Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
  • A61P21/06—Anabolic agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
  • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
  • C07K16/22—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against growth factors ; against growth regulators
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
  • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
  • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
  • A61P21/04—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system for myasthenia gravis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/54—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the route of administration
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
  • A61K2039/545—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the dose, timing or administration schedule
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/50—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments
  • C07K2317/56—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by immunoglobulin fragments variable (Fv) region, i.e. VH and/or VL
  • C07K2317/565—Complementarity determining region [CDR]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07K—PEPTIDES
  • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
  • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
  • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding

Definitions

• FSHD Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
• the invention relates to the use of an anti-myostatin antibody for the treatment of
• Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy is a muscular dystrophy affecting roughly one in 8000 individuals making it one of the most common types of muscular dystrophy (Deenan et al. 2014).
• FSHD is a genetic disorder that can be caused by two different mechanisms with a common downstream pathophysiologic pathway, i.e. the derepression of the expression of the DUX4 transcription factor and resulting DUX4-mediated toxicity.
• FSHD type 1 (FSHD1, 95% of cases) is an autosomal dominant disorder that is due to a contraction of the D4Z4 repeats at the distal end of the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q35.
• FSHD type 2 (FSHD2, 5% of cases), is a digenic disorder, due to epigenetic modification induced by mutations in genes such as SMCHD1 and DNMT3B, but presents clinically similarly to FSHD1 (Preston et al. 2020).
• Symptom-onset is variable, from childhood to adulthood, but typically manifestation in the second or third decade of life.
• the disease is mainly characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and muscle atrophy, which affect muscles asymmetrically (Wagner 2019).
• Patients may present with difficulties related to facial muscle weakness such as inability to smile/whistle or to close their eyes, axial muscles weakness, scapular winging, and limb muscles weakness.
• the progressive nature of the disease leads to motor functional impairment, with some patients losing the ability to walk.
• Patients may present with a rapidly progressive infantile onset form, or a slowly progressive young-adult onset form.
• Respiratory involvement occurs in a subset of patients, especially those with most advanced disease (e.g., patients who are wheelchair dependent). Extramuscular findings, such as retinal vasculopathy and hearing loss, may occasionally be present and are primarily limited to those with the infantile onset form (Statland et al. 2016).
• Myostatin referred to as growth differentiation factor-8 (GDF8), is a secreted protein and is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of proteins. Members of this superfamily possess growth-regulatory and morphogenetic properties (see, e.g., NPL1, NPL2, and PTL1). Myostatin is expressed primarily in the developing and adult skeletal muscle and functions as a negative regulator of muscle growth.
• TGF-beta transforming growth factor-beta
• myostatin is synthesized as a large precursor protein containing an N-terminal propeptide domain, and a C-terminal domain considered as the active molecule (see, e.g., NPL5; PTL2).
• myostatin precursor Two molecules of myostatin precursor are covalently linked via a single disulfide bond present in the C-terminal growth factor domain.
• Active mature myostatin (disulfide-bonded homodimer consisting of the C-terminal growth factor domain) is liberated from myostatin precursor through multiple steps of proteolytic processing.
• a peptide bond between the N-terminal propeptide domain and the C-terminal growth factor domain, Arg266- Asp267 is cleaved by a furin-type proprotein convertase in both chains of the homodimeric precursor.
• latent myostatin Mature myostatin can then be liberated from latent myostatin through degradation of the propeptide.
• BMP1 bone morphogenetic protein 1 family of metalloproteinases cleave a single peptide bond within the propeptide, Arg98-Asp99, with concomitant release of mature, active myostatin, a homodimer (see, e.g., NPL6).
• BMP1 bone morphogenetic protein 1
• the latent myostatin can be activated in vitro by dissociating the complex with either acid or heat treatment as well (see, e.g., NPL7).
• Myostatin exerts its effects through a transmembrane serine/threonine kinase heterotetramer receptor family, activation of which enhances receptor transphosphorylation, leading to the stimulation of serine/threonine kinase activity. It has been shown that the myostatin pathway involves an active myostatin dimer binding to the activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) with high affinity, which then recruits and activates the transphosphorylation of the low affinity receptor, the activin-like kinase 4 (ALK4) or activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5).
• ActRIIB activin receptor type IIB
• AK4 activin-like kinase 4
• AK5 activin-like kinase 5
• a number of disorders or conditions are associated with muscle wasting (i.e., loss of or functional impairment of muscle tissue), such as muscular dystrophy (MD; including Duchenne muscular dystrophy), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), muscle atrophy, Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA); Spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 ; Stiff person syndrome; Troyer syndrome; Guillain-Barre syndrome, organ atrophy, frailty, congestive obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), sarcopenia, and cachexia resulting from cancer or other disorders, as well as renal disease, cardiac failure or disease, and liver disease.
