WO2023220426A1 - Détermination pour savoir si une entrée vocale est destinée à un assistant numérique - Google Patents

Détermination pour savoir si une entrée vocale est destinée à un assistant numérique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023220426A1
WO2023220426A1 PCT/US2023/022122 US2023022122W WO2023220426A1 WO 2023220426 A1 WO2023220426 A1 WO 2023220426A1 US 2023022122 W US2023022122 W US 2023022122W WO 2023220426 A1 WO2023220426 A1 WO 2023220426A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
speech input
digital assistant
score
determining
intended
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2023/022122
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Erik Marchi
Saurabh Adya
Alexander W. CHURCHILL
Pranay Dighe
Vineet Garg
Ahmed S. Hussen Abdelaziz
Sachin S. KAJAREKAR
Eddy Zexin LIANG
Chaitanya MANNEMALA
Seyedmahdad MIRSAMADI
Ognjen RUDOVIC
Siddharth S. SIGTIA
Ahmed H. Tewfik
Barry-John Theobald
Srikanth Vishnubhotla
Original Assignee
Apple Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US17/952,038 external-priority patent/US20230368812A1/en
Application filed by Apple Inc. filed Critical Apple Inc.
Publication of WO2023220426A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023220426A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
    • G10L15/22—Procedures used during a speech recognition process, e.g. man-machine dialogue
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
    • G06F3/16—Sound input; Sound output
    • G06F3/167—Audio in a user interface, e.g. using voice commands for navigating, audio feedback
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G10—MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS; ACOUSTICS
    • G10L—SPEECH ANALYSIS OR SYNTHESIS; SPEECH RECOGNITION; SPEECH OR VOICE PROCESSING; SPEECH OR AUDIO CODING OR DECODING
    • G10L15/00—Speech recognition
    • G10L15/22—Procedures used during a speech recognition process, e.g. man-machine dialogue
    • G10L2015/223—Execution procedure of a spoken command

Definitions

  • This relates generally to intelligent automated assistants and, more specifically, to determining whether speech input is intended for an intelligent automated assistant.
  • Intelligent automated assistants can provide a beneficial interface between human users and electronic devices.
  • Such assistants can allow users to interact with devices or systems using natural language in spoken and/or text forms.
  • a user can provide a speech input containing a user request to a digital assistant operating on an electronic device.
  • the digital assistant can interpret the user’s intent from the speech input and operationalize the user’s intent into tasks.
  • the tasks can then be performed by executing one or more services of the electronic device, and a relevant output responsive to the user request can be returned to the user.
  • An example method includes, at an electronic device including one or more processors and memory: receiving a speech input representing a user utterance; determining, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a first score corresponding to a type of the user utterance; determining, based on the textual representation of the speech input, a second score representing a correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein.
  • An example non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a speech input representing a user utterance; determine, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a first score corresponding to a type of the user utterance; determine, based on the textual representation of the speech input, a second score representing a correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determine, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: initiate, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and provide an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • An example electronic device comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a speech input representing a user utterance; determining, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a first score corresponding to a type of the user utterance; determining, based on the textual representation of the speech input, a second score representing a correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • An example electronic device comprises means for: receiving a speech input representing a user utterance, determining, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a first score corresponding to a type of the user utterance; determining, based on the textual representation of the speech input, a second score representing a correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • the digital assistant may determine whether a speech input is intended for itself (and provide a relevant response to the speech input) without requiring a user to provide additional input explicitly indicating that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, e.g., a spoken trigger input, a selection of a button, a selection of a displayed affordance, etc. Further, the digital assistant may avoid responding to speech inputs not intended for the digital assistant, e.g., speech inputs intended for another person.
  • the user-device interface may be more efficient and accurate (e.g., by reducing the amount of user inputs required to correctly interact with the digital assistant, by reducing user inputs required to stop the digital assistant from providing incorrect responses to speech inputs not intended for the digital assistant, by accurately responding to speech inputs intended for the digital assistant, by avoiding repeated speech inputs to the digital assistant), which additionally reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • An example method includes, at an electronic device including one or more processors and memory: receiving a first speech input representing a first user utterance; initiating, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; providing a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receiving a second speech input following the first speech input, the second speech input representing a second user utterance; determining, based on a textual representation of the second speech input, a first score representing a correspondence between the second user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant; determining, based on the textual representation of the second speech input, a second score representing contextual continuity between the first user utterance and the second user utterance; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant: initiating, by the digital assistant, a second task based on
  • Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein.
  • An example non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a first speech input representing a first user utterance; initiate, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; provide a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receive a second speech input following the first speech input, the second speech input representing a second user utterance; determine, based on a textual representation of the second speech input, a first score representing a correspondence between the second user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant; determine, based on the textual representation of the second speech input, a second score representing contextual continuity between the first user utterance and the second user utterance; determine, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in
  • An example electronic device comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a first speech input representing a first user utterance; initiating, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; providing a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receiving a second speech input following the first speech input, the second speech input representing a second user utterance; determining, based on a textual representation of the second speech input, a first score representing a correspondence between the second user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant; determining, based on the textual representation of the second speech input, a second score representing contextual continuity between the first user utterance and the second user utterance; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital
  • An example electronic device comprises means for: receiving a first speech input representing a first user utterance; initiating, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; providing a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receiving a second speech input following the first speech input, the second speech input representing a second user utterance; determining, based on a textual representation of the second speech input, a first score representing a correspondence between the second user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant; determining, based on the textual representation of the second speech input, a second score representing contextual continuity between the first user utterance and the second user utterance; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant: initiating, by the digital assistant, a second task based on the second speech input; and providing a second output indicative of the initiated second task
  • Determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant allows the digital assistant to more accurately and efficiently respond to speech input (e.g., follow up speech) that follows an initial speech input. This, in turn, may enable more accurate and efficient continued interaction with the digital assistant. For example, the digital assistant may determine whether the follow up speech is intended for itself (and provide a relevant response to the follow up speech) without requiring a user to provide additional input explicitly indicating that the follow up speech is intended for the digital assistant, e.g., a spoken trigger input, a selection of a button, a selection of a displayed affordance, etc. Further, the digital assistant may avoid responding to follow up speech not intended for the digital assistant, e.g., follow up speech intended for another person.
  • speech input e.g., follow up speech
  • the userdevice interface may be more efficient and accurate (e.g., by reducing the amount of user inputs required to correctly interact with the digital assistant, by reducing user inputs required to stop the digital assistant from providing incorrect responses to follow up speech not intended for the digital assistant, by accurately responding to follow up speech input intended for the digital assistant, by avoiding repeated follow up speech inputs to the digital assistant), which additionally reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • An example method includes, at an electronic device including one or more processors and memory: receiving a speech input; determining, based on an acoustic representation of the speech input, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a second score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein.
  • An example non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a speech input; determine, based on an acoustic representation of the speech input, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determine, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a second score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determine, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiate, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: provide an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • An example electronic device comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a speech input; determining, based on an acoustic representation of the speech input, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a second score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • An example electronic device comprises means for: receiving a speech input; determining, based on an acoustic representation of the speech input, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a second score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • the digital assistant may determine whether a speech input is intended for itself (and provide a relevant response to the speech input) without requiring a user to provide additional input explicitly indicating that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, e.g., a spoken trigger input, a selection of a button, a selection of a displayed affordance, etc. Further, the digital assistant may avoid responding to speech inputs not intended for the digital assistant, e.g., speech inputs intended for another person.
  • the user-device interface may be more efficient and accurate (e.g., by reducing the amount of user inputs required to correctly interact with the digital assistant, by reducing user inputs required to stop the digital assistant from providing incorrect responses to speech inputs not intended for the digital assistant, by accurately responding to speech inputs intended for the digital assistant, by avoiding repeated speech inputs to the digital assistant), which additionally reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • Example methods are disclosed herein.
  • An example method includes, at an electronic device including one or more processors and memory: receiving a first speech input; initiating, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; providing a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receiving a second speech input following the first speech input; determining, based on user gaze input and the second speech input, a first score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on an acoustic representation of the second speech input, a second score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a second task based on the second speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing a second output indicative of the initiated second task.
  • Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein.
  • An example non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a first speech input; initiate, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; provide a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receive a second speech input following the first speech input; determine, based on user gaze input and the second speech input, a first score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determine, based on an acoustic representation of the second speech input, a second score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determine, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiate, by the digital assistant, a second task based on the second speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the second speech input is
  • An example electronic device comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a first speech input; initiating, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; providing a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receiving a second speech input following the first speech input; determining, based on user gaze input and the second speech input, a first score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on an acoustic representation of the second speech input, a second score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a second task based on the second speech input; and in accordance with a determination that
  • An example electronic device comprises means for: receiving a first speech input; initiating, by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device, a first task based on the first speech input; providing a first output indicative of the initiated first task; and after providing the first output: receiving a second speech input following the first speech input; determining, based on user gaze input and the second speech input, a first score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on an acoustic representation of the second speech input, a second score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; determining, based on the first score and the second score, whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a second task based on the second speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing a second output indicative of the initiated second task.
  • Determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant allows the digital assistant to more accurately and efficiently respond to speech input (e.g., follow up speech) that follows an initial speech input. This, in turn, may enable more accurate and efficient continued interaction with the digital assistant. For example, the digital assistant may determine whether the follow up speech is intended for itself (and provide a relevant response to the follow up speech) without requiring a user to provide additional input explicitly indicating that the follow up speech is intended for the digital assistant, e.g., a spoken trigger input, a selection of a button, a selection of a displayed affordance, etc. Further, the digital assistant may avoid responding to follow up speech not intended for the digital assistant, e.g., follow up speech intended for another person.
  • speech input e.g., follow up speech
  • the userdevice interface may be more efficient and accurate (e.g., by reducing the amount of user inputs required to correctly interact with the digital assistant, by reducing user inputs required to stop the digital assistant from providing incorrect responses to follow up speech not intended for the digital assistant, by accurately responding to follow up speech input intended for the digital assistant, by avoiding repeated follow up speech inputs to the digital assistant), which additionally reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • An example method includes, at an electronic device including one or more processors and memory: receiving a speech input; capturing, between a start time and an end time of the speech input, a first set of data from the camera; determining, based on the first set of data, a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern while the speech input is provided; determining, based on the speech input and the second set of data, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on the first score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • Example non-transitory computer-readable media are disclosed herein.
  • An example non-transitory computer-readable storage medium stores one or more programs.
  • the one or more programs comprise instructions, which when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a speech input; capture, between a start time and an end time of the speech input, a first set of data from the camera; determine, based on the first set of data, a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern while the speech input is provided; determine, based on the speech input and the second set of data, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determine, based on the first score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiate, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: provide an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • An example electronic device comprises one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs, where the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for: receiving a speech input; capturing, between a start time and an end time of the speech input, a first set of data from the camera; determining, based on the first set of data, a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern while the speech input is provided; determining, based on the speech input and the second set of data, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on the first score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • An example electronic device comprises means for: receiving a speech input; capturing, between a start time and an end time of the speech input, a first set of data from the camera; determining, based on the first set of data, a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern while the speech input is provided; determining, based on the speech input and the second set of data, a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device; determining, based on the first score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; initiating, by the digital assistant, a task based on the speech input; and in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant: providing an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • the digital assistant may determine whether a speech input is intended for itself (and provide a relevant response to the speech input) without requiring a user to provide additional input explicitly indicating that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, e.g., a spoken trigger input, a selection of a button, a selection of a displayed affordance, etc.
  • the digital assistant may instead rely on the user’s gaze pattern to determine whether the speech input is intended for itself. Further, the digital assistant may avoid responding to speech inputs not intended for the digital assistant, e.g., speech inputs intended for another person.
  • the user-device interface may be more efficient and accurate (e.g., by reducing the amount of user inputs required to correctly interact with the digital assistant, by reducing user inputs required to stop the digital assistant from providing incorrect responses to speech inputs not intended for the digital assistant, by accurately responding to speech inputs intended for the digital assistant, by avoiding repeated speech inputs to the digital assistant), which additionally reduces power usage and improves battery life of the device by enabling the user to use the device more quickly and efficiently.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system and environment for implementing a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device implementing the client-side portion of a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates a personal electronic device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 6B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating a digital assistant system or a server portion thereof, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 7B illustrates the functions of the digital assistant shown in FIG. 7A, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 7C illustrates a portion of an ontology, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a system for determining whether a speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate a digital assistant user interface displayed by an electronic device, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates a process for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates a process for determining whether follow up speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIGS 12A-12B illustrate a process for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIGS. 13A-13B illustrate a process for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate a process for determining whether follow up speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • first could be termed a second input
  • second input could be termed a first input, without departing from the scope of the various described examples.
  • the first input and the second input are both inputs and, in some cases, are separate and different inputs.
  • the term “if’ may be construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context.
  • the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” may be construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of system 100 according to various examples.
  • system 100 implements a digital assistant.
  • digital assistant refers to any information processing system that interprets natural language input in spoken and/or textual form to infer user intent, and performs actions based on the inferred user intent.
  • the system performs one or more of the following: identifying a task flow with steps and parameters designed to accomplish the inferred user intent, inputting specific requirements from the inferred user intent into the task flow; executing the task flow by invoking programs, methods, services, APIs, or the like; and generating output responses to the user in an audible (e g., speech) and/or visual form.
  • audible e g., speech
  • a digital assistant is capable of accepting a user request at least partially in the form of a natural language command, request, statement, narrative, and/or inquiry.
  • the user request seeks either an informational answer or performance of a task by the digital assistant.
  • a satisfactory response to the user request includes a provision of the requested informational answer, a performance of the requested task, or a combination of the two.
  • a user asks the digital assistant a question, such as “Where am I right now?” Based on the user’s current location, the digital assistant answers, “You are in Central Park near the west gate.” The user also requests the performance of a task, for example, “Please invite my friends to my girlfriend’s birthday party next week.” In response, the digital assistant can acknowledge the request by saying “Yes, right away,” and then send a suitable calendar invite on behalf of the user to each of the user’s friends listed in the user’s electronic address book. During performance of a requested task, the digital assistant sometimes interacts with the user in a continuous dialogue involving multiple exchanges of information over an extended period of time. There are numerous other ways of interacting with a digital assistant to request information or performance of various tasks. In addition to providing verbal responses and taking programmed actions, the digital assistant also provides responses in other visual or audio forms, e.g., as text, alerts, music, videos, animations, etc.
  • a digital assistant is implemented according to a client-server model.
  • the digital assistant includes client-side portion 102 (hereafter “DA client 102”) executed on user device 104 and server-side portion 106 (hereafter “DA server 106”) executed on server system 108.
  • DA client 102 communicates with DA server 106 through one or more networks 110.
  • DA client 102 provides client-side functionalities such as user-facing input and output processing and communication with DA server 106.
  • DA server 106 provides server-side functionalities for any number of DA clients 102 each residing on a respective user device 104.
  • DA server 106 includes client-facing VO interface 112, one or more processing modules 114, data and models 116, and I/O interface to external services 118.
  • the client-facing I/O interface 112 facilitates the client-facing input and output processing for DA server 106.
  • One or more processing modules 114 utilize data and models 116 to process speech input and determine the user’s intent based on natural language input. Further, one or more processing modules 114 perform task execution based on inferred user intent
  • DA server 106 communicates with external services 120 through network(s) 110 for task completion or information acquisition. I/O interface to external services 118 facilitates such communications.
  • User device 104 can be any suitable electronic device.
  • user device 104 is a portable multifunctional device (e.g., device 200, described below with reference to FIG. 2A), a multifunctional device (e.g., device 400, described below with reference to FIG. 4), or a personal electronic device (e.g., device 600, described below with reference to FIGS. 6A-6B).
  • a portable multifunctional device is, for example, a mobile telephone that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions.
  • portable multifunction devices include the Apple Watch®, iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California.
  • user device 104 is a non-portable multifunctional device.
  • user device 104 is a desktop computer, a game console, a speaker, a television, or a television set-top box.
  • user device 104 includes a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads).
  • user device 104 optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick.
  • electronic devices such as multifunctional devices, are described below in greater detail.
  • Examples of communication network(s) 110 include local area networks (LAN) and wide area networks (WAN), e.g., the Internet.
  • Communication network(s) 110 is implemented using any known network protocol, including various wired or wireless protocols, such as, for example, Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol.
  • Server system 108 is implemented on one or more standalone data processing apparatus or a distributed network of computers.
  • server system 108 also employs various virtual devices and/or services of third-party service providers (e g , third- party cloud service providers) to provide the underlying computing resources and/or infrastructure resources of server system 108.
  • third-party service providers e g , third- party cloud service providers
  • user device 104 communicates with DA server 106 via second user device 122.
