WO2023209466A1

WO2023209466A1 - Colorimetry using a portable colorimeter

Info

Publication number: WO2023209466A1
Application number: PCT/IB2023/053324
Authority: WO
Inventors: Tayyebeh MADRAKIAN; Mazaher AHMADI; Abbas AFKHAMI AGHDA; Sina KHALILI; Narges BASTAN; Amin NEMATI; Mohsen MAJIDI; Morteza Bahrami
Original assignee: Madrakian Tayyebeh; Ahmadi Mazaher; Afkhami Aghda Abbas
Priority date: 2022-04-27
Filing date: 2023-04-03
Publication date: 2023-11-02

Abstract

A portable colorimeter for determining light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample is disclosed. The portable colorimeter includes a housing with at least one sloping surface relative to a horizontal axis of the housing, a digital image-capturing device placed on the at least one sloping surface, at least one light source placed inside the housing, at least one light beam reflector placed in the housing, a white screen placed inside the housing parallel with the slopping surface, a processing unit connected to the digital image-capturing device. The processing unit includes a memory having processor-readable instructions stored therein and a processor configured to access the memory and execute the processor-readable instructions to perform a method for determining concentration of the liquid sample by detecting light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude of the liquid sample.

Description

COLORIMETRY USING A PORTABLE COLORIMETER

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to a colorimeter and a colorimetric method using thereof for determining light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample, and more particularly, relates to a device and method for determining light absorbance and/or light emission wavelengths of a liquid sample.

BACKGROUND ART

[0002] Colorimetry is a science and technology of determining color of a sample. Colorimetry identifies absorbance of a sample and shows absorbed color by a sample. Colorimetry is used in different fields of technology including analysis of blood, water, soil nutrients and foodstuffs, determination of solution concentration, determination of reaction levels, determination of bacterial crop growth, etc.

[0003] Colorimeters have some drawbacks which hinders widespread use of colorimeters. One drawback is high cost of existing colorimeters. Additionally, colorimeters are difficult to transport and most of colorimeters require an external power supply. Consequently, on-site usage of colorimeters is limited.

[0004] To get rid of drawbacks of colorimeters, image-capturing devices of smartphones as detectors for construction of portable and inexpensive colorimeters were introduced. Using smartphones as a detector in colorimeters have four main drawbacks including difficult connection of colorimeters to smartphones, compatibility of smartphones with designed software, need for software calibration, and inability to compare obtained signals from one specific colorimeter using different smartphones.

[0005] There are many methods and devices used for colorimetry and spectrophotometry. For example, Huang Wei Shen Qirui et al., presented a patent on “The method of portable multichannel spectrophotometer and measurement absorbance based on smartphone” (CN109632666A). Huang Wei Shen Qirui et al. manufactured a portable multi-channel spectrophotometer based on smartphone and methods for measuring absorbance. Zhu Zece et al. presented a patent on “Method and device for measuring spectrum and use thereof’ (CN 107870149 B). Zhu Zece et al. described a method of measuring a spectrum by dispersing a light source into light with different wavelengths using a dispersion element and irradiating the light on a sample plane. Methods and devices used by aforementioned inventors suffer from achieving comparable signals from one specific colorimeter and/or a spectrophotometer using different smartphones.

[0006] There is, therefore, a need for a cheap and portable colorimeter and spectrophotometer to produce comparable signals using different detectors. There is further a need for a user- friendly method to determine light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample using colorimeters and spectrophotometers with high precision.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0007] This summary is intended to provide an overview of the subject matter of this patent, and is not intended to identify essential elements or key elements of the subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to determine the scope of the claimed implementations. The proper scope of this patent may be ascertained from the claims set forth below in view of the detailed description below and the drawings.

[0008] According to one or more exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a portable colorimeter for determining light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may include a housing with at least one sloping surface relative to a horizontal axis of an exemplary housing with an angle of an exemplary at least one sloping surface to an exemplary horizontal axis in a range of 0 ° to 90 °, a digital image-capturing device placed on an exemplary at least one sloping surface, a light source placed inside an exemplary housing within a distance from an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 0 cm to 10 cm, at least one light beam reflector placed in an exemplary housing with a distance to an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 0 to 10 cm, a white screen placed inside an exemplary housing parallel with an exemplary slopping surface, and a processing unit connected to an exemplary digital image-capturing device. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary slopping surface may include an aperture. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary housing may include a closed-bottom hole above an exemplary housing for keeping an exemplary liquid sample therein. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary digital image-capturing device may cover one end of an exemplary aperture of an exemplary sloping surface. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary processing unit may include a memory having processor-readable instructions may be stored therein and a processor that may be configured to access an exemplary memory and execute an exemplary processor-readable instructions, which, when may be executed by an exemplary processor may configure an exemplary processor to perform a method. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method may include capturing a photo of a reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample that may be formed on an exemplary white screen using an exemplary digital image-capturing device, detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected light, and determining concentration of an exemplary liquid sample based on an exemplary detected absorbance and/or light emission magnitude using a calibration dataset (or curve) of a set of concentrations of a plurality of liquid samples versus absorbance and/or light emission magnitude of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples.

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may further include a matte filter placed inside an exemplary aperture. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary matte filter may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may further include chromatic dispersion element, a beam alignment system, a separating wall, and combinations thereof to form a wavelength detector for detecting wavelengths of absorbed light of an exemplary liquid sample and/or emitted light from an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm.

[0011] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may include at least one of light-emitting diode (LED), surface mounted diode (SMD), chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, a wavelength of a light beam emitting from an exemplary light source may be in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary chromatic dispersion element may include at least one of diffraction grating, prism, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary beam alignment system may include at least one of an optical lens, an optical fiber, a mirror, and combinations thereof. [0013] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may further include a liquid-sample container placed inside an exemplary closed-bottom hole. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary liquid-sample container may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof.

[0014] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may include at least one of a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary white screen may be made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof.

[0015] According to one or more exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a method for analyzing a liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method may include preparing a portable colorimeter by placing a digital image-capturing device on an aperture of at least one sloping surface of a housing, pouring an exemplary liquid sample in a closed-bottom hole positioned on a top surface of an exemplary housing, irradiating a light beam to an exemplary liquid sample by turning on an exemplary at least one light source, capturing a photo of a reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample formed on an exemplary white screen using an exemplary digital image-capturing device, detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected light, and determining concentration of an exemplary liquid sample based on an exemplary detected absorbance and/or light emission magnitude using a calibration dataset (or curve) of a set of concentrations of a plurality of liquid samples versus light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary housing may encompass a white screen, at least one light source, at least one mirror, and a matte filter.

[0016] In an exemplary embodiment, determining an exemplary concentration of an exemplary liquid sample using an exemplary portable colorimeter may include determining light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample of a plurality of liquid samples using an exemplary portable colorimeter, determining light absorbance and/or light emission of a blank sample using an exemplary portable colorimeter, calculating an exemplary concentration of an exemplary liquid sample of an exemplary plurality of exemplary liquid samples using an exemplary following equation, and forming a calibration curve based on an exemplary concentration of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples versus light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary liquid sample may include an analyte and a sample matrix. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank sample may include an exemplary sample matrix.

