WO2023174331A1 - 一种水库消落带 - Google Patents

一种水库消落带 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023174331A1
WO2023174331A1 PCT/CN2023/081632 CN2023081632W WO2023174331A1 WO 2023174331 A1 WO2023174331 A1 WO 2023174331A1 CN 2023081632 W CN2023081632 W CN 2023081632W WO 2023174331 A1 WO2023174331 A1 WO 2023174331A1
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Prior art keywords
frequency
reservoir
area
submerged
slope
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PCT/CN2023/081632
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
盛晟
贾军伟
周国旺
关永发
朱聪
Original Assignee
中电建华东勘测设计研究院(郑州)有限公司
中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司
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Publication of WO2023174331A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023174331A1/zh

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/10—Dams; Dykes; Sluice ways or other structures for dykes, dams, or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B7/00—Barrages or weirs; Layout, construction, methods of, or devices for, making same
    • E02B7/20—Movable barrages; Lock or dry-dock gates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W10/00—Technologies for wastewater treatment
    • Y02W10/10—Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of ecological restoration projects, and specifically relates to a reservoir ebb and flow zone.
  • Fluctuation zone is a phenomenon unique to rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. It refers to the fluctuation zone formed between the highest water level and the lowest water level in a reservoir due to seasonal water level fluctuations and periodic water storage.
  • the ebb and flow zone is a transitional zone where aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems are alternately controlled. It is the last ecological barrier for surrounding sediment, organic matter, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides to enter the waters. It is also a buffer zone for water body circulation regulation. It plays an important role in improving the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. It has a variety of ecological and environmental service functions in terms of productivity and maintaining the dynamic balance of regional ecosystems.
  • the reservoir fluctuation zone is an area formed by the periodic fluctuation of water level around the water area, it has dual attributes of water and land, and is controlled by the water gradient for a long time. It is a special type of seasonal wetland ecosystem, which plays a vital role in maintaining the dynamic balance of the aquatic and land ecosystems. , maintain biodiversity, ecological security, ecological service functions, etc., and play an important role. Vegetation is an important component of the reservoir water flow zone and the main body of its functions. Therefore, strengthening the research on plants in the reservoir water flow zone is of great significance to the management and ecological restoration of the reservoir water flow zone.
  • Soil and water loss and decrease in bank slope stability may cause natural disasters such as landslides, collapses, and debris flows in severe cases;
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a reservoir ebb and flow zone that is effective in ecological restoration, has a wide application range and is practical in view of the above-mentioned existing problems.
  • a reservoir ebb and flow zone which is arranged on the slope of a river, lake or reservoir.
  • the area of the reservoir slope is divided according to historical water level data. It has the characteristics of being arranged on the reservoir slope from top to bottom according to the cumulative inundation frequency distribution of the reservoir slope.
  • Vegetation in the submerged higher frequency area is planted on the structure; vegetation in the submerged medium frequency area is planted in the submerged medium frequency area; vegetation in the submerged lower frequency area is planted in the submerged lower frequency area.
  • the submerged low frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 0% to 20%
  • the submerged low frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 20% to 40%
  • the medium submergence frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 40% to 60%
  • the submergence higher frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 60% to 80%.
  • the high frequency area is the area where the cumulative inundation frequency of the reservoir slope is 80% to 100%.
  • a low-lying channel is provided on the back surface of the dark bank.
  • the slope ratio of the water-facing slope of the concealed embankment is 1:3-1:4, and the slope ratio of the back-water slope of the concealed embankment is 1:2-1:3.
  • the slope of the water-facing slope of the dark embankment is provided with alternating convex structures and pit structures. Soil-fixing plants are terminated on the convex structures, and submerged plants are planted in the pit structures.
  • the concealed embankment has a second concealed embankment and a first concealed embankment arranged from top to bottom in the submerged higher frequency area, and the concealed embankment foot protection is provided at the bottom of the water-facing slope of the first concealed embankment.
  • bermudagrass and calamus are alternately planted in the tiles on the first dark bank
  • kohlrabi and calamus are alternately planted in the tiles on the second dark bank.
  • the submerged medium-frequency vegetation planted in the submerged medium-frequency area is Zhongshan fir, bermudagrass, and calamus, and the bermudagrass and calamus are planted throughout the submerged medium-frequency area.
  • the low-frequency submerged vegetation planted in the low-submerged frequency area is paper mulberry, maple poplar, and dogwood.
  • Bermudagrass, Acorus calamus and Vetiver grass, the Bermudagrass, Acorus calamus and Vetiver grass are planted in the entire range of areas with lower flooding frequency.
  • a water retaining wall is provided around the pond that is higher than the submerged lower frequency area.
  • An electronically controlled gate is provided on the water retaining wall.
  • a first water level sensor is provided outside the electronically controlled gate, so There is a second water level sensor on the inside of the electronically controlled gate.
  • the submerged low frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 0% to 20%
  • the submerged low frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 20% to 40%.
  • the medium frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 40% to 60%.
  • the high submergence frequency area is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is 60% to 80%.
  • the submergence high frequency area is It is the area where the cumulative inundation frequency of the reservoir slope is 80% to 100%.
  • a reservoir water level zone forms a water level frequency curve and a water level frequency accumulation curve based on historical data of the reservoir water level.
