, an antioxidant protects an active ingredient from "free radicals". Within the context of this disclosure, a "free radical" is an atom, molecule, or an ion with an unpaired valence electron. In one embodiment, an antioxidant is an electron donor.

In one embodiment, an antioxidant is chosen from ascorbic acid, lycopene, tocopherol, melatonin, retinol, astaxanthin, lutein, apigenin, carnosine, selenium, zinc, cucurmin, and a salt or derivative thereof.

In one embodiment, an antioxidant is ascorbic acid and/or its salts or derivatives. Within the context of this disclosure, the term "ascorbic acid" comprises Vitamin C and/or a salt or derivative thereof.

In one embodiment, an antioxidant prevents the oxidation of a composition comprising one or more compounds disclosed herein, e.g., compounds of Formula I or Formula II, psilocybin derivatives, cannabinoids, terpenes, and/or mixtures thereof. For example, preventing the oxidation of a phenolic group attached to a psilocybin derivative.

As used herein, the term "oxidation" refers to the formal loss of electrons and/or the increase of the formal oxidation state and/or the addition of an oxygen atom or atoms. As used herein, "reduction" refers to the formal gain of electrons and/or the decrease of the formal oxidation state. Zumdahl, Steven S., et al. Chemistry, 7th. Cengage Learning, 2018.

In one embodiment, the methods and compositions disclosed herein comprise a pH buffer.

As used herein, the term "pH buffer" refers to a compound or a composition useful for maintaining the pH of a composition. In one embodiment, a pH buffer comprises a weak acid and a corresponding conjugate base. In one embodiment, a pH buffer comprises a weak base and a corresponding conjugate acid. In one embodiment, a pH buffer does not change the pH of a composition with the addition of a strong acid and/or base.

In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition at about 7. In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition below about 7. In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition above about 7. In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition ranging from about 2 to about 6. In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition ranging from about 5 to about 7. In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition ranging from about 6 to about 8. In one embodiment, a pH buffer maintains the pH of a composition ranging from about 7 to about 10.

In one embodiment, a pH buffer comprises citric acid, acetic acid, monosodium phosphate, N-Cyclohexyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, borate, hydrochloric acid, and/or sodium hydroxide.

In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise an acid.

As used herein, the term "acid" refers to a molecule or ion capable of donating a proton, i.e. , H⁺ and/or accepting electrons. In one embodiment, an "acid" refers to a Lewis acid. In one embodiment, an "acid" refers to a Bronsted acid. In one embodiment, an acid is determined by a composition’s pH. In one embodiment, a pH below about 7 indicates the presence of an acid.

In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise a base.

As used herein, the term "base" refers to a molecule or ion capable of accepting a proton, i.e., an H⁺. In one embodiment, a "base" refers to a molecule capable of donating an electron pair, i.e., a Lewis base. In one embodiment, the presence of a base is determined by a compound's pH. In one embodiment, a pH above about 7 indicates the presence of a base.

In one embodiment, the compositions and methods disclosed herein comprise a nonwater soluble composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein are non-aqueous.

As used herein, the term "water soluble" refers to a compound or composition capable of dissolving in water at standard temperature and pressure. In one example, about 1 g of a compound dissolves in about 1 L of water. In one example, about 2 g of a compound dissolves in about 1 L of water. In one example, about 5 g of a compound dissolves in about 1 L of water. In one example, about 10 g of a compound dissolves in about 1 L of water. In one embodiment, a compound's solubility in water is an inherent property of a compound. In one embodiment, a compound's solubility in water is facilitated by another compound, e.g., an excipient.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a compound of Formula I or Formula II in a homogenous mixture within a dosage formulation. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II in a homogenous mixture within a dosage formulation.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise a compound of Formula I or Formula II and at least one second compound (e.g., serotonergic drug, cannabinoid, terpene, excipient, stabilizer, antioxidant, etc.) in a homogenous mixture within a dosage formulation. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a composition comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II and at least one second compound (e.g., serotonergic drug, cannabinoid, terpene, excipient, stabilizer, antioxidant, etc.) in a homogenous mixture within a dosage formulation.

As used herein, the term "homogeneous mixture" refers to a solid, liquid, or gaseous composition that has two or more compounds present within one state or thing, e.g., a clear, colorless solution. In one embodiment, the homogeneous mixtures disclosed herein have the same proportion, concentration, and/or ratio of its components across different samples. In one embodiment, the components in the homogeneous mixture are in the same state of matter. In one embodiment, a homogeneous mixture comprises one or more compounds within a solution, e.g., a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a cannabinoid within a clear solution. In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein are present as a homogenous mixture, e.g., a solution with no particulates, a solution with equal concentrations across samples, a powder of similar particle size, etc.

Disclosed herein is a method of modulating activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, comprising: administering a neurotransmitter activity modulator; and administering a dosage formulation comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II to the person in need of treatment.

Also disclosed herein is a method of modulating activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, comprising: administering a neurotransmitter activity modulator; and administering a dosage formulation comprising a compound of Formula I or Formula II to the person in need of treatment, wherein the dosage formulation modulates activity at a neurotransmitter receptor.

As used herein, the term "modulates activity of the neurotransmitter receptor" refers to changing, manipulating, and/or adjusting the ability of a compound or composition to affect a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, modulating the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor comprises administering an agonist at a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, modulating the activity of a neurotransmitter receptor comprises administering an antagonist at a neurotransmitter receptor.

As used herein, the term "administering" (e.g., administering a drug) refers to dosing, treating, giving, and/or providing. In one embodiment, administering a neurotransmitter activity modulator comprises providing a neurotransmitter activity modulator to an organism (e.g., a human being) with a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, administering a neurotransmitter activity modulator comprises providing a neurotransmitter activity modulator along with a compound of Formula I or Formula II, e.g., a formulation having each of a neurotransmitter activity modulator and a compound of Formula I or Formula II in a single dosage. In one embodiment, administering a neurotransmitter activity modulator comprises applying a transdermal composition, e.g., applying a topical composition to the skin having each of a neurotransmitter activity modulator and a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In one embodiment, administering a neurotransmitter activity modulator comprises giving a transmucosal preparation, e.g., providing rapidly dissolving a tablet with an absorption enhancer having each of a neurotransmitter activity modulator and a compound of Formula I or Formula II.

In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a composition by inhalation for crossing a blood-brain barrier.

As used herein, the term "neurotransmitter activity modulator" refers to a compound or composition that reacts or influences activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., a compound of Formula I or Formula II, a serotonergic drug, an adrenergic receptor, a dopamine receptor, a GABAergic receptor, a glutaminergic receptor, a histaminergic receptor, a cholinergic receptor, an opioid receptor, or a glycinergic receptor, etc. In one embodiment, a neurotransmitter activity modulator binds on a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, a neurotransmitter activity modulator indirectly affects a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, a neurotransmitter activity modulator is an agonist. In one embodiment, a neurotransmitter activity modulator is an antagonist. In one embodiment, a neurotransmitter activity modulator acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of neurotransmitter receptor.

In one embodiment, a neurotransmitter activity modulator is chosen from aripiprazole, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine, dextroamphetamine, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, milnacipran, mirtazapine, paroxetine, quetiapine, reboxetine, risperidone, sertraline, and venlafaxine.

As used herein, the term "first dosage formulation" refers to a compound or compounds selected for the purposes of causing a reaction, effect, and/or result, e.g., causing activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, reacting with other compounds, enhancing the effects of other active ingredients, inhibiting the biosynthesis of a compound, etc., within an organism. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a first purified cannabinoid. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a first purified terpene. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a purified serotonergic derivative. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a first purified cannabinoid. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a first purified terpene. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II, a first purified cannabinoid, and first purified terpene. In one embodiment, a first dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II and a neurotransmitter activity modulator.

In one embodiment, a second dosage formulation comprises a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In one embodiment, a second dosage formulation comprises a second compound of Formula I or Formula II. In one embodiment, a second dosage formulation comprises a second serotonergic drug.

In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a second dosage formulation. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a third dosage formulation. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a fourth dosage formulation. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering more than four dosage formulations.