Intensity of an exemplary liquid sample signal crncpntrati cm oc — Inp -

Intensity of an exemplary blank sample signal

[0017] In an exemplary embodiment, irradiating an exemplary light beam to an exemplary liquid sample may include irradiating an exemplary light beam to an exemplary liquid sample with a wavelength in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm to an exemplary liquid sample using an exemplary at least one light source. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may include at least one of a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, a monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof.

[0018] According to one or more exemplary embodiments, the present disclosure is directed to a method for determining a wavelength spectrum of a liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method may include placing a digital image-capturing device on an aperture of at least one sloping surface of a housing, pouring an exemplary liquid sample in a closed-bottom hole positioned on a top surface of an exemplary housing, irradiating a light beam to an exemplary liquid sample by turning on an exemplary at least one light source, capturing a photo of a reflected-light spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample formed on an exemplary white screen using an exemplary digital image-capturing device, and determining absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected-light spectrum. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary housing may encompass a white screen, at least one light source, at least one light beam reflector, a chromatic dispersion element, a beam alignment system, and a separating wall.

[0019] In an exemplary embodiment, determining an exemplary absorbance and/or an exemplary light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample may include determining a background signal of a blank sample for all pixels of a light spectrum formed on an exemplary white screen when an exemplary light source may be turned off, determining a first pixel (pixel Wi) and a last pixel (pixel W2) of an exemplary blank sample signal by eliminating an exemplary background signal from an exemplary blank sample signal that may be formed on an exemplary white screen when an exemplary light source may be turned on, determining an incremental factor (IF) of an exemplary light absorbance and/or an exemplary light emission spectrum using an exemplary following equation, and determining a wavelength spectrum of an exemplary absorbance and/or an exemplary light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample using an exemplary following equation for converting each pixel of a plurality of pixels to a wavelength. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank sample may include a sample matrix

[0020] In an exemplary embodiment, irradiating an exemplary light beam to an exemplary liquid sample may include irradiating an exemplary light beam to an exemplary liquid sample with a wavelength in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm to an exemplary liquid sample using an exemplary at least one light source.

[0021] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may include at least one of a light-emitting diode (LED), a surface mounted diode (SMD), a chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0022] The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in accord with the present teachings, by way of example only, not by way of limitation. In the figures, like reference numerals refer to the same or similar elements.

[0023] FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of a portable colorimeter, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0024] FIG. IB illustrates a schematic cross-sectional top view of an exemplary housing, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0025] FIG. 1C illustrates a perspective schematic view of an exemplary portable colorimeter, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates a computer system in which an embodiment of the present disclosure, or portions thereof, may be implemented as computer-readable code, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0027] FIG 3A illustrates a cross-sectional schematic view of an exemplary portable colorimeter using a cellphone, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0028] FIG. 3B illustrates a cross-sectional schematic view of an exemplary portable colorimeter using a cellphone power supply, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0029] FIG. 3C illustrates a perspective schematic view of an exemplary portable colorimeter using multiple matte filters, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0030] FIG. 4A illustrates a cross-sectional schematic view of a wavelength detector, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; [0031] FIG. 4B illustrate a perspective schematic view of an exemplary wavelength detector, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0032] FIG. 5A illustrates a flowchart of a method for analyzing a liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0033] FIG. 5B illustrates a flowchart of a method for determining an exemplary concentration of an exemplary liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] FIG. 6A illustrates a flowchart of a method for determining a wavelength spectrum of a liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; [0035] FIG. 6B illustrates a flowchart of a method for determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0036] FIG. 7 A illustrates calibration curves with a R parameter for Congo red dye aqueous solutions by colorimetric analysis using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0037] FIG. 7B illustrates calibration curves with a G parameter for Congo red dye aqueous solutions by colorimetric analysis using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0038] FIG. 7C illustrates calibration curves with a B parameter for Congo red dye aqueous solutions by colorimetric analysis using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0039] FIG. 8 illustrates calibration curves of Congo red dye aqueous solutions using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0040] FIG. 9 illustrates calibration curves of fluorescein aqueous solutions using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0041] FIG. 10 illustrates a light absorption wavelength spectrum of an exemplary Congo red dye aqueous solution, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

[0043] In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings.

[0044] The novel features which are believed to be characteristic of the present disclosure, as to its structure, organization, use and method of operation, together with further objectives and advantages thereof, will be better understood from the following discussion. In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it should be apparent that the present teachings may be practiced without such details. In other instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or circuitry have been described at a relatively high- level, without detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the present teachings. The following detailed description is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the methods and devices disclosed in exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For purposes of explanation, specific nomenclature is set forth to provide a thorough understanding of the present disclosure. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that these specific details are not required to practice the disclosed exemplary embodiments. Descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments are provided only as representative examples. Various modifications to the exemplary implementations will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations and applications without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown, but is to be accorded the widest possible scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

[0045] The present disclosure is directed to exemplary embodiments of a portable colorimeter to determine light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample and a method for determining light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample using an exemplary portable colorimeter. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary liquid sample may include a colored liquid. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light emission of an exemplary liquid sample may include at least one of a fluorescence emission, a phosphorescence emission, and combinations thereof.

[0046] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary colorimeter may include a housing, a digital image-capturing device, at least one light source, at least one light beam reflector, a white screen, a matte filter, and a processing unit. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary housing may include at least one sloping surface relative to a horizontal axis of an exemplary housing. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary housing may include an exemplary at least one slopping surface with an angle of an exemplary at least one sloping surface to an exemplary horizontal axis in a range of 0° to 90°. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary housing may include a closed-bottom hole above an exemplary housing for keeping an exemplary liquid sample therein. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary slopping surface may include an aperture. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary digital image-capturing device may be placed on an exemplary at least one sloping surface. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary digital image-capturing device may cover one end of an exemplary aperture of an exemplary sloping surface. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may be placed inside an exemplary housing within a distance from an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 0 cm to 10 cm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may include at least one of a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, a monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary at least one light beam reflector may be placed in an exemplary housing with a distance to an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 0 cm to 10 cm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light beam reflector may include a mirror. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary white screen may be placed inside an exemplary housing parallel with an exemplary slopping surface. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary white screen may be made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment an exemplary matte filter may be placed inside an exemplary aperture. In an exemplary embodiment an exemplary matte filter may be used for taking photos with similar lateral and longitudinal resolution using different image capturing devices. In an exemplary embodiment an exemplary matte filter may be used to improve repeatability of measurements using an exemplary portable colorimeter. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary matte filter may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary processing unit may be connected to an exemplary digital image- capturing device. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary connection may be an electrical connection. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary processing unit may include a memory and a processor. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary memory may have processor- readable instructions stored therein. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary processor may be configured to access an exemplary memory. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary processor may execute exemplary processor-readable instructions, which, when executed by an exemplary processor may configure an exemplary processor to perform a method. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary method may include capturing a photo of a reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample formed on an exemplary white screen using an exemplary digital image-capturing device, detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected light, and determining concentration of an exemplary liquid sample based on an exemplary detected absorbance and/or light emission magnitude using a calibration dataset (or curve) of a set of concentrations of a plurality of liquid samples versus absorbance and/or light emission magnitude of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples.