  • Second user device 122 is similar or identical to user device 104.
  • second user device 122 is similar to devices 200, 400, or 600 described below with reference to FIGS. 2A, 4, and 6A-6B.
  • User device 104 is configured to communicatively couple to second user device 122 via a direct communication connection, such as Bluetooth, NFC, BTLE, or the like, or via a wired or wireless network, such as a local Wi-Fi network.
  • second user device 122 is configured to act as a proxy between user device 104 and DA server 106.
  • DA client 102 of user device 104 is configured to transmit information (e.g., a user request received at user device 104) to DA server 106 via second user device 122.
  • DA server 106 processes the information and returns relevant data (e.g., data content responsive to the user request) to user device 104 via second user device 122.
  • user device 104 is configured to communicate abbreviated requests for data to second user device 122 to reduce the amount of information transmitted from user device 104.
  • Second user device 122 is configured to determine supplemental information to add to the abbreviated request to generate a complete request to transmit to DA server 106.
  • This system architecture can advantageously allow user device 104 having limited communication capabilities and/or limited battery power (e.g., a watch or a similar compact electronic device) to access services provided by DA server 106 by using second user device 122, having greater communication capabilities and/or battery power (e.g., a mobile phone, laptop computer, tablet computer, or the like), as a proxy to DA server 106. While only two user devices 104 and 122 are shown in FIG. 1, it should be appreciated that system 100, in some examples, includes any number and type of user devices configured in this proxy configuration to communicate with DA server system 106.
  • the digital assistant shown in FIG. 1 includes both a client-side portion (e.g., DA client 102) and a server-side portion (e g., DA server 106), in some examples, the functions of a digital assistant are implemented as a standalone application installed on a user device. In addition, the divisions of functionalities between the client and server portions of the digital assistant can vary in different implementations. For instance, in some examples, the DA client is a thin-client that provides only user-facing input and output processing functions, and delegates all other functionalities of the digital assistant to a backend server.
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 200 with touch-sensitive display system 212 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Touch- sensitive display 212 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch- sensitive display system.”
  • Device 200 includes memory 202 (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller 222, one or more processing units (CPUs) 220, peripherals interface 218, RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, microphone 213, input/output (VO) subsystem 206, other input control devices 216, and external port 224.
  • memory 202 which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums
  • memory controller 222 includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 220, peripherals interface 218, RF circuitry 208, audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, microphone 213, input/output (VO) subsystem 206, other input control devices 216, and external port 224.
  • CPUs central processing unit
  • Device 200 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 264.
  • Device 200 optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 200 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200).
  • Device 200 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs on device 200 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch- sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 212 of device 200 or touchpad 455 of device 400). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 203.
  • the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • the intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors.
  • one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact.
  • a pressuresensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch- sensitive surface.
  • the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface.
  • the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements).
  • the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure).
  • the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure.
  • the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user’s sense of touch.
  • a component e.g., a touch-sensitive surface
  • another component e.g., housing
  • the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device.
  • a touch-sensitive surface e g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad
  • the user is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button.
  • a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user’s movements.
  • movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users.
  • a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”)
  • the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.
  • device 200 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 200 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components.
  • the various components shown in FIG. 2A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.
  • Memory 202 includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums.
  • the computer-readable storage mediums are, for example, tangible and non-transitory.
  • Memory 202 includes high-speed random access memory and also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices.
  • Memory controller 222 controls access to memory 202 by other components of device 200.
  • a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium of memory 202 is used to store instructions (e.g., for performing aspects of processes described below) for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.
  • the instructions e.g., for performing aspects of the processes described below
  • Peripherals interface 218 is used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 220 and memory 202.
  • the one or more processors 220 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 202 to perform various functions for device 200 and to process data.
  • peripherals interface 218, CPU 220, and memory controller 222 are implemented on a single chip, such as chip 204. In some other embodiments, they are implemented on separate chips.
  • RF (radio frequency) circuitry 208 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals.
  • RF circuitry 208 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals.
  • RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth.
  • an antenna system an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • RF circuitry 208 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication.
  • the RF circuitry 208 optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio.
  • NFC near field communication
  • the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e mail (e g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g
  • Audio circuitry 210, speaker 211, and microphone 213 provide an audio interface between a user and device 200.
  • Audio circuitry 210 receives audio data from peripherals interface 218, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 211.
  • Speaker 211 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves.
  • Audio circuitry 210 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 213 from sound waves.
  • Audio circuitry 210 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 218 for processing. Audio data are retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 202 and/or RF circuitry 208 by peripherals interface 218.
  • audio circuitry 210 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 312, FIG. 3).
  • the headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 210 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).
  • removable audio input/output peripherals such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).
  • VO subsystem 206 couples input/output peripherals on device 200, such as touch screen 212 and other input control devices 216, to peripherals interface 218.
  • VO subsystem 206 optionally includes display controller 256, optical sensor controller 258, intensity sensor controller 259, haptic feedback controller 261, and one or more input controllers 260 for other input or control devices.
  • the one or more input controllers 260 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices 216.
  • the other input control devices 216 optionally include physical buttons (e g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth.
  • input controller(s) 260 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse.
  • the one or more buttons optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 211 and/or microphone 213.
  • the one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 306, FIG. 3).
  • a quick press of the push button disengages a lock of touch screen 212 or begin a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. Patent Application 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed December 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a longer press of the push button (e.g., 306) turns power to device 200 on or off. The user is able to customize a functionality of one or more of the buttons.
  • Touch screen 212 is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.
  • Touch-sensitive display 212 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user.
  • Display controller 256 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 212.
  • Touch screen 212 displays visual output to the user.
  • the visual output includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output correspond to userinterface objects.
  • Touch screen 212 has a touch- sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact.
  • Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 202) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 212 and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen 212.
  • user-interface objects e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images
  • a point of contact between touch screen 212 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.
  • Touch screen 212 uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies may be used in other embodiments.
  • Touch screen 212 and display controller 256 detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 212.
  • touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 212.
  • projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, California.
  • a touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Patents: 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • touch screen 212 displays visual output from device 200, whereas touch- sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.
  • a touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 212 is as described in the following applications: (1) U.S. Patent Application No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. Patent Application No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. Patent Application No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed July 30, 2004; (4) U.S. Patent Application No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed January 31, 2005; (5) U.S. Patent Application No.
  • Touch screen 212 has, for example, a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi.
  • the user makes contact with touch screen 212 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth.
  • the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen.
  • the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.
  • device 200 in addition to the touch screen, device 200 includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions.
  • the touchpad is a touch- sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output.
  • the touchpad is a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 212 or an extension of the touch- sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.
  • Device 200 also includes power system 262 for powering the various components.
  • Power system 262 includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.
  • power sources e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)
  • AC alternating current
  • a recharging system e.g., a recharging system
  • a power failure detection circuit e.g., a power failure detection circuit
  • a power converter or inverter e.g., a power converter or inverter
  • a power status indicator e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)
  • Device 200 also includes one or more optical sensors 264.
  • FIG. 2A shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 258 in I/O subsystem 206.
  • Optical sensor 264 includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors.
  • CCD charge-coupled device
  • CMOS complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
  • Optical sensor 264 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image.
  • imaging module 243 also called a camera module
  • optical sensor 264 captures still images or video.
  • an optical sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212 on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is used as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition.
  • an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user’s image is obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display.
  • the position of optical sensor 264 can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor 264 is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.
  • Device 200 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265.
  • FIG. 2A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 259 in I/O subsystem 206.
  • Contact intensity sensor 265 optionally includes one or more piezoresi stive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface).
  • Contact intensity sensor 265 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment.
  • contact intensity information e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information
  • At least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 212). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on the front of device 200.
  • a touch-sensitive surface e.g., touch-sensitive display system 2112.
  • at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on the front of device 200.
  • Device 200 also includes one or more proximity sensors 266.
  • FIG. 2A shows proximity sensor 266 coupled to peripherals interface 218. Alternately, proximity sensor 266 is coupled to input controller 260 in I/O subsystem 206. Proximity sensor 266 is performed as described in U.S. Patent Application Nos.
  • the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 212 when the multifunction device is placed near the user’s ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).
  • Device 200 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 267.
  • FIG. 2A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 261 in I/O subsystem 206.
  • Tactile output generator 267 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device).
  • Contact intensity sensor 265 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 233 and generates tactile outputs on device 200 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 200.
  • At least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e g., touch-sensitive display system 212) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 200) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 200).
  • at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 200, opposite touch screen display 212, which is located on the front of device 200.
  • Device 200 also includes one or more accelerometers 268.
  • FIG. 2A shows accelerometer 268 coupled to peripherals interface 218. Alternately, accelerometer 268 is coupled to an input controller 260 in I/O subsystem 206. Accelerometer 268 performs, for example, as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers.
  • Device 200 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 268, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 200.
  • the software components stored in memory 202 include operating system 226, communication module (or set of instructions) 228, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 230, graphics module (or set of instructions) 232, text input module (or set of instructions) 234, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 235, Digital Assistant Client Module 229, and applications (or sets of instructions) 236.
  • memory 202 stores data and models, such as user data and models 231.
  • memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) stores device/global internal state 257, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 4.
  • Device/global internal state 257 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 212; sensor state, including information obtained from the device’s various sensors and input control devices 216; and location information concerning the device’s location and/or attitude.
  • Operating system 226 e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks
  • Operating system 226 includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.
  • general system tasks e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.
  • Communication module 228 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 224 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry 208 and/or external port 224.
  • External port 224 e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • FIREWIRE FireWire
  • the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.
  • Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects contact with touch screen 212 (in conjunction with display controller 256) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel).
  • Contact/motion module 230 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact).
  • Contact/motion module 230 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 230 and display controller 256 detect contact on a touchpad.
  • contact/motion module 230 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon).
  • at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 200). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware.
  • a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).
  • Contact/motion module 230 optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern.
  • detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon).
  • detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.
  • Graphics module 232 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 212 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed.
  • graphics includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including , without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.
  • graphics module 232 stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module 232 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 256.
  • Haptic feedback module 233 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 267 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 200 in response to user interactions with device 200.
  • Text input module 23 which is, in some examples, a component of graphics module 232, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 237, email 240, IM 241, browser 247, and any other application that needs text input).
  • applications e.g., contacts 237, email 240, IM 241, browser 247, and any other application that needs text input.
  • GPS module 235 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e g., to telephone 238 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location- based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).
  • applications e g., to telephone 238 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 243 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location- based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).
  • Digital assistant client module 229 includes various client-side digital assistant instructions to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant.
  • digital assistant client module 229 is capable of accepting voice input (e.g., speech input), text input, touch input, and/or gestural input through various user interfaces (e.g., microphone 213, accelerometer(s) 268, touch- sensitive display system 212, optical sensor(s) 264, other input control devices 216, etc.) of portable multifunction device 200.
  • Digital assistant client module 229 is also capable of providing output in audio (e.g., speech output), visual, and/or tactile forms through various output interfaces (e.g., speaker 211, touch-sensitive display system 212, tactile output generator(s) 267, etc.) of portable multifunction device 200.
  • output is provided as voice, sound, alerts, text messages, menus, graphics, videos, animations, vibrations, and/or combinations of two or more of the above.
  • digital assistant client module 229 communicates with DA server 106 using RF circuitry 208.
  • User data and models 231 include various data associated with the user (e.g., userspecific vocabulary data, user preference data, user-specified name pronunciations, data from the user’s electronic address book, to-do lists, shopping lists, etc.) to provide the client-side functionalities of the digital assistant. Further, user data and models 231 include various models (e.g., speech recognition models, statistical language models, natural language processing models, ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.) for processing user input and determining user intent.
  • models e.g., speech recognition models, statistical language models, natural language processing models, ontology, task flow models, service models, etc.
  • digital assistant client module 229 utilizes the various sensors, subsystems, and peripheral devices of portable multifunction device 200 to gather additional information from the surrounding environment of the portable multifunction device 200 to establish a context associated with a user, the current user interaction, and/or the current user input.
  • digital assistant client module 229 provides the contextual information or a subset thereof with the user input to DA server 106 to help infer the user’s intent.
  • the digital assistant also uses the contextual information to determine how to prepare and deliver outputs to the user. Contextual information is referred to as context data.
  • the contextual information that accompanies the user input includes sensor information, e.g., lighting, ambient noise, ambient temperature, images or videos of the surrounding environment, etc.
  • the contextual information can also include the physical state of the device, e.g., device orientation, device location, device temperature, power level, speed, acceleration, motion patterns, cellular signals strength, etc.
  • information related to the software state of DA server 106 e.g., running processes, installed programs, past and present network activities, background services, error logs, resources usage, etc., and of portable multifunction device 200 is provided to DA server 106 as contextual information associated with a user input.
  • the digital assistant client module 229 selectively provides information (e.g., user data 231) stored on the portable multifunction device 200 in response to requests from DA server 106. In some examples, digital assistant client module 229 also elicits additional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or other user interfaces upon request by DA server 106. Digital assistant client module 229 passes the additional input to DA server 106 to help DA server 106 in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user’s intent expressed in the user request.
  • information e.g., user data 231
  • digital assistant client module 229 also elicits additional input from the user via a natural language dialogue or other user interfaces upon request by DA server 106.
  • Digital assistant client module 229 passes the additional input to DA server 106 to help DA server 106 in intent deduction and/or fulfillment of the user’s intent expressed in the user request.
  • digital assistant client module 229 can include any number of the sub-modules of digital assistant module 726 described below.
  • Applications 236 include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:
  • Contacts module 237 (sometimes called an address book or contact list);
  • Video conference module 239 • Video conference module 239;
  • IM Instant messaging
  • Workout support module 242 ; Camera module 243 for still and/or video images;
  • Image management module 244 • Image management module 244;
  • Calendar module 248 • Calendar module 248;
  • Widget modules 249 which includes, in some examples, one or more of: weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator widget 249-3, alarm clock widget 249- 4, dictionary widget 249-5, and other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user- created widgets 249-6;
  • Widget creator module 250 for making user-created widgets 249-6;
  • Video and music player module 252 which merges video player module and music player module
  • Map module 254 • Map module 254; and/or
  • Examples of other applications 236 that are stored in memory 202 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.
  • contacts module 237 are used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module 237 in memory 202 or memory 470), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e- mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names, providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 238, video conference module 239, e-mail 240, or IM 241; and so forth.
  • an address book or contact list e.g., stored in application internal state 292 of contacts module 237 in memory 202 or memory 470
  • telephone module 238 are used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module 237, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed.
  • the wireless communication uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies.
  • video conference module 239 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.
  • e-mail client module 240 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions.
  • image management module 244 e-mail client module 240 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 243.
  • the instant messaging module 241 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages.
  • SMS Short Message Service
  • MMS Multimedia Message Service
  • XMPP extensible Markup Language
  • SIMPLE Session Initiation Protocol
  • IMPS Internet Messaging Protocol
  • transmitted and/or received instant messages include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS).
  • EMS Enhanced Messaging Service
  • instant messaging refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).
  • workout support module 242 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data.
  • create workouts e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals
  • communicate with workout sensors sports devices
  • receive workout sensor data calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout
  • select and play music for a workout and display, store, and transmit workout data.
  • camera module 243 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 202, modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 202.
  • image management module 244 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.
  • modify e.g., edit
  • present e.g., in a digital slide show or album
  • browser module 247 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.
  • calendar module 248 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.
  • widget modules 249 are mini-applications that can be downloaded and used by a user (e g., weather widget 249-1, stocks widget 249-2, calculator widget 249-3, alarm clock widget 249-4, and dictionary widget 249-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 249-6).
  • a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file.
  • a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).
  • the widget creator module 250 are used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).
  • search module 251 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 202 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.
  • search criteria e.g., one or more user-specified search terms
  • video and music player module 252 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 212 or on an external, connected display via external port 224).
  • device 200 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).
  • notes module 253 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.
  • map module 254 are used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.
  • maps e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data
  • online video module 255 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 224), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264.
  • instant messaging module 241 rather than e-mail client module 240, is used to send a link to a particular online video.
  • modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein).
  • modules e.g., sets of instructions
  • video player module can be combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module 252, FIG. 2A).
  • memory 202 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 202 stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • device 200 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad.
  • a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 200, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 200 is reduced.
  • the predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces.
  • the touchpad when touched by the user, navigates device 200 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 200.
  • a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad.
  • the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.
  • FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.
  • memory 202 (FIG. 2A) or 470 (FIG. 4) includes event sorter 270 (e.g., in operating system 226) and a respective application 236-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 237-251, 255, 480-490).
  • event sorter 270 e.g., in operating system 226
  • application 236-1 e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 237-251, 255, 480-490.