In certain embodiments, the dosage formulation contains a desired amount of at least one compound of Formula I or Formula II. In certain embodiments, the dosage formulation contains about 0.01 to about 1 ,000mg of the compound, such as about 0.1 to about 500mg, about 0.5 to about 100mg, or about 1 to about 50mg. In certain embodiments, the dosage formulation is calculated to contain an amount of a compound of Formula I or Formula II based on mg of compound per kg of the subject (mg/kg). In certain embodiments, the mg/kg range can be about 0.001 to about 10mg/kg, such as about 0.01 to about 5, about 0.05 to about 4, about 0.05 to about 3, about 0.05 to about 3, about 0.05 to about 2, or about 0.05 to about 1 mg/kg. In some embodiments, the compound is dosed in an amount that is less than about 1 mg/kg, such as about 0.001 to about 0.99, about 0.01 to about 0.85, about 0.05 to about 0.75, about 0.01 to about 0.50, about 0.01 to about 0.25 or about 0.01 to about 0.1 Omg/kg. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering one or more active ingredients, e.g., a compound(s) of Formula I or Formula II, cannabinoids, terpenes, neurotransmitter activity modulators, etc., in more than two doses.

Disclosed herein is a method of treating a psychological problem, comprising administering a compound of Formula I or Formula II to the person in need of treatment.

Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a psychological problem, comprising administering a compound of Formula I or Formula II to the person in need of treatment, wherein the compound of Formula I or Formula II modulates activity at a neurotransmitter receptor.

Also disclosed herein is a method of treating a psychological problem, comprising: identifying a person in need of treatment; and administering a compound of Formula I to the person in need of treatment, wherein the compound of Formula I modulates activity at a neurotransmitter receptor.

As used herein, the term "identifying a person in need of treatment" refers to analyzing, diagnosing, and/or determining whether a person requires treatment for a disease or condition. In one embodiment, identifying a person in need of treatment comprises diagnosing a person with a medical condition, e.g., a neurological disorder, a chemical imbalance, a hereditary condition, etc. In one embodiment, identifying a person in need of treatment comprises performing a psychiatric evaluation. In one embodiment, identifying a person in need of treatment comprises performing a blood test. In one embodiment, identifying a person in need of treatment comprises determining whether a person has a compulsive disorder. In one embodiment, identifying a person in need of treatment comprises self-identifying as having a compulsive disorder.

As used herein, the term "psychological disorder" refers to a condition wherein a person exhibits a pattern of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that impact multiple life areas and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. In one embodiment, a psychological disorder is caused by a genetic disorder. In one embodiment, a psychological disorder is caused by a biological condition, e.g., excess hormone production, a lack of activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, a lack of producing neurotransmitters, etc. In one embodiment, the neurotransmitter receptor is a serotonin receptor.

In one embodiment, the psychological problem is an anxiety disorder. In one embodiment, the psychological problem is a depressive disorder. In one embodiment, the psychological problem is a compulsive disorder. In one embodiment, the psychological problem is characterized by neurodegeneration.

As used herein, the term "anxiety disorder" refers to a state of apprehension, uncertainty, and/or fear resulting from the anticipation of an event and/or situation. An anxiety disorder can disrupt the physical and psychological functions of a person. These disruptions can cause a small hindrance to a debilitating handicap for a person's everyday life. An anxiety disorder can cause a physiological symptom, e.g., muscle tension, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, shortness of breath, etc. An anxiety disorder can also cause a psychological symptom, e.g., fear of dying, fear of embarrassment or humiliation, fear of an event occurring, etc.

In one embodiment, an anxiety disorder is chosen from an acute stress disorder, anxiety due to a medical condition, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, panic attack, a phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, substance- induced anxiety disorder, and selective mutism.

As used herein, the term "acute stress disorder" refers to a condition developed after exposure to one or more traumatic events. Examples of traumatic events include, but are not limited to, exposure to war, rape or sexual violence, a physical attack, a mugging, childhood physical or sexual violence, kidnapping or being taken hostage, terrorist attacks, torture, natural disasters, and/or severe accidents. In one embodiment, acute stress disorder occurs within a day of experiencing a traumatic event. In one embodiment, acute stress disorder occurs within three days of experiencing a traumatic event. In some instances, acute stress disorder occurs within a week of experiencing a traumatic event. In some instances, acute stress disorder occurs within a month of experiencing a traumatic event.

As used herein, the term "anxiety due to a medical condition" refers to a condition wherein anxiety symptoms are developed because of a physiological and psychological consequence of a non-related disease, injury, and/or illness, e.g., an endocrine disease, a cardiovascular disorder, respiratory illness, a metabolic disturbance, a neurological illness, etc.

As used herein, the term "generalized anxiety disorder" refers to a condition of persistent and excessive anxiety and worry about various domains, e.g., work, school, social settings, etc., that an individual finds difficult to control. In one embodiment, the individual experiences physical symptoms such as restlessness, alertness, and/or nervousness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating or mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

As used herein, the term "panic disorder" refers to a condition wherein an individual experiences recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. In one embodiment, the individual is persistently concerned about having more panic attacks and changes his or her behavior in maladaptive ways because of these panic attacks, e.g. avoidance of exercise, unfamiliar locations, new people, etc.

As used herein, the term "panic attack" refers to an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within a short period of time, e.g., seconds, minutes, hours, etc. In some instances, a panic attack comprises a physical and/or cognitive symptom. Panic attacks may be predictable, such as in response to a typically feared object or situation. In some instances, a panic attack occurs for no apparent reason.

As used herein, the term "phobia" refers to a condition of being fearful, anxious about, and/or avoidant of a circumscribed object and/or situation. In some instances, a phobia comprises a fear, anxiety, or avoidance that is induced by a situation to a degree that is persistent and out of proportion to the actual risk posed. Examples of phobias include, but are not limited to, a fear or anxiety of an animal, a natural environment, an injection-injury, etc.

As used herein, the term "post-traumatic stress disorder" refers to a condition developed after experiencing and/or witnessing a traumatic event or learning that a traumatic event has happened to a loved one. In some instances, a person shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder within a week of experiencing the traumatic event. In some instances, a person shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder within a month of experiencing the traumatic event. In some instances, a person shows symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder within a year of experiencing the traumatic event. In some instances, a person shows symptoms of post- traumatic stress disorder after a year or more of experiencing the traumatic event. In some instances, post-traumatic stress disorder comprises a person re-experiencing the trauma event through intrusive distressing recollections of the event, flashbacks, and/or nightmares. In some instances, a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder comprises emotional numbness and avoidance of places, people, and activities that are reminders of the trauma. In some instances, a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder comprises increased arousal such as difficulty sleeping and concentrating, feeling anxious, and being easily irritated and angered.

As used herein, the term "separation anxiety disorder" refers to a condition wherein an individual is fearful and/or anxious about separation from an attachment figure to a degree that is developmentally inappropriate. In some instances, a separation anxiety disorder comprises a fear or anxiety about harm coming to an attachment figure. In some instances, a separation anxiety disorder comprises a fear of an event leading to the loss of or separation from an attachment figure and reluctance to go away from attachment figures. In some instances, a separation anxiety disorder comprises a nightmare and/or psychical symptom of distress.

As used herein, the term "social anxiety disorder" refers to a condition wherein an individual is fearful, anxious about, or avoidant of social interactions and situations that involve the possibility of being scrutinized. These social interactions and situations include, but are not limited to, meeting unfamiliar people, situations in which the individual may be observed eating or drinking, situations in which the individual performs in front of others, etc. In some instances, a social anxiety disorder is caused by the fear of being negatively evaluated by others, by being embarrassed, humiliated, rejected, and/or offending others.

As used herein, the term "substance-induced anxiety disorder" refers to a condition wherein anxiety caused by a substance intoxication and/or a withdrawal from a medical treatment. In some instances, a withdrawal from a substance increases anxiety.

As used herein, the term "selective mutism" refers to a condition characterized by an individual's consistent failure to speak in social situations in which there is an expectation to speak, e.g., school, a lecture, a meeting, etc., even though the individual speaks in other situations. In some instances, the failure to speak has significant consequences on achievement in academics, occupational settings, and/or otherwise interferes with normal social communication.