  • the water level frequency zone of the reservoir is divided into regions according to the water level frequency accumulation curve.
  • Targeted planting can be carried out based on the characteristics of water level frequency and the growth characteristics of plants to maximize the soil fixation and water purification capabilities of the reservoir's water flow zone. This targeted planting can enable the plants to adapt to the unnatural water level dissipation in the reservoir.
  • the installation situation can meet the water level needs of the reservoir.
  • aquatic plants with amphibious growth characteristics are planted.
  • the vegetation has the ability to quickly and luxuriantly turn green and resume growth after emerging from the water.
  • the vegetation has a developed root system, has good soil consolidation and soil conservation effects, and prevents water and soil erosion in the fluctuation zone.
  • the reservoir leveling zone described in the embodiment of the present invention builds a hidden embankment and foot protection under the leveling zone area, which on the one hand plays a protective role, prevents water flow from being washed away, and can provide a safe growth environment for aquatic plants;
  • a local low-lying area is formed between the hidden embankments to accumulate water resources. When the water inundation is at a low level, it can still provide a certain amount of water supply for the aquatic vegetation in the sinking zone.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of reservoir water level frequency analysis in the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic elevation view of a reservoir ebb and flow zone according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a structural view of the water-facing slope of a concealed embankment in a reservoir ebb and flow zone according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • Figure 4 is a structural diagram of a pond in a reservoir ebb and flow zone according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of reservoir water level frequency analysis.
  • the ordinate on the right side of the figure i.e. 0-100%) is the frequency percentage, and the abscissa AN is the equally divided water level. AN is distributed from high water level to low water level;
  • Curve 1 It is the reservoir water level frequency curve 1, that is, the curve that records the frequency of each water level;
  • Curve 2 is the reservoir water level cumulative frequency curve 2, that is, it records the change curve of the cumulative frequency of each water level from low to high.
  • Area 3 in Figure 1 is the elevation range 3 of the relief zone repair area. The water level in this area occurs more frequently and causes the greatest damage to the relief zone.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic elevation view of a reservoir leveling zone according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the reservoir leveling zone is arranged on the slope of a river, lake or reservoir.
  • the structure of the leveling zone in this embodiment arranged on the slope of the reservoir.
  • the reservoir ebb and flow zone is arranged sequentially from top to bottom in the submerged low frequency zone 8, the submerged lower frequency zone 7, the submerged medium frequency zone 6, the submerged higher frequency zone 5 and the submerged high frequency zone 4 on the reservoir slope. Since the amplitude and frequency of the water body in each reservoir are different, in order to better deal with the damage of the water level zone, it is necessary to analyze the historical water level data in Figure 1 and divide the above frequency zones according to the frequency distribution of the water level.
  • the specific analysis methods are:
  • a dividing method in this embodiment is to extract the water level elevations with cumulative water level frequencies of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%, and then set the submerged low frequency area 8 to the cumulative submerged frequency of the reservoir slope.
  • the lower submergence frequency area 7 is the area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is set to 20% to 40%
  • the submergence medium frequency area 6 is the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope. The area with higher inundation frequency is set to 40% to 60%.
  • the higher inundation frequency area 5 is the area in which the cumulative inundation frequency of the reservoir slope is set to 60% to 80%.
  • the inundation high frequency area 4 is the cumulative inundation of the reservoir slope.
  • the frequency is set to the range of 80% to 100%.
  • the area with a cumulative submergence frequency of 20% to 80% is the elevation range of the leveling zone restoration area 3.
  • the present invention does not limit the division interval of the cumulative submergence frequency. As long as the division of the submergence frequency degree is based on the cumulative frequency of the reservoir water level, it falls within the protection scope of the present invention.
  • this area includes the submerged higher frequency area 5, the submerged medium frequency area 6 and the submerged lower frequency area 7.
  • Each of the aforementioned areas is introduced below:
  • the submerged higher frequency area 5 is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is set to 60% to 80%.
  • the submerged higher frequency area 5 has been located below the water level for a long time, and it needs to have the function of filtering pollutants in the water and improving water quality. , and the water level frequency in this area is relatively high, which is prone to water and soil erosion problems. Therefore, submerged aquatic plants are mainly used to purify water in this area, and soil-fixing plants are supplemented by soil-fixing plants.
  • a concealed embankment is set up in the submerged higher frequency area 5. Plants that have a filtering effect on water and plants that seal water and soil need to be installed on the water facing slope 10 of the concealed embankment.
  • the bottom of the water facing slope 10 of the concealed embankment is set
  • the underbank foot protection 9 is composed of stones with a diameter of 50cm to 80cm, thus better protecting the structural safety of the undercover and preventing water erosion.
  • the slope of the water-facing slope of the dark embankment is provided with alternating raised structures 13 and pit structures 14.
  • Soil-fixing plants are planted on the raised structures 13, and inside the pit structures 14 Plant submerged plants.
  • the raised structures 13 and the pit structures 14 are both longitudinally distributed on the slope facing the water.
  • the alternating raised structures 13 and the pit structures 14 form a similar wave surface, which can increase the impact resistance of the concealed embankment.
  • the raised structure 13 can disperse the impact force of water and increase the soil-fixing capacity of the raised structure 13 by planting soil-fixing plants.
  • the pit structure 14 can divert the impact force of water through the arc-shaped structure, and the pit structure can reduce the impact of water.