[0047] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may further include a liquid-sample container. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary liquid-sample container may be placed inside an exemplary closed-bottom hole. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary liquid-sample container may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof.

[0048] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary disclosure may further include at least one of a chromatic dispersion element, a beam alignment system, a separating wall, and combinations thereof to form a portable wavelength detector for detecting wavelengths of absorbed light of an exemplary liquid sample and/or emitted light from an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary wavelength detector may detect wavelengths of absorbed light of an exemplary liquid sample and/or emitted light from an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light source may include at least one of light-emitting diode (LED), surface mounted diode (SMD), chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, a wavelength of a light beam emitted from an exemplary light source may be in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary chromatic dispersion element may include at least one of diffraction grating, prism, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary chromatic dispersion element may split light into wavelength. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary beam alignment system may include at least one of optical lens, optical fiber, mirror, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary optical fiber may function both as an exemplary beam alignment system and an exemplary light beam reflector at a same time.

[0049] FIG. 1A illustrates a cross-sectional schematic view 100 of a portable colorimeter 101, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, portable colorimeter 101 may include a digital image-capturing device 104, a housing 112, a white screen 108, a light beam reflector 110, a connection 116, and a processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be placed on a sloping surface 114 of a housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, sloping surface 114 may have an angle 107 to a horizontal axis 116 of housing 112 in a range of 0 ° to 90 °. In an exemplary embodiment, sloping surface 114 may include an aperture 106. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be placed on aperture 106. In an exemplary embodiment, a lens of digital image-capturing device 104 may be placed on aperture 106. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 112 may encompass white screen 108 and light beam reflector 110. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 108 may be made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, light beam reflector 110 may include a mirror. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 108 may be parallel with slopping surface 114. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be connected to processing unit 118 via connection 116. In an exemplary embodiment, connection 116 may include at least one of a wireless connection, wired connection, Bluetooth connection, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be used to analyze pictures captured by digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may include a computer system which is illustrated in FIG. 2 and described herein below.

[0050] FIG. IB illustrates a cross-sectional top view 120 of portable colorimeter 121, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 125 may encompass white screen 127, light beam reflector 123, liquidsample container 124, a first light source 128, a second light source 129, brightness adjustment system 122 of light source 129 and light source 128, and a radiation source selection system 126. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 124 may be placed in a closed- bottom hole on an exemplary top surface of housing 125. In an exemplary embodiment, a liquid sample may be poured into liquid-sample container 124. In an exemplary embodiment, liquidsample container 124 may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, each of first light source 128 and second light source 129 may include a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, light beam reflector 123 may include at least a mirror. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 127 may be placed parallel with digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 127 may be made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, only one light source, for example, first light source 128 or second light source 129 may be used. In another exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 126 may be used when more than one light source is used. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 126 may be used to select which light source be turned on or off. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one light source may be used. In an exemplary embodiment, brightness adjustment system 122 may be used to control light intensity of second light source 129 and/or first light source 128. In an exemplary embodiment, second light source 129 and first light source 128 may be connected to an electrical power supply. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 125 may be similar to housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, light beam reflector 123 may be similar to light beam reflector 110. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 127 may be similar to white screen 108. In an exemplary embodiment, portable colorimeter 121 may be similar to portable colorimeter 101.

[0051] FIG. 1C illustrates a perspective view 130 of portable colorimeter 101, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, as shown in FIG 1C, housing 137 may include aperture 138, liquid-sample container 134, closed-bottom hole 132, brightness adjustment system 135, and radiation source selection system 136. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 134 may be similar to liquid-sample container 124. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 136 may be similar to radiation source selection system 126. In an exemplary embodiment, brightness adjustment system 135 may be similar to brightness adjustment system 122. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 137 may be similar to housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, aperture 138 may be similar to aperture 106. [0052] In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may include a computer system. FIG. 2 illustrates a computer system 200 in which an embodiment of the present disclosure, or portions thereof, may be implemented as computer-readable code, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, steps 510, 512 of flowchart 500, steps 516, 518, 520, and 522 of flowchart 514, step 610 of flowchart 514, and steps 612, 614, 616, and 618 of flowchart 611 may be implemented in computer system 200 using hardware, software, firmware, tangible computer readable media having instructions stored thereon, or a combination thereof and may be implemented in one or more computer systems or other processing systems. Hardware, software, or any combination of such may embody any of the modules and components in FIG. 1A. In an exemplary embodiment, computer system 200 may include processor 204.

[0053] If programmable logic is used, such logic may execute on a commercially available processing platform or a special purpose device. One ordinary skill in the art may appreciate that an embodiment of the disclosed subject matter can be practiced with various computer system configurations, including multi-core multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, computers linked or clustered with distributed functions, as well as pervasive or miniature computers that may be embedded into virtually any device.

[0054] For instance, a computing device having at least one processor device and a memory may be used to implement the above-described embodiments. A processor device may be a single processor, a plurality of processors, or combinations thereof. Processor devices may have one or more processor “cores.”

[0055] An embodiment of the invention is described in terms of this example computer system 200. After reading this description, it will become apparent to a person skilled in the relevant art how to implement the invention using other computer systems and/or computer architectures. Although operations may be described as a sequential process, some of the operations may in fact be performed in parallel, concurrently, and/or in a distributed environment, and with program code stored locally or remotely for access by single or multiprocessor machines. In addition, in some embodiments the order of operations may be rearranged without departing from the spirit of the disclosed subject matter.

[0056] Processor 204 may be a special purpose or a general-purpose processor device. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, processor 204 may also be a single processor in a multi-core/multiprocessor system, such system operating alone, or in a cluster of computing devices operating in a cluster or server farm. Processor 204 may be connected to a communication infrastructure 202, for example, a bus, message queue, network, or multicore message-passing scheme.

[0057] In an exemplary embodiment, computer system 200 may include a display interface 208, for example a video connector, to transfer data to a display unit 226, for example, a monitor. Computer system 200 may also include a main memory 206, for example, random access memory (RAM), and may also include a secondary memory 210. Secondary memory 210 may include, for example, a hard disk drive 212, and a removable storage drive 214. Removable storage drive 214 may include a floppy disk drive, a magnetic tape drive, an optical disk drive, a flash memory, or the like. Removable storage drive 214 may read from and/or write to a removable storage unit 224 in a well-known manner. Removable storage unit 224 may include a floppy disk, a magnetic tape, an optical disk, etc., which may be read by and written to by removable storage drive 214. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art, removable storage unit 224 may include a computer usable storage medium having stored therein computer software and/or data.

[0058] In alternative implementations, secondary memory 210 may include other similar means for allowing computer programs or other instructions to be loaded into computer system 200. Such means may include, for example, a removable storage unit 222 and an interface 216. Examples of such means may include a program cartridge and cartridge interface (such as that found in video game devices), a removable memory chip (such as an EPROM, or PROM) and associated socket, and other removable storage units 222 and interfaces 216 which allow software and data to be transferred from removable storage unit 222 to computer system 200. [0059] Computer system 200 may also include a network interface 218. Network interface 218 allows software and data to be transferred between computer system 200 and external devices. Network interface 218 may include a modem, a network interface (such as an Ethernet card), a communications port, a PCMCIA slot and card, or the like. Software and data transferred via network interface 218 may be in the form of signals, which may be electronic, electromagnetic, optical, or other signals capable of being received by network interface 218. These signals may be provided to network interface 218 via a communications path 220. Communications path 220 carries signals and may be implemented using wire or cable, fiber optics, a phone line, a cellular phone link, an RF link or other communications channels. [0060] In this document, the terms “computer program medium” and “computer usable medium” are used to generally refer to media such as removable storage unit 224, removable storage unit 222, and a hard disk installed in hard disk drive 212. Computer program medium and computer usable medium may also refer to memories, such as main memory 206 and secondary memory 210, which may be memory semiconductors (e.g. DRAMs, etc.).