In some instances, an anxiety disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on the criteria and classification from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders, 5th Ed. In some instances, an anxiety disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on an independent medical evaluation. In some instances, an anxiety disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on a self-evaluation.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise an anxiolytic drug. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a composition comprising an anxiolytic drug.

As used herein, the term "anxiolytic drug" refers to a compound or composition that reacts or influences activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., a compound of Formula I or Formula II, a serotonergic drug, an adrenergic receptor, a dopamine receptor, a GABAergic receptor, a glutaminergic receptor, a histaminergic receptor, a cholinergic receptor, an opioid receptor, or a glycinergic receptor, etc. In one embodiment, an anxiolytic drug binds on a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, an anxiolytic drug indirectly affects a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, an anxiolytic drug is an agonist. In one embodiment, an anxiolytic drug is an antagonist. In one embodiment, an anxiolytic drug acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of neurotransmitter receptor.

In one embodiment, an anxiolytic drug is chosen from alprazolam, an alpha blocker, an antihistamine, a barbiturate, a beta blocker, bromazepam, a carbamate, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, an opioid, oxazepam, temazepam, and triazolam.

As used herein, the term "depressive disorder" refers to a condition of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings, and sense of wellbeing lasting for a time period. In one embodiment, a depressive disorder disrupts the physical and psychological functions of a person. In one embodiment, a depressive disorder causes a physiological symptom, e.g., weight loss, aches or pains, headaches, cramps, digestive problems, etc. In one embodiment, a depressive disorder causes a psychological symptom, e.g., persistent sadness; anxiety; feelings of hopelessness and irritability; feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness; loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities; difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions, etc.

In one embodiment, a depressive disorder is chosen from atypical depression, bipolar disorder, catatonic depression, depressive disorder due to a medical condition, major depressive disorder, postpartum depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and seasonal affective disorder.

As used herein, the term "atypical depression" refers to a condition wherein an individual shows signs of mood reactivity (i.e., mood brightens in response to actual or potential positive events), significant weight gain, increase in appetite, hypersomnia, heavy, leaden feelings in arms or legs, and/or long-standing pattern of interpersonal rejection sensitivity that results in significant social or occupational impairment. Exemplary symptoms of atypical depression include, but are not limited to, daily sadness or depressed mood; loss of enjoyment in things that were once pleasurable; major changes in weight (gain or loss) or appetite; insomnia or excessive sleep almost every day; a state of physical restlessness or being rundown that is noticeable by others; daily fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, or excessive guilt almost every day; problems with concentration or making decisions almost every day; recurring thoughts of death or suicide, suicide plan, or suicide attempt.

As used herein, the term "bipolar disorder" refers to a condition that causes an individual to experience unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to- day tasks. In some embodiments, individuals with bipolar disorder experience periods of unusually intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns and activity levels, and unusual behaviors. These distinct periods are called "mood episodes." Mood episodes may be drastically different from the moods and behaviors that are typical for the person. Exemplary symptoms of mania and excessive behavior include, but are not limited to, abnormally upbeat, jumpy, or wired behavior; increased activity, energy, or agitation; exaggerated sense of well-being and selfconfidence; decreased need for sleep; unusual talkativeness; racing thoughts; distractibility; and poor decision-making-for example, going on buying sprees, taking sexual risks, or making foolish investments. Exemplary symptoms of depressive episodes and low mood include, but are not limited to, depressed mood, such as feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, or tearfulness; marked loss of interest or feeling no pleasure in all— or almost all-activities; significant weight loss, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite; insomnia or sleeping too much; restlessness or slowed behavior; fatigue or loss of energy; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; decreased ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness; and thinking about, planning or attempting suicide.

As used herein, the term "catatonic depression" refers to a condition causing an individual to remain speechless and motionless for an extended period. Exemplary symptoms of catatonic depression include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, which can occur daily, a loss of interest in most activities, sudden weight gain or loss, a change in appetite, trouble falling asleep, trouble getting out of bed, feelings of restlessness, irritability, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of guilt, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, difficulty thinking, difficulty making decisions, thoughts of suicide or death, and/or a suicide attempt.

As used herein, the term "depressive disorder due to a medical condition" refers to a condition wherein an individual experiences depressive symptom(s) caused by another illness. Examples of medical conditions known to cause a depressive disorder include, but are not limited to, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, arthritis, strokes, brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, metabolic conditions (e.g. vitamin B12 deficiency), autoimmune conditions (e.g., lupus and rheumatoid arthritis), viral or other infections (hepatitis, mononucleosis, herpes), back pain, and certain cancers (e.g., pancreatic). As used herein, the term "major depressive disorder" refers to a condition characterized by a time period of low mood that is present across most situations. Major depressive disorder is often accompanied by low self-esteem, loss of interest in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and/or pain without a clear cause. In some instances, major depressive order is characterized by two weeks. In some instances, an individual experiences periods of depression separated by years. In some instances, an individual experiences symptom of depression that are nearly always present. In some embodiments, major depressive disorder negatively affects a person's personal, work, or school life, as well as sleeping, eating habits, and general health. According to research, 2-7% of adults with major depressive disorder commit suicide, and up to 60% of people who commit suicide had a major depressive disorder or another related mood disorder. Dysthymia is a subtype of major depressive disorder consisting of the same cognitive and physical problems as a major depressive disorder with less severe but longer-lasting symptoms. Exemplary symptoms of a major depressive disorder include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness; angry outbursts; irritability or frustration, even over small matters; loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities; sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much; tiredness and lack of energy; reduced appetite; weight loss or gain; anxiety; agitation; restlessness; slowed thinking, speaking, or body movements; feelings of worthlessness or guilt; fixating on past failures or selfblame; trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions, and/or remembering things; frequent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, and/or suicide; and unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches.

As used herein, the term "postpartum depression" refers to a condition as the result of childbirth and hormonal changes, psychological adjustment to parenthood, and/or fatigue. Postpartum depression is often associated with women, but men can also suffer from postpartum depression. Exemplary symptoms of postpartum depression include, but are not limited to, feelings of sadness, hopeless, emptiness, or overwhelmed; crying more often than usual or for no apparent reason; worrying or feeling overly anxious; feeling moody, irritable, and/or restless; oversleeping or being unable to sleep even when the baby is asleep; having trouble concentrating, remembering details, and/or making decisions; experiencing anger or rage; losing interest in activities that are usually enjoyable; suffering from physical aches and pains, including frequent headaches, stomach problems, and muscle pain; eating too little or too much; withdrawing from or avoiding friends and family; having trouble bonding or forming an emotional attachment with the baby; persistently doubting his or her ability to care for the baby; and thinking about harming themselves or the baby. As used herein, the term "premenstrual dysphoric disorder" refers to a condition wherein an individual expresses mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms that occur repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of the cycle and remit around the onset of menses or shortly thereafter. Exemplary symptoms of premenstrual dysphoric disorder include, but are not limited to, lability (e.g., mood swings), irritability, anger, depressed mood, anxiety, tension, decreased interest in usual activities, difficulty in concentration, lethargy or lack of energy, change in appetite (e.g., overeating or specific food cravings), hypersomnia, insomnia, feeling overwhelmed or out of control, physical symptoms (e.g., breast tenderness or swelling, joint or muscle pain, a sensation of “bloating” and weight gain), self-deprecating thoughts, feelings of being keyed up or on edge, decreased interest in usual activities (e.g., work, school, friends, hobbies), subjective difficulty in concentration, and easy fatigability.

As used herein, the term "seasonal affective disorder" refers to a condition wherein an individual experiences mood changes based on the time of the year. In some instances, an individual experiences low mood, low energy, or other depressive symptoms during the fall and/or winter season. In some instances, an individual experiences low mood, low energy, or other depressive symptoms during the spring and/or summer season. Exemplary symptoms of seasonal affective disorder include, but are not limited to, feeling depressed most of the day or nearly every day; losing interest in activities once found enjoyable; having low energy; having problems with sleeping; experiencing changes in appetite or weight; feeling sluggish and/or agitated; having difficulty concentrating; feeling hopeless, worthless, and/or guilty; and having frequent thoughts of death or suicide.