• Patients will benefit from an increase in muscle mass and/or muscle strength; however, there are presently limited treatments available for these disorders.
• myostatin due to its role as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, myostatin becomes a desirable target for therapeutic or prophylactic intervention for such disorders or conditions, or for monitoring the progression of such disorders or conditions.
• agents that inhibit the activity of myostatin may be therapeutically beneficial.
• NPL9 muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia
• Myostatin negatively regulates muscle regeneration after injury and lack of myostatin in myostatin null mice results in accelerated muscle regeneration (see, e.g., NPL10).
• Anti-myostatin (GDF8) antibodies described in, e.g., PTL3, PTL4, PTL5, PTL6, and PTL7, and PTL8, PTL9, and PTL10 have been shown to bind to myostatin and inhibit myostatin activity in vitro and in vivo, including myostatin activity associated with the negative regulation of skeletal muscle mass.
• Myostatin-neutralizing antibodies increase body weight, skeletal muscle mass, and muscle size and strength in the skeletal muscle of wild type mice (see, e.g., NPL11) and the mdx mice, a model for muscular dystrophy (see, e.g., NPL12; NPL13).
• these prior art antibodies are all specific for mature myostatin but not for latent myostatin, and the strategies described for inhibiting myostatin activity have utilized antibodies that can bind to and neutralize mature myostatin.
• AAV-mediated follistatin, a natural myostatin antagonist, gene therapy in the tamoxifen-inducible FSHD mouse model resulted in increased muscle mass and strength (Giesige et al. 2018).
• the present invention provides an anti-myostatin antibody for use in the treatment, prevention, delaying progression and/or amelioration of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD).
• FSHD Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
• the anti -myo statin antibody binds to latent myostatin and does not bind to mature myostatin, wherein the antibody blocks the non-proteolytic, spontaneous release of mature myostatin from latent myostatin and inhibits activation of myostatin.
• the anti-myostatin antibody comprises six complementary determining regions (CDRs): CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 wherein CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1, CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2, CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3, CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4, CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5 and CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1
• CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2
• CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3
• CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4
• CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5
• CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a VH domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 and a VL domain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In an embodiment, the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and light chain comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 10.
• the anti-myostatin antibody is administered every four weeks in a dose of 90 mg to an individual.
• the anti-myo statin antibody is GYM329.
• mammals include, but are not limited to, domesticated animals (e.g., cows, sheep, cats, dogs, and horses), primates (e.g., humans and non- human primates such as monkeys), rabbits, and rodents (e.g., mice and rats).
• domesticated animals e.g., cows, sheep, cats, dogs, and horses
• primates e.g., humans and non- human primates such as monkeys
• rabbits e.g., mice and rats
• rodents e.g., mice and rats.
• the individual or subject is a human.
• the subject is a human with FSHD.
• patient refers to a human (such as a male or female human) who has been diagnosed with FSHD.
• active pharmaceutical ingredient denotes the compound or molecule in a pharmaceutical composition that has a particular biological activity.
• pharmaceutically acceptable excipient can be used interchangeably and denote any pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient in a pharmaceutical composition having no therapeutic activity and being non-toxic to the subject administered, such as disintegrators, binders, fillers, solvents, buffers, tonicity agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, surfactants, carriers, diluents or lubricants used in formulating pharmaceutical products.
• composition refers to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biological activity of an active ingredient contained therein to be effective, and which contains no additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject to which the composition would be administered.
• pharmaceutically acceptable denotes an attribute of a material which is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic, and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable and is
• Cmax (expressed in units of ng/mL) means maximum observed plasma concentration.
• Tmax (expressed in units of hours, or as a median number of hours for Tmax in the study population) means the observed time to reach Cmax following drug administration; if it occurs at more than one time point Tmax is defined as the first time point with this value.
• AUCT0-24h (expressed in units of ng h/mL) means the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC).
• buffer or “buffer system” denotes a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or excipient mixture, which stabilizes the pH of a pharmaceutical preparation.
• Suitable buffers are well known in the art and can be found in the literature.
• Particular pharmaceutically acceptable buffers comprise citric buffer, malate buffer, maleate buffer, or tartrate buffer, most particularly tartrate buffer.
• Particular buffer systems of the invention combinations of organic acid and selected salts thereof, e.g. tribasic sodium citrate and citric acid, malic acid and sodium malate, potassium sodium tartrate and tartaric acid, or disodium tartrate and tartaric acid, particularly potassium sodium tartrate and tartaric acid.
• the organic acid can be employed alone as “acidifier” instead of the combination of acid and the corresponding salt.
• the pH can be adjusted with an acid or a base known in the art, e.g., hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid and citric acid, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.
• acidifier is tartaric acid.
• antioxidant denotes pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, which prevent oxidation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient.
• Antioxidants comprise ascorbic acid, glutathione, cysteine, methionine, vitamin E TPGS, EDTA.
• terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of a compound sufficient to treat, ameliorate, or prevent the identified disease or condition, or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic, prophylactic, or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by, for example, an improvement in clinical condition, or reduction in symptoms.
• the precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the therapeutic or combination of therapeutics selected for administration.
• a "therapeutically effective amount” refers to the dosage approved by the FDA or its counterpart foreign agency for treatment of the identified disease or condition.
• a patient “in need of GYM329 therapy” is a patient who would benefit from administration of GYM329.
• GYM329 also known as RO7204239 according to the present invention refers to an “anti-myostatin antibody”, wherein the antibody comprises six complementary determining regions (CDRs): CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 wherein CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1, CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2, CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3, CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4, CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5 and CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• CDRs complementary determining regions
• GYM329 can also be defined by a heavy chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 7 and light chain variable region comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 8. Methods of making and using GYM 329 are described in can be produced according to WO2016098357 and WO2017/104783. GYM 329 is known to be Fc engineered to enable remove antigen form plasma.
• host cell refers to cells into which exogenous nucleic acid has been introduced, including the progeny of such cells.
• Host cells include “transformants” and “transformed cells,” which include the primary transformed cell and progeny derived therefrom without regard to the number of passages. Progeny may not be completely identical in nucleic acid content to a parent cell, but may contain mutations. Mutant progeny that have the same function or biological activity as screened or selected for in the originally transformed cell are included herein.
• anti-myo statin antibody and "an antibody that binds to myostatin” refer to an antibody that is capable of binding myostatin with sufficient affinity such that the antibody is useful as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agent in targeting myostatin.
• the extent of binding of an anti-myostatin antibody to an unrelated, non-myostatin protein is less than about 10% of the binding of the antibody to myostatin as measured, e.g., by a radioimmunoassay (RIA).
• RIA radioimmunoassay
• an antibody that binds to myostatin has a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1 micro M or less, 100 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 1 nM or less, 0.1 nM or less, 0.01 nM or less, or 0.001 nM or less (e.g., 10-8 M or less, e.g., from 10-8 M to 10-13 M, e.g., from 10-9 M to 10-13 M).
• Kd dissociation constant
• an anti myostatin antibody binds to an epitope of myostatin that is conserved among myo statin from different species.
• antibody herein is used in the broadest sense and encompasses various antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired antigen-binding activity.
• antibody fragment refers to a molecule other than an intact antibody that comprises a portion of an intact antibody that binds the antigen to which the intact antibody binds.
• antibody fragments include but are not limited to Fv, Fab, Fab', Fab'-SH, F(ab')2 ; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv); and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
• an "antibody that binds to the same epitope” as a reference antibody refers to an antibody that blocks binding of the reference antibody to its antigen in a competition assay, and/or conversely, the reference antibody blocks binding of the antibody to its antigen in a competition assay.
• An exemplary competition assay is provided herein.
• a "human antibody” is one which possesses an amino acid sequence which corresponds to that of an antibody produced by a human or a human cell or derived from a nonhuman source that utilizes human antibody repertoires or other human antibody-encoding sequences. This definition of a human antibody specifically excludes a humanized antibody comprising non-human antigen-binding residues.
• a “humanized” antibody refers to a chimeric antibody comprising amino acid residues from non-human HVRs and amino acid residues from human FRs.
• a humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the HVRs (e.g., CDRs) correspond to those of a non-human antibody, and all or substantially all of the FRs correspond to those of a human antibody.
• a humanized antibody optionally may comprise at least a portion of an antibody constant region derived from a human antibody.
• a "humanized form" of an antibody, e.g., a non-human antibody refers to an antibody that has undergone humanization.
• monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical and/or bind the same epitope, except for possible variant antibodies, e.g., containing naturally occurring mutations or arising during production of a monoclonal antibody preparation, such variants generally being present in minor amounts.
• polyclonal antibody preparations typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes)
• each monoclonal antibody of a monoclonal antibody preparation is directed against a single determinant on an antigen.
• the modifier "monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
• the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by a variety of techniques, including but not limited to the hybridoma method, recombinant DNA methods, phage-display methods, and methods utilizing transgenic animals containing all or part of the human immunoglobulin loci, such methods and other exemplary methods for making monoclonal antibodies being described herein.
• chimeric antibody refers to an antibody in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a particular source or species, while the remainder of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a different source or species.
• the "class" of an antibody refers to the type of constant domain or constant region possessed by its heavy chain.
• the heavy chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively.
• epitope includes any determinant capable of being bound by an antibody.
• An epitope is a region of an antigen that is bound by an antibody that targets that antigen, and includes specific amino acids that directly contact the antibody.
• Epitope determinants can include chemically active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids, sugar side chains, phosphoryl or sulfonyl groups, and can have specific three dimensional structural characteristics, and/or specific charge characteristics.