[0061] Computer programs (also called computer control logic) are stored in main memory 206 and/or secondary memory 210. Computer programs may also be received via network interface 218. Such computer programs, when executed, enable computer system 200 to implement different embodiments of the present disclosure as discussed herein. In particular, the computer programs, when executed, enable processor device 204 to implement the processes of the present disclosure, such as the operations in method 514 illustrated by flowchart 514 of FIG. 5B and method 611 illustrated by flowchart 611 of FIG. 6B, discussed below. Accordingly, such computer programs represent controllers of computer system 200. Where an exemplary embodiment of methods 514 and 611 is implemented using software, the software may be stored in a computer program product and loaded into computer system 200 using removable storage drive 214, interface 216, and hard disk drive 212, or network interface 218.

[0062] Embodiments of the present disclosure also may be directed to computer program products including software stored on any computer useable medium. Such software, when executed in one or more data processing device, causes a data processing device to operate as described herein. An embodiment of the present disclosure may employ any computer useable or readable medium. Examples of computer useable mediums include, but are not limited to, primary storage devices (e.g., any type of random access memory), secondary storage devices (e.g., hard drives, floppy disks, CD ROMS, ZIP disks, tapes, magnetic storage devices, and optical storage devices, MEMS, nanotechnological storage device, etc.).

[0063] The embodiments have been described above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the implementation of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined herein for the convenience of the description. Alternate boundaries can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships thereof are appropriately performed. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may be utilized by methods 500, 514, 600, and 611 for colorimetry and spectrophotometry described herein below. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may include a computer system similar to computer system 200.

[0064] FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view 300 of an exemplary portable colorimeter using a cellphone, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 304 may include a digital image-capturing device of a cellphone 302. In an exemplary embodiment, cellphone 302 may process images captured by digital image-capturing device 304. In an exemplary embodiment, cellphone 302 may include a processing unit similar to processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, cellphone 302 may include a processing unit similar to processing unit 118 and image capturing device 304. In an exemplary embodiment, image-capturing device 304 may be similar to image-capturing device 104.

[0065] FIG. 3B illustrates a cross-sectional view 320 of portable colorimeter 321 using a cellphone power supply, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, portable colorimeter 321 may include an electrical connection 322 between light source 128, light source 129, and powder supply 324. In an exemplary embodiment, electrical connection 322 may be an electrical wire. In an exemplary embodiment, powder supply 324 may include a cellphone’s power supply. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter may be electrically connected to a municipal power source. In an exemplary embodiment, portable colorimeter 321 may be similar to portable colorimeter 101.

[0066] FIG. 3C illustrates a perspective view 340 of an exemplary portable colorimeter using multiple matte filters, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, matte filter 347 may be placed in aperture 346. In an exemplary embodiment, matte filter 347 may include at least one of quartz, glass, plastic, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, matte filter 347 may be used for taking photos with similar lateral and longitudinal resolution using different image capturing devices. In an exemplary embodiment matte filter 347 may be used to improve repeatability and selectivity of measurements using portable colorimeter 101. In an exemplary embodiment, aperture 346 may be similar to aperture 106.

[0067] In another general aspect of the present disclosure, a wavelength detector may be described. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary wavelength detector may include one or more elements similar to elements of an exemplary portable colorimeter described herein above. FIG. 4A illustrates a cross-sectional schematic view 400 of wavelength detector 429, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, wavelength detector 429 may include a housing 406 (similar to housing 112 of an exemplary portable colorimeter), a light source 424, a light source 404, a liquid-sample container 422, a white screen 410, a light beam reflector 412, a chromatic dispersion element 418, a beam alignment system 420, a separating wall 416, a brightness adjustment system 408, and a radiation source selection system 402. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 422 may be placed inside a closed-bottom hole. In an exemplary embodiment, liquidsample container 422 may be a place for keeping an exemplary liquid sample therein. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 422 may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, at least a light source may be used to irradiate an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 424 and light source 404 may be used to irradiate an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 424 and light source 404 may include at least one of light-emitting diode (LED), surface mounted diode (SMD), chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 424 and light source 404 may irradiate a light beam with a wavelength of a light beam in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm. In an exemplary embodiment, light beam reflector 412 may include a mirror. In an exemplary embodiment, beam alignment system 420 may be used to guide light beams toward light beam reflector 412. In an exemplary embodiment, beam alignment system 420 may include at least one of optical lens, optical fiber, mirror, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary optical fiber may transport exemplary light beams produced by light source 424 and light source 404 toward white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary optical fiber may function as at least one of light beam alignment system 420, light beam reflector 412, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, chromatic dispersion element 428 may convert exemplary light beams produced by light source 424 and light source 404 into wavelength. In an exemplary embodiment, chromatic dispersion element 428 may be placed between light beam alignment system 420 and light beam reflector 412. In an exemplary embodiment, chromatic dispersion element 428 may include at least one of diffraction grating, prism, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, separating wall 416 may be used to prevent interference of exemplary produced light beams by light source 424 and light source 404 with light spectrum reflected on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, reflected spectrum of exemplary produced light beams may form on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 410 may be made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 410 may include a black margin. In an exemplary embodiment, brightness adjustment system 408 may be implemented on housing 406 for controlling brightness of light source 424 and light source 404. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 402 may be implemented on housing 406. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 402 may choose one of light source 424 or light source 404 to be turned on or off. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 402 may be similar to radiation source selection system 126. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 406 may be similar to housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, liquidsample container 422 may be similar to liquid-sample container 124. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 410 may be similar to white screen 127. In an exemplary embodiment, light beam reflector 412 may be similar to light beam reflector 110.

[0068] FIG. 4B illustrate a perspective view 430 of wavelength detector 431, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, an aperture 436 may be embedded (or formed) on a slopping surface 438 of housing 437. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be placed on aperture 436 to take photos of images formed on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, exemplary images may include light spectrum of exemplary liquid samples. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 433 may be placed inside closed-bottom hole 432. In an exemplary embodiment, aperture 436 may be similar to aperture 106. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 433 may be similar to liquid-sample container 124. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 437 may be similar to housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, brightness adjustment system 435 may be similar to brightness adjustment system 122. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 439 may be similar to radiation source selection system 126. In an exemplary embodiment, wavelength detector 431 may be similar to wavelength detector 429.