  • Event sorter 270 receives event information and determines the application 236-1 and application view 291 of application 236-1 to which to deliver the event information.
  • Event sorter 270 includes event monitor 271 and event dispatcher module 274.
  • application 236-1 includes application internal state 292, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display 212 when the application is active or executing.
  • device/global internal state 257 is used by event sorter 270 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 292 is used by event sorter 270 to determine application views 291 to which to deliver event information.
  • application internal state 292 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 236-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 236-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 236-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.
  • Event monitor 271 receives event information from peripherals interface 218.
  • Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch- sensitive display 212, as part of a multi-touch gesture).
  • Peripherals interface 218 transmits information it receives from EO subsystem 206 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 266, accelerometer(s) 268, and/or microphone 213 (through audio circuitry 210).
  • Information that peripherals interface 218 receives from VO subsystem 206 includes information from touch- sensitive display 212 or a touch-sensitive surface.
  • event monitor 271 sends requests to the peripherals interface 218 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface 218 transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface 218 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).
  • event sorter 270 also includes a hit view determination module 272 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 273.
  • Hit view determination module 272 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display 212 displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.
  • FIG. 1 Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur.
  • the application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs is determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.
  • Hit view determination module 272 receives information related to sub events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 272 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of subevents that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module 272, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.
  • Active event recognizer determination module 273 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 273 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 273 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.
  • Event dispatcher module 274 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 280). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 273, event dispatcher module 274 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 273. In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 274 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 282.
  • an event recognizer e.g., event recognizer 280.
  • event dispatcher module 274 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 273.
  • event dispatcher module 274 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 282.
  • operating system 226 includes event sorter 270.
  • application 236-1 includes event sorter 270.
  • event sorter 270 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 202, such as contact/motion module 230.
  • application 236-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 290 and one or more application views 291, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application’s user interface.
  • Each application view 291 of the application 236-1 includes one or more event recognizers 280.
  • a respective application view 291 includes a plurality of event recognizers 280.
  • one or more of event recognizers 280 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 236-1 inherits methods and other properties.
  • a respective event handler 290 includes one or more of: data updater 276, object updater 277, GUI updater 278, and/or event data 279 received from event sorter 270.
  • Event handler 290 utilizes or calls data updater 276, object updater 277, or GUI updater 278 to update the application internal state 292
  • one or more of the application views 291 include one or more respective event handlers 290.
  • one or more of data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278 are included in a respective application view 291.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 receives event information (e.g., event data 279) from event sorter 270 and identifies an event from the event information.
  • Event recognizer 280 includes event receiver 282 and event comparator 284.
  • event recognizer 280 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 283, and event delivery instructions 288 (which include sub-event delivery instructions).
  • Event receiver 282 receives event information from event sorter 270.
  • the event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement.
  • the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event.
  • the event information also includes speed and direction of the sub-event.
  • events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.
  • Event comparator 284 compares the event information to predefined event or subevent definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event.
  • event comparator 284 includes event definitions 286.
  • Event definitions 286 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 (287-1), event 2 (287- 2), and others.
  • sub-events in an event (287) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching.
  • the definition for event 1 (287-1) is a double tap on a displayed object.
  • the double tap for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase.
  • the definition for event 2 (287-2) is a dragging on a displayed object.
  • the dragging for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch- sensitive display 212, and liftoff of the touch (touch end).
  • the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 290.
  • event definition 287 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object.
  • event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 212, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 212, event comparator 284 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 290, the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 290 should be activated. For example, event comparator 284 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.
  • the definition for a respective event (287) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer’s event type.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 286, the respective event recognizer 280 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 includes metadata 283 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers.
  • metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another.
  • metadata 283 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 activates event handler 290 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized.
  • a respective event recognizer 280 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 290. Activating an event handler 290 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view.
  • event recognizer 280 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 290 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.
  • event delivery instructions 288 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.
  • data updater 276 creates and updates data used in application 236-1. For example, data updater 276 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 237, or stores a video file used in video player module.
  • object updater 277 creates and updates objects used in application 236-1. For example, object updater 277 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object.
  • GUI updater 278 updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater 278 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 232 for display on a touch- sensitive display.
  • event handler(s) 290 includes or has access to data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278.
  • data updater 276, object updater 277, and GUI updater 278 are included in a single module of a respective application 236-1 or application view 291. In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a portable multifunction device 200 having a touch screen 212 in accordance with some embodiments.
  • the touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 300.
  • UI user interface
  • a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 302 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 303 (not drawn to scale in the figure).
  • selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics.
  • the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 200.
  • inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.
  • Device 200 also includes one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 304.
  • menu button 304 is used to navigate to any application 236 in a set of applications that is executed on device 200.
  • the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 212.
  • device 200 includes touch screen 212, menu button 304, push button 306 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 308, subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot 310, headset jack 312, and docking/charging external port 224.
  • Push button 306 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process.
  • device 200 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 213.
  • Device 200 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 265 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 212 and/or one or more tactile output generators 267 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 200.
  • FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.
  • Device 400 need not be portable.
  • device 400 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child’s learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller).
  • Device 400 typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 410, one or more network or other communications interfaces 460, memory 470, and one or more communication buses 420 for interconnecting these components.
  • CPUs processing units
  • Communication buses 420 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components.
  • Device 400 includes input/output (I/O) interface 430 comprising display 440, which is typically a touch screen display.
  • I/O interface 430 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 450 and touchpad 455, tactile output generator 457 for generating tactile outputs on device 400 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 267 described above with reference to FIG. 2A), sensors 459 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 described above with reference to FIG. 2A).
  • sensors 459 e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 265 described above with reference to FIG. 2A).
  • Memory 470 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes nonvolatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 470 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 410. In some embodiments, memory 470 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 (FIG. 2A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory 470 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200.
  • memory 470 of device 400 optionally stores drawing module 480, presentation module 482, word processing module 484, website creation module 486, disk authoring module 488, and/or spreadsheet module 490, while memory 202 of portable multifunction device 200 (FIG. 2A) optionally does not store these modules.
  • Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 4 is, in some examples, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices.
  • Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above.
  • the above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments.
  • memory 470 stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 470 stores additional modules and data structures not described above.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 200 in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are implemented on device 400.
  • user interface 500 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:
  • Tray 508 with icons for frequently used applications such as: o Icon 516 for telephone module 238, labeled “Phone,” which optionally includes an indicator 514 of the number of missed calls or voicemail messages; o Icon 518 for e-mail client module 240, labeled “Mail,” which optionally includes an indicator 510 of the number of unread e-mails; o Icon 520 for browser module 247, labeled “Browser;” and o Icon 522 for video and music player module 252, also referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 252, labeled “iPod;” and
  • Icons for other applications such as: o Icon 524 for IM module 241, labeled “Messages;” o Icon 526 for calendar module 248, labeled “Calendar;” o Icon 528 for image management module 244, labeled “Photos;” o Icon 530 for camera module 243, labeled “Camera;” o Icon 532 for online video module 255, labeled “Online Video;” o Icon 534 for stocks widget 249-2, labeled “Stocks;” o Icon 536 for map module 254, labeled “Maps;” o Icon 538 for weather widget 249-1, labeled “Weather;” o Icon 540 for alarm clock widget 249-4, labeled “Clock;” o Icon 542 for workout support module 242, labeled “Workout Support;” o Icon 544 for notes module 253, labeled “Notes;” and o Icon 546 for a settings application or module,
  • icon labels illustrated in FIG. 5A are merely exemplary.
  • icon 522 for video and music player module 252 is optionally labeled “Music” or “Music Player.”
  • Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons.
  • a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon.
  • a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.
  • FIG. 5B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 400, FIG. 4) with a touch-sensitive surface 551 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 455, FIG. 4) that is separate from the display 550 (e.g., touch screen display 212).
  • Device 400 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e g., one or more of sensors 459) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 551 and/or one or more tactile output generators 457 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 400.
  • the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG. 5B.
  • the touch-sensitive surface e.g., 551 in FIG. 5B
  • the touch- sensitive surface has a primary axis (e.g., 552 in FIG. 5B) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 553 in FIG. 5B) on the display (e.g., 550).
  • the device detects contacts (e.g., 560 and 562 in FIG.
  • finger inputs e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures
  • one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input).
  • a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact).
  • a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact).
  • a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact).
  • multiple user inputs it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 600.
  • Device 600 includes body 602.
  • device 600 includes some or all of the features described with respect to devices 200 and 400 (e.g., FIGS. 2A-4).
  • device 600 has touch-sensitive display screen 604, hereafter touch screen 604.
  • touch screen 604 has one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e g., touches) being applied.
  • the one or more intensity sensors of touch screen 604 (or the touch-sensitive surface) provide output data that represents the intensity of touches.
  • the user interface of device 600 responds to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device 600.
  • device 600 has one or more input mechanisms 606 and 608.
  • Input mechanisms 606 and 608, if included, are physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms.
  • device 600 has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device 600 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device 600 to be worn by a user.
  • FIG. 6B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 600.
  • device 600 includes some or all of the components described with respect to FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 4.
  • Device 600 has bus 612 that operatively couples VO section 614 with one or more computer processors 616 and memory 618.
  • VO section 614 is connected to display 604, which can have touch-sensitive component 622 and, optionally, touch-intensity sensitive component 624.
  • VO section 614 is connected with communication unit 630 for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques.
  • Device 600 includes input mechanisms 606 and/or 608.
  • Input mechanism 606 is a rotatable input device or a depressible and rotatable input device, for example.
  • Input mechanism 608 is a button, in some examples.
  • Input mechanism 608 is a microphone, in some examples.
  • Personal electronic device 600 includes, for example, various sensors, such as GPS sensor 632, accelerometer 634, directional sensor 640 (e g., compass), gyroscope 636, motion sensor 638, and/or a combination thereof, all of which are operatively connected to VO section 614.
  • sensors such as GPS sensor 632, accelerometer 634, directional sensor 640 (e g., compass), gyroscope 636, motion sensor 638, and/or a combination thereof, all of which are operatively connected to VO section 614.
  • Memory 618 of personal electronic device 600 is a non-transitory computer- readable storage medium, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors 616, for example, cause the computer processors to perform the techniques and processes described below.
  • the computerexecutable instructions for example, are also stored and/or transported within any non- transitory computer-readable storage medium for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as a computer-based system, processorcontaining system, or other system that can fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system, apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.
  • Personal electronic device 600 is not limited to the components and configuration of FIG. 6B, but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations.
  • the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, for example, displayed on the display screen of devices 200, 400, 600, and/or 900 (FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-6B, and 9A-9D).
  • an image e.g., icon
  • a button e.g., button
  • text e.g., hyperlink
  • the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting.
  • the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 455 in FIG. 4 or touch-sensitive surface 551 in FIG. 5B) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.
  • a touch-sensitive surface e.g., touchpad 455 in FIG. 4 or touch-sensitive surface 551 in FIG. 5B
  • a particular user interface element e.g., a button, window, slider or other user interface element
  • a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input.
  • a particular user interface element e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element
  • focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface.
  • the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user’s intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact).
  • a focus selector e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box
  • a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).
  • the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact).
  • a predefined time period e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds
  • a characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like.
  • the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time).
  • the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user.
  • the set of one or more intensity thresholds includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold.
  • a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation
  • a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation
  • a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation.
  • a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation) rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation.
  • a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.
  • a touch-sensitive surface receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases.
  • the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location).
  • a smoothing algorithm is applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact.
  • the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm.
  • these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.
  • the intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds.
  • the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad.
  • the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad.
  • the device when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch- sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold.
  • a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected
  • these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures.
  • An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input.
  • An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input.
  • An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface.
  • a decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface.
  • the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero.
  • one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold.
  • the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input).
  • the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input).
  • the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold).
  • the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold.
  • the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input).
  • the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances).
  • the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold.
  • the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold.
  • FIG. 7A illustrates a block diagram of digital assistant system 700 in accordance with various examples.
  • digital assistant system 700 is implemented on a standalone computer system.
  • digital assistant system 700 is distributed across multiple computers.
  • some of the modules and functions of the digital assistant are divided into a server portion and a client portion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices (e.g., devices 104, 122, 200, 400, 600, or 900) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., server system 108) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1.
  • digital assistant system 700 is an implementation of server system 108 (and/or DA server 106) shown in FIG. 1.
  • digital assistant system 700 is only one example of a digital assistant system, and that digital assistant system 700 can have more or fewer components than shown, can combine two or more components, or can have a different configuration or arrangement of the components.
  • the various components shown in FIG. 7A are implemented in hardware, software instructions for execution by one or more processors, firmware, including one or more signal processing and/or application specific integrated circuits, or a combination thereof.
  • Digital assistant system 700 includes memory 702, one or more processors 704, input/output (I/O) interface 706, and network communications interface 708. These components can communicate with one another over one or more communication buses or signal lines 710.
  • memory 702 includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium, such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).
  • a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as high-speed random access memory and/or a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium (e.g., one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices).
  • I/O interface 706 couples input/output devices 716 of digital assistant system 700, such as displays, keyboards, touch screens, and microphones, to user interface module 722.
  • digital assistant system 700 includes any of the components and I/O communication interfaces described with respect to devices 200, 400, 600, or 900 in FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-6B, and 9A-9D, respectively.
  • digital assistant system 700 represents the server portion of a digital assistant implementation, and can interact with the user through a client-side portion residing on a user device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, 600, or 900).
  • the network communications interface 708 includes wired communication port(s) 712 and/or wireless transmission and reception circuitry 714.
  • the wired communication port(s) receives and send communication signals via one or more wired interfaces, e.g., Ethernet, Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.
  • the wireless circuitry 714 receives and sends RF signals and/or optical signals from/to communications networks and other communications devices.
  • the wireless communications use any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, such as GSM, EDGE, CDMA, TDMA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, VoIP, Wi-MAX, or any other suitable communication protocol.
  • Network communications interface 708 enables communication between digital assistant system 700 with networks, such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • networks such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • networks such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • networks such as the Internet, an intranet, and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN), and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices.
  • LAN wireless local area network
  • MAN metropolitan area network
  • memory 702, or the computer-readable storage media of memory 702 stores programs, modules, instructions, and data structures including all or a subset of: operating system 718, communications module 720, user interface module 722, one or more applications 724, and digital assistant module 726.
  • memory 702, or the computer-readable storage media of memory 702 stores instructions for performing the processes described below.
  • processors 704 execute these programs, modules, and instructions, and reads/writes from/to the data structures.
  • Operating system 718 e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, iOS, OS X, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks
  • Operating system 718 includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communications between various hardware, firmware, and software components.
  • Communications module 720 facilitates communications between digital assistant system 700 with other devices over network communications interface 708.
  • communications module 720 communicates with RF circuitry 208 of electronic devices such as devices 200, 400, and 600 shown in FIGS. 2A, 4, 6A-6B, respectively.
  • Communications module 720 also includes various components for handling data received by wireless circuitry 714 and/or wired communications port 712.
  • User interface module 722 receives commands and/or inputs from a user via I/O interface 706 (e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointing device, controller, and/or microphone), and generate user interface objects on a display. User interface module 722 also prepares and delivers outputs (e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.) to the user via the I/O interface 706 (e.g., through displays, audio channels, speakers, touch-pads, etc.).
  • I/O interface 706 e.g., from a keyboard, touch screen, pointing device, controller, and/or microphone
  • outputs e.g., speech, sound, animation, text, icons, vibrations, haptic feedback, light, etc.
  • Applications 724 include programs and/or modules that are configured to be executed by one or more processors 704. For example, if the digital assistant system is implemented on a standalone user device, applications 724 include user applications, such as games, a calendar application, a navigation application, or an email application. If digital assistant system 700 is implemented on a server, applications 724 include resource management applications, diagnostic applications, or scheduling applications, for example.
  • Memory 702 also stores digital assistant module 726 (or the server portion of a digital assistant).
  • digital assistant module 726 includes the following submodules, or a subset or superset thereof: input/output processing module 728, speech-to-text (STT) processing module 730, natural language processing module 732, dialogue flow processing module 734, task flow processing module 736, service processing module 738, and speech synthesis processing module 740.
  • STT speech-to-text
  • Each of these modules has access to one or more of the following systems or data and models of the digital assistant module 726, or a subset or superset thereof: ontology 760, vocabulary index 744, user data 748, task flow models 754, service models 756, and ASR systems 758.
  • the digital assistant can perform at least some of the following: converting speech input into text; identifying a user’s intent expressed in a natural language input received from the user; actively eliciting and obtaining information needed to fully infer the user’s intent (e.g., by disambiguating words, games, intentions, etc.); determining the task flow for fulfilling the inferred intent; and executing the task flow to fulfill the inferred intent.