• antibodies specific for a particular target antigen will preferentially recognize an epitope on the target antigen in a complex mixture of proteins and/or macromolecules.
• Fc region herein is used to define a C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region.
• the term includes native sequence Fc regions and variant Fc regions.
• a human IgG heavy chain Fc region extends from Cys226, or from Pro230, to the carboxyl-terminus of the heavy chain.
• the C-terminal lysine (Lys447) of the Fc region may or may not be present.
• numbering of amino acid residues in the Fc region or constant region is according to the EU numbering system, also called the EU index, as described in Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 1991.
• Fc region-comprising antibody refers to an antibody that comprises an Fc region.
• the C-terminal lysine (residue 447 according to the EU numbering system) of the Fc region may be removed, for example, during purification of the antibody or by recombinant engineering of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody.
• a composition comprising an antibody having an Fc region according to this invention can comprise an antibody with K447, with all K447 removed, or a mixture of antibodies with and without the K447 residue.
• FR Framework or "FR” refers to variable domain residues other than hypervariable region (HVR) residues.
• the FR of a variable domain generally consists of four FR domains: FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4. Accordingly, the HVR and FR sequences generally appear in the following sequence in VH (or VL): FR1-H1(L1)-FR2-H2(L2)-FR3-H3(L3)-FR4.
• full length antibody “intact antibody,” and “whole antibody” are used herein interchangeably to refer to an antibody having a structure substantially similar to a native antibody structure or having heavy chains that contain an Fc region as defined herein.
• a “functional Fc region” possesses an "effector function” of a native sequence Fc region.
• effector functions include Clq binding; CDC; Fc receptor binding; ADCC; phagocytosis; down regulation of cell surface receptors (e.g., B cell receptor; BCR), etc.
• Such effector functions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a binding domain (e.g., an antibody variable domain) and can be assessed using various assays as disclosed, for example, in definitions herein.
• myostatin may refer to any native myostatin from any vertebrate source, including mammals such as primates (e.g., humans) and rodents (e.g., mice and rats). Unless otherwise indicated, the term “myostatin” refers to a human myostatin protein having the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 11 and containing the terminal propeptide domain of human myostatin as shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13. The term encompasses "full-length", unprocessed myostatin as well as any form of myostatin that results from processing in the cell. The term also encompasses naturally occurring variants of myostatin, e.g., splice variants or allelic variants.
• the amino acid sequence of an exemplary human myostatin is shown in SEQ ID NO: 11.
• the amino acid sequence of an exemplary N-terminal propeptide domain of human myostatin is shown in SEQ ID NO: 12 or 13.
• Active mature myostatin is a disulfide-bonded homodimer consisting of two C-terminal growth factor domains.
• Inactive latent myostatin is a noncovalently-associ- ated complex of two propeptides and the mature myostatin.
• the antibodies of the invention bind inactive latent myostatin, but do not bind the mature active myostatin homodimer.
• the antibodies of the invention bind an epitope within a fragment consisting of amino acids 21-100 of myostatin propeptide (SEQ ID NO: 13), but do not bind the mature active myostatin homodimer.
• variable region refers to the domain of an antibody heavy or light chain that is involved in binding the antibody to antigen.
• the variable domains of the heavy chain and light chain (VH and VL, respectively) of a native antibody generally have similar structures, with each domain comprising four conserved framework regions (FRs) and three hypervariable regions (HVRs).
• FRs conserved framework regions
• HVRs hypervariable regions
• antibodies that bind a particular antigen may be isolated using a VH or VL domain from an antibody that binds the antigen to screen a library of complementary VL or VH domains, respectively.
• VH or VL domain comprises an amino acid sequence which differs from that of a native sequence Fc region by virtue of at least one amino acid modification (alteration), preferably one or more amino acid substitution(s).
• the variant Fc region has at least one amino acid substitution compared to a native sequence Fc region or to the Fc region of a parent polypeptide, e.g., from about one to about ten amino acid substitutions, and preferably from about one to about five amino acid substitutions in a native sequence Fc region or in the Fc region of the parent polypeptide.
• the variant Fc region herein will preferably possess at least about 80% homology with a native sequence Fc region and/or with an Fc region of a parent polypeptide, and most preferably at least about 90% homology therewith, more preferably at least about 95% homology therewith.
• vector refers to a nucleic acid molecule capable of propagating another nucleic acid to which it is linked.
• the term includes the vector as a self-repli- cating nucleic acid structure as well as the vector incorporated into the genome of a host cell into which it has been introduced.
• Certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of nucleic acids to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "expression vectors”.
• hypervariable region refers to each of the regions of an antibody variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence ("complementarity determining regions” or “CDRs") and/or form structurally defined loops ("hypervariable loops") and/or contain the antigen-contacting residues ("antigen contacts").