[0069] FIG. 5A illustrates a flowchart of a method 500 for analyzing a liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, method 500 may include a step 502 of preparing a portable colorimeter by placing a digital image-capturing device on an aperture of at least one sloping surface of a housing, a step 504 of pouring a liquid sample in a closed-bottom hole positioned on a top surface of the housing, a step 506 of irradiating a light beam to the liquid sample by turning on at least one light source, a step 508 of capturing a photo of a reflected light from the liquid sample formed on a white screen using a digital image-capturing device, a step 510 of detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of the liquid sample responsive to the reflected light, and a step 512 of determining concentration of the liquid sample based on the detected light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable colorimeter formed and utilized in method 500 may be similar to portable colorimeter 101 illustrated in FIG.s 1A-1C and described herein above. So, method 500 may be described in detail in connection with colorimeter 101 illustrated in FIG.s 1A-1C.

[0070] In further detail with respect to step 502, step 502 of preparing a portable colorimeter may include placing digital image-capturing device 104 on aperture 106 of housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, aperture 106 may be formed on sloping surface 114. In an exemplary embodiment, matte filter 117 may be placed inside aperture 106. In an exemplary embodiment, sloping surface 114 may have angle 107 to horizontal axis 119. In an exemplary embodiment, angle 107 may be in a range of 0° to 90°. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be a digital image-capturing device of a cellphone.

[0071] In further detail with respect to step 504, step 504 of pouring a liquid sample in a closed- bottom hole 132 may include pouring an exemplary liquid sample into liquid-sample container 124. In an exemplary embodiment, closed-bottom hole 132 may be positioned on a top surface 133 of housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 124 may be placed inside closed-bottom hole 132. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 124 may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof.

[0072] In further detail with respect to step 506, step 506 of irradiating a light beam to an exemplary liquid sample may include turning on light source 128 or light source 129. In an exemplary embodiment, brightness adjustment system 122 may be used to adjust brightness of light source 128 and light source 129. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 128 and light source 129 may include at least one of a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 126 may be used to choose one of light source 128 or light source 129 to be turned on or off. In an exemplary embodiment, when an exemplary liquid sample may be irradiated by light source 128 or light source 129, a partial of an exemplary radiated light may be absorbed by an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, a complementary light of an exemplary absorbed light may be transmitted from an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary transmitted light may be reflected on light beam reflector 110. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary transmitted light may be reflected from light beam reflector 110 to white screen 108. In an exemplary embodiment, a picture with a color of an exemplary transmitted light may form on white screen 108. In another exemplary embodiment, when an exemplary liquid sample may be irradiated by light source 128 or light source 129, a light beam may be emitted from an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary emitted light may include at least a fluorescence emission, a phosphorescence emission, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary emitted light may be reflected by light beam reflector 110 on white screen 108. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary reflected light beam may form a colored picture on white screen 108. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary white screen 108 may be parallel with sloping surface 114.

[0073] In further detail with respect to step 508, step 508 of capturing a photo of a reflected light may include capturing a photo of a reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample formed on white screen 108 using digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be placed on aperture 106 of housing 112. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be a digital image-capturing device of a cellphone similar to cellphone 302.

[0074] In further detail with respect to step 510, step 510 of detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected light may include using processing unit 118 to analyze an exemplary picture captured by digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be connected to digital image-capturing device 104 using connection 116. In an exemplary embodiment, connection 116 may be at least one of a wireless connection, a wired connection, a Bluetooth connection, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be connected to digital image-capturing device 104 via at least a wireless connection, a wired connection, a Bluetooth connection, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be at least a processing part of cellphone 302, a computer system 200, and combinations thereof. [0075] In further detail with respect to step 512, step 512 of determining concentration of an exemplary liquid sample based on an exemplary detected absorbance and/or light emission magnitude may be performed using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, determining concentration of an exemplary liquid sample based on an exemplary detected light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude may be illustrated in FIG. 5B.

[0076] FIG. 5B illustrates a flowchart of a method 514 of determining an exemplary concentration of an exemplary liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, method 514 may include a step 516 of determining light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of a liquid sample of a plurality of liquid samples, a step 518 of determining light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of a blank sample, a step 520 of calculating concentration of the liquid sample of the plurality of the liquid samples, a step 522 of forming a calibration curve based on the concentration of the plurality of liquid samples versus respective light absorbance and/or light emission of the plurality of liquid samples.

[0077] In further detail with respect to step 516, step 516 of determining light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of a liquid sample of a plurality of liquid samples may include analyzing an exemplary liquid sample using an exemplary portable colorimeter. In an exemplary embodiment, to analyze an exemplary liquid sample, an exemplary liquid sample may be poured into liquid-sample container 124. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary liquid sample may include an analyte and a sample matrix. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 128 or light source 129 may be turned on. In an exemplary embodiment, a colored picture of an exemplary reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample may form on white screen 108. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be utilized to take a picture of an exemplary colored picture of an exemplary reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary colored pictured may be analyzed using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of an exemplary colored picture may be determined using processing unit 118.

[0078] In further detail with respect to step 518, step 518 of determining light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of a blank sample may include analyzing an exemplary blank sample using an exemplary portable colorimeter. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank sample may include an exemplary sample matrix. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank sample may be poured into liquid-sample container 124 to analyze an exemplary blank sample. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 128 or light source 129 may be turned on. In an exemplary embodiment, a colored picture of a reflected light of an exemplary blank sample may be formed on white screen 108. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be utilized to take a picture of an exemplary colored picture of an exemplary reflected light of an exemplary blank sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary colored pictured may be analyzed using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of an exemplary colored picture may be determined using processing unit 118.

[0079] In further detail with respect to step 520, step 520 of calculating concentration of an exemplary liquid sample of an exemplary plurality of the liquid samples may include calculating concentration of an exemplary liquid sample of an exemplary plurality of exemplary liquid samples using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, concentration of an exemplary liquid sample may be calculated using an exemplary following equation (1):

„ . . . i .Signal intensity of an exemplary liquid sample. ...

Concentration oc -logf-r — r - - , , , , (1)

Signal intensity of an exemplary blank sample

[0080] In further detail with respect to step 522, step 522 of forming a calibration curve may include forming an exemplary calibration curve based on an exemplary concentration of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples versus light absorbance and/or light emission intensity of an exemplary plurality of liquid samples using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, at least two liquid samples may be required to form an exemplary calibration curve. In an exemplary embodiment, an equation may be obtained for each calibration curve dataset. In an exemplary embodiment, unknown concentration of an exemplary liquid sample may be extrapolated using an exemplary calibration curve.

[0081] FIG. 6A illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 for determining a wavelength spectrum of a liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, method 600 may include a step 602 of placing a digital image-capturing device on an aperture of at least one sloping surface of a housing, a step 604 of pouring a liquid sample in a closed-bottom hole positioned on a top surface of the housing, a step 606 of irradiating a light beam to the liquid sample by turning on at least one light source, a step 608 of capturing a photo of a reflected-light spectrum from the liquid sample formed on a white screen, and a step 210 of determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of the liquid sample responsive to the reflected-light spectrum. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable wavelength detector formed and utilized in method 600 may be similar to wavelength detector 429 illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B and described herein above. So, method 600 may be described in detail in connection with wavelength detector 429 illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B.

