WO2023170525A1

WO2023170525A1 - Frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters

Info

Publication number: WO2023170525A1
Application number: PCT/IB2023/051967
Authority: WO
Inventors: Majid GHANBARINEJAD; Ahmed HINDY; Vijay Nangia; Hyejung Jung
Original assignee: Lenovo (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
Priority date: 2022-03-10
Filing date: 2023-03-02
Publication date: 2023-09-14

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless repeaters, such as a network- controlled repeater (NCR). The NCR applies a frequency offset to the signals received from a base station before forwarding the signals to the served UEs. Similarly, the NCR applies a frequency offset to the signals received from a UE before forwarding the signals to the base station. The frequency offset and associated parameters (such as one or more of a center frequency, a bandwidth, a time interval, a beam direction, or a beam-width) are controlled by the network (e.g., signaling from a base station), such as through at least one of semi-static configurations or lower-layer signaling. The frequency offset may be applied to one or more of downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) signaling for purposes of interference management, radio resource management, and so forth.

Description

FREQUENCY ADJUSTMENT FOR NETWORK-CONTROLLED REPEATERS

RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 63/318,732 filed March 10, 2022 entitled “Frequency Adjustment for Network-controlled Repeaters,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to frequency adjustment for wireless repeaters.

BACKGROUND

[0003] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations, which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. Each network communication device, such as a base station, may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system, such as time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subslots, mini-slots, aggregated slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies (RATs) including third generation (3G) RAT, fourth generation (4G) RAT, fifth generation (5G) RAT, and other suitable RATs beyond 5G. In some cases, a wireless communications system may be a non-terrestrial network (NTN), which may support various communication devices for wireless communications in the NTN. For example, an NTN may include network entities onboard non-terrestrial vehicles such as satellites, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and high-altitude platforms systems (HAPS), as well as network entities on the ground, such as gateway entities capable of transmitting and receiving over long distances. [0004] Wireless communications systems may include one or more wireless repeaters that receive and retransmit signals from a base station. A wireless repeater extends the footprint or layout of cells in a cellular system for improving key performance indicators such as throughput and coverage. As a result, wireless repeaters may extend the cells well beyond their originally planned boundaries into adjacent cells.

SUMMARY

[0005] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. Aspects of the disclosure are directed to wireless repeaters, such as a network-controlled repeater (NCR). The NCR applies a frequency offset to the signals received from a base station before forwarding the signals to the served UEs. Similarly, the NCR applies a frequency offset to the signals received from a UE before forwarding the signals to the base station. The frequency offset and associated parameters (such as one or more of a center frequency, a bandwidth, a time interval, a beam direction, or a beam-width) are controlled by the network (e.g., signaling from a base station), such as through at least one of semi-static configurations or lower-layer (e.g., layer 1 (LI) or layer 2 (L2)) signaling. The frequency offset may be applied to one or more of downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) signaling for purposes of interference management, radio resource management, and so forth. By utilizing the described techniques, excessive interference that may be introduced by NCRs, particularly in situations in which an NCR operates on the same frequency as the serving base station, can be avoided.

[0006] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may include wireless communication at a device (e.g., a NCR), and the device receives, from a first entity, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset value; receives, from a second entity, a first signal; generates a second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; and transmits, to a third entity, the second signal.