• CDRs complementarity determining regions
• hypervariable loops form structurally defined loops
• antigen contacts Generally, antibodies comprise six HVRs: three in the VH (Hl, H2, H3), and three in the VL (LI, L2, L3).
• Exemplary HVRs herein include: (a) hypervariable loops occurring at amino acid residues 26-32 (LI), 50-52 (L2), 91-96 (L3), 26-32 (Hl), 53-55 (H2), and 96-101 (H3) (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol. Biol. 196:901-917 (1987)); (b) CDRs occurring at amino acid residues 24-34 (LI), 50-56 (L2), 89-97 (L3), 31-35b (Hl), 50-65 (H2), and 95-102 (H3) (Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed.
• HVR residues and other residues in the variable domain are numbered herein according to Kabat et al., supra.
• an isolated anti-myo statin antibody of the present invention is a monoclonal antibody. In some embodiments, an isolated anti-myostatin antibody of the present invention is a human, humanized, or chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, an isolated anti-myo statin antibody of the present invention is an antibody fragment that binds to myostatin. In some embodiments, an isolated anti-myostatin antibody of the present invention is an antibody fragment that binds to latent myostatin. In some embodiments, an isolated anti-myo statin antibody of the present invention is a full length IgG antibody.
• An antibody or a polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the invention can be administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local treatment, in- tralesional administration.
• Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration. Dosing can be by any suitable route, e.g., by injections, such as intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic.
• Various dosing schedules including but not limited to single or multiple administrations over various time-points, bolus administration, and pulse infusion are contemplated herein.
• Antibodies or polypeptides comprising a variant Fc region of the invention can be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice.
• Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
• the antibody need not be, but is optionally formulated with one or more agents currently used to prevent or treat the disorder in question. The effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of antibody present in the formulation, the type of disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above.
• an antibody of the invention will depend on the course of the disease and whether the antibody is administered for preventive or therapeutic purposes, previous therapy.
• the antibody or polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the invention is suitably administered to the patient at one time or over a series of treatments.
• about 1 micro g/kg to 15 mg/kg (e.g., O.lmg/kg-lOmg/kg) of antibody can be an initial candidate dosage for administration to the patient, whether, for example, by one or more separate administrations, or by continuous infusion.
• the anti-myostatin may be administered intermittently, every week, every three weeks or particularly every four weeks, more particularly every four weeks. An initial higher loading dose, followed by one or more lower doses may be administered. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventional techniques and assays.
• the anti myostatin maybe be formulated in a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the antibody and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Exemplary lyophilized antibody formulations are described in US Patent No. 6,267,958.
• Aqueous antibody formulations include those described in US Patent No. 6,171,586 and WO 2006/044908, the latter formulations including a histidine-acetate buffer.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical formulations comprising the anti-myostatin antibody provided herein, e.g., for use in FSHD.
• a pharmaceutical formulation comprises the anti-myostatin antibody provided herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the antibody or a polypeptide comprising a variant Fc region of the invention can be administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local treatment, intralesional administration.
• Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
• Dosing can be by any suitable route, e.g., by injections, such as intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic.
• Various dosing schedules including but not limited to single or multiple administrations over various time-points, bolus administration, and pulse infusion are contemplated herein. More particularly the administration according to the invention of the anti-myo statin antibody is to be administered every four weeks, more particularly via subcutaneous injections.
• the invention provides methods for preparing a medicament or a pharmaceutical formulation, comprising mixing the anti-myostatin antibody provided herein with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, e.g., for use in treating FSHD.
• an effective amount of the myostatin inhibitor to treat a FSHD is an amount that achieves both clinical efficacy and safety.
• the effective amount is an amount that enhances muscle function, such as force generation and motor function.
• the effective amount is an amount that enhances motor function that requires fast-twitch fibers (e.g., type II fibers).
• the motor function comprises eccentric contraction of a muscle.
• an effective amount of the myostatin therapy is an amount sufficient to delay or alleviate progression of disease (e.g., muscle atrophy); maintain disease status (e.g., as measured/moni- tored by a suitable motor function test, plasma protein markers, metabolic markers, etc.); delay loss of a-motor neurons; prevent or delay expression of immature muscle markers; prevent, alleviate or delay intramuscular fat deposits (e.g., fatty replacement of muscle tissue); prevent metabolic dysregulation; prevent or reduce bone loss or frequency of bone fracture; increase an Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale score by > 1 point 1 as compared to control that does not receive the myostatin inhibitor; slow the rate of deterioration; delay regression (e.g., progressive decrease) of an Expanded Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale over a period of 12 months, 24 months or 36 months; and/or, increase a CHOP INTEND score by > 1 point as compared to control that does not receive the myostatin inhibitor; and/or, increase a MFM-32 score by
• Embodiment 1 A method for the treatment, prevention, delaying progression and/or amelioration of FSHD in a subject in need thereof, wherein an anti-myo statin antibody is administered to the subject in need thereof.