  • the evaporation of water has the function of locking water, which can delay the time of water loss after the water level drops, further ensuring the water needs of submerged plants, and the pit structure 14 can easily retain the fallen leaves, stems and other tissues of submerged plants for easy recycling. contaminants in water.
  • the submersed plants play a key role in the absorption of nutrients in the water and soil.
  • different types of submersed plants have different anti-fouling abilities to water bodies.
  • they are: There are six communities of Echinacea, Echinacea, Hornwort, Myriophyllum, Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria.
  • Bermudagrass and Echinacea are alternately planted in the subdivided areas on the dark bank.
  • the Bermudagrass is a low-growing herbaceous plant with a well-developed root system. The stalks are thin and tough, and the lower part creeps on the ground and spreads very long, with joints.
  • the low-lying channel 12 can store part of the water when the reservoir water level drops, and can be used as water supply for the growth of aquatic plants when the reservoir water level is low.
  • Water-purifying plants and soil-fixing plants are planted in the low-lying trench 12.
  • the water-purifying plants are Echinacea and the soil-fixing plants are Bermudagrass.
  • the slope ratio of the water-facing slope of the concealed dike is 1:3-1:4, and the slope ratio of the back-water slope of the concealed embankment is 1:2-1:3. This ratio can ensure low-lying ditches.
  • the amount of water within 12 satisfies the water demand of all the soil on the water-facing slope 10 of the concealed embankment, and meets the demand for soil moisture content of submerged plants when the concealed embankment is at the water level.
  • the area can be divided into multiple independent dark banks, such as a first dark bank and a second dark bank.
  • Low-lying trenches 12 can disperse the low-lying trenches 12 and reduce the volume of the low-lying trenches 12 to prevent the low-lying trenches 12 from being too large and reducing the overall stability of the bank protection. Moreover, the small low-lying trenches 12 are easy to maintain and cause less pollution. .
  • the plants on the first concealed bank and the second concealed bank can be adjusted, and the plants on the two do not need to be the same. For example, bermudagrass and Echinacea are alternately planted in the divided areas on the first concealed bank, and the plants on the second concealed bank are planted alternately.
  • the area is alternately planted with Brassica oleifera and Acorus calamus.
  • Acorus is a perennial herb with horizontal rhizomes, slightly flattened and branched, 5-10 mm in diameter, with a yellow-brown skin, fragrant, and many fleshy roots, 5-6 cm long, with Hair-like fibrous roots, the second dark bank is located at a high position without a higher frequency area, which is more likely to produce mosquitoes.
  • Calamus not only has the effect of soil fixation, but also repels insects.
  • the divided areas are planted alternately on the first dark bank and the second dark bank, so that each area forms a certain scale and avoids excessive fragmentation.
  • the submerged medium frequency area 6 is an area where the cumulative submergence frequency of the reservoir slope is set to 40% to 60%.
  • the submerged medium frequency area 6 is located below the water level half of the time, and according to Figure 1, the highest The water level is located in this area, so the water and soil erosion in this area is the most serious.
  • Soil consolidation is the main method, and water purification is the supplement. Since this area is relatively close to the highest water level, the number of plants in this area increases on the basis of the above. Arbors are used to greatly improve the soil-fixing effect.
  • Zhongshan fir, bermudagrass and calamus are planted in the submerged medium frequency zone 6. Metasequoia has strong resistance to moisture. Sometimes it is flooded for 2-3 weeks, and the plant is not adversely affected. However, metasequoia of the same size will show symptoms such as yellowing, root rot, or even die. Zhongshan fir can be immersed in water for a long time, and its waterlogging tolerance is similar to willow. The spacing between planted Zhongshan fir trees is 2m to 4m. Avoid regular planting in rows and adopt a natural planting method. The spacing is naturally adjusted according to the site conditions. Bermudagrass 5-6 and Acorus calamus 5-8 are placed in the submerged frequency zone 6.
  • the plants in the submerged medium frequency area 6 are in groups of three to five, forming a patchy community distribution, and there are forest spots among the groups of Zhongshan fir.
  • trees are used as the core of soil fixation, and bermudagrass and other materials are used to strengthen the soil fixation details, combining thickness and thickness to maximize the soil fixation effect in this area, and calamus is added to repel insects to improve the insect resistance performance of this area.
  • the lower inundation frequency area 7 is an area where the cumulative inundation frequency of the reservoir slope is set to 20% to 40%. More than half of the inundation lower frequency area 7 is above the water level, and the time of submersion is less. , will only be submerged during some extreme periods of time, and the water flow during this period is relatively turbulent, large, and rainy. Therefore, this area is mainly soil-solidified, and mainly trees, and can be used in many ways. Cross-distributed trees create mixed forests, which can make full use of space and nutritional area, better exert protective effects, enhance the ability to resist natural disasters, prevent wind and sand, improve site conditions, and make full use of land resources and light resources to improve forest products. The quantity and quality can be maximized to maximize economic benefits and increase species diversity, thus improving the ecological stability of the region.
  • paper mulberry, maple poplar, bermudagrass, calamus and vetiver are planted in the submerged lower frequency area 7.
  • the paper mulberry is a deciduous tree with a height of 10-20m.
  • the root system of the paper mulberry has the characteristics of fast growth, With characteristics such as fast germination and strong tillering, Broussonetia mulberry can adapt to both the cold and dry climate of northern China and the warm climate of southern China. It has strong adaptability and few pests and diseases.