  • VO processing module 728 interacts with the user through I/O devices 716 in FIG. 7A or with a user device (e.g., devices 104, 200, 400, or 600) through network communications interface 708 in FIG. 7A to obtain user input (e.g., a speech input) and to provide responses (e.g., as speech outputs) to the user input.
  • VO processing module 728 optionally obtains contextual information associated with the user input from the user device, along with or shortly after the receipt of the user input.
  • the contextual information includes user-specific data, vocabulary, and/or preferences relevant to the user input.
  • the contextual information also includes software and hardware states of the user device at the time the user request is received, and/or information related to the surrounding environment of the user at the time that the user request was received.
  • VO processing module 728 also sends follow-up questions to, and receive answers from, the user regarding the user request. When a user request is received by VO processing module 728 and the user request includes speech input, VO processing module 728 forwards the speech input to STT processing module 730 (or speech recognizer) for speech-to-text conversions.
  • STT processing module 730 includes one or more ASR systems 758.
  • the one or more ASR systems 758 can process the speech input that is received through VO processing module 728 to produce a recognition result.
  • Each ASR system 758 includes a front-end speech pre-processor.
  • the front-end speech pre-processor extracts representative features from the speech input. For example, the front-end speech pre-processor performs a Fourier transform on the speech input to extract spectral features that characterize the speech input as a sequence of representative multi-dimensional vectors.
  • each ASR system 758 includes one or more speech recognition models (e.g., acoustic models and/or language models) and implements one or more speech recognition engines.
  • Examples of speech recognition models include Hidden Markov Models, Gaussian-Mixture Models, Deep Neural Network Models, n-gram language models, and other statistical models.
  • Examples of speech recognition engines include the dynamic time warping based engines and weighted finite- state transducers (WFST) based engines.
  • the one or more speech recognition models and the one or more speech recognition engines are used to process the extracted representative features of the front-end speech pre-processor to produce intermediate recognitions results (e.g., phonemes, phonemic strings, and sub-words), and ultimately, text recognition results (e.g., words, word strings, or sequence of tokens).
  • the speech input is processed at least partially by a third-party service or on the user’s device (e.g., device 104, 200, 400, or 600) to produce the recognition result.
  • a third-party service e.g., device 104, 200, 400, or 600
  • the recognition result is passed to natural language processing module 732 for intent deduction.
  • STT processing module 730 produces multiple candidate text representations of the speech input. Each candidate text representation is a sequence of words or tokens corresponding to the speech input. In some examples, each candidate text representation is associated with a speech recognition confidence score.
  • STT processing module 730 includes and/or accesses a vocabulary of recognizable words via phonetic alphabet conversion module 731.
  • Each vocabulary word is associated with one or more candidate pronunciations of the word represented in a speech recognition phonetic alphabet.
  • the vocabulary of recognizable words includes a word that is associated with a plurality of candidate pronunciations.
  • the vocabulary includes the word “tomato” that is associated with the candidate pronunciations of /ta'meirou/ and /ta'matou/.
  • vocabulary words are associated with custom candidate pronunciations that are based on previous speech inputs from the user.
  • Such custom candidate pronunciations are stored in STT processing module 730 and are associated with a particular user via the user’s profile on the device.
  • the candidate pronunciations for words are determined based on the spelling of the word and one or more linguistic and/or phonetic rules.
  • the candidate pronunciations are manually generated, e.g., based on known canonical pronunciations.
  • the candidate pronunciations are ranked based on the commonness of the candidate pronunciation. For example, the candidate pronunciation /ta'meirou/ is ranked higher than /ta'motou/, because the former is a more commonly used pronunciation (e.g., among all users, for users in a particular geographical region, or for any other appropriate subset of users).
  • candidate pronunciations are ranked based on whether the candidate pronunciation is a custom candidate pronunciation associated with the user. For example, custom candidate pronunciations are ranked higher than canonical candidate pronunciations. This can be useful for recognizing proper nouns having a unique pronunciation that deviates from canonical pronunciation.
  • candidate pronunciations are associated with one or more speech characteristics, such as geographic origin, nationality, or ethnicity.
  • the candidate pronunciation /ta'meirou/ is associated with the United States
  • the candidate pronunciation /ta'motou/ is associated with Great Britain.
  • the rank of the candidate pronunciation is based on one or more characteristics (e.g., geographic origin, nationality, ethnicity, etc.) of the user stored in the user’s profile on the device. For example, it can be determined from the user’s profile that the user is associated with the United States. Based on the user being associated with the United States, the candidate pronunciation /to'meirou/ (associated with the United States) is ranked higher than the candidate pronunciation /ta'matoo/ (associated with Great Britain).
  • one of the ranked candidate pronunciations is selected as a predicted pronunciation (e.g., the most likely pronunciation).
  • STT processing module 730 is used to determine the phonemes corresponding to the speech input (e.g., using an acoustic model), and then attempt to determine words that match the phonemes (e g., using a language model). For example, if STT processing module 730 first identifies the sequence of phonemes /ta'meiroo/ corresponding to a portion of the speech input, it can then determine, based on vocabulary index 744, that this sequence corresponds to the word “tomato.”
  • STT processing module 730 uses approximate matching techniques to determine words in an utterance. Thus, for example, the STT processing module 730 determines that the sequence of phonemes /ta'meirou/ corresponds to the word “tomato,” even if that particular sequence of phonemes is not one of the candidate sequence of phonemes for that word.
  • Natural language processing module 732 (“natural language processor”) of the digital assistant takes the n-best candidate text representation(s) (“word sequence(s)” or “token sequence(s)”) generated by STT processing module 730, and attempts to associate each of the candidate text representations with one or more “actionable intents” recognized by the digital assistant.
  • An “actionable intent” (or “user intent”) represents a task that can be performed by the digital assistant, and can have an associated task flow implemented in task flow models 754.
  • the associated task flow is a series of programmed actions and steps that the digital assistant takes in order to perform the task.
  • the scope of a digital assistant is dependent on the number and variety of task flows that have been implemented and stored in task flow models 754, or in other words, on the number and variety of “actionable intents” that the digital assistant recognizes.
  • the effectiveness of the digital assistant also dependents on the assistant’s ability to infer the correct “actionable intent(s)” from the user request expressed in natural language.
  • natural language processing module 732 in addition to the sequence of words or tokens obtained from STT processing module 730, natural language processing module 732 also receives contextual information associated with the user request, e.g., from I/O processing module 728.
  • the natural language processing module 732 optionally uses the contextual information to clarify, supplement, and/or further define the information contained in the candidate text representations received from STT processing module 730.
  • the contextual information includes, for example, user preferences, hardware, and/or software states of the user device, sensor information collected before, during, or shortly after the user request, prior interactions (e.g., dialogue) between the digital assistant and the user, and the like.
  • contextual information is, in some examples, dynamic, and changes with time, location, content of the dialogue, and other factors.
  • the natural language processing is based on, e.g., ontology 760.
  • Ontology 760 is a hierarchical structure containing many nodes, each node representing either an “actionable intent” or a “property” relevant to one or more of the “actionable intents” or other “properties.”
  • an “actionable intent” represents a task that the digital assistant is capable of performing, i.e., it is “actionable” or can be acted on.
  • a “property” represents a parameter associated with an actionable intent or a sub-aspect of another property.
  • a linkage between an actionable intent node and a property node in ontology 760 defines how a parameter represented by the property node pertains to the task represented by the actionable intent node.
  • ontology 760 is made up of actionable intent nodes and property nodes.
  • each actionable intent node is linked to one or more property nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes.
  • each property node is linked to one or more actionable intent nodes either directly or through one or more intermediate property nodes.
  • ontology 760 includes a “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., an actionable intent node).
  • Property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time” (for the reservation), and “party size” are each directly linked to the actionable intent node (i.e., the “restaurant reservation” node).
  • property nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location” are sub-nodes of the property node “restaurant,” and are each linked to the “restaurant reservation” node (i.e., the actionable intent node) through the intermediate property node “restaurant.”
  • ontology 760 also includes a “set reminder” node (i.e., another actionable intent node).
  • Property nodes “date/time” (for setting the reminder) and “subject” (for the reminder) are each linked to the “set reminder” node.
  • the property node “date/time” is linked to both the “restaurant reservation” node and the “set reminder” node in ontology 760.
  • An actionable intent node along with its linked property nodes, is described as a “domain.”
  • each domain is associated with a respective actionable intent, and refers to the group of nodes (and the relationships there between) associated with the particular actionable intent.
  • ontology 760 shown in FIG. 7C includes an example of restaurant reservation domain 762 and an example of reminder domain 764 within ontology 760.
  • the restaurant reservation domain includes the actionable intent node “restaurant reservation,” property nodes “restaurant,” “date/time,” and “party size,” and subproperty nodes “cuisine,” “price range,” “phone number,” and “location.”
  • Reminder domain 764 includes the actionable intent node “set reminder,” and property nodes “subject” and “date/time.”
  • ontology 760 is made up of many domains. Each domain shares one or more property nodes with one or more other domains.
  • the “date/time” property node is associated with many different domains (e.g., a scheduling domain, a travel reservation domain, a movie ticket domain, etc ), in addition to restaurant reservation domain 762 and reminder domain 764.
  • FIG. 7C illustrates two example domains within ontology 760
  • other domains include, for example, “find a movie,” “initiate a phone call,” “find directions,” “schedule a meeting,” “send a message,” and “provide an answer to a question,” “read a list,” “providing navigation instructions,” “provide instructions for a task” and so on.
  • a “send a message” domain is associated with a “send a message” actionable intent node, and further includes property nodes such as “recipient(s),” “message type,” and “message body.”
  • the property node “recipient” is further defined, for example, by the sub-property nodes such as “recipient name” and “message address.”
  • ontology 760 includes all the domains (and hence actionable intents) that the digital assistant is capable of understanding and acting upon.
  • ontology 760 is modified, such as by adding or removing entire domains or nodes, or by modifying relationships between the nodes within the ontology 760.
  • nodes associated with multiple related actionable intents are clustered under a “super domain” in ontology 760.
  • a “travel” super-domain includes a cluster of property nodes and actionable intent nodes related to travel.
  • the actionable intent nodes related to travel includes “airline reservation,” “hotel reservation,” “car rental,” “get directions,” “find points of interest,” and so on.
  • the actionable intent nodes under the same super domain (e.g., the “travel” super domain) have many property nodes in common.
  • each node in ontology 760 is associated with a set of words and/or phrases that are relevant to the property or actionable intent represented by the node.
  • the respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node are the so-called “vocabulary” associated with the node.
  • the respective set of words and/or phrases associated with each node are stored in vocabulary index 744 in association with the property or actionable intent represented by the node. For example, returning to FIG.
  • the vocabulary associated with the node for the property of “restaurant” includes words such as “food,” “drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” and so on.
  • the vocabulary associated with the node for the actionable intent of “initiate a phone call” includes words and phrases such as “call,” “phone,” “dial,” “ring,” “call this number,” “make a call to,” and so on.
  • the vocabulary index 744 optionally includes words and phrases in different languages.
  • Natural language processing module 732 receives the candidate text representations (e.g., text string(s) or token sequence(s)) from STT processing module 730, and for each candidate representation, determines what nodes are implicated by the words in the candidate text representation. In some examples, if a word or phrase in the candidate text representation is found to be associated with one or more nodes in ontology 760 (via vocabulary index 744), the word or phrase “triggers” or “activates” those nodes. Based on the quantity and/or relative importance of the activated nodes, natural language processing module 732 selects one of the actionable intents as the task that the user intended the digital assistant to perform. In some examples, the domain that has the most “triggered” nodes is selected.
  • the candidate text representations e.g., text string(s) or token sequence(s)
  • the domain having the highest confidence value (e.g., based on the relative importance of its various triggered nodes) is selected. In some examples, the domain is selected based on a combination of the number and the importance of the triggered nodes. In some examples, additional factors are considered in selecting the node as well, such as whether the digital assistant has previously correctly interpreted a similar request from a user.
  • User data 748 includes user-specific information, such as user-specific vocabulary, user preferences, user address, user’s default and secondary languages, user’s contact list, and other short-term or long-term information for each user.
  • natural language processing module 732 uses the user-specific information to supplement the information contained in the user input to further define the user intent. For example, for a user request “invite my friends to my birthday party,” natural language processing module 732 is able to access user data 748 to determine who the “friends” are and when and where the “birthday party” would be held, rather than requiring the user to provide such information explicitly in his/her request.
  • natural language processing module 732 is implemented using one or more machine learning mechanisms (e.g., neural networks).
  • the one or more machine learning mechanisms are configured to receive a candidate text representation and contextual information associated with the candidate text representation. Based on the candidate text representation and the associated contextual information, the one or more machine learning mechanisms are configured to determine intent confidence scores over a set of candidate actionable intents.
  • Natural language processing module 732 can select one or more candidate actionable intents from the set of candidate actionable intents based on the determined intent confidence scores.
  • an ontology e.g., ontology 760 is also used to select the one or more candidate actionable intents from the set of candidate actionable intents.
  • natural language processing module 732 identifies an actionable intent (or domain) based on the user request
  • natural language processing module 732 generates a structured query to represent the identified actionable intent.
  • the structured query includes parameters for one or more nodes within the domain for the actionable intent, and at least some of the parameters are populated with the specific information and requirements specified in the user request. For example, the user says “Make me a dinner reservation at a sushi place at 7.” In this case, natural language processing module 732 is able to correctly identify the actionable intent to be “restaurant reservation” based on the user input.
  • a structured query for a “restaurant reservation” domain includes parameters such as ⁇ Cuisine ⁇ , ⁇ Time ⁇ , ⁇ Date ⁇ , ⁇ Party Size ⁇ , and the like.
  • the user’ s utterance contains insufficient information to complete the structured query associated with the domain.
  • natural language processing module 732 populates some parameters of the structured query with received contextual information. For example, in some examples, if the user requested a sushi restaurant “near me,” natural language processing module 732 populates a ⁇ location ⁇ parameter in the structured query with GPS coordinates from the user device.
  • natural language processing module 732 identifies multiple candidate actionable intents for each candidate text representation received from STT processing module 730. Further, in some examples, a respective structured query (partial or complete) is generated for each identified candidate actionable intent. Natural language processing module 732 determines an intent confidence score for each candidate actionable intent and ranks the candidate actionable intents based on the intent confidence scores. In some examples, natural language processing module 732 passes the generated structured query (or queries), including any completed parameters, to task flow processing module 736 (“task flow processor”). In some examples, the structured query (or queries) for the m-best (e.g., m highest ranked) candidate actionable intents are provided to task flow processing module 736, where m is a predetermined integer greater than zero. In some examples, the structured query (or queries) for the m-best candidate actionable intents are provided to task flow processing module 736 with the corresponding candidate text representation(s).
  • Task flow processing module 736 is configured to receive the structured query (or queries) from natural language processing module 732, complete the structured query, if necessary, and perform the actions required to “complete” the user’s ultimate request. In some examples, the various procedures necessary to complete these tasks are provided in task flow models 754. In some examples, task flow models 754 include procedures for obtaining additional information from the user and task flows for performing actions associated with the actionable intent. [0215] As described above, in order to complete a structured query, task flow processing module 736 needs to initiate additional dialogue with the user in order to obtain additional information, and/or disambiguate potentially ambiguous utterances. When such interactions are necessary, task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module 734 to engage in a dialogue with the user.
  • dialogue flow processing module 734 determines how (and/or when) to ask the user for the additional information and receives and processes the user responses. The questions are provided to and answers are received from the users through I/O processing module 728. In some examples, dialogue flow processing module 734 presents dialogue output to the user via audio and/or visual output, and receives input from the user via spoken or physical (e.g., clicking) responses.
  • task flow processing module 736 invokes dialogue flow processing module 734 to determine the “party size” and “date” information for the structured query associated with the domain “restaurant reservation,” dialogue flow processing module 734 generates questions such as “For how many people?” and “On which day?” to pass to the user. Once answers are received from the user, dialogue flow processing module 734 then populates the structured query with the missing information, or pass the information to task flow processing module 736 to complete the missing information from the structured query.
  • task flow processing module 736 proceeds to perform the ultimate task associated with the actionable intent. Accordingly, task flow processing module 736 executes the steps and instructions in the task flow model according to the specific parameters contained in the structured query.
  • the task flow model for the actionable intent of “restaurant reservation” includes steps and instructions for contacting a restaurant and actually requesting a reservation for a particular party size at a particular time.
  • task flow processing module 736 performs the steps of: (1) logging onto a server of the ABC cafe or a restaurant reservation system such as OPENTABLE®, (2) entering the date, time, and party size information in a form on the website, (3) submitting the form, and (4) making a calendar entry for the reservation in the user’s calendar.