• Embodiment 2 The method of embodiment 1, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody binds to latent myostatin and does not bind to mature myostatin, wherein the antibody blocks the non-proteolytic, spontaneous release of mature myostatin from latent myostatin and inhibits activation of myostatin.
• Embodiment 3 The method of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody comprises the six complementary determining regions (CDRs): CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 wherein CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1, CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2, CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3, CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4, CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5 and CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• CDRs complementary determining regions
• Embodiment 4 The method of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody comprises a VH chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 7 and a VL chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 8.
• Embodiment 5 The method of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. 10.
• Embodiment 6 The method of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody is administered every four weeks in a dose of 90 mg to a subject, preferably a human subject.
• Embodiment 7 The method of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody is administered subcutaneously.
• Embodiment 8 A use of an anti-myo statin antibody for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, prevention, delaying progression and/or amelioration of FSHD in a subject in need thereof.
• Embodiment 9 The use of embodiment 8, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody binds to latent myostatin and does not bind to mature myostatin, wherein the antibody blocks the non-proteolytic, spontaneous release of mature myostatin from latent myostatin and inhibits activation of myostatin.
• Embodiment 10 The use of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises the six complementary determining regions (CDRs): CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 wherein CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1, CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2, CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3, CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4, CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5 and CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1
• CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2
• CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3
• CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4
• CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5
• CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• Embodiment 11 The use of embodiments 8 to 10, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a VH chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 7 and a VL chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 8.
• Embodiment 12 The use of embodiments 8 to 11, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. 10.
• Embodiment 13 The use of embodiments 8 to 12, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody is administered every four weeks in a dose of 90 mg to a subject, preferably a human subject.
• Embodiment 14 The use of embodiments 8 to 13, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody is administered subcutaneously.
• Embodiment 15 A pharmaceutical formulation for use in the treatment of FSHD comprising an anti-myostatin antibody.
• Embodiment 16 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 15, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody binds to latent myostatin and does not bind to mature myostatin, wherein the antibody blocks the non-proteolytic, spontaneous release of mature myostatin from latent myostatin and inhibits activation of myostatin.
• Embodiment 17 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiment 15 or 16, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises the six complementary determining regions (CDRs): CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 wherein CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1 , CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2, CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3, CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4, CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5 and CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• CDRs complementary determining regions
• Embodiment 18 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiments 15 to 17, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a VH chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 7 and a VL chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 8.
• Embodiment 19 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiments 15 to 18, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. 10.
• Embodiment 20 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiments 15 to 19, wherein the anti-myostatin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. 10.
• Embodiment 21 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiments 15 to 20, wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is administered every four weeks in a dose of 90 mg to a subject, preferably a human subject.
• Embodiment 22 The pharmaceutical formulation of embodiments 15 to 21 wherein the pharmaceutical formulation is administered subcutaneously.
• Embodiment 23 A medicament for the treatment of FSHD comprising an anti-myo- statin antibody.
• Embodiment 24 The medicament of embodiment 23, wherein the anti-myo statin antibody binds to latent myostatin and does not bind to mature myostatin, wherein the antibody blocks the non-proteolytic, spontaneous release of mature myostatin from latent myostatin and inhibits activation of myo statin.
• Embodiment 25 The medicament of embodiment 23 or 24, wherein the anti -myo- statin antibody comprises the six complementary determining regions (CDRs): CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3, CDRL1, CDRL2 and CDRL3 wherein CDRH1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 1, CDRH2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 2, CDRH3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 3, CDRL1 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 4, CDRL2 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 5 and CDRL3 comprises a sequence set forth in SEQ ID 6.
• CDRs complementary determining regions
• Embodiment 26 The medicament of embodiments 23 to 25, wherein the anti-myo- statin antibody comprises a VH chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 7 and a VL chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 8.
• Embodiment 27 The medicament of embodiments 23 to 26, wherein the anti-myo- statin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. 10.
• Embodiment 28 The medicament of embodiments 23 to 27, wherein the anti-myo- statin antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID 9 and a light chain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ. ID. 10.
• Embodiment 29 The medicament of embodiments 23 to 28, wherein the medicament is administered every four weeks in a dose of 90 mg to a subject, preferably a human subject.
• Embodiment 30 The medicament of embodiments 23 to 29, wherein the medicament is administered subcutaneously.
• the study will enroll approximately 48 participants. There is a screening period (up to 28 days) to determine eligibility of a participant, followed by enrollment into the study, if all the requirements are met. Participants will then complete a 3-week pre-treatment period to collect baseline movement data via wearable device on the wrist and the ankle before randomization (1 : 1, RO7204239: placebo) for the 52-week double-blind treatment period.
• RO7204239 or placebo will be administered every 4 weeks by SC injection into the abdomen.
• the primary analysis will occur after 52 weeks of treatment, as measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and exploratory endpoints of muscle strength and motor function.