[0082] In further detail with respect to step 602, step 602 of placing digital image-capturing device 104 on aperture 426 may include placing digital image-capturing device 104 on aperture 426 of sloping surface 428 of housing 406. In an exemplary embodiment, aperture 426 may be formed on sloping surface 428. In an exemplary embodiment, sloping surface 428 to horizontal axis 434 may have angle in a range of 0 ° to 90 °. In an exemplary embodiment, digital imagecapturing device 104 may be a digital image-capturing device of a cellphone. In an exemplary embodiment, housing 406 may include a white screen 410, chromatic dispersion element 418, beam alignment system 420, separating wall 416, a brightness adjustment system 408, a radiation source selection system 402, closed-bottom hole 422, light source 404 or light source 424, and light beam reflector 412.

[0083] In further detail with respect to step 604, step 604 of pouring a liquid sample in a closed- bottom hole 432 may include pouring an exemplary liquid sample into a liquid-sample container 422. In an exemplary embodiment, closed-bottom hole 432 may be positioned on a top surface of housing 406. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid- sample container 422 may be placed inside closed-bottom hole 432. In an exemplary embodiment, liquid-sample container 422 may be made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof.

[0084] In further detail with respect to step 606, step 606 of irradiating a light beam to an exemplary liquid sample may include turning on light source 424 or light source 404. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 424 and light source 404 may be placed with a distance from an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 0 cm to 10 cm. In an exemplary embodiment, brightness adjustment system 408 may be used to adjust brightness of light source 424 and light source 404. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 424 and light source 404 may include at least one of light-emitting diode (LED), surface mounted diode (SMD), chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, light source 424 and light source 404 may emit a wavelength of a light beam in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm. In an exemplary embodiment, radiation source selection system 402 may be used to choose one of light source 422 or light source 404 to switch on or off. In an exemplary embodiment, when an exemplary liquid sample may be irradiated by light source 404 or light source 424, a partial of an exemplary irradiated light may be absorbed by an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, a complementary light may be transmitted from an exemplary liquid sample. In another exemplary embodiment, when an exemplary liquid sample may be irradiated by light source 424 or light source 404, a light beam may be emitted from an exemplary liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary emitted light may include at least a fluorescence emission, a phosphorescence emission, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light absorbance and/or light emission may pass through beam alignment system 420. In an exemplary embodiment, beam alignment system 420 may include at least one of optical lens, optical fiber, mirror, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary aligned light absorbance and/or light emission may pass through chromatic dispersion element 418. In an exemplary embodiment, chromatic dispersion element 418 may convert an exemplary light absorbance and/or light emission into corresponding wavelength. In an exemplary embodiment, chromatic dispersion element 418 may include at least one of diffraction grating, prism, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light absorbance and/or light emission may be reflected by light beam reflector 412 on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, light beam reflector 412 may be placed with a distance to an exemplary liquid sample in a range of 0 to 10 cm. In an exemplary embodiment, separating wall 416 may be used to prevent interference of exemplary produced light beams by light source 424 and light source 404 with light spectrum reflected on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, white screen 410 may be made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, a picture of a light spectrum of an exemplary transmitted light may form on white screen 410.

[0085] In further detail with respect to step 608, step 608 of capturing a photo of a reflected light may include capturing a photo of an exemplary reflected light from an exemplary liquid sample formed on white screen 410 using digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be placed on aperture 426 of housing 406. In an exemplary embodiment, digital image-capturing device 104 may be a digital imagecapturing device of a cellphone. [0086] In further detail with respect to step 610, step 610 of determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected-light spectrum may include determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected-light spectrum using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of an exemplary liquid sample responsive to an exemplary reflected light may include using processing unit 118 to analyze an exemplary light spectrum captured by digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be connected to digital image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be connected to digital image-capturing device 104 via at least a wireless connection, a wired connection, a Bluetooth connection, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, processing unit 118 may be at least one of a cellphone 302, a computer system 200, and combinations thereof. In an exemplary embodiment, determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample is illustrated in FIG. 6B.

[0087] FIG. 6B illustrates a flowchart of a method 611 for determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. In an exemplary embodiment, method 611 may include a step 612 of determining a background signal of a blank sample for all pixels of a light spectrum formed on the white screen, a step 614 of determining a first pixel (pixel Wi) and a last pixel (pixel W2) of the blank sample signal, a step 616 of determining an incremental factor (IF) of an exemplary light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum, and a step 618 of determining a wavelength spectrum of an exemplary light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum of the liquid sample. In an exemplary embodiment, all exemplary steps of FIG. 6B may be performed using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary portable wavelength detector formed and utilized in method 611 may be similar to wavelength detector 429 illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B and described herein above. So, method 611 may be described in detail in connection with wavelength detector 429 illustrated in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B.

[0088] In further detail with respect to step 612, step 612 of determining a background signal may include determining a background signal of a blank sample for all pixels of a light spectrum. In an exemplary embodiment, for determining an exemplary background signal, an exemplary blank sample may be poured into liquid-sample container 422. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light spectrum may be formed on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, an image of a reflected light from an exemplary blank sample may be captured using image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary captured image may be analyzed using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, determining an exemplary background signal of an exemplary blank sample may be performed when light source 404 and light source 424 may be off. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank sample may include a sample matrix.

[0089] In further detail with respect to step 614, step 614 of determining a first pixel (pixel Wi) and a last pixel (pixel W2) of an exemplary blank- sample signal may include eliminating an exemplary background signal from an exemplary blank sample signal. In an exemplary embodiment, for determining an exemplary blank-sample signal, an exemplary blank sample may be poured into liquid-sample container 422. In an exemplary embodiment, an image of a reflected light from an exemplary blank sample may be captured using image-capturing device 104. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary captured image may be analyzed using processing unit 118. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank-sample signal may be achieved when light source 404 or light source 424 may be on.

[0090] In further detail with respect to step 616, step 616 of determining an incremental factor (IF) of an exemplary light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum may include calculating IF using an exemplary following equation (2):

[0091] In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary blank sample may form a light spectrum on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, due to black margin of white screen 410, an exemplary light spectrum formed on white screen 410 may have two ends. In an exemplary embodiment, first wavelength (Wi) of an exemplary blank sample signal may be determined on white screen 410 according to a first pixel of an exemplary light spectrum. In an exemplary embodiment, last wavelength (W2) of an exemplary blank sample signal may be determined on white screen 410 according to an exemplary last pixel of light spectrum.