In one embodiment, a depressive disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on the criteria and classification from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders, 5th Ed. In one embodiment, a depressive disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on an independent medical evaluation.

In one embodiment, the compositions disclosed herein comprise an antidepressant. In one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein comprise administering a composition comprising an antidepressant.

As used herein, the term "antidepressant" refers to a compound or compounds that reacts or influences activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., a compound of Formula I or Formula II, a serotonergic drug, an adrenergic receptor, a dopamine receptor, a GABAergic receptor, a glutaminergic receptor, a histaminergic receptor, a cholinergic receptor, an opioid receptor, or a glycinergic receptor, etc. In one embodiment, an antidepressant binds on a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, an antidepressant indirectly affects a neurotransmitter receptor, e.g., via interactions affecting the reactivity of other molecules at a neurotransmitter receptor. In one embodiment, an antidepressant is an agonist. In one embodiment, an antidepressant is an antagonist. In one embodiment, an antidepressant acts (either directly or indirectly) at more than one type of neurotransmitter receptor.

In one embodiment, an antidepressant is chosen from bupropion, citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, milnacipran, mirtazapine, paroxetine, reboxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine.

Disclosed herein is a method of treating headaches and/or migraines, comprising administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment. Also, disclosed herein is a method of treating headaches and/or migraines, comprising identifying a person in need of treatment and administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment.

Disclosed herein is a method of treating nicotine addiction, comprising administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment. Disclosed herein is a method of treating nicotine addiction, comprising identifying a person in need of treatment and administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment.

Disclosed herein is a method of treating drug addiction, comprising administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment. Disclosed herein is a method of treating drug addiction, comprising identifying a person in need of treatment and administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment.

Disclosed herein is a method of treating alcohol addiction, comprising administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment. Disclosed herein is a method of treating alcohol addiction, comprising identifying a person in need of treatment and administering a compound or composition disclosed herein to the person in need of treatment.

The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may be useful for the treatment of compulsive disorders in humans, a variety of intractable psychiatric disorders, chronic depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and/or drug or alcohol dependency. The compounds and compositions disclosed herein may also be useful within the context of meditative, spiritual, and/or religious practices within a variety of contexts. As used herein, the term "compulsive disorder" refers to a condition wherein an individual has an obsession causing a feeling of anxiety, fear, apprehension, etc., and has a compulsion to perform tasks to relieve said feeling of anxiety. In one embodiment, an obsession is a thought that recurs and persists despite the efforts of an individual to ignore or confront them. In some instances, an obsession is relatively vague involving a general sense of disarray or tension accompanied by a belief that life cannot proceed as normal while the imbalance remains. In other instances, an obsession is more intense and could be a preoccupation with the thought or image of someone close to them dying or intrusions related to relationship rightness. Other obsessions concern the possibility that someone or something other than oneself--such as God, the Devil, or disease-will harm the person and/or the people or things that the person cares about. In some instances, individuals perform compulsive rituals because they inexplicably feel they have to. In some instances, individuals perform compulsive rituals to mitigate the anxiety that stems from a particular obsession. The person feels that these actions will somehow either prevent a dreaded event from occurring or will push the event from their thoughts.

In one embodiment, a compulsive disorder is chosen from addiction, body dysmorphic disorder, excoriation disorder, hoarding disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and trichotillomania.

As used herein, the term "addiction" refers to a physical and/or psychological dependence on a substance, activity, and/or any other habit. In one embodiment, an addiction is caused by the altered brain chemistry of an individual in response to a stimulus, e.g., a substance releasing large amounts of serotonin, an activity releasing large amounts of adrenaline, etc. In one embodiment, an addiction is a dependence on a substance, e.g., a drug, an alcohol, nicotine, a food, etc. In one embodiment, an addiction is a dependence on an activity, e.g., gambling, eating, shopping, etc.

As used herein, the term "body dysmorphic disorder" refers to a condition characterized by the obsessive idea that some aspect of an individual's appearance is severely flawed and warrants exceptional measures to hide or fix it. Exemplary symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder include, but are not limited to, being extremely preoccupied with a perceived flaw in appearance that to others can't be seen or appears minor; a belief that a defect in appearance makes an individual ugly or deformed; a belief that others take special notice of an individual's appearance in a negative way or mock the individual; engaging in behaviors aimed at fixing or hiding the perceived flaw that are difficult to resist or control, such as frequently checking the mirror, grooming, or skin picking; attempting to hide perceived flaws with styling, makeup, or clothes; constantly comparing one's appearance with others; always seeking reassurance about one's appearance from others; having perfectionist tendencies; seeking frequent cosmetic procedures with little satisfaction; avoiding social situations; and being so preoccupied with one's appearance that it causes major distress or problems in a person's social life, work, school, or other areas of functioning.

As used herein, the term "excoriation disorder" refers to a condition of having a repeated urge to pick at one's own skin. In some instances, an excoriation disorder causes a person to often pick their skin to the extent that damage is caused.

As used herein, the term "hoarding disorder" refers to a condition of persistent difficulty in discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their value. Exemplary symptoms of a hoarding disorder include, but are not limited to, inability to throw away possessions; severe anxiety when attempting to discard items; great difficulty categorizing or organizing possessions; indecision about what to keep or where to put things; distress, such as feeling overwhelmed or embarrassed by possessions; suspicion of other people touching items; obsessive thoughts and actions; fear of running out of an item or of needing it in the future; checking the trash for accidentally discarded objects; and functional impairments, e.g., loss of living space, social isolation, family or marital discord, financial difficulties, health hazards, etc.

As used herein, the term "obsessive-compulsive disorder" refers to a condition in which an individual has uncontrollable, reoccurring thoughts and behaviors that he or she feels the urge to repeat over and over. In some instances, an obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself as an individual needing to clean in order to reduce the fear that germs, dirt, or chemicals will contaminate the individual and the individual will spend many hours washing themselves or cleaning their surroundings. In some instances, an obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself as an individual needing to dispel anxiety. An individual may utter a name, phrase or repeat a behavior several times. The individual knows these repetitions will not actually prevent injury, but fear of harm will occur if the repetitions are not performed. In some instances, an obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself as an individual needing to reduce the fear of harming oneself or others by, e.g., forgetting to lock the door or turning off appliances, developing checking rituals, etc. In some instances, an obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself as an individual needing to order and arrange his or her surroundings to reduce discomfort, e.g., putting objects in a certain order, arranging household items in a particular manner or in a symmetric fashion, etc. In some instances, an obsessive-compulsive disorder manifests itself as an individual needing to respond to intrusive obsessive thoughts, e.g., praying or saying phrases to reduce anxiety or prevent a dreaded future event. In some instances, obsessive-compulsive disorder is caused by another medical condition. In some instances, obsessive-compulsive disorder is caused by a substance.

As used herein, the term "trichotillomania" refers to a condition of self-induced and recurrent loss of hair, e.g., pulling one's own hair cut. In some instances, trichotillomania comprises an individual pulling their hair out at one location. In some instances, trichotillomania comprises an individual pulling their hair out at multiple locations. Exemplary symptoms of trichotillomania include, but are not limited to, recurrent pulling out of one's hair resulting in noticeable hair loss; an increased sense of tension immediately before pulling out the hair or when resisting the behavior; pleasure, gratification, or relief when pulling out the hair; the disturbance is not accounted for by another mental disorder and is not due to a general medical condition (i.e. , dermatological condition); repeated attempts have been made to decrease or stop hair pulling; disturbances caused significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning; distress including feelings of loss of control, embarrassment, and shame; and impairment due to avoidance of work, school, or other public situations.

In one embodiment, a compulsive disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on the criteria and classification from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders, 5th Ed. In one embodiment, a compulsive disorder comprises a medical diagnosis based on an independent medical evaluation.