  • task flow processing module 736 employs the assistance of service processing module 738 (“service processing module”) to complete a task requested in the user input or to provide an informational answer requested in the user input.
  • service processing module 738 acts on behalf of task flow processing module 736 to make a phone call, set a calendar entry, invoke a map search, invoke or interact with other user applications installed on the user device, and invoke or interact with third-party services (e.g., a restaurant reservation portal, a social networking website, a banking portal, etc.).
  • the protocols and application programming interfaces (API) required by each service are specified by a respective service model among service models 756.
  • Service processing module 738 accesses the appropriate service model for a service and generates requests for the service in accordance with the protocols and APIs required by the service according to the service model.
  • service processing module 738 establishes a network connection with the online reservation service using the web address stored in the service model, and sends the necessary parameters of the reservation (e g., time, date, party size) to the online reservation interface in a format according to the API of the online reservation service.
  • natural language processing module 732, dialogue flow processing module 734, and task flow processing module 736 are used collectively and iteratively to infer and define the user’s intent, obtain information to further clarify and refine the user intent, and finally generate a response (i.e., an output to the user, or the completion of a task) to fulfill the user’s intent.
  • the generated response is a dialogue response to the speech input that at least partially fulfills the user’s intent. Further, in some examples, the generated response is output as a speech output.
  • the generated response is sent to speech synthesis processing module 740 (e g., speech synthesizer) where it can be processed to synthesize the dialogue response in speech form.
  • the generated response is data content relevant to satisfying a user request in the speech input.
  • task flow processing module 736 receives multiple structured queries from natural language processing module 732, task flow processing module 736 initially processes the first structured query of the received structured queries to attempt to complete the first structured query and/or execute one or more tasks or actions represented by the first structured query.
  • the first structured query corresponds to the highest ranked actionable intent.
  • the first structured query is selected from the received structured queries based on a combination of the corresponding speech recognition confidence scores and the corresponding intent confidence scores.
  • task flow processing module 736 can proceed to select and process a second structured query of the received structured queries that corresponds to a lower ranked actionable intent.
  • the second structured query is selected, for example, based on the speech recognition confidence score of the corresponding candidate text representation, the intent confidence score of the corresponding candidate actionable intent, a missing necessary parameter in the first structured query, or any combination thereof.
  • Speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to synthesize speech outputs for presentation to the user. Speech synthesis processing module 740 synthesizes speech outputs based on text provided by the digital assistant. For example, the generated dialogue response is in the form of a text string. Speech synthesis processing module 740 converts the text string to an audible speech output. Speech synthesis processing module 740 uses any appropriate speech synthesis technique in order to generate speech outputs from text, including, but not limited, to concatenative synthesis, unit selection synthesis, diphone synthesis, domain-specific synthesis, formant synthesis, articulatory synthesis, hidden Markov model (HMM) based synthesis, and sinewave synthesis.
  • HMM hidden Markov model
  • speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to synthesize individual words based on phonemic strings corresponding to the words. For example, a phonemic string is associated with a word in the generated dialogue response. The phonemic string is stored in metadata associated with the word. Speech synthesis processing module 740 is configured to directly process the phonemic string in the metadata to synthesize the word in speech form.
  • speech synthesis is performed on a remote device (e.g., the server system 108), and the synthesized speech is sent to the user device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in some implementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at a server system. And because server systems generally have more processing power or resources than a user device, it is possible to obtain higher quality speech outputs than would be practical with client-side synthesis.
  • a remote device e.g., the server system 108
  • the synthesized speech is sent to the user device for output to the user. For example, this can occur in some implementations where outputs for a digital assistant are generated at a server system. And because server systems generally have more processing power or resources than a user device, it is possible to obtain higher quality speech outputs than would be practical with client-side synthesis.
  • Additional details on digital assistants can be found in the U.S. Utility Application No. 12/987,982, entitled “Intelligent Automated Assistant,” filed January 10, 2011, and U.S. Utility Application
  • FIG. 8 illustrates system 800 for determining whether a speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • system 800 is implemented on a standalone computer system (e.g., device 104, 122, 200, 400, 600, or 900).
  • system 800 is distributed across multiple computers. For example, some of the components and functions of system 800 are divided into a server portion and a client portion, where the client portion resides on one or more user devices (e.g., devices 104, 122, 200,400, 600, or 900) and communicates with the server portion (e.g., server system 108) through one or more networks, e.g., as shown in FIG. 1.
  • user devices e.g., devices 104, 122, 200,400, 600, or 900
  • server portion e.g., server system 108
  • networks e.g., as shown in FIG. 1.
  • System 800 is implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to cany out the principles discussed herein.
  • the components and functions of system 900 are implemented within digital assistant module 726, as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A-7C.
  • each component of system 800 is implemented as a set of computer executable instructions stored in memory 702.
  • System 800 is exemplary, and thus system 800 can have more or fewer components than shown, can combine two or more components, or can have a different configuration or arrangement of the components. Further, although the below discussion describes functions being performed at a single component of system 800, it is to be understood that such functions can be performed at other components of system 800 and that such functions can be performed at more than one component of system 800.
  • System 800 receives a speech input, e.g., representing a user utterance, and determines whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant according to the techniques discussed below In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, system 800 initiates a digital assistant session, or causes the digital assistant to provide output responsive to the speech input if a digital assistant session is already initiated. [0228] In some examples, system 800 determines whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant without detection of a spoken trigger (e.g., “Hey Siri,” “Siri,” “Hey Assistant,” and the like) for initiating a digital assistant session.
  • a spoken trigger e.g., “Hey Siri,” “Siri,” “Hey Assistant,” and the like
  • system 800 determines whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant without detecting a selection of a displayed affordance (e.g., digital assistant affordance 904 in FIGS. 9A-9D) and without detecting a selection of a button of an electronic device. Thus, system 800 may determine whether a speech input is intended for the digital assistant without relying on any other input explicitly indicating that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • a displayed affordance e.g., digital assistant affordance 904 in FIGS. 9A-9D
  • system 800 determines whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant in accordance with a determination that the digital assistant is not awaiting a response to a generated prompt for further user input, e.g., a prompt to elicit further information about a user request. For example, after the digital assistant outputs the prompt (e.g., “send a message to who?” responsive to the natural language input “send a message”), the digital assistant enters, for a predetermined duration, a listening state to await a user response. The digital assistant can thus assume that a speech input received during the predetermined duration is intended for the digital assistant and thus forgo processing the speech input using system 800.
  • the prompt e.g., “send a message to who?” responsive to the natural language input “send a message”
  • the digital assistant enters, for a predetermined duration, a listening state to await a user response.
  • the digital assistant can thus assume that a speech input received during the predetermined duration is intended for the digital assistant and thus forgo processing the speech input using
  • System 800 includes textual analysis module 802.
  • Textual analysis module 802 is configured to determine, based on a textual representation of the speech input, one or more scores used to determine whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • textual analysis module 802 includes automatic speech recognition (ASR) module 804.
  • ASR module 804 is configured to perform speech recognition on the speech input to determine candidate text representation(s) of the speech input.
  • ASR module 804 implements STT processing module 730.
  • the textual representation of the speech input includes the candidate text representation(s).
  • ASR module 804 is configured to process the candidate text representation(s) to obtain the textual representation of the speech input. For example, ASR module 804 processes the highest ranked candidate text representation, or processes each of the n-best candidate text representations. In some examples, ASR module 804 implements the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model to process the candidate text representation(s) to obtain respective embedding(s) (e.g., vector(s)) representing the speech input.
  • BBT Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers
  • textual analysis module 802 includes utterance classifier 806.
  • Utterance classifier 806 is configured to determine, based on the textual representation of the speech input (e.g., the embedding), a score corresponding to a type of the user utterance (utterance type score).
  • determining the utterance type score includes determining respective probabilities that that the user utterance corresponds to each of a plurality of user utterance types.
  • Example user utterance types include:
  • a first type of command such as a command to a human, e.g., “think about it” or “sit down”;
  • a second type of command such as a command to an electronic device, e.g., “play music” or “look it up on Google”;
  • a first type of question such as a yes or no question, e.g., “do you have other recommendations?” or “are you afraid of any animals?”;
  • a second type of question such as a question for an opinion, e.g., “what is your favorite movie?” or “which brand of smartphone do you prefer?”;
  • a third type of question such as a question for a factual answer, e g , “what is your name?” or “when did the game start?”;
  • a first type of answer such as a positive answer, e.g., “yes,” “yeah I do,” “I would,” or “sure”;
  • a second type of answer such as a negative answer, e.g., “no,” “never,” “nope,” “not really,” or “I don’t”;
  • a third type of answer such as answers different from positive answers and negative answers, e.g., “I don’t know,” “it’s 5PM”;
  • a first type of social function such an expression of thanks, e g., “thank you” or “thanks a lot”
  • a second type of social function such an apology, e.g., “sorry,” “I’m sorry,” or
  • a third type of social function such as a response to an apology, e.g., “no problem” or “that’s fine”;
  • a fourth type of social function such as a response to an expression of thanks, e.g., “you’re welcome” or “my pleasure”;
  • a fifth type of social function such as an expression of appreciation, e.g., “awesome,” “that’s amazing,” or “nice job”
  • an initial utterance of a digital assistant session such as an utterance associated with a spoken trigger and/or other input (e.g., gaze input, gesture input) for initiating a digital assistant session, e.g., “Siri, what’s the weather today?”, “Hey Siri, turn on the lights,” or “how many tablespoons are in a cup?”; and
  • an utterance following e.g., received after
  • an initial utterance in the same digital assistant session e.g., the follow up utterance “what about in Paris?” after the initial utterance “Siri, what’s the weather today?”, or the follow up utterance “what about teaspoons?” after the initial utterance “how many tablespoons are in a cup?”.
  • utterance classifier 806 can determine respective probability(ies) that the user utterance corresponds to other utterance type(s). Further, utterance classifier 806 can determine respective probability(ies) that the user utterance corresponds to only some of the above utterance type(s), e.g., without determining respective probability(ies) that the user utterance corresponds to other utterance type(s). In some examples, the determined probability(ies) are normalized to sum to unity.
  • determining the utterance type score includes selecting a subset of the determined respective probabilities. Each probability of the subset corresponds to a respective predetermined utterance type, e.g., utterance types more likely to be intended for the digital assistant.
  • the predetermined utterance types include at least some of: the second type of command (e g., a command to an electronic device), the first type of question (e g., a yes or no question), the third type of question (e.g., a question for a factual answer), an initial utterance of a digital assistant session, and an utterance following the initial utterance in the same digital assistant session.
  • utterance classifier 806 determines the utterance type score based on the selected subset of respective probabilities. For example, utterance classifier 806 sums the respective probabilities to obtain the first score. As a specific example, suppose utterance classifier 806 receives a textual representation of the speech input “what’s the weather today?”.
  • Utterance classifier 806 determines respective probabilities that “what’s the weather today?” corresponds to each of a plurality of utterance types, e.g., a probability of 0.1 for the first type of command, a probability of 0.3 for the second type of command, a probability of 0.08 for the first type of question, a probability of 0.02 for the second type of question, a probability of 0.45 for the third type of question, and a probability of 0.03 for an opinion or comment, and a probability of 0.02 for a statement.
  • a probability of 0.1 for the first type of command e.g., a probability of 0.3 for the second type of command, a probability of 0.08 for the first type of question, a probability of 0.02 for the second type of question, a probability of 0.45 for the third type of question, and a probability of 0.03 for an opinion or comment, and a probability of 0.02 for a statement.
  • Utterance classifier 806 determines the utterance type score for “what’s the weather today?” to be 0.83, i.e., the sum of the respective probabilities for the second type of command, the first type of question, and the third type of question.
  • utterance classifier 806 implements a machine learning model (e.g., neural network(s)) configured to determine the utterance type score.
  • the neural network is trained in a multi-task manner to determine the respective probabilities that the utterance corresponds to each of the plurality of utterance types.
  • the training data includes a set of textual representations of respective different user utterances, where each textual representation is labeled with the correct respective user utterance type.
  • textual analysis module 802 includes domain correspondence detector 808.
  • Domain correspondence detector 808 is configured to determine, based on the textual representation of the speech input, a score (domain correspondence score) representing correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant.
  • determining the domain correspondence score includes determining whether the user utterance corresponds to a plurality of user utterances recognized by the digital assistant, e.g., utterances corresponding to tasks that the digital assistant can satisfy.
  • determining the domain correspondence score includes determining whether the user utterance corresponds to a vocabulary associated with a domain recognized by the digital assistant.
  • the vocabulary associated with the restaurant reservation domain includes words such as “food,” “drinks,” “cuisine,” “hungry,” “eat,” “pizza,” “fast food,” “meal,” and so on.
  • the domain correspondence score can indicate whether the vocabulary and/or structure (e.g., syntax) of the user utterance corresponds to that of an utterance intended for the digital assistant.
  • domain correspondence detector 808 implements a binary classification neural network configured to determine the domain correspondence score (e.g., a binary score). For example, a domain correspondence score of 1 indicates that the user utterance corresponds to a domain recognized by the digital assistant and a domain correspondence score of 0 indicates that the user utterance does not correspond to any domain recognized by the digital assistant.
  • the binary classification neural network is trained using a dataset including textual representations of respective different user utterances, where each textual representation is labeled (e.g., with a label of 0 or 1) to indicate whether the respective user utterance corresponds to a domain recognized by the digital assistant.
  • textual analysis module 802 includes contextual continuity detector 810.
  • Contextual continuity detector 810 is configured to determine, based on the textual representation of the speech input, a score (contextual continuity score) representing contextual continuity between the user utterance and a previous user utterance determined as intended for the digital assistant.
  • system 800 determined the previous user utterance (e g., included in a previous speech input) to be intended for the digital assistant.
  • the digital assistant determined the previous utterance to be intended for itself based on detecting a spoken trigger (e.g., “Hey Siri”). For example, if the previous user utterance is “Hey Siri, what’s the weather today?” and the (current) user utterance is “what about in Paris?” contextual continuity detector 810 determines a score representing contextual continuity between the two utterances.
  • contextual continuity detector 810 implements a binary classification neural network configured to determine the contextual continuity score, e.g., a binary score.
  • the binary classification neural network accepts, as input, a textual representation of the current user utterance and a textual representation (e.g., embedding) of the previous user utterance.
  • the textual representation of the previous user utterance is determined analogously to the textual representation of the current user utterance.
  • contextual continuity detector 810 can determine high contextual continuity score (e.g., 1) for the current user utterance “what about in Paris?”, as “what about Paris?” is likely contextually continuous to the previous user utterance “Hey Siri, what’s the weather today”.
  • the digital assistant can use the previous user utterance to interpret “what about in Paris?” to mean asking about the weather in Paris, France.
  • contextual continuity detector 810 may determine a low contextual continuity score (e g., 0) for the current utterance “let’s go out for dinner” as “let’s go out for dinner” is unlikely to be contextually continuous to “Hey Siri, what’s the weather today?”.
  • the previous utterance “Hey Siri, what’s the weather today?” may not assist the digital assistant with interpreting “let’s go out for dinner.”
  • the binary classification neural network is trained using a dataset including pairs of user utterances (e.g., each including a textual representation of a previous user utterance and a textual representation of a current user utterance). Each pair of user utterances is labeled (e.g., with a binary score of 0 or 1), for instance, to indicate whether the previous user utterance is contextually continuous to the current user utterance.
  • the current speech input (e.g., current user utterance) is consecutive to the previous speech input (e.g., previous user utterance).
  • the device implementing system 800 does not receive any other speech inputs between the current and previous speech inputs and/or does not receive, between receiving the current and previous speech inputs, any other speech inputs determined to be intended for the digital assistant.
  • the current and previous speech inputs are received within a predetermined duration (e.g., 15 seconds, 30 seconds, 1 minute, 1 hour, and the like) of each other.
  • the current speech input is received in a same digital assistant session as the previous speech input.
  • the current and previous speech inputs are each received while the same digital assistant session is initiated.
  • a digital assistant session is initiated when a digital assistant user interface (e.g., user interface 906 in FIGS. 9A-9D below) is continuously displayed and/or when certain computing processes are executing (e.g., computing processes associated with displaying the digital assistant user interface, computing processes associated with operating one or more of the components shown in FIG. 7B).
  • a digital assistant user interface e.g., user interface 906 in FIGS. 9A-9D below
  • certain computing processes e.g., computing processes associated with displaying the digital assistant user interface, computing processes associated with operating one or more of the components shown in FIG. 7B.
  • ceasing to display the digital assistant user interface and/or ceasing to execute the certain computing processes defines an end (e.g., a dismissal) of the digital assistant session.
  • system 800 includes acoustic analysis module 812.