[0092] In further detail with respect to step 618, step 618 of determining a wavelength spectrum of an exemplary light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum of an exemplary liquid sample may include pouring an exemplary liquid sample into liquid- sample container 422. In an exemplary embodiment, after irradiating light to an exemplary sample, a light spectrum may form on white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, an exemplary light spectrum formed on white screen 410 may include multiple pixels. In an exemplary embodiment, pixel position of each color in an exemplary light spectrum may be determined due to black margin of white screen 410. In an exemplary embodiment, embodiment, for converting each pixel of a plurality of pixels, an exemplary following equation (3) may be used:

[0093] Example 1: Forming a calibration curve based on concentration and light absorbance of an analyte using a white surface mounted diode (SMD) lamp

[0094] For forming a calibration curve, a Congo red dye solution was analyzed utilizing a colorimeter similar to colorimeter 101 shown in FIG. 1A. White SMD lamp, a colorless matte polymer plate, a mirror, and a white cellulose plate without any optical lens were implemented in an exemplary colorimeter. A smartphone battery was used as a power supply. Exemplary smartphones were used to record RGB (red green blue) values. Using a lamp brightness adjustment system, G value for a blank solution containing distilled water was adjusted for all three smartphones in a range of 160 to 180. To correct absorptions obtained for solutions with the same concentration in different smartphones, the following equation (4) can be used to obtain the normalized absorbance, AN:

AN = log TTTi;) (4)

[0095] Po and P are the values of RGB or luminescence of the blank solution and the sample solution in smartphone 2, respectively. The cc (correction coefficient) parameter is the amount of RGB or luminescence of the blank solution in smartphone 1. The cc parameter of 240 was selected for this example. Absorption values for five different concentrations of Congo red solution of 100 pM, 80 pM, 60 pM, 40 pM, and 20 pM were recorded by all three smartphones using equation 1. Each concentration was repeated 3 times and the mean values were used to plot calibration curves. The results showed that diagrams obtained using parameters G and B are highly consistent for all three smartphones. FIG. 7A illustrates image 700 of calibration curves with a R parameter for Congo red dye aqueous solutions by colorimetric analysis using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7A, pattern 702, pattern 704, and pattern 706 are for smartphone 1, smartphone 2, and smartphone 3, respectively, calibration equations for three smartphones are shown below:

A_N (smartphone 1) = 0.0016C + 0.0356, R² = 0.9874 A_w (smartphone 2) = 0.00166 + 0.0356, R² = 0.9872

(smartphone 3) = 0.00126 + 0.0383, R² = 0.9469

[0096] FIG. 7B illustrates image 710 of calibration curves with a G parameter for Congo red dye aqueous solutions by colorimetric analysis using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7B, pattern 712, pattern 714, and pattern 716 are for smartphone 1, smartphone 2, and smartphone 3, respectively, calibration equations for three smartphones are shown below:

A_N (smartphone 1) = 0.00226 + 0.0418, R² = 0.9968 A_N (smartphone 2) = 0.00226 + 0.0445, R² = 0.9948 A_N (smartphone 3) = 0.0026 + 0.0445, R² = 0.9932

[0097] FIG. 7C illustrates image 720 of calibration curves with a B parameter for Congo red dye aqueous solutions by colorimetric analysis using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 7C, pattern 722, pattern 724, and pattern 726 are for smartphone 1, smartphone 2, and smartphone 3, respectively, calibration equations for three smartphones are shown below:

A_N (smartphone 1) = 0.00316 + 0.0306, R² = 0.9919 A_N (smartphone 2) = 0.00316 + 0.0322, R² = 0.981 A_N (smartphone 3) = 0.00316 + 0.033, R² = 0.979

[0098] Example 2: Forming a calibration curve based on concentration and light absorbance of an analyte using a RGB SMD lamp

[0099] For forming a calibration curve, a Congo red dye solution was analyzed utilizing a colorimeter similar to colorimeter 101 shown in FIG. 1A. An RGB SMD lamp, a rotating plate containing matte red, blue, and green color filters and a matte transparent plate, a mirror, and a cellulose white screen was implemented in an exemplary colorimeter without any optical lenses. A smartphone battery was used as a power supply. A G value for a blank solution containing distilled water was adjusted for all three smartphones in the range of 190 to 210 using a lamp brightness adjustment system, cc parameter of 240 was selected. Absorption values for five different concentrations of Congo red solution of 100 pM, 80 pM, 60 pM, 40 pM, and 20 pM were recorded utilizing all three smartphones. Each concentration was repeated 3 times and mean values were used to plot a calibration curve. Results showed that diagrams obtained using a green matte filter and G parameter for all three smartphones were highly consistent. FIG. 8 illustrates image 800 of calibration curves of Congo red dye aqueous solutions using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8, pattern 802, pattern 804, and pattern 806 are for smartphone 1, smartphone 2, and smartphone 3, respectively, calibration equations for three smartphones are shown below:

A_N (smartphone 1) = 0.00256 + 0.0476, R² = 0.99 A_N (smartphone 2) = 0.00256 + 0.0499, R² = 0.9868 A_N (smartphone 3) = 0.00256 + 0.0453, R² = 0.9892

[00100] Example 3: Forming a calibration curve based on concentration and light absorbance of an analyte using a focusing optical lens

[00101] For forming a calibration curve, a fluorescein aqueous solution was analyzed utilizing a colorimeter similar to colorimeter 101 shown in FIG. 1A. A white SMD lamp, a mirror, and a white cellulose screen with a focusing optical lens were used to record emission of the fluorescein aqueous solution and to draw the calibration curve of an exemplary fluorescein aqueous solution. A smartphone battery was used as a power supply. Input voltage was set to 2.5 volts using lamp brightness adjustment system. Value of parameter G was calculated for each concentration relative to a blank solution (AP = P - Po). Each data was repeated 3 times and mean values were used to plot calibration curves. Results showed that obtained curves in a concentration range studied with the logarithmic model have a high fit and are comparable for all three smartphones. FIG. 9 illustrates image 900 of calibration curves of fluorescein aqueous solutions using three different smartphones, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, pattern 902, pattern 904, and pattern 906 are for smartphone 1, smartphone 2, and smartphone 3, respectively, calibration equations for three smartphones are shown below: P(smartphone 1) = 51.148 ln(6) — 44.841, R² = 0.9728 P(smartphone 2) = 50.321 ln(C) — 43.452, R² = 0.9714 P(smartphone 3) = 45.116 ln(C) — 40.667, R² = 0.9923

[00102] Example 4: Recording absorption spectrum of Congo red dye

[00103] For recording an absorption spectrum of a Congo red dye aqueous solution at a concentration of 20 pM using wavelength detector 429 shown in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B, a white SMD lamp, a diffraction grating with 1200 lines/mm, a rectangular cellulose white screen, a mirror, and a focusing optical lens were used. A smartphone battery was used as a power supply. After placing a blank and a sample solution in a right place, a resulting spectral image was recorded by a smartphone, and resulting images were converted to RGB values using a software. The average values in a vertical direction was calculated in terms of pixel position. The first pixel and the last pixel with the signal were identified and assigned numbers 430 nm, and 710 nm, respectively, and the corresponding diagram was drawn using a process described above. A spectrum of an exemplary sample solution was also recorded with a second smartphone. The results showed that the spectra obtained with two smartphones have a high correspondence in the range of visible light. FIG. 10 illustrates an image 1000 of a light absorption wavelength spectrum of an exemplary Congo red dye aqueous solution, consistent with one or more exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00104] Industrial Applicability

[00105] The present disclosure may use a portable colorimeter to determine light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample. An exemplary colorimeter may function as a portable wavelength detector for determining wavelength of liquid samples. An exemplary portable colorimeter and an exemplary portable wavelength detector may use a cellphone as a processing unit for calculations. An exemplary colorimeter and an exemplary portable wavelength detector may show similar results using different cellphones which may confirm potential of an exemplary colorimeter and an exemplary portable wavelength detector for global sales.

[00106] While the foregoing has described what are considered to be the best mode and/or other examples, it is understood that various modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples, and that the teachings may be applied in numerous applications, only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by the following claims to claim any and all applications, modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the present teachings.