  • the planting density varies according to the purpose of silviculture. Generally, the density of afforestation is based on a plant spacing of 1.5m. The spacing between rows is 2m, and about 200 plants per acre is appropriate; for the purpose of creating soil and water conservation forest and firewood forest, 330-660 plants per acre are appropriate.
  • the maple poplar is a large tree with a height of 30 meters and a diameter at breast height of 1 meter.
  • the maple poplar has luxuriant branches and a wide crown. When the leaves fall, it can form a thick and soft litter layer on the ground, which can conserve water sources and its root system Well-developed, extremely resistant to water and moisture, and strong in fertility.
  • maple poplar As a fast-growing afforestation tree species, maple poplar has a wide and deep root system, many lateral roots, a thick crown, strong canopy closure, and strong ability to intercept rainwater. It can be used as a waterside embankment and bank protection, water conservation, and water conservation. It is one of the excellent tree species for soil and wind protection.
  • maple poplar has the strongest ability to remove TN (total nitrogen).
  • TN total nitrogen
  • COD Carbon Oxygen Demand
  • Vetiver roots can penetrate hard red clay, and penetrate weak places between gravels and rock formations. They can grow to a depth of 2-3 meters, and the deepest reaches 5-6 meters.
  • vetiver has a large number of root systems and is densely distributed in the soil. It has a large contact area with the soil, strong adhesion, and good slope protection effect.
  • the root system of vetiver has high tensile strength, reaching 40-120 MPa, with an average of 75 MPa, which is significantly higher than the tensile strength of the root systems of many trees and shrubs such as yellow fir, poplar, willow, and bilberry. Its root system can not only penetrate the soil layer and play an anchoring role, but also effectively increase the shear strength of the soil, thereby stabilizing the slope.
  • the spacing for planting Broussonetia mulberry and maple poplar in area 7 with low submergence frequency is 2m to 4m. Avoid regular planting in rows and adopt a natural planting method. The spacing is naturally adjusted according to the site conditions. Bermudagrass, calamus and vetiver are used. Then plant in the entire range of submerged lower frequency zone 7. Plants in area 7 with lower submergence frequency are clustered in groups of three to five, forming a patchy community distribution, with forest spots remaining among the groups of trees.
  • Inundation lower frequency area 7 is mainly composed of different types of trees. In addition to improving the effect of soil fixation, it also increases the effect of windbreak and sand fixation, creating a mixed forest, which can better exert the protective effect and enhance the ability to resist natural disasters.
  • Soil-fixing plants such as bermudagrass are combined in thick and thin to improve soil-fixing ability, and then combined with plants with well-developed root systems such as vetiver to further improve soil-fixing ability. Then calamus is used to improve the insect resistance in the area, so as to achieve the goal of improving the soil-fixing ability in the area. The best soil-fixing effect.
  • Excavation of several ponds 15 in the top area of the submerged lower frequency zone 7 can be used as a germplasm resource bank for vegetation restoration in the water flow zone of the reservoir bank.
  • aquatic plants used in the water flow zone can be used in this area. It is cultivated in the pond 15 to prepare for the restoration of the fluctuation zone. When the water level rises to this area, it can automatically store water in the pond 15 so that aquatic plants can be cultivated in the pond 15 with the same water quality.
  • the bank slope can be effectively intercepted.
  • Pollutants flow to the reservoir area and adsorb nitrogen, phosphorus and other substances from the water body; plants in the ebb and flow zone can play a better role in intercepting, absorbing and degrading pollutants, and play a certain role in ensuring the safety of reservoir water quality.
  • the water pond 15 is surrounded by a water retaining wall 16 that is higher than the submerged lower frequency zone 7.
  • the water retaining wall 16 is provided with an electronically controlled gate 17.
  • the electronically controlled gate 17 is There is a first water level transmitter on the outside Sensor 18.
  • a second water level sensor 19 is provided inside the electronically controlled gate 17. The heights of the first water level sensor 18 and the second water level sensor 19 are the same. If the water level detected by the first water level sensor 18, the second water level sensor 19 will If the water level sensor 19 does not detect the water level, it means that the current water level outside the water retaining wall 16 is higher than the water level inside the water retaining wall 16, and the electronically controlled gate 17 is controlled to open, so that the rising water level enters the pond 15, forming a pond. 15.
  • Replenish the water amount if the first water level sensor 18 does not detect the water level, it means that the water level outside the water retaining wall 16 is low, and the electronically controlled gate 17 is closed.
  • a blocking net 20 is provided on the inner side of the electronically controlled gate 17 for intercepting the flow of plants in the pond 15 when the electronically controlled gate 17 is opened.