[0007] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the device further receives, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth for the first signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating at least one of a time duration, a beam direction, or a beam-width; and wherein the first signal is associated with at least one of the time duration, the beam direction, or the beam-width. Additionally or alternatively, the second entity includes a base station, the third entity includes a user equipment, and the first signal includes a downlink signal. Additionally or alternatively, the second entity includes a user equipment, the third entity includes a base station, and the first signal includes an uplink signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the second entity, a third signal; generates a fourth signal by automatically applying a negative of the frequency offset value to the third signal; and transmit, to the third entity, the fourth signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further applies the negative of the frequency offset to the third signal upon receiving an indication of a time-division duplexing (TDD). Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a frequency range, wherein the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified bandwidth part (BWP) indicated by a component carrier (CC) identifier (ID) and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a carrier aggregation (CA) configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs), or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band; determine that the first signal is in the frequency range; and generate, in response to the first signal being in the frequency range, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a time duration, wherein the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or wherein the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit; determines that the first signal is in the time duration; and generate, in response to the first signal being in the time duration, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the second entity, a third signal; determines that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal; generates, in response to determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal, a fourth signal by applying a default frequency offset to the third signal; and transmits, to the third entity, the fourth signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further determines that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal by determining that the third signal is a particular signal or channel, wherein the particular signal or channel is at least one of a synchronization signal, the synchronization signal and physical broadcast blocks, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a CSI-RS for radio resource management, a sounding reference signal, or a random access channel occasions. Additionally or alternatively, the device further determines that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on a configuration of a particular signal or channel of the third signal. Additionally or alternatively, the device further determines that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on whether the third signal occupies, fully or partially, at least one of a particular time resource or a particular frequency resource. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determines that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and generates, in response to determining that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal. Additionally or alternatively, the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal identifier (ID), a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial quasi-collocation (QCL) parameter, a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to not apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determines that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and transmits, to the third entity, the second signal without applying the frequency offset. Additionally or alternatively, the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating an information element (IE), the IE including at least one of an ID associated with the apparatus or the IE, a geographical position of the apparatus, one or more operating frequencies associated with a link between the second entity and the apparatus, one or more offset frequencies associated with a link between the apparatus and one or more third entities served through the apparatus, on/off switching information related to operation of the apparatus, time constraints applied to the frequency offset value, frequency constraints applied to the frequency offset value, or spatial constraints applied to the frequency offset value. Additionally or alternatively, the device further transmits, to a network entity or base station, a capability signaling, wherein the capability signaling comprises information of one or more constraints on at least one of a filter frequency, a filter bandwidth, a maximum number of filters, a maximum number of frequency offsets, and a range of frequencies for a frequency offset application; determines that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints; and in response to determining that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints, rather than applying the frequency offset value to the first signal, performing one or more of ignoring the first control signaling, transmitting an error message to the first entity that includes at least one of a negative-acknowledgment or information of the frequency offset that does not follow the one or more constraints, or apply the frequency offset value with an adjusted quality factor based on the one or more constraints.

[0008] Some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein may include wireless communication at a device (e.g., a base station), and the device transmits, to a NCR, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset configuration that includes a frequency offset value; and transmits, to a base station, a second control signaling indicating at least one of an identity parameter associated with the NCR, a position of the NCR, or the frequency offset configuration for the NCR.

[0009] In some implementations of the method and apparatuses described herein, the device further receives, from the NCR, at least one of the identity parameter associated with the NCR or the position of the NCR. Additionally or alternatively, the device further receives, from the base station, a third control signaling indicating an amount of excess interference associated with a first signal; modifies a frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference; and transmits, to the NCR, a fourth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration. Additionally or alternatively, the device further transmits, to the base station, a fifth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration and an amount of lowered gain associated with the first signal. Additionally or alternatively, the third control signaling further indicates the identity parameter associated with the NCR, and wherein the fifth control signaling further indicates the identity parameter associated with the NCR. Additionally or alternatively, the frequency offset configuration further indicates at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth. Additionally or alternatively, the second control signaling indicates an interference above a threshold on at least one frequency. Additionally or alternatively, the second control signaling indicates an interference above a threshold associated with the NCR. Additionally or alternatively, the device further modifies the frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference by generating or changing the frequency offset configuration to indicate at least one of to apply a different frequency offset, to switch to another frequency offset, or to stop applying a frequency offset. Additionally or alternatively, the device further measures an interference from an additional NCR connected to the base station; transmits, to the base station, a third control signaling indicating the interference; and receive, from the base station, a fourth control signaling indicating at least one of an ID or index associated with the third control signaling, an acknowledgement from the base station that the third control signaling was received by the base station, an indication whether a request by the apparatus to lower interference is accepted by the base station, an amount of gain reduction associated with a power of a signal that caused the interference reported by the apparatus, one or more parameters associated with the one or more signals causing the interference, a timeline of when the interference is lowered. Additionally or alternatively, the device further transmits, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a frequency range, wherein the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified BWP indicated by a CC ID and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a CA configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of PRBs, or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band. Additionally or alternatively, the device further transmits, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a time duration, wherein the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or wherein the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit. Additionally or alternatively, the device further transmits, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams. Additionally or alternatively, the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter. Additionally or alternatively, the device further transmits, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to not apply a frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams. Additionally or alternatively, the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] Various aspects of the present disclosure for frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters are described with reference to the following Figures. The same numbers may be used throughout to reference like features and components shown in the Figures.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of nearby cells operating at a same frequency as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0013] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of nearby cells and their associated NCRs operating at a same frequency as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0014] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of IE definitions related to position of a transmissionreception point (TRP) as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0015] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of nearby cells operating at one frequency while their associated NCRs are operating at different frequencies as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0016] FIG. 6 illustrates an example scenario of applying a frequency offset in aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. [0017] FIG. 7 illustrates another example scenario of applying a frequency offset in aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0018] FIG. 8 illustrates another example scenario of applying a frequency offset in aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0019] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of realization of the techniques discussed herein as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0020] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of an inter-base station interface as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0021] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of code for an IE sent from one base station to another as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0022] FIG. 12 illustrates another example of code for an IE sent from one base station to another as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0023] FIG. 13 illustrates an example of IE definitions related to communications between base stations as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0024] FIG. 14 illustrates an example of an RF up-convertor/down-convertor as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters.