[00107] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings, positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set forth in this specification, including in the claims that follow, are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.

[00108] The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that now follow. That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be as broad as is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the language that is used in the claims when interpreted in light of this specification and the prosecution history that follows and to encompass all structural and functional equivalents. Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject matter that fails to satisfy the requirement of Sections 101, 102, or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should they be interpreted in such a way. Any unintended embracement of such subject matter is hereby disclaimed.

[00109] Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been stated or illustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause a dedication of any component, step, feature, object, benefit, advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is or is not recited in the claims.

[00110] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise been set forth herein. Relational terms such as first and second and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a nonexclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by “a” or “an” does not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises the element.

[00111] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various features are grouped together in various implementations. This is for purposes of streamlining the disclosure, and is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the claimed implementations require more features than are expressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single disclosed implementation. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter. [00112] While various implementations have been described, the description is intended to be exemplary, rather than limiting and it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more implementations and implementations are possible that are within the scope of the implementations. Although many possible combinations of features are shown in the accompanying figures and discussed in this detailed description, many other combinations of the disclosed features are possible. Any feature of any implementation may be used in combination with or substituted for any other feature or element in any other implementation unless specifically restricted. Therefore, it will be understood that any of the features shown and/or discussed in the present disclosure may be implemented together in any suitable combination. Accordingly, the implementations are not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changes may be made within the scope of the attached claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A portable colorimeter for determining light absorbance and/or light emission of a liquid sample, comprising: a housing with at least one sloping surface relative to a horizontal axis of the housing with an angle of the at least one sloping surface to the horizontal axis in a range of 0° to 90°, the slopping surface comprising an aperture, the housing comprising a closed-bottom hole above the housing for keeping the liquid sample therein; a digital image-capturing device placed on the at least one sloping surface, the digital image-capturing device covering one end of the aperture of the sloping surface; at least one light source placed inside the housing within a distance from the liquid sample in a range of 0 cm to 10 cm; at least one light beam reflector placed in the housing with a distance to the liquid sample in a range of 0 to 10 cm; a white screen placed inside the housing parallel with the slopping surface; and a processing unit connected to the digital image-capturing device, the processing unit comprising: a memory having processor-readable instructions stored therein; and a processor configured to access the memory and execute the processor- readable instructions, which, when executed by the processor configures the processor to perform a method, the method comprising: capturing a photo of a reflected light from the liquid sample formed on the white screen using the digital image-capturing device; detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of the liquid sample responsive to the reflected light; and determining concentration of the liquid sample based on the detected light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude using a calibration dataset (or curve) of a set of concentrations of a plurality of liquid samples versus light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude of the plurality of liquid samples.

2. The portable colorimeter of claim 1, further comprising a matte filter placed inside the aperture, the matte filter is made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastic, and combinations thereof.

3. The portable colorimeter of claim 1, further comprising at least one of a chromatic dispersion element, a beam alignment system, a separating wall, and combinations thereof to form a wavelength detector for detecting wavelengths of absorbed light of the liquid sample and/or emitted light from the liquid sample in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm.

4. The portable colorimeter of claim 3, wherein the light source comprises at least one of light-emitting diode (LED), surface mounted diode (SMD), chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof.

5. The portable colorimeter of claim 3, wherein a wavelength of a light beam emitting from the light source is in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm.

6. The portable colorimeter of claim 3, wherein the chromatic dispersion element comprises at least one of a diffraction grating, a prism, and combinations thereof.

7. The portable colorimeter of claim 3, wherein the beam alignment system comprises at least one of an optical lens, an optical fiber, a mirror, and combinations thereof.

8. The portable colorimeter of claim 1, further comprising a liquid- sample container placed inside the closed-bottom hole, the liquid-sample container is made of at least one of quartz, glass, plastics, and combinations thereof.

9. The portable colorimeter of claim 1, wherein the light source comprises at least one of a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, a monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof.

10. The portable colorimeter of claim 1, wherein the white screen is made of at least one of cellulose, polymers, painted screens, and combinations thereof.

11. A method for analyzing a liquid sample, comprising: preparing a portable colorimeter by placing a digital image-capturing device on an aperture of at least one sloping surface of a housing, the housing encompassing a white screen, at least one light source, at least one mirror, and a matte filter; pouring the liquid sample in a closed-bottom hole positioned on a top surface of the housing; irradiating a light beam to the liquid sample by turning on the at least one light source; capturing a photo of a reflected light from the liquid sample formed on the white screen using the digital image-capturing device; detecting a magnitude of light absorbance and/or light emission of the liquid sample responsive to the reflected light; and determining concentration of the liquid sample based on the detected light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude using a calibration dataset (or curve) of a set of concentrations of a plurality of liquid samples versus light absorbance and/or light emission magnitude of the plurality of liquid samples.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein determining the concentration of the liquid sample using the portable colorimeter comprises: determining light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of the liquid sample of a plurality of liquid samples using the portable colorimeter, the liquid sample comprising an analyte and a sample matrix; determining light absorbance and/or light emission signal intensity of a blank sample using the portable colorimeter, the blank sample comprising the sample matrix; calculating the concentration of the liquid sample of the plurality of the liquid samples using the following equation; and

Signal intensity of the liquid sample

Concentration oc — logf- - : - — ; — — ; — : - — )

Signal intensity of the blank sample forming a calibration curve based on the concentration of the plurality of liquid samples versus light absorbance and/or light emission intensity of the plurality of liquid samples.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein irradiating the light beam to the liquid sample comprises irradiating the light beam to the liquid sample with a wavelength in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm to the liquid sample using the at least one light source.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein the light source comprises at least one of a red lamp, a green lamp, a blue lamp, a monochromatic light source, and combinations thereof.

15. A method for determining a wavelength spectrum of a liquid sample, comprising: placing a digital image-capturing device on an aperture of at least one sloping surface of a housing, the housing encompassing a white screen, at least one light source, at least one light beam reflector, a chromatic dispersion element, a beam alignment system, and a separating wall; pouring the liquid sample in a closed-bottom hole positioned on a top surface of the housing; irradiating a light beam to the liquid sample by turning on the at least one light source; capturing a photo of a reflected-light spectrum from the liquid sample formed on the white screen using the digital image-capturing device; and determining light absorbance and/or light emission spectrum of the liquid sample responsive to the reflected-light spectrum.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein determining the light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum of the liquid sample comprises: determining a background signal of a blank sample for all pixels of a light spectrum formed on the white screen when the light source is turned off, the blank sample comprising a sample matrix; determining a first pixel (pixel Wi) and a last pixel (pixel W2) of a blank sample signal by eliminating the background signal from the blank sample signal formed on the white screen when the light source is turned on; determining an incremental factor (IF) of the light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum using the following equation; and

determining a wavelength spectrum of the light absorbance and/or the light emission spectrum of the liquid sample using the following equation for converting each pixel of a plurality of pixels to a wavelength:

17. The method of claim 15, wherein irradiating the light beam to the liquid sample comprises irradiating the light beam to the liquid sample with a wavelength in a range of 320 nm to 800 nm to the liquid sample using the at least one light source.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the light source comprises at least one of lightemitting diode (LED), surface mounted diode (SMD), chip on board (COB), tungsten lamp, halogen lamp, and combinations thereof.