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种水库消落带，布置在河流、湖泊或水库的边坡上，具有从上往下依次布置在水库边坡上根据水库边坡累计淹没频率分布的淹没低频率区、淹没较低频率区、淹没中频率区、淹没较高频率区和淹没高频率区；在所述淹没较高频率区布置暗堤结构，在淹没较高频率区的暗堤结构上种植有淹没较高频率区植被；在淹没中频率区种植有淹没中频率区植被；在淹没较低频率区种植有淹没较低频率区植被。本发明的一种水库消落带根据水库水位的历史数据形成水位频率曲线及水位频率累积曲线，根据累积曲线对水库消落带进行区域划分，根据不同区域中水位频率的特性及植株的生长特性进行针对性种植，最大限度提高水库消落带的固土能力与净水能力。

Description

一种水库消落带 技术领域
本发明涉及适用于生态修复工程领域，具体涉及一种水库消落带。
背景技术
消落带是河流、湖泊、水库特有的一种现象，是指水库由于季节性水位消涨和周期性蓄水在最高水位线与最低水位线之间形成的消涨区域。消落带是水生生态系统和陆生生态系统交替控制的过渡地带，是周围泥沙、有机物、化肥和农药等进入水域的最后一道生态屏障，也是水体循环调节的缓冲带，在提高水陆生态系统生产力以及维持区域生态系统动态平衡等方面，具有多种生态和环境服务功能。
由于水库消落带是水位周期性涨落在水域周边形成的区域，具有水域和陆地双重属性，长期为水分梯度所控制，是一类特殊的季节性湿地生态系统，在维持水陆生态系统动态平衡、维持生物多样性、生态安全、生态服务功能等方面都具有重要作用，植被是水库消落带重要组成部分，是其功能的主体。因此，加强对水库消落带植物的研究，对水库消落带治理与生态修复等有重要意义。
消落带利用不善会引发严重的生态环境问题，主要包括：
(1)水土流失、岸坡稳定性下降，严重时引起滑坡、崩塌和泥石流等自然灾害；
(2)水位消落引发土壤中污染物溶出，污染水体，也将改变土壤质量，对土壤的物理、化学和生物性能产生影响；
(3)造成生态系统结构和功能简单化，生物多样性受到破坏。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是：针对上述存在的问题提供一种生态修复有效、适用范围广、切实可行的水库消落带。
本发明所采用的技术方案是：
一种水库消落带，布置在河流、湖泊或水库的边坡上，根据历史水位数据划分水库边坡的区域，具有从上往下依次布置在水库边坡上根据水库边坡累计淹没频率分布的淹没低频率区、淹没较低频率区、淹没中频率区、淹没较高频率区和淹没高频率区；在所述淹没较高频率区布置暗堤结构，在淹没较高频率区的暗堤结构上种植有淹没较高频率区植被；在淹没中频率区种植有淹没中频率区植被；在淹没较低频率区种植有淹没较低频率区植被。
进一步的，所述淹没低频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为0％～20％的区域，所述淹没较低频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为20％～40％的区域，所述淹没中频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为40％～60％的区域，所述淹没较高频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为60％～80％的区域，所述淹没高频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为80％～100％的区域。
进一步的，所述暗堤的背水面设置低洼沟道。
进一步的，所述暗堤迎水坡的坡比均为1:3-1:4，所述暗堤背水坡的坡比为1:2-1:3。
进一步的，所述暗堤的迎水坡的坡面设有交替的凸起结构与凹坑结构，所述凸起结构上终止固土植物，所述凹坑结构内种植沉水植物。
进一步的，所述暗堤具有在淹没较高频率区上从上至下布置的第二暗堤和第一暗堤，在第一暗堤迎水坡的底部设有暗堤护脚。
进一步的，在所述第一暗堤上分片区交替种植狗牙根和马来眼子菜，在所述第二暗堤上分片区交替种植马来眼子菜和菖蒲。
进一步的，在淹没中频率区种植的淹没中频率植被为中山杉、狗牙根及菖蒲，所述狗牙根及菖蒲在淹没中频率区全范围种植。
进一步的，在淹没较低频率区种植的淹没较低频率植被为构树、枫杨、狗 牙根、菖蒲及香根草，所述狗牙根、菖蒲及香根草在淹没较低频率区域全范围种植。
进一步的，在淹没较低频率区上开挖有若干水塘。
进一步的，所述水塘的四周设有高于淹没较低频率区的挡水墙，所述挡水墙上设有电控闸门，所述电控闸门的外侧设有第一水位传感器，所述电控闸门的内侧设有第二水位传感器
所述淹没低频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为0％～20％的区域，所述淹没较低频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为20％～40％的区域，所述淹没中频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为40％～60％的区域，所述淹没较高频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为60％～80％的区域，所述淹没高频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为80％～100％的区域。
本发明的有益效果是：
(1)本发明实施例所述的一种水库消落带根据水库水位的历史数据形成水位频率曲线及水位频率累积曲线，根据水位频率累积曲线对水库消落带进行区域划分，根据不同区域中水位频率的特性及植株的生长特性进行针对性的种植，最大限度的提高水库消落带的固土能力与净水能力，并且这种针对性的种植能够使植株适应水库中非自然的水位消落情形，满足水库的水位需要。具体的，种植具有水陆两栖生长特性的水生植物，植被在露出水面后具有快且茂盛的返青恢复生长能力；同时植被具有发达的根系，固土保土效果好，防治消落带的水土流失。