[0025] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a device (e.g., an NCR) that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a device (e.g., a base station) that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a block diagram of a device (e.g., a UE) that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIGs. 18-23 illustrate flowcharts of methods that support frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Implementations of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters are described, such as related to NCRs that apply frequency offsets to the signals received from a base station before forwarding the signals to the served UEs. The base station configures the NCR to apply the frequency offset, optionally based at least in part on constraints in one or more of time, frequency, or spatial domains. This configuration includes the base station providing the frequency offset and associated parameters (such as one or more of a center frequency, a bandwidth, a time interval, a beam direction, or a beam- width) to the NCR, such as through at least one of semi-static configurations or lower-layer (e.g., LI or L2) signaling. The frequency offset may be applied to one or more of downlink (DL) or uplink (UL) signaling for purposes of interference management, radio resource management, more careful planning of frequencies in certain geographical directions, and so forth.

[0030] In one or more implementations, the NCR transmits to the base station an indication of the capabilities of the NCR related to frequency offset application. The base station is able to use these capabilities in determining at least one of the frequency offset or associated parameters.

[0031] Additionally or alternatively, the base station communicates with one or more other base stations for purposes of purposes of interference management, radio resource management, and the like. The base station can communicate to the one or more other base stations various information regarding an NCR connected to the base station, such as an identifier (ID) associated with NCR, a geographical position (e.g., geographical coordinates) of the NCR, one or more operating frequencies associated with the link between the base station and the NCR, and so forth.

[0032] NCRs, also referred to as smart repeaters, extend the footprint or layout of cells in a cellular system for improving key performance indicators such as throughput and coverage. As a result, the cells may extend well beyond their originally planned boundaries into adjacent cells, which may cause excessive interference if not properly planned. Particularly, if the NCRs operate at the same frequencies as the serving base stations, they extend the signals at those frequencies well beyond their planned range and lower SIR in nearby cells. By utilizing the described techniques, excessive interference that may be introduced by NCRs, particularly in situations in which an NCR operates on the same frequency as the serving base station, can be avoided. Furthermore, by utilizing the described techniques, base stations can communicate with one another regarding NCRs, and plan frequency offsets for different NCRs to avoid excessive interference that may be introduced by NCRs. Additionally, by utilizing the described techniques, the NCR is able to apply a frequency offset, possibly in association with additional parameters such as beamforming, which allows more careful planning of frequencies in certain geographical directions.

[0033] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system. Aspects of the present disclosure are further illustrated and described with reference to device diagrams and flowcharts that relate to frequency adjustment for network- controlled repeaters.

[0034] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more base stations 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as a new radio (NR) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0035] The one or more base stations 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the base stations 102 described herein may be, or include, or may be referred to as a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), a Radio Head (RH), a relay node, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or other suitable terminology. A base station 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 108, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a base station 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication over a NR-Uu interface. [0036] A base station 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 110 for which the base station 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, a base station 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a base station 102 may be moveable, such as when implemented as a gNB onboard a satellite or other non-terrestrial station (NTS) associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 110 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, and different geographic coverage areas 110 may be associated with different base stations 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0037] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region or coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, a customer premise equipment (CPE), a subscriber device, or as some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (loT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (loE) device, or as a machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100, such as an earth station in motion (ESIM).