As used herein the term "neurodegeneration" refers to the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, including but not limited to the death of neurons. Many neurodegenerative diseases-including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease-occur as a result of neurodegenerative processes. Such diseases are incurable, resulting in progressive degeneration and/or death of neuron cells. Some attempts have been made to treat such diseases and conditions using fungal and plant extracts. But those methods all suffer from a common flaw in that the fungal and/or plants extracts fail to provide consistent or reliable amounts of the therapeutic compounds on account of relying on the highly variable chemical compositions of particular naturally occurring organisms.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein further comprise at least one compound not acting on a serotonin receptor. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise administering a composition further comprising at least one compound not acting on a serotonin receptor.

In some embodiments, the compositions described herein comprise a serotonergic drug, wherein the serotonergic drug is selected from a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In some embodiments, the methods described herein comprise administering a composition comprising a serotonergic drug, wherein the serotonergic drug is selected from a compound of Formula I or Formula II. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a single serotonergic drug. In some embodiments, the serotonergic drug consists essentially of a compound of Formula I or Formula II.

Although the disclosed compounds, methods, compositions, kits, etc. have been described with reference to various exemplary embodiments, it is to be understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and applications of the present disclosure. Those having skill in the art would recognize that various modifications to the exemplary embodiments may be made, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

Where reference is made to a particular compound, it should be understood that this disclosure also contemplates salts and derivatives of that compound as well as degradation products, such as oxidized versions of disclosed molecules.

Moreover, it should be understood that various features and/or characteristics of differing embodiments herein may be combined with one another. It is, therefore, to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

Furthermore, other embodiments of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the disclosure disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a scope and spirit being indicated by the claims.

In the present description, any concentration range, percentage range, ratio range, or integer range is to be understood to include the value of any integer within the recited range and, when appropriate, fractions thereof (such as one tenth and one hundredth of an integer), unless otherwise indicated. As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” mean ± 20%, ± 10%, ± 5%, or ± 1% of the indicated range, value, or structure, unless otherwise indicated.

Examples Scheme 1

Tricyclic oxazecinoindole compounds of Formula I, including oxazecino[8,9,10- ccflindoles, can be prepared in a manner consistent with those set forth below:

Formation of the 10-membered ring is exemplified in the synthetic scheme set forth above, though larger ring formations (e.g., 11 -membered) can be accomplished by using a larger dioxolane, such as 2-(3-bromopropyl)-1 ,3-dioxolane (Fisher®). Example 1. Dioxolane Intermediate 1

Phenol 1 Intermediate 1

A solution of 4-hydroxy-N-benzyl-N-methyltryptamine (1 eq; Phenol 1 ) and anhydrous K₂CO₃ (2 eq) in DMF is stirred 30 min at room temperature, and then 2-(2-bromoethyl)-1 ,3 dioxolane (1 .1 eq) was added slowly and the mixture is allowed to warm up 65°C overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. After that, the resulting residue was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3x). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography column to provide Intermediate 1 .

Example 2.

Tertiary amine Intermediate 1 from Example 1 (1 eq) was suspended in MeOH and 10 wt% Pd/C was added to the solution. The reaction flask was purged with H₂ (3x) and stirred at room temperature under an H₂ atmosphere for 18 hrs. The resulting reaction mixture was filtered through celite and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the debenzylated secondary amine, which was used without further purification. Deprotection of the dioxolane residue to the aliphatic aldehyde, and subsequent reductive amination for ring closure, was performed in a single step. Crude secondary amine was suspended in THF and put under a N₂ atmosphere. NaBH(OAc)₃ (2 eq) was added to reaction flask followed by AcOH (5 eq) and the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ solution, and the product was extracted with Et₂O. The Et₂O extract was dried with MgSO₄, and the target macrocycle is purified by flash chromatography.

Example 3.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 4-hydroxy-N-benzyl-

N-ethyltryptamine as the starting material to afford the target compound.

Example 4.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 4-hydroxy-6-fluoro-N- benzyl-N-ethyltryptamine as the starting material to afford the target compound.

Example 5.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 4-hydroxy-7-methyl- N-benzyl-N-ethyltryptamine as the starting material to afford the target compound.

Example 6.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 4-hydroxy-3-(2- benzylmethylaminoethyl)benzothiophene as the starting material to afford the target compound.

Example 7.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 6-fluoro-4-hydroxy-3-

(2-benzylmethylaminoethyl)benzothiophene as the starting material to afford the target compound.

Example 8.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 6-fluoro-4-hydroxy-3- (2-benzylmethylaminoethyl)benzoselenophene as the starting material to afford the target compound. Example 9.

The synthetic procedures of Examples 1 and 2 are repeated using 6-fluoro-4-hydroxy-3- (2-benzylmethylaminoethyl)benzoselenophene as the starting material to afford the target compound. Example 10. Production of hydrofumarate salts (aka [1 :1] fumarate salts)

Hydrofumarate salts of each of the compounds of Examples 1 -5 are separately produced using the following procedure:

1 equiv of a free base compound from Example 1 -5 is dissolved in acetone and is added dropwise to a boiling solution of fumaric acid (1 equiv) in acetone. A precipitate forms and the precipitate/acetone is stored overnight at -20°C. The solids are then filtered and washed with ice-cold acetone to yield the desired crystalline hydrofumarate salt.

Example 11. Production of fumarate salts (aka [2:1] fumarate salts)

[2:1] fumarate salts of each of compounds of Examples 1 -5 are separately prepared using the following procedure: 1 equiv of a free base compound from Examples 1-5 is dissolved in acetone and is added dropwise to a boiling solution of fumaric acid (0.5 equiv) in acetone. A precipitate forms and the precipitate/acetone is stored overnight at -20°C. The solids are then filtered and washed with ice-cold acetone to yield the desired crystalline [2.1] fumarate salt.

Biological Studies

1.1. Head-Twitch Response (HTR) Experiments.

1 .2. Dose-response studies. Dose-response studies for compounds of Formula I or Formula II are performed in four consecutive steps:

1 .3. (a). Formulation work. A suitable (non-toxic) vehicle is identified that can be used to dissolve the compound.

1 .4. (b). Pilot dose-finding study. HTR-inducing drugs typically have biphasic bellshaped (inverted U-shaped) dose-response functions, with ascending and descending phases. To quantify the potency of a drug in a HTR dose-response study, doses covering the entire extent of the ascending phase should be included, as well as at least one dose that falls on the descending phase. A pilot dose-finding study is performed to identify a set of doses that matches those requirements. For the pilot, male C57BL/6J mice are injected with a range of doses a compound of Formula I or Formula II (typically 0.3-30 mg/kg) by the IP (intraperitoneally) or SC (subcutaneously) route and then behaviors are recorded in a magnetometer chamber for up to 150 minutes.

1 .5. (c). Dose-response study. Groups of male C57BL/6J mice with a magnet implant are injected with vehicle or 4-5 doses of a compound of Formula I or Formula II (n=5-7 mice/group) by the IP or SC route and then behaviors are recorded in a magnetometer chamber for at least 30 minutes.

1 .6. (d). Repeated testing. Although potency can typically be quantified based on a single dose-response study, in some instances repeated testing may be necessary. For example, the doses selected for testing may not have been ideal to calculate the median effective dose (ED50 value). If necessary, a second or third dose-response study is performed.

1 .7. Analysis: The following analyses are performed for dose-response studies:

1 .8. HTR counts are analyzed using a 1 -way ANOVA followed by a post-hoc test (Dunnett’s test). 1 .9. The median effective dose (ED₅o value) for the compounds of Formula I or Formula II (in mg/kg or moles/kg) are calculated by nonlinear regression using a gaussian or sigmoidal model. The potencies of the compounds and other reference compounds can also be compared statistically using an extra-sum-of-squares F-test.

1 .10. HTR counts is binned (e.g., blocks of 1 , 2, 5, or 10 minutes) and analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (drug x time) followed by a post-hoc test (Dunnett’s test or Tukey’s test).