(2)本发明实施例所述的一种水库消落带通过在消落带区域下方修建暗堤及护脚，一方面起到防护作用，防止水流冲刷，能够给水生植物提供安全生长环境；另一方面，则在暗堤之间形成了局部低洼区域，积蓄水资源，当水淹没处于较低水平时，仍能给消落带内水生植被提供一定的水源补给。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明的实施方式或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对 实施方式或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍。显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是示例性的，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据提供的附图引伸获得其它的实施附图。
本说明书所绘示的结构、比例、大小等，均仅用以配合说明书所揭示的内容，以供熟悉此技术的人士了解与阅读，并非用以限定本发明可实施的限定条件，故不具技术上的实质意义，任何结构的修饰、比例关系的改变或大小的调整，在不影响本发明所能产生的功效及所能达成的目的下，均应仍落在本发明所揭示的技术内容得能涵盖的范围内。
图1是本发明中水库水位频率分析示意图；
图2是本发明实施例所述一种水库消落带的立面示意图；
图3是本发明实施例所述一种水库消落带的暗堤迎水坡的坡面结构图；
图4是本发明实施例所述一种水库消落带的水塘结构图。
图中：
1、水库水位频率曲线；2、水库水位累计频率曲线；3、消落带修复区域高程范围；4、淹没高频率区；5、淹没较高频率区；6、淹没中频率区；7、淹没较低频率区；8、淹没低频率区；9、暗堤护脚；10、迎水坡；11、背水坡；12、低洼沟道；13、凸起结构；14、凹坑结构；15、水塘；16、挡水墙；17、闸门；18、第一水位传感器；19、第二水位传感器；20、拦网。
具体实施方式
以下由特定的具体实施例说明本发明的实施方式，熟悉此技术的人士可由本说明书所揭露的内容轻易地了解本发明的其他优点及功效，显然，所描述的实施例是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
图1为水库水位频率分析示意图，图中右侧纵坐标(即0-100％)为频率百分比，横坐标A-N为均分的水位，A-N由从高水位到低水位分布；曲线1 为水库水位频率曲线1，即记录各水位频率的曲线；曲线2为水库水位累计频率曲线2，即记录各个水位从低到高的累加频率的变化曲线。图1中的区域3为消落带修复区域高程范围3，该区域内水位的出现频率较高，对消落带的损伤也最大。
图2为本发明实施例的一种水库消落带的立面示意图，如图2所示，水库消落带布置在河流、湖泊或水库的边坡上，本实施例中的消落带结构布置在水库的边坡上。所述水库消落带从上往下依次布置在水库边坡上的淹没低频率区8、淹没较低频率区7、淹没中频率区6、淹没较高频率区5和淹没高频率区4。由于各水库的水体消落的幅度以及频率都不同，因此为了更好的环节消落带的损伤问题，需要根据分析图1的历史水位数据，根据水位的频率分布进行上述各频率区的划分，具体分析方法为：
1：首先收集水库的历史水位数据，计算出不同高程的频率，并绘制出水库水位频率曲线1；
2：计算出水库水位累计频率，绘制水库水位累计频率曲线2。提取水库水位累计频率在不同频率占比的水位高程，并根据提取的各水位高程进行频率区的划分。具体的，本实施例的一种划分方法为提取水位累计频率在20％、40％、60％和80％的水位高程，然后将所述淹没低频率区8为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为0％～20％的区域，所述淹没较低频率区7为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为20％～40％的区域，所述淹没中频率区6为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为40％～60％的区域，所述淹没较高频率区5为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为60％～80％的区域，所述淹没高频率区4为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为80％～100％的区域。其中，累计淹没频率为20％～80％的区域为消落带修复区域高程范围3。本发明对累积淹没频率的划分区间不做限定，只要根据水库水位累积频率进行淹没频率程度的区域划分均落入本发明的保护范围之内。
针对消落带修复区域高程范围3，该区域范围包括淹没较高频率区5、淹没中频率区6及淹没较低频率区7。下面分别介绍前述的各区域：
1、淹没较高频率区
所述淹没较高频率区5为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为60％～80％的区域，淹没较高频率区5长期位于水位之下，需要其具有过滤水中污染物，提高水质的功能，而且该区域的水位频率相对较高，容易出现水土流失的问题，因此该区域以沉水植物净水为主，以固土植株固土为辅。
在淹没较高频率区5上设置暗堤，所述暗堤的迎水坡10上需要设置对水具有过滤效果的植株以及封固水土的植株，所述暗堤的迎水坡10的底部设置由直径为50cm～80cm块石组成的暗堤护脚9，如此更好地保护了暗堤的结构安全，防止水流冲刷。