  • Acoustic analysis module 812 is configured to determine, based on an acoustic representation of the speech input, a score (acoustic score) indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the acoustic representation includes a signal representing the speech input (e.g., a signal sampled by one or more microphones).
  • the acoustic representation includes one or more embeddings (e g., vectors) representing the speech input.
  • acoustic analysis module 812 implements a machine learning model (e.g., neural network) configured to determine the embedding(s).
  • Each embedding represents acoustic features (e.g., presence or absence of human speech, background noise level, audio energy level within predetermined frequency bands, and the like) relevant for determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • Example techniques for determining the embeddings are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 17/123,428, filed on December 16, 2020, entitled “REDUCING DEVICE PROCESSING OF UNINTENDED AUDIO,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • acoustic analysis module 812 implements a machine learning model (e.g., a neural network) configured to determine the acoustic score.
  • the neural network is configured to accept the acoustic representation (e.g., embedding(s)) as input and to output the acoustic score.
  • the neural network is configured to, while the device receives the speech input, determine a plurality of scores (e.g., binary scores) each indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant .
  • each score of the plurality of scores corresponds to a respective frame (e.g., 10 millisecond frame) of the speech input.
  • acoustic analysis module 812 can determine, in real-time (e.g., as the speech input is received), scores indicating whether respective frames of the speech input are intended for the digital assistant.
  • the plurality of scores includes the acoustic score.
  • the acoustic score is the last score of the plurality of scores, e.g., the score corresponding to the last frame (e.g., last 10 milliseconds) of the speech input.
  • acoustic analysis module 812 instead aggregates (e.g., averages) each of the plurality of scores to obtain the acoustic score.
  • Example techniques for determining the acoustic score are described in U.S. Patent Application No. 17/123,428, filed on December 16, 2020, entitled “REDUCING DEVICE PROCESSING OF UNINTENDED AUDIO.”
  • acoustic analysis module 812 may determine whether the acoustic features of the speech input are consistent with the typical acoustic features of speech intended for a digital assistant. In some examples, acoustic analysis module 812 does not perform ASR on the speech input to determine the acoustic score. [0247] In some examples, system 800 includes ASR analysis module 814. ASR analysis module 814 is configured to determine, based on a textual representation of the speech input, a score (ASR score) indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • ASR score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the textual representation of the speech input includes an ASR lattice, i.e., a graph representing one or more ASR hypothesis for the speech input, where each path of the graph represents a different ASR hypothesis.
  • ASR analysis module 814 implements speech recognition techniques known in the art to determine the ASR lattice.
  • ASR analysis module 814 further determines an embedding (e.g., vector) representing the ASR lattice according to techniques known in the art.
  • ASR analysis module 814 implements a neural network (e.g., the Lattice RNN model) to determine the ASR score.
  • Lattice RNN is configured to accept the ASR lattice (or the embedding thereof) as input and output the ASR score (e.g., a binary score) indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • ASR analysis module 814 uses a different type of textual representation (e g., different from the ASR lattice) to determine the ASR score.
  • ASR analysis module 814 implements a second neural network (e.g., the Listen, Attend, and Spell (LAS) model) configured to perform speech recognition to determine the different type of textual representation (e.g., a character sequence).
  • ASR analysis module 814 implements a further neural network configured to accept the character sequence as input, determine an embedding representing the character sequence, and determine the ASR score (e g., a binary score) based on the embedding.
  • LAS Listen, Attend, and Spell
  • system 800 may use different types of textual representations of the speech input to determine the various scores indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • textual analysis module 802 uses a first type of textual representation (e.g., an embedding obtained according the BERT technique) to determine the utterance type score, the domain correspondence score, and the contextual continuity score.
  • ASR analysis module 814 uses different type(s) of textual representations (e.g., an ASR lattice and/or a character sequence) to determine the ASR score.
  • system 800 includes speaker identification module 816.
  • Speaker identification module 816 is configured to determine, based on performing speaker recognition (e.g., voice recognition) on the speech input, a speaker identification score.
  • the speaker identification score indicates a confidence that the speech input matches the voice of an authorized user of the electronic device, e.g., the user(s) whose credentials (e.g., password, biometric authentication credentials (e g , face, fingerprint, retina, etc .)) the electronic device is configured to recognize.
  • score combiner 824 may use the speaker identification score to determine whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • system 800 includes gesture identification module 818.
  • Gesture identification module 818 is configured to process detected gesture input to determine a gesture score.
  • Example sensors used to detect the gesture input include accelerometer(s), gyroscope(s), camera(s), biometric sensor(s) (e.g., sensor(s) (e.g., pulse oximeter(s)) configured to detect a photoplethysmogram, sensor(s) for electroencephalography, other biometric sensor(s) usable to detect hand or arm gestures), a touch-screen display, or a combination or sub-combination thereof.
  • the gesture score indicates, for instance, a confidence that the gesture input corresponds to a predetermined type of gesture (e.g., gesture of raising a device from a lowered position, a gesture of moving the device close to a user’s mouth, a finger pointing gesture, a predetermined type of finger movement).
  • gesture identification module 818 determines the gesture score in accordance with determining that the gesture input is received within a predetermined time window around the speech input, e.g., within a predetermined duration before a start time of the speech input, during the speech input, and/or within a predetermined duration after the end time of the speech input.
  • score combiner 824 may use the gesture score to determine whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • system 800 includes spoken trigger detector 820.
  • Spoken trigger detector 820 is configured to detect a spoken trigger (e.g., a predetermined word or phrase such as “Siri,” “Hey Siri,” “Hey Assistant,” and the like) for initiating a digital assistant session.
  • spoken trigger detector 820 is configured to compare the speech input to one or more reference representations of the spoken trigger.
  • the electronic device generates the reference representation(s) via an enrollment process where the device instructs the user to speak the spoken trigger one or more times to the device.
  • spoken trigger detector 820 determines a trigger score indicating a degree of match between the speech input and the spoken trigger, e.g., between the speech input and the reference representation(s).
  • spoken trigger detector 820 detects the spoken trigger if the trigger score is greater than a threshold.
  • system 800 determines whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant (e.g., determines the score(s) discussed herein other than the trigger score) in accordance with detecting the spoken trigger. Thus, detection of the spoken trigger may initiate the processing described with respect to system 800. In other examples, system 800 determines whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant regardless of whether the spoken trigger is detected. For example, score combiner 824 uses the spoken trigger score to determine whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • a spoken trigger in a speech input may not definitively indicate whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant. For example, if the spoken trigger is “Siri,” some speech inputs including the spoken trigger may be intended for the digital assistant (e.g., “Siri, what’s the weather?”, “Siri, help me navigate home”) while other speech inputs may not be intended for the digital assistant (e.g., “let’s ask Siri” or “Siri is the best”). Thus, system 800 may assist with determining whether such speech inputs are intended for the digital assistant.
  • the electronic device captures a first set of data from a camera, e.g., an RGB camera and/or an infrared (IR) camera.
  • a camera e.g., an RGB camera and/or an infrared (IR) camera.
  • the electronic device captures the first set of data between a start time and an end time of the speech input. For example, the camera begins to capture data at a determined start time of the speech input and ceases to capture data at the determined end time of the speech input.
  • the start time is when a digital assistant session is initiated, when the device detects a spoken trigger, when the device detects a selection of a hardware button (e.g., to initiate a digital assistant session), or when the device detects a selection of a digital assistant affordance (e.g., digital assistant affordance 904 in FIGS. 9A-9D).
  • the device determines the start time using voice activity detection (VAD) techniques known in the art.
  • VAD voice activity detection
  • the electronic device determines the end time according to speech end-pointing techniques known in the art.
  • the camera captures data in accordance with a determination that (e.g., when) predetermined condition(s) are satisfied.
  • Example predetermined conditions include that the device’s display is turned on (e.g., displaying), that the device is unlocked, that a digital assistant session is currently initiated, that a digital assistant session was recently (e.g., within a predetermined duration before a current time) dismissed, that the digital assistant is not awaiting a prompt (e.g., prompt generated by the digital assistant) for further user input, that the speech input follows (e.g., is consecutive to) another speech input received within the same digital assistant session as the speech input, and that the digital assistant has output a response (e.g., audio response, displayed response) to an initial speech input of a digital assistant session.
  • a response e.g., audio response, displayed response
  • the first set of data includes camera data captured between a predetermined duration (e g., 0.5 seconds, 1 second) before the start time of the speech input and a second predetermined duration (e.g., 0.5 seconds, 1 second ) after the end time of the speech input. For example, if such camera data is available (e g., due to the predetermined condition(s) being satisfied), such camera data is included in the first set of data.
  • a predetermined duration e e 0.5 seconds, 1 second
  • a second predetermined duration e.g., 0.5 seconds, 1 second
  • system 800 includes gaze module 822.
  • Gaze module 822 is configured to determine, based on the first set of data, a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern (gaze pattern data) while the speech input is provided.
  • the user gaze pattern indicates a plurality of user gaze locations (e.g., a series of (x 1 y) coordinates or a heat map indicating the relative frequency of user gaze at various locations) while the speech input is provided.
  • the user gaze locations are each on a display of the electronic device.
  • the user gaze pattern further indicates respective times corresponding to each gaze location (e.g., a series of (x,y,f) coordinates).
  • gaze module 822 processes the first set of data using gaze tracking techniques to determine the gaze locations and the respective times. In some examples, if a determined gaze location is not on the display, gaze module 822 does not include the gaze location in the gaze pattern data.
  • gaze module 822 determines whether the first set of data represents a user’s eyes and/or face and determines the gaze pattern data in accordance with determining that the first set of data represents the user’s eyes and/or face. For example, gaze module 822 processes the first set of data using facial detection and/or gaze tracking techniques to attempt to detect the user’s eyes and/or face. If gaze module 822 is unable to detect the user’s eyes and/or face (e g., no portion of the first set of data represents the user’s eyes and/or face), gaze module 822 forgoes determining the gaze pattern data.
  • gaze module 822 is configured to determine a gaze score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant. In some examples, if gaze module 822 forgoes determining the gaze pattern data, gaze module 822 determines a relatively low gaze score (e.g., 0) or determines a gaze score indicating it is unknown whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant. In some examples, gaze module 822 determines the gaze score without performing ASR on the speech input. For example, as discussed below, gaze module 822 instead considers the acoustic features of the speech input and the gaze pattern to determine the gaze score.
  • a relatively low gaze score e.g., 0
  • gaze module 822 determines the gaze score without performing ASR on the speech input. For example, as discussed below, gaze module 822 instead considers the acoustic features of the speech input and the gaze pattern to determine the gaze score.
  • gaze module 822 is configured to determine, based on the gaze pattern data, a third set of data (saccade data) representative of user saccades. For example, gaze module 822 determines the respective portions of the gaze pattern corresponding to saccades and to gaze fixations, e.g., by analyzing the timing between the user gaze locations. For example, if during a short duration (e.g., 20 ms, 50ms, 100 ms, 200 ms, 500 ms), the corresponding gaze locations are relatively far apart from each other, the gaze locations may indicate saccades. In contrast, if during the short duration, the corresponding gaze locations are relatively close together, the gaze locations may indicate gaze fixation.
  • the saccade data thus indicates, for instance, the respective portions of the gaze pattern corresponding to saccades and to gaze fixations and/or the percentage of the gaze pattern corresponding to saccades.
  • gaze module 822 is configured to determine, based on the speech input, a fourth set of data (acoustic feature data) representing a feature (e.g., acoustic feature) of the speech input.
  • acoustic feature data representing a feature (e.g., acoustic feature) of the speech input.
  • Example acoustic features include pitch, tone, frequency, amplitude, energy level, entropy, and the like.
  • gaze module 822 implements one or more signal processing techniques (e.g., Fourier transforms, application of filters, and the like) to determine values for the acoustic feature.
  • the acoustic feature data can indicate how the value of the acoustic feature varies throughout the speech input.
  • gaze module 822 is configured to determine a fifth set of data (correlation data) representing correlation between a feature (e.g., acoustic feature) of the speech input and the plurality of user gaze locations. For example, gaze module 822 concurrently processes the speech input and the gaze pattern data to determine, for each gaze location, a respective value of the acoustic feature. Thus, the correlation data can indicate how the acoustic feature varies as the user gazes around, e.g., gazes around at the display of the device.
  • gaze module 822 is configured to determine the gaze score based on at least some of the gaze pattern data, the saccade data, the acoustic feature data, and the correlation data. In some examples, gaze module 822 implements rule based techniques determine the gaze score. For example, gaze module 822 compares the above data to one or more respective predetermined sets of data and/or determines whether the data satisfies one or more criteria, as discussed below.
  • gaze module 822 compares the gaze pattern data to one or more predetermined sets of data respectively representing one or more predetermined gaze patterns.
  • the predetermined gaze pattem(s) e.g., indicating a set of x,y,f) coordinates or indicating a heat map of gaze locations
  • the predetermined gaze pattem(s) represent typical user gaze patterns when a user’s speech is intended for a digital assistant.
  • the predetermined gaze pattem(s) indicate that gaze locations are concentrated within predetermined portion(s) of a display.
  • Example predetermined portions of the display include a top percentage (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%) of the display, a bottom percentage (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%) of the display, the display area of response affordance 902 (in FIGS. 9A-9D below), and the display area of digital assistant affordance 904 (in FIGS. 9A-9D below).
  • a predetermined gaze pattern indicates that a threshold amount (e.g., 50%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%) of the gaze locations fall within the top 30% or bottom 30% of the display.
  • a predetermined gaze pattern indicates that a threshold amount of the gaze locations fall within the area occupied by response affordance 902 or by digital assistant affordance 904.
  • FIGS. 9A-9D illustrate a digital assistant user interface 906 displayed by electronic device 900, according to various examples.
  • Electronic device 900 is implemented as device 200, 400, or 600.
  • digital assistant user interface 906 includes response affordance 902 and digital assistant affordance 904.
  • device 900 displays digital assistant user interface 906 responsive to the speech input “Hey Siri, what’s the weather today?”. Because the user may associate affordances 902 and 904 with the digital assistant, the user may likely gaze at the areas occupied by (and/or around) affordances 902 and/or 904 when providing speech input intended for the digital assistant. Accordingly, the predetermined gaze patterns may indicate that user gaze locations are concentrated within (and/or near) the areas.
  • gaze module 922 determines a relatively high gaze score (or increases the gaze score). In some examples, if the gaze pattern data does not match at least some of the predetermined gaze pattem(s) to the predetermined degree, gaze module 922 determines a relatively low gaze score (or decreases the gaze score). For example, if speech input is not intended for the digital assistant, the gaze pattern data may indicate a relatively uniform distribution of the gaze locations on the display (e.g., the heat map indicates that the gaze locations concentrate near the center of the display). Such gaze pattern data may not sufficiently match any of the predetermined gaze pattem(s), resulting in a low gaze score.
  • a predetermined degree e.g. 50% match, 75%, match, 95% match
  • gaze module 822 determines whether the user gaze pattern satisfies one or more criteria. In some examples, determining that the user gaze pattern satisfies the one or more criteria includes determining that the user gaze is directed within predetermined portion(s) of the display.
  • Example predetermined portions of the display include a top percentage (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%) of the display, a bottom percentage (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%) of the display, the display area of response affordance 902, and the display area of digital assistant affordance 904, or a combination or sub-combination thereof.
  • determining that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion(s) includes determining that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion(s) for a threshold percentage (e.g., 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) of the speech input, e.g., determining that at least a threshold percentage of the (x.y) coordinates determined while the speech input is received fall within the predetermined portion(s). In some examples, determining that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion(s) includes determining that a threshold percentage of the total gaze locations fall within the predetermined portion(s).
  • a threshold percentage e.g. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%
  • determining that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion(s) includes determining that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion(s) during a predetermined duration, e.g., determining that, during the predetermined duration, the gaze locations (or a threshold percentage thereof) fall within the predetermined portion(s).
  • gaze module 822 determines that the user gaze is directed within a first predetermined portion of the display during a first predetermined duration (e.g., 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds) after the start time of the speech input.
  • gaze module 822 determines that the user gaze is directed within a second predetermined portion of the display during a second predetermined duration (e.g., 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 2 seconds, 3 seconds) before the end time of the speech input.
  • the first and second predetermined portions of the display may be the same portion of the display, or may be different portions of the display. For example, gaze module 822 determines whether the user gaze is directed at the top 30% or bottom 30% of the display during the 2 seconds after the start time and determines whether the user gaze is directed at the top 30% or bottom 30% of the display during the 2 seconds before the end time.
  • gaze module 822 determines a relatively high gaze score (or increases the gaze score). In some examples, if gaze module 822 determines that the gaze pattern does not satisfy the one or more criteria (e.g., if gaze module 822 determines that the user gaze is not directed within the predetermined portion(s) of the display), gaze module 822 determines a relatively low gaze score (or decreases the gaze score).