1.1 1. 5-HT₂A Antagonist blockade studies. Four groups of male C57BL/6J mice with a magnet implant are pretreated SC with the selective 5-HT₂A antagonist M100907 (vehicle, 0.001 , 0.01 , or 0.1 mg/kg). Twenty minutes later, all of the animals are injected IP or SC with one dose of the compound (n=5-7 mice/group) and then behaviors are recorded in a magnetometer chamber for 30 minutes.

1 .12. 5-HTIA Antagonist blockade studies. Four groups of male C57BL/6J mice (n=5-7 mice/group) with a magnet implant are pretreated SC with the selective 5-HTIA antagonist WAY-100635 (vehicle or 1 mg/kg). Twenty minutes later, the animals are injected IP or SC with vehicle or one dose of the compound and then behaviors are recorded in a magnetometer chamber for at least 30 minutes.

1 .13. Extended time-course studies. Male C57BL/6J mice with a magnet implant are injected IP or SC with up to three different treatments (n=5-6 mice/group) and then behaviors are recorded in a magnetometer chamber for up to 5 hours (the exact assessment period used depends on the duration-of-action of the Material being tested).

1.14. Brain penetration testing. These studies are used to test whether 5-HT_2A ligands that do not induce the HTR are brain penetrant in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice with a magnet implant are pretreated IP or SC with vehicle or three doses of the serotonergic ligand (n=5-7 mice/group); 20 minutes later, all of the mice are injected IP with 1 mg/kg (±)-DOI HCI, and then behaviors are recorded in a magnetometer chamber for 20-30 minutes.

1.15. hERG inhibition studies.

1.16. All experiments are conducted manually using a HEKA EPC-10 amplifier at room temperature in the whole-cell mode of the patch-clamp technique. HEK293 cells stably expressing hKv11 .1 (hERG) under G418 selection can be sourced from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Cells are cultured in DMEM containing 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 U ml-1 streptomycin, and 500 mg ml-1 penicillin, 100 u. g ml-1 G418. The cell line is not authenticated or tested for mycoplasma contamination. Before experiments, cells are grown to 60-80% confluency, lifted using TrypLE, and plated onto poly-l-lysine-coated coverslips. Patch pipettes are pulled from soda lime glass (microhaematocrit tubes) and should exhibit resistances of 2-4 MQ. For the external solution, normal sodium Ringer is used (160 mM NaCI, 4.5 mM KCI, 2 mM CaCI₂, 1 mM MgCI₂, 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 and 290-310 mOsm). The internal solution used is potassium fluoride with ATP (160 mM KF, 2 mM MgCI2, 10 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES, 4 mM NaATP, pH = 7.2 and 300-320 mOsm). A two-step pulse (applied every 10 s) from -80 mV initially to 40 mV for 2 s and then to -60 mV for 4 s, is used to elicit hERG currents. The percentage reduction of tail current amplitude by the compounds of Formula I or Formula II that are tested is determined and data are shown as mean ± s.d. (n = 3-4 per data point). For all experiments, solutions of the drugs are prepared fresh from 10 mM stocks in DMSO. The final DMSO concentration never exceeds 1%.

1.17. Serotonin and opioid receptor functional assays.

1.18. Functional assay screens at 5-HT and opioid receptors are performed in parallel using the same compound dilutions and 384-well-format high-throughput assay platforms. Assays are used to assess activity at all human isoforms of the receptors, except where noted for the mouse 5-HT_2A receptor. Receptor constructs in pcDNA vectors are generated from the Presto-Tango GPCR Iibrary39 with minor modifications. All tested compounds of Formula I or Formula II are serially diluted in drug buffer (HBSS, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 supplemented with 0.1 % bovine serum albumin and 0.01% ascorbic acid) and dispensed into 384-well assay plates using a FLIPR Tetra automated dispenser head (Molecular Devices). Every plate includes a positive control such as 5-HT (for all 5-HT receptors), DADLE (DOR), salvinorin A (KOR), and DAMGO (MOR). For measurements of 5-HT_2A, 5-HT_2B, and 5-HT_2C Gq-mediated calcium flux function, HEK Flp-ln 293, T-Rex stable cell lines (Invitrogen) are loaded with Fluo-4 dye for one hour, stimulated with compounds and read for baseline (0-10 s) and peak fold-over-basal fluorescence (5 min) at 25 °C on the FLIPR Tetra system. For measurement of 5-HT₆ Gs and 5- HT_7a functional assays, ligand-mediated cAMP accumulation is detected using the splitluciferase GloSensor assay in HEKT cells measuring luminescence on a Microbeta Trilux (Perkin Elmer) with a 15 min drug incubation at 25 °C. For 5-HTI_A, 5-HTIB, 5-HTIF, MOR, KOR and DOR functional assays, Gi/o, ligand-mediated cAMP inhibition is measured using the splitluciferase GloSensor assay in HEKT cells, conducted similarly to that above, but in combination with either 0.3 M M isoproterenol (5-HTI_A, 5-HTIB, 5-HTIF ) or 1 M forskolin (MOR, KOR and DOR) to stimulate endogenous cAMP accumulation. For measurement of 5-HTID, 5-HTIE, 5- HT₄, and 5-HT_5A functional assays, -arrestin2 recruitment is measured by the Tango assay using HTLA cells expressing tobacco etch virus (TEV) fused- 0 -arrestin2, as described previously with minor modifications. Cell lines are not authenticated, but they are purchased mycoplasma-free and tested for mycoplasma contamination. Data for all assays are plotted and nonlinear regression is performed using “log(agonist) vs. response” in GraphPad Prism to yield estimates of the efficacy (Emax and half-maximal effective concentration (EC₅o)).

1.19. Pharmacokinetic studies.

1 .20. Male and female C57/BL6J mice (12 weeks old) are administered a compound of Formula I or Formula II via i.p. injection at doses of either 50 mg kg— 1 , 10 mg kg— 1 or 1 mg kg— 1 . Mice are euthanized 15 min or 3 h after injection by cervical dislocation. Two males and two females are used per dose and time point. Brain and liver are collected, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80 °C until metabolomic processing. Whole brain and liver sections are lyophilized overnight to complete dryness, then homogenized with 3.2mm diameter stainless-steel beads using a GenoGrinder for 50 s at 1 ,500 rpm. Ground tissue is then extracted using 225 u I cold methanol, 190 u I water, and 750 u I methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). Seven method blanks and seven quality-control samples (pooled human serum, BiolVT) are extracted at the same time as the samples. The nonpolar fraction of MTBE is dried under vacuum and reconstituted in 60 u I of 90:10 (v/v) methanol: toluene containing 1 - cyclohexyldodecanoic acid urea as an internal standard. Samples are then vortexed, sonicated and centrifuged before analysis.

1 .21 . For analysis of the tested compound in liver and brain, samples are randomized before injection with method blanks and quality-control samples analyzed between every ten study samples. A six-point calibration curve is analyzed after column equilibration using blank injections, and then after all study samples. Blanks are injected after the calibration curve to ensure that none of the tested compound is retained on the column and carried over to samples. Reconstituted sample (5 n I) is injected onto a Waters Acquity UPLC OSH C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm, 1.7 n m particle size) with an Acquity UPLC OSH C18 VanGuard precolumn (Waters) using a Vanquish UHPLC coupled to a TSQ Altis triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Mobile phase A consists of 60:40 v/v acetonitrile/ water with 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid. Mobile phase B consists of 90:10 v/v isopropanol/acetonitrile with 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.1% formic acid. Gradients are run from 0-2 min at 15% B; 2-2.5 min 30% B; 2.5-4.5 min 48% B; 4.5-7.3 min 99% B; 7.3-10 min 15% B. The flow rate is 0.600 ml/min and the column is heated to 65 °C. Mass spectrometer conditions are optimized for the target compound by direct infusion. Selected reaction monitoring is performed for the top five ions, with collision energy, source fragmentation, and radiofrequency optimized for the test compound. Data are processed with TraceFinder 4.1 (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Organ weights are recorded. The concentration in the brain is calculated using the experimentally determined number of moles of the target compound in the whole organ divided by the weight of the organ.

1 .22. 5-HT Receptor Functional Assays.