如图3所示，所述暗堤的迎水坡的坡面设有交替的凸起结构13与凹坑结构14，所述凸起结构13上种植固土植物，所述凹坑结构14内种植沉水植物。本实施例中凸起结构13与凹坑结构14均纵向分布于迎水坡的坡面上，交替的凸起结构13与凹坑结构14组成类似波浪面，可增加暗堤的耐冲击能力，凸起结构13可分散水的冲击力，并通过种植固土植物增加凸起结构13的固土能力，凹坑结构14可将水的冲击力通过弧形结构转向，并且凹坑结构内可降低水的蒸发，具有锁水功能，可以在水位下降后延缓水分流失的时间，进一步保证沉水植物的水需求，而且凹坑结构14容易保留沉水植物掉落的叶、杆等组织，便于回收水中污染物。
所述沉水植物对水土中营养物质的吸收起关键性的作用，同时不同种类的沉水植物对水体的抗污能力不同，按照不同沉水植物抗污能力由强到弱的顺序依次为马来眼子菜、菹草、金鱼藻、狐尾藻、轮叶黑藻和苦草六种群落。本实施例中暗堤上分片区交替种植狗牙根和马来眼子菜，所述狗牙根属低矮草本植物，植根系发达的草本植物，秆细而坚韧，下部匍匐地面蔓延甚长，节上常生不定根，高可达30厘米，秆壁厚，光滑无毛，有时略两侧压扁，狗牙根其根茎蔓延力很强，广铺地面，为良好的固堤保土植物。所述眼子菜嫩苗进行种植，每平米种植量30-40棵，种植完成后，将碎叶从水中捞出，一个月后根据眼子菜的成活率进行补种，以使每平米种植量达到预设的量，达到预期的水质净化 效果，一般补种10％。
由于沉水植物对土壤含水量要求较高，但淹没较高频率区5并非100％沉入水中，其存在高于水位的情况，为了保证土壤的含水量，在所述暗堤的背水面设置低洼沟道12，当水库水位下降时，可存蓄部分水量，作为水库水位较低时水生植物生长所需的水源补给。所述低洼沟道12内同种植净水植株与固土植株，本实施例中净水植株为马来眼子菜，固土植株为植狗牙根。本实施例中所述暗堤迎水坡的坡比均为1:3-1:4，所述暗堤背水坡的坡比为1:2-1:3，这样的比例能够保证低洼沟道12内的水量满足暗堤迎水坡10上全部土壤的用水需求，满足暗堤处于水位上时沉水植物对于土壤含水量的需求。
若淹没较高频率区5过长，可将该区域分割位多个独立的暗堤，如划分为第一暗堤和第二暗堤，所述第一暗堤与第二暗堤之间设置低洼沟道12，这样能够分散低洼沟道12，且缩小低洼沟道12的体积，防止低洼沟道12过大而降低护岸整体稳固性的问题，而且小型的低洼沟道12便于维护、污染小。第一暗堤与第二暗堤上的植株可做调整，二者的植株无须相同，如在第一暗堤上分片区交替种植狗牙根和马来眼子菜，在第二暗堤上分片区交替种植马来眼子菜和菖蒲，菖蒲是多年生草本植物，根茎横走，稍扁，分枝，直径5-10毫米，外皮黄褐色，芳香，肉质根多数，长5-6厘米，具毛发状须根，第二暗堤位于没较高频率区的高位，更容易产生蚊虫，菖蒲不仅具有固土的作用，还能驱虫。本实施例中在第一暗堤和第二暗堤上分片区交替种植，使各片区形成一定规模，避免过度破碎化。
2、淹没中频率区
所述淹没中频率区6为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为40％～60％的区域，所述淹没中频率区6有一半的时间位于水位之下，且根据图1所知，最高频水位位于该区域内，因此该区域的水土流失最为严重，需要以固土为主，净水为辅，由于该区域与最高水位相对较近，因此该区域内植株在前述的基础之上增加乔木，用于大幅提高固土效果。
本实施例中，在淹没中频率区6上种植中山杉、狗牙根及菖蒲，所述中山 杉耐湿性强，有时水淹2-3周，植株也未受不良影响，而同规格的水杉则会出现枯黄、烂根等症状，甚至枯死，中山杉能长期浸泡水中，其耐涝性近似柳树。种植的中山杉的株距为2m～4m，避免规则的行列式种植，采用仿自然的种植方式，间距根据立地条件自然调整，狗牙根5-6及菖蒲5-8则在淹没中频率区6全范围种植，淹没中频率区6上植物三五成群，形成片状的群落分布，成群的中山杉中留有林斑。淹没中频率区6中以乔木为固土核心，在以狗牙根等加强固土细节，粗细结合，最大程度提高该区域内的固土效果，再增加菖蒲驱虫，提高本区域的抗虫性能。
3、淹没较低频率区
所述淹没较低频率区7为水库边坡的累计淹没频率设为20％～40％的区域，所述淹没较低频率区7一多半之间均处于水位之上，收水淹没的时间较少，只有在一些比较极端的时段内，才会被淹没，而该时段内的水流相对湍急，水流也大，雨水较多，因此该区域以固土为主，则以乔木为主，可使用多种乔木交叉分布，营造混交林，可以充分利用空间和营养面积，能较好地发挥防护效益，可增强抗御自然灾害的能力，防风固沙，改善立地条件，充分利用土地资源和光照资源提高林产品的数量和质量，实现经济利益最大化，还能提高物种多样性，从而提高该区域的生态稳定性。
本实施例中，在淹没较低频率区7上种植构树、枫杨、狗牙根、菖蒲及香根草，所述构树为落叶乔木，高10-20m，构树的根系具备生长快、萌芽快、分蘖强等特性，构树能同时适应中国北方寒燥和南方暖潮的气候，适应性强，病虫害少，种植密度根据营林目的不同而有差别，一般造林密度以株距1.5m，行距2m，每亩约200株为宜；以营造水土保持林和薪炭林为目的，每亩分别以330-660株为宜。
所述枫杨为大乔木，高达30米，胸径达1米，枫杨枝繁叶茂，冠幅宽广，落叶时，能在地面上形成厚实松软的枯枝落叶层，可涵养水源，其根系发达，极耐水湿，适生力强。枫杨作为速生造林树种，其根系广而深、侧根多，树冠厚大，郁闭度强，截留雨水能力强，可作为水边固堤护岸、涵养水源、保持水 土及防风的优良树种之一，其在对极耐水湿的4种固堤护岸树种进行关于修复富营养化水体能力的研究中表明枫杨对于TN(总氮)的去除能力是最强的，对于TP(总磷)、COD(化学需氧量)的去除能力分别排名第3和第2，因此，枫杨对水体具有较强的净化能力。
香根草根系能穿透坚硬红粘土，并穿透砾石之间、岩层之间薄弱的地方，可长至2-3米深，最深达到5-6米。同时，香根草根系数量多，在土壤中成网状密布，与土壤接触面积大，粘附力强，护坡效果好。不仅如此，香根草根系的抗拉强度大，达到40-120兆帕，平均75兆帕，显著高于黄杉、杨树、柳树、越桔等多种乔木、灌木根系的抗拉强度，其根系不但能够穿过土层起到锚固作用，还可以有效地提高土体的抗剪强度，从而起到稳定边坡的作用。