  • gaze module 822 determines the gaze score based on the other data (e.g., the saccade data, the acoustic feature data, the correlation data) in an analogous manner. For example, gaze module 822 compares the other data to respective predetermined set(s) of data and/or determines whether the other data satisfies one or more criteria. If the other data matches at least some of the respective predetermined set(s) of data to a predetermined degree (e.g., 50% match, 75% match, 90% match), gaze module 822 determines a relatively high gaze score (or increases the gaze score).
  • the other data e.g., the saccade data, the acoustic feature data, the correlation data
  • gaze module 822 compares the other data to respective predetermined set(s) of data and/or determines whether the other data satisfies one or more criteria. If the other data matches at least some of the respective predetermined set(s) of data to a predetermined degree (e.g., 50% match, 75% match, 90% match
  • gaze module 822 determines a relatively low gaze score (or decreases the gaze score). Similarly, if the other data satisfies one or more criteria, gaze module 822 determines a relatively high gaze score (or increases the gaze score). If the other data does not satisfy one or more criteria, gaze module 822 determines a relatively low gaze score (or decreases the gaze score).
  • gaze module 822 compares the correlation data to predetermined set(s) of data respectively representing predetermined correlation(s) between the acoustic feature and a plurality of gaze locations.
  • a predetermined correlation is a typical correlation between the acoustic feature and gaze location when speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • gaze module 822 determines whether the saccade data indicates that at least a threshold percentage of the gaze pattern (e.g., 25%, 50%, 75%) corresponds to saccades. If so, the saccade data does not satisfy a criterion, e.g., as a high percentage of saccades during the speech may indicate that speech is not intended for the digital assistant.
  • gaze module 822 implements a machine learning technique to determine the gaze score.
  • gaze module 822 implements a neural network configured to accept at least some of the speech input, the gaze pattern data, the saccade data, the acoustic feature data, and the correlation data as input(s).
  • gaze module 822 pre-processes at least some of the aforementioned data to determine respective embedding(s) (e.g., vector(s)) representing the data.
  • the neural network instead accepts the embedding(s) as input.
  • gaze module 822 pre-processes the gaze pattern data to determine an embedding representing the gaze pattern data and/or a second embedding indicating whether a threshold percentage of the gaze locations fall within a predetermined portion (e.g., top 30% or bottom 30%) of the display.
  • a predetermined portion e.g., top 30% or bottom 30%
  • the neural network determines the gaze score based on the input(s) described above.
  • the neural network is trained using a data set including at least some of: reference speech inputs, reference gaze pattern data, reference acoustic feature data, and reference correlation data. Each reference data is labeled, for instance, to indicate whether the corresponding speech input is intended for a digital assistant. In this manner, gaze module 822 can learn to implicitly make the determinations and/or perform the comparisons discussed above with respect to the rule-based techniques for gaze module 822.
  • the digital assistant initiates a task based on the speech input, e.g., processes the speech input as discussed with respect to natural language processing module 732 and task flow processing module 736.
  • the digital assistant determines a task flow score corresponding to the initiated task.
  • the task flow score quantifies a degree of success of the task. For example, the task flow score is based on whether the digital assistant can determine one or more parameters for the task. Further description of determining task flow scores is described in U.S. Patent No. 10,789,945, issued on September 29, 2020, entitled “LOW-LATENCY INTELLIGENT AUTOMATED ASSISTANT,” the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • System 800 includes score combiner 824.
  • Score combiner 824 is configured to determine, based on at least some of: the utterance type score, the domain correspondence score, the contextual continuity score, the acoustic score, the ASR score, the speaker identification score, the gesture score, the spoken trigger score, the gaze score, the task flow score, a speech recognition confidence score (e.g., determined based on the speech input by STT processing module 730), and an intent confidence score (e.g., determined based on the speech input by natural language processing module 732), whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • a speech recognition confidence score e.g., determined based on the speech input by STT processing module 730
  • an intent confidence score e.g., determined based on the speech input by natural language processing module 732
  • score combiner 824 implements a neural network to determine whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the neural network is configured to accept at least some of the score(s) as input and to determine a final score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the neural network is configured to weight the score(s) to obtain the final score, e.g., according to a linear combination, by applying logistic regression techniques, etc.
  • the neural network is trained (e.g., the weights are learned) based on a training data set including the score(s), where each score is labeled to indicate whether the respective input(s) (e.g., speech input, camera data, gesture input) from which the score is determined corresponds to speech input intended for a digital assistant.
  • each score is labeled to indicate whether the respective input(s) (e.g., speech input, camera data, gesture input) from which the score is determined corresponds to speech input intended for a digital assistant.
  • the final score is binary. Accordingly, score combiner 824 determines that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant if the final score is 1 and determines that the speech input is not intended for the digital assistant if the final score is 0. In some examples, the final score falls within a predetermined range, e.g., 0 to 1. In such examples, score combiner 824 compares the final score to a threshold (e.g., 0.5) and determines that the speech input is intended for a digital assistant if the final score is above the threshold and determines that the speech input is not intended for the digital assistant if the final score is below the threshold.
  • a threshold e.g., 0.5
  • the digital assistant initiates the task in accordance with a determination that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the digital assistant further provides an output (e.g., audio output and/or displayed output) indicating the initiated task. For example, if score combiner 824 determines that the speech input “Hey Siri, what’s the weather today?” is intended for the digital assistant, the digital assistant initiates the task of retrieving weather information and provides the retrieved weather information, e g., as shown in FIG. 9A.
  • the digital assistant forgoes initiating the task.
  • score combiner 824 is configured to determine an initial score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant. For example, analogously to determining the final score, score combiner determines the initial score based on the score(s) other than the task flow score and intent confidence score. If score combiner 824 determines that the initial score indicates that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, score combiner 824 causes the digital assistant to initiate the task, e.g., thereby determining the intent confidence score and/or the task flow score. Based on the intent confidence score and/or the task flow score (and based on the other score(s)), score combiner 824 determines the final score.
  • the digital assistant provides an output indicative of the initiated task.
  • the digital assistant forgoes providing the output.
  • the digital assistant may initiate the task before finally determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant (e.g., before determining the final score). Initiation of the task can thus refine the determination of whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant. For example, if the initial score indicates that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, but the intent confidence score and/or the task flow scores are low, the initiated task may correspond to an error. Such error may indicate that the speech input is not intended for the digital assistant. Accordingly, the final score may indicate that the speech input is not intended for the digital assistant. In some examples, in accordance with finally determining that the speech input not intended for the digital assistant, score combiner 822 causes the digital assistant to cease initiating the task.
  • system 800 implements a single machine learning model (e g., as one or more neural networks) configured to perform the combined functions of one or more of the component(s).
  • the neural network is configured to accept at least some of the speech input, gesture input, and camera input as input(s) and to determine the final score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the neural network instead aggregates the input data (e g., into a determined embedding) and determines the final score without determining the other score(s).
  • the neural network may be trained to implicitly make the determinations discussed above with respect to the various components of system 800, e.g., so the final score represents a combined result of the implicit determinations.
  • the neural network is trained, for instance, using a dataset including reference speech inputs, reference gesture inputs, and reference camera inputs, where each reference input is labeled to indicate whether a corresponding speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • the corresponding speech input e.g., the corresponding speech input
  • the first speech input is the initial speech input of an initiated digital assistant session.
  • the digital assistant initiates a first task (e.g., retrieving weather information) based on the first speech input.
  • the digital assistant further provides a first output indicative of the initiated first task.
  • the digital assistant displays response affordance 902 and/or audibly outputs the requested weather information.
  • device 900 determines whether the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant and provides the first output in accordance with a determination that the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant. In some examples, device 900 makes the determination using system 800, as described above. In some examples, device 900 makes the determination based on detecting a spoken trigger (e.g., “Hey Siri”) and/or based on detecting other input (e.g., a selection of a button of device 900, a selection of digital assistant affordance 904) explicitly indicating that speech input is intended for the digital assistant. For example, device 900 determines whether the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant without using system 800.
  • a spoken trigger e.g., “Hey Siri”
  • other input e.g., a selection of a button of device 900, a selection of digital assistant affordance 904
  • device 900 after providing the first output, device 900 enables a display manner of digital assistant affordance 904 to change responsive to user gaze input. For example, after initially displaying response affordance 902 and/or after providing the audio output, device 900 begins to capture gaze input, e.g., as camera data. In accordance with a determination that a user gaze is directed at a predetermined location (e.g., digital assistant affordance 904, device 900, or response affordance 902) device 900 modifies the display manner of digital assistant affordance 904. For example, in FIG. 9B, device 900 modifies (e.g., enlarges) affordance 904’ s size.
  • FIG. 904 Other example display manner modifications to affordance 904 include a color modification, a modification to an animation displayed within affordance 904, and a modification to affordance 904 ’s display location.
  • device 900 can indicate that it captures the gaze input and that it may use the gaze input to determine whether follow up speech input (discussed below) is intended for the digital assistant.
  • device 900 after providing the first output, device 900 receives a second speech input following the first speech input (follow up speech input), the follow up speech input representing a second user utterance. In some examples, the follow up speech input is consecutive to the first speech input. In some examples, device 900 receives the first speech input and the follow up speech input within the same digital assistant session, e.g., receives the speech inputs while the same digital assistant session is initiated. In some examples, device 900 receives the follow up speech input without detecting, after providing the first output, a spoken trigger and/or without detecting other input (e.g., a selection of a hardware button, a selection of digital assistant affordance 904) explicitly indicating that the follow up speech input is intended for the digital assistant. Accordingly, device 900 may determine whether the follow up speech input is intended for the digital assistant without relying on the explicit indications. In FIG. 9C, device 900 receives the follow up speech input “what about in Paris?”.
  • device 900 determines whether the follow up speech input is intended for the digital assistant using system 800. For example, the techniques described above with respect to processing a speech input using system 800 apply equally to processing the follow up speech input.
  • system 800 uses different components and/or techniques to process the first speech input and the follow up speech input. As one example, system 800 does not process the first speech input using gaze module 822 (e.g., does not determine the gaze score for the first speech input) and processes the follow up speech input using gaze module 822. Accordingly, system 800 may only consider gaze input to determine whether follow up speech is intended for the digital assistant.
  • different instances of gaze module 822 respectively determine whether the first speech input and the follow up speech is intended for the digital assistant. For example, a first instance of the neural network determines, based on gaze input and the first speech input, a first gaze score. A second instance of the neural network determines, based on gaze input and the follow up speech input, a second gaze score.
  • the first and second instances of the neural network are trained differently, for instance, to more accurately determine whether the respective speech inputs are intended for the digital assistant. For example, because user gaze patterns while providing initial speech inputs and while providing follow up speech inputs may differ, the respective instances of the neural network may be trained to account for such differences.
  • different instances of acoustic analysis module 812 respectively determine whether the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant and whether and the follow up speech is intended for the digital assistant. For example, a first instance of the neural network determines, based on an acoustic representation of the first speech input, a first acoustic score. A second instance of the neural network determines, based on an acoustic representation of the follow up speech input, a second acoustic score. For example, because the acoustic features of follow up speech inputs intended for the digital assistant and of initial speech inputs intended for the digital assistant may differ, the respective instances of the neural network may be trained to account for such differences.
  • the digital assistant initiates a second task based on the follow up speech input. In some examples, the digital assistant initiates the second task in accordance with a determination that the follow up speech input is intended for the digital assistant. In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the follow up speech input is intended for the digital assistant, the digital assistant provides a second output indicative of the initiated second task. For example, in FIG. 9C, device 900 initiates the task of retrieving weather information for Paris, France. Device 900 further displays response affordance 908 indicating the weather information and/or audibly outputs the requested weather information. In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the follow up speech input is not intended for the digital assistant, the digital assistant forgoes providing the second output.
  • the second output includes an audio output and the digital assistant determines whether the second output is indicative of an error. For example, the digital assistant determines whether the second audio output corresponds to responses such as “sorry, I don’t know what you mean,” “I can’t do that,” “I don’t understand,” or “I’m having trouble processing your request.” In some examples, in accordance with a determination that the second output is indicative of an error, the digital assistant forgoes providing the second output (e.g., forgoes providing any audio output and/or forgoes displaying response affordance 908) and instead displays affordance 910 indicative of the error.
  • the digital assistant forgoes providing the second output (e.g., forgoes providing any audio output and/or forgoes displaying response affordance 908) and instead displays affordance 910 indicative of the error.
  • the digital assistant provides the second output in accordance with a determination that the second output is not indicative of the error.
  • the digital assistant may reduce disruption to the user’s experience, e g , by not providing audio output (and/or not providing textual output) and by displaying a relatively visually non-intrusive affordance 910.
  • affordance 910 may be relatively small compared to other affordances displayed by the digital assistant, may not include any text, and/or may have increased transparency compared to other displayed affordances.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates process 1000 for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 1000 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 1000 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1000 are divided up in any manner between the server (e g., DA server 106) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 1000 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 1000 is performed using only a client device (e g., user device 104 or device 900) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 1000.
  • a speech input representing a user utterance is received.
  • the speech input is consecutive to a previous speech input received in a same digital assistant session as the speech input.
  • the digital assistant determined the previous speech input to be intended for the digital assistant based on detecting a spoken trigger for initiating a digital assistant session.
  • a first score corresponding to a type of the user utterance is determined (e.g., by utterance classifier 806) based on a textual representation of the speech input.
  • determining the first score includes: determining respective probabilities that the user utterance corresponds to each of a plurality of user utterance types; selecting a subset of the respective probabilities, where each probability of the subset of the respective probabilities corresponds to a respective predetermined user utterance type of the plurality of user utterance types; and determining the first score based on the subset of the respective probabilities.
  • the plurality of user utterance types include a first type of command; a second type of command; a first type of question; a second type of question; a first type of answer; a second type of answer; an opinion; and a statement.
  • the respective predetermined user utterance types include: the second type of command; and the first type of question.
  • a second score representing a correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device is determined (e.g., by domain correspondence detector 808) based on the textual representation of the speech input.
  • determining the second score includes determining whether the user utterance corresponds to a plurality of utterances recognized by the digital assistant.
  • determining the second score includes determining whether the user utterance corresponds to a vocabulary associated with the domain recognized by the digital assistant.
  • determining the second score includes determining the second score using a binary classification neural network.
  • determining the first score and determining the second score are each performed in accordance with a determination that the digital assistant is not awaiting a response to a prompt, generated by the digital assistant, for further user input.
  • a third score representing contextual continuity between the user utterance and a previous user utterance determined as intended for the digital assistant is determined (e.g., by contextual continuity detector 810) based on the textual representation of the speech input.
  • the user utterance is consecutive to the previous user utterance.
  • determining the third score includes determining the third score based on a textual representation of the previous user utterance.
  • determining the third score includes determining the third score using a second binary classification neural network.
  • determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is further based on the third score. In some examples, determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting a spoken trigger for initiating a digital assistant session. In some examples, determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting a selection of a displayed affordance (e.g., digital assistant affordance 904) and without detecting a selection of a button of the electronic device.
  • determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting a selection of a displayed affordance (e.g., digital assistant affordance 904) and without detecting a selection of a button of the electronic device.
  • determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes: weighting the first score, the second score, and the third score to obtain a final score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; comparing the final score to a threshold; in accordance with a determination that the final score is above the threshold: determining that the speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the final score is below the threshold: determining that the speech input is not intended for the digital assistant.
  • a task based on the speech input is initiated by the digital assistant.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates process 1100 for determining whether follow up speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 1100 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 1100 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1100 are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 1100 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 1100 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device 104 or device 900) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 1100.
  • a first speech input representing a first user utterance is received.
  • a first task based on the first speech input is initiated by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device.
  • a first output indicative of the initiated first task is provided.
  • a second speech input following the first speech input is received, the second speech input representing a second user utterance.
  • the first speech input and the second speech input are received within a same digital assistant session.
  • a first score representing a correspondence between the second user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant is determined (e.g., by domain correspondence detector 808) based on a textual representation of the second speech input.
  • determining the first score includes determining whether the second user utterance corresponds to a plurality of utterances recognized by the digital assistant.
  • determining the first score includes determining whether the second user utterance corresponds to a vocabulary associated with the domain recognized by the digital assistant.
  • determining the first score includes determining the first score using a binary classification neural network.
  • a second score representing contextual continuity between the first user utterance and the second user utterance is determined (e.g., by contextual continuity detector 810) based on the textual representation of the second speech input.
  • determining the second score includes determining the second score based on a textual representation of the first user utterance.
  • determining the second score includes determining the second score using a second binary classification neural network.
  • a third score corresponding to a type of the second user utterance is determined (e.g., by utterance classifier 806) based on the textual representation of the second speech input.