1 .23. Various assays for measuring serotonin receptor activation are known to those of skill in the art, including those methods described in Olsen et al., Nat. Chem. Biol., 2020 Aug.; 16(8):841-49, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for all purposes. The assays described therein may be utilized to measure the functional activity of any of the serotonin receptor subtypes described herein, including 5-HT1 A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C. In certain embodiments, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is used as the reference compound.

1.24. Cell culture

1 .25. HEK293T cells are maintained, passaged, and transfected in DMEM medium containing 10% FBS, 100 Units/mL penicillin, and 100 g/mL streptomycin (Gibco- ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA) in a humidified atmosphere at 37°C and 5% CO2. After transfection, cells are plated in DMEM containing 1% dialyzed FBS, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 . g/mL streptomycin for BRET2, calcium, and GloSensor assays.

1 .26. BRET2 assays

1 .27. Cells are plated either in six-well dishes at a density of 700,000-800,000 cells/well, or 10-cm dishes at 7-8 million cells/dish. Cells are transfected 2-4 hours later, using a 1 :1 :1 :1 DNA ratio of receptor:Ga-RLuc8:Gp:Gy-GFP2 (100 ng/construct for six-well dishes, 750 ng/construct for 10-cm dishes), except for the Gy-GFP2 screen, where an ethanol coprecipitated mixture of G 1-4 and the target receptor is used at twice its normal ratio (1 :1 :2:1 ). Transit 2020 (Mirus Biosciences, Madison, Wl) is used to complex the DNA at a ratio of 3 u L Transit/ ^ g DNA, in OptiMEM (Gibco-ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA) at a concentration of 10 ng DNA/ At L OptiMEM. The next day, cells are harvested from the plate using Versene (0.1 M PBS + 0.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.4), and plated in poly-D-lysine-coated white, clear bottom 96-well assay plates (Greiner Bio-One, Monroe, NC) at a density of 30,000-50,000 cells/well. 1 .28. One day after plating in 96-well assay plates, white backings (Perkin Elmer, Waltham, MA) are applied to the plate bottoms, and growth medium is carefully aspirated and replaced immediately with 60 n L of assay buffer (1x HBSS + 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4), followed by a 10 n L addition of freshly prepared 50 n M coelenterazine 400a (Nanolight Technologies, Pinetop, AZ). After a five-minute equilibration period, cells are treated with 30 n L of the drug for an additional 5 minutes. Plates are then read in an LB940 Mithras plate reader (Berthold Technologies, Oak Ridge, TN) with 395 nm (RLuc8-coelenterazine 400a) and 510 nm (GFP2) emission filters, at 1 second/well integration times. Plates are read serially six times, and measurements from the sixth read are used in all analyses. BRET2 ratios are computed as the ratio of the GFP2 emission to RLuc8 emission.

1 .29. Calcium Mobilization Assays

1 .30. Cells are plated in 10-cm plates as described in the BRET2 protocol and cotransfected with receptor (1 n g) and Ga-subunit (1 n g) cDNA. The next day, cells are plated at 15,000 cells/well in poly-D-lysine coated black, clear bottom 384-well plates (Greiner Bio-One, Monroe, NC). The following day, growth medium is aspirated and replaced with 20 u L assay buffer containing 1x Fluo-4 Direct Calcium Dye (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) and incubated for 60 minutes at 37°C (no CO₂). Plates are brought to RT for 10 minutes in the dark before being loaded into a FLIPR Tetra® liquid-handling robot and plate reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA). Baseline fluorescence measurements are taken for 10 seconds followed by robotic drug addition (10 n L) and a 60-second measurement (1 measurement/second). For antagonist assays, cells are first treated with antagonist and kept in the dark at room temperature for ten minutes before agonist addition by the FLIPR Tetra® robot. Maximal response during this time is used to calculate amplitude of the calcium transients. Measurements are analyzed as percentage of maximum signal amplitude for the construct.

1.31. Giosensor cAMP Assays

1 .32. Cells are plated in 10-cm plates as previously described. Cells are transfected with plasmids encoding cDNA for the Giosensor reporter (Promega, Madison, Wl), receptor, and Ga-subunit at a ratio of 2:1 :1 (2 pg: 1 pg: 1 pg). The next day, cells are plated in black, clearbottom, 384-well white plates. After aspiration of the medium on the day of the assay, cells are incubated for 60 minutes at 37°C with 20 pL of 5 mM luciferin substrate (GoldBio, St. Louis, MO) freshly prepared in assay buffer. For Gas activity, 10 pL of the drugs are added using the FLIPR Tetra® liquid-handling robot and read after 15 minutes in a Spectramax luminescence plate reader (Molecular Devices, San Jose, CA) with a 0.5 second signal integration time. For Gai activity, 10 pL of the drugs are added for a 15-minute incubation period. Subsequently, 10 pL of isoproterenol (final concentration of 200 nM) are added and incubated for an additional 15-minute period before reading.

Finally, it is noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the," include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited to one referent and vice versa. As used herein, the term "include" or "comprising" and its grammatical variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of an item or items is not to the exclusion of other like items that can be substituted or added to the recited item(s).

Exemplary Embodiments

Embodiment 1 : A compound of Formula I:

wherein

Y is selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, and optionally substituted C2-C₈ alkenyl, or Y is taken together with X_b or R₃', and the nitrogen and carbon atoms therebetween, to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic ring optionally including 1 to 2 additional ring heteromoieties selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, and NR₉;

WI is selected from O, NRi, Se, Se(O), SeO₂ S, S(O), and SO₂;

Z₅ is selected from N and CRs;

Z₆ is selected from N and CR₆;

Z₇ is selected from N and CR₇;

L for each occurrence is selected from C(R_4c)(R₄d) and z is an integer selected from 0 to 6;

Ri is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, -C(O)R₈, -C(O)OR₈, -P(O)(OR₉)₂, -C(O)N(R₉)₂, -SOR₈, and -SO₂R₈;

R₂, R₃, R₃’, R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, halo, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, or R₃ is taken together with R_4a to form a covalent bond;

R_4a, R₄b, R_4C, R₄d, Rs, X_a, and Xb are independently for each occurrence selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -C(O)N(R₈)₂, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈; each R₈ independently is selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each R₉ is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted Ci- C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

Embodiment 2: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl or optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl.

Embodiment 3: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is selected optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 4: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is selected from unsubstituted Ci-C₄ alkyl. Embodiment 5: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is methyl.

Embodiment 6: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is ethyl.

Embodiment 7: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is n-propyl.

Embodiment 8: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is isopropyl.

Embodiment 9: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is hydrogen.

Embodiment 10: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is -CD₃.

Embodiment 11 : The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is taken together with R₃’ and the nitrogen and carbon atoms therebetween, to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring optionally including 1 to 2 additional ring heteromoieties selected from O, S, S(O), SO2, and NR₉.

Embodiment 12: The compound of Embodiment 1 , wherein Y is taken together with X_b and the nitrogen and carbon atoms therebetween, to form an optionally substituted 3- to 7- membered heterocyclic ring optionally including 1 to 2 additional ring heteromoieties selected from O, S, S(O), SO₂, and NR₉.

Embodiment 13: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -1 1 , wherein X_b is hydrogen.

Embodiment 14: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -1 1 , wherein X_b is deuterium.

Embodiment 15: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -1 1 , wherein X_b is C1- C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 16: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -10 and 12-15, wherein R₃’ is C₁-C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 17: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -10 and 12-15, wherein R₃ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 18: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -10 and 12-15, wherein R₃’ is deuterium.

Embodiment 19: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -10 and 12-15, wherein R₃’ is Ci-C₄ alkyl. Embodiment 20: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein R₃ is taken together with R_4a to form a covalent bond.

Embodiment 21 : The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -19, wherein R₃ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 22: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -19, wherein R₃ is deuterium.

Embodiment 23: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -19, wherein R₃ is Ci- C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 24: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -19 and 21 -23, wherein R_4a is deuterium.

Embodiment 25: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -19 and 21 -23, wherein R_4a is hydrogen.

Embodiment 26: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -19 and 21 -23, wherein R_4a is C₁-C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 27: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein R₄b is hydrogen.