[0038] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the base stations 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, a relay device, a gateway device, an IAB node, a location server that implements the location management function (LMF), or other network equipment). Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other base stations 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.

[0039] A UE 104 may also support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 112. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular- V2X deployments, the communication link 112 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0040] A base station 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another base station 102, or both. For example, a base station 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 114 (e.g., via an SI, N2, or other network interface). The base stations 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 118 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface). In some implementations, the base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the base stations 102). In some other implementations, the base stations 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106). In some implementations, one or more base stations 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). The ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as remote radio heads, smart radio heads, gateways, TRPs, and other network nodes and/or entities.

[0041] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management functions (AMF)), and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more base stations 102 associated with the core network 106. [0042] According to one or more implementations, the wireless communications system 100 includes a wireless repeater that is an NCR, illustrated as NCR 116. It is to be appreciated that the wireless system 100 can include any number of NCRs 116. One or more of the NCRs 116 and base stations 102 are operable to implement various aspects of frequency adjustment for network- controlled repeaters, as described herein. For instance, in one or more implementations the NCR 116 is an analog repeater that is augmented with a side-control channel through which the NCR 116 can receive control signals from a serving base station 102 (e.g., gNB) and apply information obtained from the control signals for beamforming, determining a direction of communication (downlink versus uplink), turning the analog relaying on and off, and so on. In addition to the amplify-and- froward relay functionality, the NCR 116 is also able to modify the frequency of the signal prior to forwarding, which provides an additional degree of freedom for frequency planning (including in certain geographical directions), interference management, and so on. For example, the NCR 116 receives signals from the base station 102, applies a frequency offset to the received signals received, and forwards the received signals (with the frequency offset) to the UE 104. The frequency offset and associated parameters (such as one or more of a center frequency, a bandwidth, a time interval, a beam direction, or a beam-width) are controlled by (configured by) the network, such as by signaling from a base station, a configuration entity, a central unit (CU), a base station-CU, or another network entity (e.g., the core network 106). Multiple base stations 102 may also communicate with each other over the backhaul links 118 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) to exchange information associated with the wireless system 100 configuration and control signaling, and modify the frequency offset and associated parameters for an NCR 116 based at least in part on the exchanged information. In one or more implementations, capability signaling from the NCR 116 to the base station 102 indicates the number of simultaneous frequency offsets and other related parameters that the NCR 116 may handle.

[0043] In one or more implementations, RAN3 signaling (e.g., Xn between cells, Fl between CU and distributed unit (DU)) is further provided for interference coordination, configuration-signaling coordination, and so forth.

[0044] FIGs. 2 and 3 illustrate an example of how cell extension by using NCRs may contribute to inter-cell interference (ICI) and cross-link interference (CLI) in nearby cells. [0045] FIG. 2 illustrates an example 200 of nearby cells operating at a same frequency as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. With reference to the example 200, a base station 202 transmits and receives signals in a cell 204 at a same frequency as a base station 206 transmits and receives signals in a cell 208. There is large interference at the cell edge 210 where the cells 204 and 208 overlap. By proper cell planning, interference may be contained in most of the cell’s coverage areas (e.g., limited to only the cell edge 210).

[0046] FIG. 3 illustrates an example 300 of nearby cells and their associated NCRs operating at a same frequency as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. With reference to the example 300, the two cells employ NCRs for improved throughput and coverage. A base station 302 transmits and receives signals in a cell 304 at a same frequency as a base station 306 transmits and receives signals in a cell 308. An NCR 310 and an NCR 312 are connected to base station 302, while an NCR 314 is connected to the base station 306. The NCR 310 extends the cell 304 by broadcasting and receiving signals in an area 316 at the same frequency as the base stations 302 and 306, and the NCR 312 extends the cell 304 by broadcasting and receiving signals in an area 318 at the same frequency as the base stations 302 and 306. Similarly, the NCR 314 extends the cell 308 by broadcasting and receiving signals in an area 320 at the same frequency as the base stations 302 and 306.