  • determining the third score includes: determining respective probabilities that the second user utterance corresponds to each of a plurality of user utterance types; selecting a subset of the respective probabilities, where each probability of the subset of the respective probabilities corresponds to a respective predetermined user utterance type of the plurality of user utterance types; and determining the third score based on the subset of the respective probabilities.
  • the plurality of user utterance types include: a first type of command; a second type of command; a first type of question; a second type of question; a first type of answer; a second type of answer; an opinion; and a statement.
  • the respective predetermined user utterance types include the first type of command; and the first type of question.
  • determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant is further based on the third score.
  • determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes: weighting the first score, the second score, and the third score to obtain a final score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; comparing the final score to a threshold; in accordance with a determination that the final score is above the threshold: determining that the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant; and in accordance with a determination that the final score is below the threshold: determining that the second speech input is not intended for the digital assistant.
  • a second task based on the second speech input is initiated by the digital assistant.
  • a second output indicative of the initiated second task is provided.
  • FIGS. 12A-12B illustrate process 1200 for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 1200 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 1200 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1200 are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 1200 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 1200 is performed using only a client device (e g., user device 104 or device 900) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 1200.
  • a spoken trigger for initiating a digital assistant session is detected (e.g., by spoken trigger detector 820).
  • a first score (e.g., acoustic score) indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device is determined (e.g., by acoustic analysis module 812) based on an acoustic representation of the speech input.
  • determining the first score includes: determining the first score using a second neural network, where the second neural network is configured to: while receiving the speech input, determine a plurality of scores each indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant, the plurality of scores including the first score.
  • a second score (e.g., ASR score) indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is determined (e g., by ASR analysis module 814) based on a textual representation of the speech input.
  • the textual representation of the speech input includes an automatic speech recognition (ASR) lattice; and determining the second score includes determining the second score using a third neural network configured to accept the ASR lattice as input.
  • ASR automatic speech recognition
  • a third score corresponding to a type of a user utterance represented by the speech input is determined (e.g., by utterance classifier 806) based on a second textual representation of the speech input.
  • a fourth score representing a correspondence between the user utterance and a domain recognized by the digital assistant is determined (e.g., by domain correspondence detector 808) based on the second textual representation.
  • a fifth score representing contextual continuity between the user utterance and a previous user utterance determined as intended for the digital assistant is determined (e.g., contextual continuity score) based on the second textual representation.
  • a sixth score is determined (e.g., by speaker identification module 816) based on performing speaker identification on the speech input.
  • a seventh score (e.g., gesture score) is determined (e.g., by gesture identification module 818) based on the gesture input.
  • a task based on the speech input is initiated by the digital assistant.
  • a task flow score corresponding to the initiated task is determined.
  • the task flow score is based on whether the digital assistant can determine a parameter of the task.
  • determining the first score (e.g., block 1206), the second score (e.g., block 1208), the third score (e.g., block 1210), the fourth score (e.g., block 1212), the fifth score (e.g., block 1214), the sixth score (e.g., block 1216), the seventh score (e.g., block 1220), the task flow score (e.g., block 1224), or a combination or sub-combination thereof, are performed in accordance with detecting the spoken trigger (e.g., at block 1202).
  • determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes determining at least some of: the first score, the second score, the third score, the fourth score, the fifth score, the sixth score, the seventh score, and the task flow score, e.g., at blocks 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212, 1214, 1216, 1220, and 1224, respectively.
  • determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes determining, using a first neural network, and based on at least some of: the first score, the second score, the third score, the fourth score, the fifth score, the sixth score, the seventh score, and the task flow score, a final score indicating whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting a selection of a displayed affordance and without detecting a selection of a button of the electronic device.
  • at least some of: the first score, the second score, the third score, the fourth score, the fifth score, the sixth score, the seventh score, and the task flow score are each determined in accordance with a determination that the digital assistant is not awaiting a response to a prompt, generated by the digital assistant, for further user input.
  • FIGS. 12A-12B are optionally implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, 7A-7C, and 8.
  • the operations of process 1200 may be implemented by digital assistant module 726 and by system 800. It would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes are implemented based on the components depicted in FIGS. 1-4, 6A-6B, and 7A-7C.
  • FIGS 13A-13B illustrate process 1300 for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 1300 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 1300 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1300 are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 1300 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 1300 is performed using only a client device (e g., user device 104 or device 900) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 1300.
  • a speech input is received.
  • a first set of data from a camera of an electronic device is captured between a start time and an end time of the speech input.
  • the camera includes at least one of: an RGB camera; and an infrared (IR) camera.
  • the first set of data is captured in accordance with a determination that a digital assistant is not awaiting a response to a prompt, generated by the digital assistant, for further user input.
  • the first set of data is captured in accordance with a determination that the speech input follows a second speech input received within a same digital assistant session.
  • the first set of data ceases to be captured at the end time.
  • a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern while the speech input is provided.
  • the second set of data is determined in accordance with a determination that the first set of data represents the user’s face.
  • the user gaze pattern indicates a plurality of user gaze locations while the speech input is provided.
  • the user gaze pattern indicates respective times corresponding to each of the plurality of user gaze locations.
  • a first score indicating whether the speech input is intended for a digital assistant operating on the electronic device is determined (e.g., by gaze module 822) based on the speech input and the second set of data.
  • the first score is determined without performing automatic speech recognition (ASR) on the speech input.
  • ASR automatic speech recognition
  • determining the first score includes determining (e.g., by gaze module 822) a third set of data representing a correlation between a feature of the speech input and the plurality of user gaze locations and determining the first score based on the third set of data, as shown in block 1314. In some examples, determining the first score based on the third set of data includes comparing the third set of data to a predetermined set of data representing a predetermined correlation between the feature and a predetermined plurality of gaze locations, as shown in block 1316.
  • determining the first score includes determining (e.g., by gaze module 822), based on the speech input, a fourth set of data representing a second feature of the speech input and determining the first score based on the fourth set of data, as shown in block 1318.
  • determining the first score includes determining the first score using a first neural network, where the first neural network is configured to accept the second set of data and the speech input as respective inputs.
  • determining the first score includes comparing (e g., using gaze module 822) the second set of data to a second predetermined set of data representing a predetermined gaze pattern, as shown in block 1320.
  • determining the first score includes determining the first score based on determining (e.g., by gaze module 822) whether the user gaze pattern satisfies one or more criteria, as shown in block 1322. In some examples, determining that the user gaze pattern satisfies the one or more criteria includes determining, based on the second set of data, that a user gaze is directed within a predetermined portion of a display of the electronic device.
  • determining that the user gaze pattern satisfies the one or more criteria includes at least one of: determining, based on the second set of data, that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion during a first predetermined duration after the start time; and determining, based on the second set of data, that the user gaze is directed within a second predetermined portion of the display during a second predetermined duration before the end time.
  • the predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant response affordance (e g., response affordances 902 or 908) and the second predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant affordance (e.g., digital assistant affordance 904).
  • the predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant affordance; and the second predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant response affordance
  • a task based on the speech input is initiated by the digital assistant.
  • it is determined e.g., by score combiner 824, based on the first score, whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant. In some examples, determining whether the speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting a selection of a displayed affordance and without detecting a selection of a button of the electronic device.
  • FIGS. 14A-14C illustrate process 1400 for determining whether follow up speech input is intended for a digital assistant, according to various examples.
  • Process 1400 is performed, for example, using one or more electronic devices implementing a digital assistant.
  • process 1400 is performed using a client-server system (e.g., system 100), and the blocks of process 1400 are divided up in any manner between the server (e.g., DA server 106) and a client device.
  • the blocks of process 1400 are divided up between the server and multiple client devices (e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch).
  • client devices e.g., a mobile phone and a smart watch
  • process 1400 is performed using only a client device (e.g., user device 104 or device 900) or only multiple client devices.
  • some blocks are, optionally, combined, the order of some blocks is, optionally, changed, and some blocks are, optionally, omitted.
  • additional steps may be performed in combination with the process 1400.
  • a first speech input is received.
  • determining that the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes: determining (e.g., by gaze module 822), based on a second user gaze input and the first speech input, and using a first instance of a first neural network, a third score (e.g., gaze score) indicating whether the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • determining that the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes: determining (e.g., by acoustic analysis module 812), based on an acoustic representation of the first speech input, and using a first instance of a second neural network, a fourth score (e.g., acoustic score) indicating whether the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • a fourth score e.g., acoustic score
  • a first task based on the first speech input is initiated by a digital assistant operating on the electronic device.
  • a first output indicative of the initiated first task is provided.
  • the first output is provided in accordance with a determination that the first speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • a second speech input following the first speech input is received.
  • the first speech input and the second speech input are received within a same digital assistant session.
  • a first set of data from a camera of an electronic device is captured between a start time and an end time of the second speech input.
  • a second set of data representing a user gaze pattern while the second speech input is provided is determined (e g., by gaze module 822) based on the first set of data.
  • the user gaze pattern indicates a plurality of user gaze locations while the second speech input is provided.
  • the user gaze pattern indicates respective times corresponding to each of the plurality of user gaze locations.
  • a first score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant is determined (e.g., by gaze module 822) based on user gaze input and the second speech input.
  • determining the first score includes determining the first score using a second instance of the first neural network.
  • determining the first score includes determining the first score based on the second set of data, as shown in block 1418
  • determining the first score includes determining (e.g., by gaze module 822) a third set of data representing a correlation between a feature of the second speech input and the plurality of user gaze locations and determining the first score based on the third set of data, as shown in block 1420. In some examples, determining the first score based on the third set of data includes comparing (e.g., by gaze module 822) the third set of data to a predetermined set of data representing a predetermined correlation between the feature and a predetermined plurality of gaze locations, as shown in block 1422.
  • determining the first score includes comparing (e g., by gaze module 822) the second set of data to a second predetermined set of data representing a predetermined gaze pattern, as shown in block 1424.
  • determining the first score includes determining the first score based on determining (e.g., by gaze module 822) whether the user gaze pattern satisfies one or more criteria, as shown in block 1426. In some examples, determining that the user gaze pattern satisfies the one or more criteria includes determining, based on the second set of data, that a user gaze is directed within a predetermined portion of a display of the electronic device.
  • determining that the user gaze pattern satisfies the one or more criteria includes at least one of: determining, based on the second set of data, that the user gaze is directed within the predetermined portion during a first predetermined duration after the start time; and determining, based on the second set of data, that the user gaze is directed within a second predetermined portion of the display during a second predetermined duration before the end time.
  • the predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant response affordance (e g., response affordances 902 or 908) and the second predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant affordance (e g., digital assistant affordance 904).
  • the predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant affordance and the second predetermined portion of the display displays a digital assistant response affordance
  • a second score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant is determined (e.g., by acoustic analysis module 812) based on an acoustic representation of the second speech input.
  • determining the second score includes determining the second score using a second instance of the second neural network.
  • a fifth score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant is determined (e.g., by ASR analysis module 814) based on a textual representation of the second speech input.
  • a sixth score representing contextual continuity between a first user utterance represented by the first speech input and a second user utterance represented by the second speech input is determined (e.g., by contextual continuity detector 810) based on a second textual representation of the second speech input.
  • a task flow score corresponding to the initiated second task is determined.
  • determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant includes determining at least some of: the first score, the second score, the fifth score, the sixth score, and the task flow score.
  • determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant further includes: determining, using a third neural network, based on at least some of: the first score, the second score, the fifth score, the sixth score, and the task flow score, a final score indicating whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant.
  • determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting the spoken trigger. In some examples, determining whether the second speech input is intended for the digital assistant is performed without detecting a selection of a displayed affordance and without detecting a selection of a button of the electronic device. [0374] At block 1440, in accordance with a determination that the second speech input is not intended for the digital assistant, providing a second output indicative of the initiated second task is forgone.
  • a second output indicative of the initiated second task is provided.
  • the second output includes an audio output.
  • an affordance indicative of the error (e.g., affordance 910) is displayed, where the second output is provided in accordance with a determination that the second output is not indicative of the error.
  • a computer-readable storage medium e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium
  • the computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods or processes described herein.
  • an electronic device e.g., a portable electronic device
  • an electronic device e.g., a portable electronic device
  • a processing unit configured to perform any of the methods or processes described herein.
  • an electronic device e.g., a portable electronic device
  • this gathered data may include personal information data that uniquely identifies or can be used to contact or locate a specific person.
  • personal information data can include demographic data, location-based data, telephone numbers, email addresses, twitter IDs, home addresses, data or records relating to a user’s health or level of fitness (e.g., vital signs measurements, medication information, exercise information), date of birth, or any other identifying or personal information.
  • the present disclosure recognizes that the use of such personal information data, in the present technology, can be used to the benefit of users.
  • the personal information data can be used to determine whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant.
  • using the personal information data may help provide efficient and accurate user-digital assistant interactions.
  • other uses for personal information data that benefit the user are also contemplated by the present disclosure.
  • health and fitness data may be used to provide insights into a user’s general wellness, or may be used as positive feedback to individuals using technology to pursue wellness goals.
  • the present disclosure contemplates that the entities responsible for the collection, analysis, disclosure, transfer, storage, or other use of such personal information data will comply with well-established privacy policies and/or privacy practices.
  • such entities should implement and consistently use privacy policies and practices that are generally recognized as meeting or exceeding industry or governmental requirements for maintaining personal information data private and secure.
  • Such policies should be easily accessible by users, and should be updated as the collection and/or use of data changes.
  • Personal information from users should be collected for legitimate and reasonable uses of the entity and not shared or sold outside of those legitimate uses. Further, such collection/ sharing should occur after receiving the informed consent of the users.
  • policies and practices should be adapted for the particular types of personal information data being collected and/or accessed and adapted to applicable laws and standards, including jurisdiction-specific considerations. For instance, in the US, collection of or access to certain health data may be governed by federal and/or state laws, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA); whereas health data in other countries may be subject to other regulations and policies and should be handled accordingly. Hence different privacy practices should be maintained for different personal data types in each country.
  • HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
  • the present disclosure also contemplates embodiments in which users selectively block the use of, or access to, personal information data. That is, the present disclosure contemplates that hardware and/or software elements can be provided to prevent or block access to such personal information data.
  • the present technology can be configured to allow users to select to “opt in” or “opt out” of participation in the collection of personal information data during registration for services or anytime thereafter.
  • users can select not to provide personal information data for determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant.
  • users can select to limit the length of time personal information data is maintained.
  • the present disclosure contemplates providing notifications relating to the access or use of personal information. For instance, a user may be notified upon downloading an app that their personal information data will be accessed and then reminded again just before personal information data is accessed by the app.
  • personal information data should be managed and handled in a way to minimize risks of unintentional or unauthorized access or use. Risk can be minimized by limiting the collection of data and deleting data once it is no longer needed.
  • data de-identifi cation can be used to protect a user’s privacy. Deidentification may be facilitated, when appropriate, by removing specific identifiers (e.g., date of birth, etc.), controlling the amount or specificity of data stored (e.g., collecting location data at a city level rather than at an address level), controlling how data is stored (e.g., aggregating data across users), and/or other methods.
  • the present disclosure broadly covers use of personal information data to implement one or more various disclosed embodiments, the present disclosure also contemplates that the various embodiments can also be implemented without the need for accessing such personal information data. That is, the various embodiments of the present technology are not rendered inoperable due to the lack of all or a portion of such personal information data.
  • the digital assistant can determine whether speech input is intended for the digital assistant based on non-personal information data or a bare minimum amount of personal information, such as the content being requested by the device associated with a user, other non-personal information available to the digital assistant, or publicly available information.

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un processus donné à titre d'exemple qui consiste à : recevoir une entrée vocale représentant un énoncé d'utilisateur; déterminer, sur la base d'une représentation textuelle de l'entrée vocale, un premier score correspondant à un type de l'énoncé d'utilisateur; déterminer, sur la base de la représentation textuelle de l'entrée vocale, un deuxième score représentant une correspondance entre l'énoncé d'utilisateur et un domaine reconnu par un assistant numérique; déterminer, sur la base du premier score et du deuxième score, si l'entrée vocale est destinée à l'assistant numérique; conformément à une détermination selon laquelle l'entrée vocale est destinée à l'assistant numérique : initier, par l'assistant numérique, une tâche basée sur l'entrée vocale; et fournir une sortie indiquant la tâche initiée.
PCT/US2023/022122 2022-05-13 2023-05-12 Détermination pour savoir si une entrée vocale est destinée à un assistant numérique WO2023220426A1 (fr)

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US17/952,038 US20230368812A1 (en) 2022-05-13 2022-09-23 Determining whether speech input is intended for a digital assistant
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