• MRI magnetic resonance imaging
• An Independent Review Facility will collect, store, and review imaging data.
• RO7204239 has the potential to be effective in both patients with FSHD1 and patients with FSHD2, given that its mechanism of action is not dependent on the underlying FSHD genetics.
• the control group in this study receives placebo.
• FSHD is generally a slowly progressive disease but highly variable in presentation and rate of progression.
• the primary endpoint is based on the MRI assessment of change in skeletal muscle volume. Quantitative muscle MRI has been shown to have a strong correlation with clinical outcome measures in FSHD and able to detect early muscle changes (Mui et al. 2017). An increase in contractile muscle volume is considered an evidence of the bioactivity of RO7204239, based on its mechanism of action.
• MRI volumetric measurement was selected for the assessment of the primary endpoint compared to measurements of cross-sectional area, which are considered surrogates of changes in muscle volume and will be assessed as secondary endpoints.
• the quadriceps muscle was selected for the assessment of the primary endpoint as it is a muscle that is affected in FSHD (Tasca et al. 2016), with variable involvement and degree of fatty infiltration (Mui et al, 2017) allowing for an effect to be observed. In addition, it is a functionally important muscle for walking and ascending/descending stairs, and its contractile cross sectional area correlates significantly with muscle strength in FSHD (Lassche et al. 2020).
• RO7204239 is a humanized mAh administered SC every 4 weeks into the abdomen.
• Study BP40484 a SAD study investigating the pharmacodynamics, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity of RO7204239 in healthy adult participants, single doses up to 90 mg were well tolerated and showed target engagement (i.e., sustained total latent, free latent, and mature myostatin suppression).
• FSHD1 a heterozygous pathogenic contraction of the D4Z4 repeat array in the sub- telomeric region of chromosome 4q35 on the permissive chromosome 4 haplotype
• FSHD2 hypomethylation of the D4Z4 repeat array in the subtelomeric region of chromosome 4q35 on the permissive chromosome 4 haplotype, and a heterozygous SMCHD1 pathogenic variant or a heterogyzous DNMT3B pathogenic variant
• Ambulant where ambulant is defined as able to walk/run unassisted (i. e. , without the use of assisted devices such as canes, crutches or walkers, or person/hand-held assistance) 10 meters in > 4 and ⁇ 12 seconds at screening
• a female participant is considered to be of childbearing potential if she is postmenar- chal, has not reached a postmenopausal state (> 12 continuous months of amenorrhea with no identified cause other than menopause), and is not permanently infertile due to surgery (i.e., removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and/or uterus) or another cause as determined by the investigator (e.g., Mullerian agenesis).
• a female participant with tubal ligation is considered to be of childbearing potential.
• the definition of childbearing potential may be adapted for alignment with local guidelines or regulations.
• Examples of contraceptive methods with a failure rate of ⁇ 1 % per year include bilateral tubal ligation, male sterilization, hormonal contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, hor- mone-releasing intrauterine devices, and copper intrauterine devices.
• the reliability of sexual abstinence should be evaluated in relation to the duration of the clinical trial and the preferred and usual lifestyle of the individual. Periodic abstinence (e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, or postovulation methods) and withdrawal are not adequate methods of contraception. If required per local guidelines or regulations, locally recognized adequate methods of contraception and information about the reliability of abstinence will be described in the local Informed Consent Form.
• the reliability of sexual abstinence should be evaluated in relation to the duration of the clinical trial and the preferred and usual lifestyle of the individual. Periodic abstinence (e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, or postovulation methods) and withdrawal are not adequate methods of contraception. If required per local guidelines or regulations, locally recognized adequate methods of contraception and information about the reliability of abstinence will be described in the local Informed Consent Form.
• Female participants of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test result within 14 days prior to initiation of study treatment.
• Contraindications for MRI scans including, but not restricted to, claustrophobia, pacemaker, artificial heart valves, cochlear implants, presence of foreign metal objects in heart or body, including intracranial vascular clips, insulin pumps, etc.), difficulties maintaining a prolonged supine position, or any other clinical history or examination finding that would pose a potential hazard in combination with MRI
• Presence of clinically significant ECG abnormalities from average of triplicate measurement at screening or cardiovascular disease e.g., cardiac insufficiency, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, family history of congenital long QT syndrome, family history of sudden death
• cardiovascular disease e.g., cardiac insufficiency, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, congestive heart failure, family history of congenital long QT syndrome, family history of sudden death
• Study treatment is defined as any investigational treatment, marketed product, placebo, or medical device intended to be administered to a study participant according to the study protocol.
• the investigational medicinal products (IMP) for this study are RO7204239 and placebo.
• Table 1 provides a description of assigned study treatments for this study.