在淹没较低频率区7上种植构树及枫杨的株距为2m～4m，避免规则的行列式种植，采用仿自然的种植方式，间距根据立地条件自然调整，狗牙根、菖蒲及香根草则在淹没较低频率区7全范围种植。淹没较低频率区7上植物三五成群，形成片状的群落分布，成群的乔木中留有林斑。
淹没较低频率区7以不同种类的乔木为主，在提高固土的效果之上增加防风固沙的效果，营造混交林，能较好地发挥防护效益，可增强抗御自然灾害的能力，再结合狗牙根等固土植株，粗细结合，以提高固土能力，再结合香根草等根系发达的植株，进一步提高固土能力，再通过菖蒲提高该区域内的抗虫能力，从而实现该区域内最好的固土效果。
在淹没较低频率区7的顶部区域内开挖若干个水塘15，可作为库岸消落带植被修复的种质资源库，特别是在消落带中应用的水生植物，可在该区域中培育，以备消落带修复使用，而且当水位涨到该区域时可自动为水塘15蓄水，使水塘15内同水质养殖水生植物，通过消落带修复，有效地拦截岸坡流向库区的污染物和吸附水体氮、磷和其他物质；消落带植物能发挥较好的拦截、吸收、降解污染物的能力，为保障水库水质安全发挥一定的作用。
如图4所示，所述水塘15的四周设有高于淹没较低频率区7的挡水墙16，所述挡水墙16上设有电控闸门17，所述电控闸门17的外侧设有第一水位传 感器18，所述电控闸门17的内侧设有第二水位传感器19，所述第一水位传感器18与第二水位传感器19的高度相同，若第一水位传感器18检测到的水位，第二水位传感器19未检测到水位，则说明当前挡水墙16外的水位高于挡水墙16内部的水位，则控制电控闸门17开启，使上升的水位进入到水塘15内，为水塘15补充水量；若第一水位传感器18未检测到水位，则说明挡水墙16外的水位较低，则关闭电控闸门17。所述电控闸门17的内侧设有拦网20，用于在电控闸门17打开时拦截水塘15内的植物流出。
虽然，上文中已经用一般性说明及具体实施例对本发明作了详尽的描述，但在本发明基础上，可以对之作一些修改或改进，这对本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的。因此，在不偏离本发明精神的基础上所做的这些修改或改进，均属于本发明要求保护的范围。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种水库消落带，布置在河流、湖泊或水库的边坡上，其特征在于：根据历史水位数据划分水库边坡的区域，具有从上往下依次布置在水库边坡上根据水库边坡累计淹没频率分布的淹没低频率区、淹没较低频率区、淹没中频率区、淹没较高频率区和淹没高频率区；
    在所述淹没较高频率区布置暗堤结构，在淹没较高频率区的暗堤结构上种植有淹没较高频率区植被；
    在淹没中频率区种植有淹没中频率区植被；
    在淹没较低频率区种植有淹没较低频率区植被。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：所述淹没低频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为0％～20％的区域，所述淹没较低频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为20％～40％的区域，所述淹没中频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为40％～60％的区域，所述淹没较高频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为60％～80％的区域，所述淹没高频率区为水库边坡的累计淹没频率为80％～100％的区域。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：所述暗堤的背水面设置低洼沟道。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：所述暗堤迎水坡的坡比均为1:3-1:4，所述暗堤背水坡的坡比为1:2-1:3。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：所述暗堤的迎水坡的坡面设有交替的凸起结构与凹坑结构，所述凸起结构上终止固土植物，所述凹坑结构内种植沉水植物。
  6. 根据权利要求3所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：在所述第一暗堤上分片区交替种植狗牙根和马来眼子菜，在所述第二暗堤上分片区交替种植马来眼子菜和菖蒲。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：在淹没中频率区种植的淹没中频率植被为中山杉、狗牙根及菖蒲，所述狗牙根及菖蒲在淹没中频率区全范围种植。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：在淹没较低频率区种植的淹没较低频率植被为构树、枫杨、狗牙根、菖蒲及香根草，所述狗牙根、菖蒲及香根草在淹没较低频率区域全范围种植。
  9. 根据权利要求1所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：在淹没较低频率区上开挖有若干水塘。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的一种水库消落带，其特征在于：所述水塘的四周设有高于淹没较低频率区的挡水墙，所述挡水墙上设有电控闸门，所述电控闸门的外侧设有第一水位传感器，所述电控闸门的内侧设有第二水位传感器。
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