[0047] It can be seen that interference increases at cell edges and extends well inside the cells, which may affect the performance significantly. It can also be seen that repeaters alter the cell footprint. This aims at improving coverage and performance for coverage holes. However, without proper frequency planning, this may also increase interference on nearby cells, especially at cell edges of the neighboring cells where the direct signal from the neighboring base station is relatively weak. For example, as illustrated by the various overlapping portions of cell 304, cell 308, area 316, area 318, and area 320, improper planning may result in the NCRs 310, 312, and 314 increasing the interference in cells 304 and 308. The techniques discussed herein provide solutions for applying a frequency offset to the amplify-and-forward functionality of network-controlled analog repeaters to reduce the interference that NCRs may introduce to one or more cells.

[0048] In aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters, coverage is a fundamental aspect of cellular network deployments. Mobile operators rely on different types of network nodes to offer blanket coverage in their deployments. Deployment of regular full-stack cells is one option but it may not be always possible (e.g., no availability of backhaul) or economically viable. As a result, new types of network nodes have been considered to increase mobile operators’ flexibility for their network deployments. For example, IAB was introduced in 3GPP Rel-16 and enhanced in 3 GPP Rel-17 as a new type of network node not requiring a wired backhaul. Another type of network node is the RF repeater which simply amplify-and-forward any signal that they receive. RF repeaters have seen a wide range of deployments in 2G, 3G and 4G to supplement the coverage provided by regular full-stack cells. In Rel-17, RAN4 specified RF and Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements for such RF repeaters for NR targeting both frequency range 1 (FR1) and frequency range 2 (FR2).

[0049] While an RF repeater presents a cost effective means of extending network coverage, it has its limitations. An RF repeater simply does an amplify-and-forward operation without being able to take into account various factors that could improve performance. Such factors may include information on semi-static and/or dynamic downlink/uplink configuration, adaptive transmitter/receiver spatial beamforming, ON-OFF status, etc.

[0050] A network-controlled repeater is an enhancement over conventional RF repeaters with the capability to receive and process side control information from the network. Side control information could allow a network-controlled repeater to perform its amplify-and-forward operation in a more efficient manner. Potential benefits could include mitigation of unnecessary noise amplification, transmissions and receptions with better spatial directivity, and simplified network integration.

[0051] In aspects of this disclosure, study on NR NCRs focusing on the following scenarios and assumptions is taken into consideration: NCRs are inband RF repeaters used for extension of network coverage on FR1 and FR2 bands, while during the study FR2 deployments may be prioritized for both outdoor and outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) scenarios; for only single hop stationary NCRs; NCRs are transparent to UEs; and an NCR can maintain the gNB-repeater link and repeater-UE link simultaneously. Cost efficiency may be a key consideration point for network-controlled repeaters.

[0052] In aspects of this disclosure, study and identification of which side control information below is necessary for network-controlled repeaters including assumption of max transmission power [RANI] is taken into consideration. This side control information can include: beamforming information; timing information to align transmission or reception boundaries of the NCR; information on UL-DL TDD configuration; ON-OFF information for efficient interference management and improved energy efficiency; power control information for efficient interference management (e.g., as the 2nd priority). Study and identification of L1/L2 signaling (including its configuration) to carry the side control information [RANI] is also taken into consideration.

[0053] In aspects of this disclosure, identification and authorization of network-controlled repeaters [RAN2, RAN3] for NCR management is taken into consideration. Coordination with SA3 may be used.

[0054] In aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters, in contrast to a general concept of shifting frequency in analog repeaters, various additional techniques are discussed herein. In one or more implementations, the techniques discussed herein describe configuration, signaling, and device behavior in the context of configuring and operating network-controlled repeaters.

[0055] Additionally or alternatively, the techniques discussed herein focus on frequency offset application with specific purposes such as interference management and other aspects related to cell planning and operating a cellular system. Aspects such as signaling compatible with cellular standards as well as device behavior in response to detecting large interference in nearby cells constitute a major theme of the techniques. These aspects are in contrast to solutions that merely discuss frequency shifting in analog repeaters out of the aforementioned specific context.

[0056] Additionally or alternatively, signaling between base stations is proposed for further frequency planning related to repeaters during operation.

[0057] FIG. 4 illustrates an example 400 of IE definitions related to position of a TRP as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. With reference to example 400, abstract syntax notation one (ASN.l) code for IE definitions related to position of a TRP in NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa) (3GPP TS 38.455) is illustrated.