Embodiment 28: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein Rx_a is hydrogen.

Embodiment 29: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -27, wherein R_Xa is C₁-C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 30: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein W₂ is

-CH₂-.

Embodiment 31 : The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -29, wherein W₂ is - (CH₂)₂-.

Embodiment 32: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein W₃ is

-CH₂-.

Embodiment 33: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -31 , wherein W₃ is O.

Embodiment 34: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -31 , wherein W₃ is S.

Embodiment 35: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein Wi is S.

Embodiment 36: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -34, wherein Wi is Se.

Embodiment 37: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -34, wherein Wi is O.

Embodiment 38: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -34, wherein Wi is NRi.

Embodiment 39: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -34 and 38, wherein Ri is hydrogen.

Embodiment 40: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -34 and 38, wherein Ri is selected from unsubstituted C₂-C₄ alkyl.

Embodiment 41 : The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein Z₅ is N.

Embodiment 42: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -40, wherein Z₅ is CR5.

Embodiment 43: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein Z₆ is N.

Embodiment 44: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -42, wherein Z₆ is CRe.

Embodiment 45: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein Z₇ is N.

Embodiment 46: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -44, wherein Z₇ is CR₇. Embodiment 47: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -40 and 42-46, wherein R₅ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -OC(O)OR₈ and -OSO₂R₈.

Embodiment 48: The compound of Embodiment 47, wherein R₅ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 49: The compound of Embodiment 47, wherein R₅ is hydroxy.

Embodiment 50: The compound of Embodiment 47, wherein R₅ is -OC(O)R₈.

Embodiment 51 : The compound of Embodiment 47, wherein R₅ is methoxy.

Embodiment 52: The compound of Embodiment 47, wherein R₅ is halo.

Embodiment 53: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -42 and 44-52, wherein R₆ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and halo.

Embodiment 54: The compound of Embodiment 53, wherein R₆ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 55: The compound of Embodiment 53, wherein R₆ is halo.

Embodiment 56: The compound of Embodiment 55, wherein R₆ is fluoro.

Embodiment 57: The compound of Embodiment 55, wherein R₆ is chloro.

Embodiment 58: The compound of Embodiment 53, wherein R₆ is -CF₃.

Embodiment 59: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -44 and 46-58, wherein R₇ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and halo.

Embodiment 60: The compound of Embodiment 59, wherein R₇ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 61 : The compound of Embodiment 59, wherein R₇ is optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

Embodiment 62: The compound of Embodiment 59, wherein R₇ is methyl.

Embodiment 63: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein at least one R₈ is C₁-C₄ alkyl. Embodiment 64: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein z is

1 or 2.

Embodiment 65: The compound of Embodiment 64, wherein z is 1 .

Embodiment 66: The compound of Embodiment 64, wherein z is 2.

Embodiment 67: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein R_4c and R₄d, independently for each occurrence, are selected from hydrogen, Ci-C₄ alkyl, and - C(O)N(R₈)₂.

Embodiment 68: The compound of Embodiment 67, wherein R₈ for each occurrence is independently selected from CrC₄ alkyl.

Embodiment 69: The compound of Embodiment 69, wherein R₈ is ethyl for each occurrence.

Embodiment 70: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein R₂ is halo.

Embodiment 71 : The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein R₂ is bromo.

Embodiment 72: The compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -69, wherein R₂ is hydrogen.

Embodiment 73: The compound of any one of the preceding Embodiments, wherein the compound is crystalline.

Embodiment 74: A composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1-73 and an excipient.

Embodiment 75: A composition of Embodiment 74, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition comprising, consisting essentially of, or consisting of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of Embodiments 1 -73 and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Embodiment 76: A method of modulating activity at a neurotransmitter receptor, comprising administering a dosage formulation comprising a compound of according to any one of Embodiments 1 -73 or a composition of any one of Embodiments 74-75 to the subject in need of treatment. Embodiment 77: The method of Embodiment 76, wherein the dosage formulation is administered to a human subject.

Embodiment 78: A method of preventing or treating a disease or disorder, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of any one of Embodiments 1 -73 or a composition of any one of Embodiments 74-75.

Embodiment 79: The method of Embodiment 78, wherein the disease or disorder is a psychological disorder.

Embodiment 80: The method of Embodiment 79, wherein the disease or disorder is schizophrenia. Embodiment 81 : The method of Embodiment 78, wherein the disease or disorder is obesity.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1 . A compound of Formula I:

wherein

Y is selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, and optionally substituted C2-C8 alkenyl; W₁ is selected from O, NR1, Se, Se(O), SeO₂ S, S(O), and SO₂;

Z₅ is selected from N and CR₅;

Z₆ is selected from N and CR₆;

Z₇ is selected from N and CR₇;

L for each occurrence is selected from C(R4_C)(R_4d) and z is an integer selected from 0 to 6;

R1 is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, -C(O)R₈, -C(O)OR₈, -P(O)(OR₉)₂, -C(O)N(R₉)₂, -SOR₈, and -SO₂R₈;

R₂, R₃, R₃’, R₆ and R₇ are each independently selected from hydrogen, -N(R₉)₂, -SR₉, halo, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl;

R_4a, FUb, FUc, R₄d, Rs, X_a, and Xb are independently for each occurrence selected from hydrogen, deuterium, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C2-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -N(R₉)₂, -SRg, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -C(O)N(R₈)₂, -OC(O)OR₈, -OP(O)(OR₉)₂, and -OSO₂R₈; each R₈ is independently selected from optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; each R₉ is independently selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C1- C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, and optionally substituted aryl; and salts, solvates, hydrates, and prodrugs thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is selected from optionally substituted CrC₈ alkyl or optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl.

3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is selected optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is Ci-C₄ alkyl.

5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is methyl.

6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is ethyl.

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is n-propyl.

8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is isopropyl.

9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is hydrogen.

10. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein W₁ is S.

11 . The compound of any one of claims 1 -9, wherein W₁ is Se.

12. The compound of any one of claims 1 -9, wherein W₁ is O.

13. The compound of any one of claims 1 -9, wherein W₁ is NR1.

14. The compound of claims 1 -9 and 13, wherein Ri is hydrogen.

15. The compound of claims 1 -9 and 13, wherein Ri is C₂-C₄ alkyl.

16. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein Z₅ is CR₅ and R₅ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, optionally substituted C₂-C₈ alkenyl, halo, hydroxyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, -OC(O)R₈, -OC(O)OR₈ and -OSO₂R₈.

17. The compound of claim 16, wherein R₅ is hydrogen.

18. The compound of claim 16, wherein R₅ is hydroxy.

19. The compound of claim 16, wherein R₅ is -OC(O)R₈.

20. The compound of claim 16, wherein R₅ is methoxy.

21 . The compound of claim 16, wherein R₅ is halo.

22. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein Z₆ is CR₆ and R₆ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and halo.

23. The compound of claim 22, wherein R₆ is hydrogen.

24. The compound of claim 22, wherein R₆ is halo.

25. The compound of claim 22, wherein R₆ is fluoro.

26. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein Z₇ is CR₇ and R₇ is selected from hydrogen, optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl, -C₁-C₈ alkoxy, and halo.

27. The compound of claim 26, wherein R₇ is hydrogen.

28. The compound of claim 26, wherein R₇ is optionally substituted C₁-C₈ alkyl.

29. The compound of claim 26, wherein R₇ is methyl.

30. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least one R₈ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

31 . The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein L is -CH₂- and z is 1 or 2.

32. The compound of claim 31 , wherein z is 1 .

33. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein R_4a, R_4b, X_a and X_b are each independently selected from hydrogen and C₁-C₄ alkyl.

34. The compound of claim 33, wherein R_4a, R_4b, X_a and X_b are each independently selected from hydrogen and methyl.

35. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein R₂ is hydrogen.

36. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein R₃ is hydrogen.

37. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein W₂ is -CH₂-.

38. The compound of any one of the preceding claims, wherein W₃ is O.

39. The compound of any one of claims 1 -37, wherein W₃ is -CH₂-.