• RO7204239 will be provided in 3-mL glass vials containing 80 mg/mL and must be prepared for dosing under appropriate aseptic conditions. The solution must be diluted as necessary and filtered prior to injection using a needle filter. The solution ready for injection should preferably be used immediately. Detailed instructions are provided in the Pharmacy Manual.
• RO7204239 will be administered every 4 weeks by SC injection in the abdomen.
• RO7204239 will be administered at the clinical site by site staff. Participants will be monitored at the site for a minimum of 6 hours after the first two administrations of the double-blind treatment period and the first two administrations of the OLE. For all other administrations, participants will be monitored for 2 hours (or longer if deemed necessary by the investigator/site staff).
• Placebo of identical appearance, composition (except RO7204239) and identical volume to RO7204239 will be administered by SC injection to all participants randomized to placebo, and will be administered in the same dose regimen (every 4 weeks). Efficacy Assessments
• FSHD-Composite Functional Outcome Measure is an assessment of disease-relevant areas of functional burden. It is a performance-based functional composite outcome measure which combines multiple functional domains and individual evaluator-administered items into one measure and captures key components of patient-identified disease burden. Lower scores correlate with better function (Eichinger et al. 2018).
• the FSHD-COM includes 18 items grouped into 5 body regions (leg function, arm and shoulder function, trunk function, hand function, and balance). Each item is scored on a 5 -point ordinal scale, with 0 representing "unaffected/normal performance" and 4 representing "severely affected”. A total score will be calculated based on the sum of the item scores and will range from 0-72, with a higher score representing a higher functional burden. Subscale scores will also be calculated for each of the 5 body regions.
• the scale will be administered by a trained Clinical Evaluator (Physical Therapist or other suitably qualified professional who has received training on the administration of the FSHD-COM). If possible, the same assessor should follow the participant throughout the study. Scores will be recorded on the scoring sheet and on the eCRF.
• the FSHD-COM takes about 35 minutes to complete, including a 10 minute rest prior to the six minute walk distance.
• Muscle strength will be assessed using handheld dynamometry. All assessments should be done on the right and left side.
• the primary efficacy endpoint is the percentage change from baseline in CMV of quadriceps muscle at Week 52 of treatment, as defined in Section 3 (Table 3).
• the percentage change from baseline in the CMV of quadriceps muscles as assessed by MRI will be derived at each timepoint.
• the primary estimand is defined as the following attributes:
• Population-level summary The difference between the RO7204239 arm and the placebo arm in the mean percentage change from baseline in the CMV of quadriceps muscle as assessed by MRI after 52 weeks of treatment.
• the percentage change from baseline in the CMV at week 52 is defined as
• the estimate of the treatment effect will be computed using a Mixed Model Repeated Measures (MMRM) analysis.
• the model will include the percentage change from baseline in the CMV of quadriceps muscle as assessed by MRI as the dependent variable. Independent variables of the model will include baseline CMV, treatment group, time, and treatment-by-time interaction. An unstructured variance-covariance matrix structure will be applied.
• the estimated treatment difference in the mean percentage change from baseline in the CMV of quadriceps muscle as assessed by MRI at Week 52 between RO7204239 and placebo will be presented with the 95% confidence interval.
• the percentage change from baseline in the CMV, the actual CMV, and the actual change from baseline in the CMV will also be summarized at each timepoint by treatment arm and by study period.
• the primary safety endpoints are as follows, as defined in Section 3 Table 2.
• Safety will be assessed through summaries of exposure to study treatment, adverse events, abnormal results in vital signs, ECG, echocardiographic, and laboratory assessments, and may also be assessed through summaries results on the changes in physical findings, echocardiogram, laboratory, vital signs, and ECG test results.
• Study treatment exposure (such as treatment duration, total dose received, and dose modifications) will be summarized with descriptive statistics by treatment arm and by study period.
• Abnormal results from laboratory, vitals, echocardiographic, and ECG test assessments will be summarized at each timepoint by treatment arm and by study period. Relevant change from baseline results in laboratory, vital sign (pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, pulse oximetry, and temperature), echocardiographic, and ECG data may be displayed by time, with Grades identified where appropriate. Additionally, a shift table of selected laboratory tests may be used to summarize the baseline and maximum post-baseline severity grade where appropriate.
• Each of the secondary endpoints will be tested at a two-sided 5% significance level without controlling multiplicity.
• the continuous secondary efficacy endpoints will be analyzed using the MMRM similarly as described for the primary efficacy endpoints.
• the estimated treatment difference and corresponding 95% confidence interval will be reported.
• ADA anti-drug antibody
• AUC area under the concentration -time curve
• C m ax maximum observed concentration
• Ct rO ugh trough concentration
• CTCAE Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
• DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
• FSHD facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
• MMT manual muscle testing
• MRI magnetic resonance imaging
• NCI National Cancer Institute
• PD pharmacodynamic
• PK pharmacokinetic.
• EuroQol Group anew facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16: 199-208.

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