[0058] Returning to FIG. 1, techniques are discussed herein according to which a NCR receives a configuration and/or control signaling from the network, for example a serving base station 102, wherein the configuration and/or control signaling comprise an indication to apply a frequency offset Af to signals in an amplify-and-forward operation. The application of the frequency offset may be implemented in the analog (RF) domain. [0059] FIG. 5 illustrates an example 500 of nearby cells operating at one frequency while their associated NCRs are operating at different frequencies as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. With reference to the example 500, the two cells employ NCRs for improved throughput and coverage. A base station 502 transmits and receives signals in a cell 504 at a same frequency (e.g., a first frequency) as a base station 506 transmits and receives signals in a cell 508. The approximate boundary or range of the cells 504 and 508 are illustrated with solid lines. An NCR 510 and an NCR 512 are connected to or associated with the base station 502. The NCRs 510 and 512 transmit or receive signals at a second frequency in areas 514 and 516, respectively, each of which is illustrated with large-dash lines. An NCR 518 is connected to or associate with the base station 506. The NCR 518 transmits or receives signals at a third frequency in an area 520, illustrated with a small-dashed line.

[0060] The example 500 illustrates how applying a frequency offset and shifting the operating frequency of the NCRs to the second and third frequencies reduces interference. As illustrated, the portions of areas 514, 516, and 520 that overlap each other, or the cells 504 or 508, are due to base stations 502 or 506, or NCRs 510, 512, or 518, transmitting or receiving at different frequencies. For example, the NCR 518 is transmitting or receiving at the third frequency, reducing interference with the NCRs 510 and 512 (which are transmitting or receiving on the second frequency) as well as the base stations 502 and 506 (which are transmitting or receiving on the first frequency).

[0061] Returning to FIG. 1 , in one or more implementations a frequency offset may be applied to all frequencies in the relayed signal. Additionally or alternatively, a frequency offset may be applied based on constraints in at least one of time, frequency, or spatial domains. Shifting the frequency according to the techniques discussed herein may be used for frequency planning of cells comprising NCRs, interference management, and so on.

[0062] In one or more implementations, the techniques discussed herein include at least one of the following steps: Step 1) initial communication between the NCR and the base station through which the NCR informs the base station of capabilities related to frequency offset application; Step 2) configuration of the NCR by the network or base station to apply a frequency offset to signals, potentially based, at least in part, on constraints in time, frequency, and spatial domains; or Step 3) control signaling from the base station to the NCR to apply the frequency offset, followed by application of the frequency offset by the NCR. [0063] In one or more implementations, configuration or signaling from the network or base station may follow signaling related to interference management. Additionally or alternatively, a base station controlling an NCR may inform other base stations in the vicinity of the configuration and signaling (step 4) for purposes of interference management, radio resource management, and the like. The signaling may be performed on an Xn interface connecting the base stations. This signaling step may occur at any time including after steps 1, 2, or 3.

[0064] FIG. 6 illustrates an example scenario 600 of applying a frequency offset in aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. In the example scenario 600, a UE 602 is at the edge of a cell provided by a base station 604, where an adjacent cell provided by a base station 606 operates at the same frequency (fl) as the base station 604, which may cause interference. Therefore, an NCR 608 applies a frequency offset to shift the operating frequency for the UE 602 to a different frequency (f2), hence avoiding interference by or on a UE 610 as well as by or on the base station 606. In the example scenario 600, desired signals are illustrated with a solid arrowed line and potential interference signals (e.g., due to close distance) are illustrated with a dashed arrowed line.

[0065] FIG. 7 illustrates an example scenario 700 of applying a frequency offset in aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. In the example scenario 700, a cell is provided by a base station 702 and a nearby cell is provided by a base station 704 that operates at the same frequency (fl) as the base station 702. A NCR 706 applies a frequency offset to shift the operating frequency from fl to f2, hence avoiding interference on a UE 708 served by a nearby cell (provided by the base station 704) while allowing communication with a UE 710. In the example scenario 700, desired signals are illustrated with a solid arrowed line, potential interference signals (e.g., due to close distance) are illustrated with a large-dashed arrowed line (e.g., between the UE 708 and the NCR 706), and weak interference signals (e.g., insignificant or negligible due to a far distance) are illustrated with a small-dashed arrowed line (e.g., between the base station 702 and the UE 708).

[0066] FIG. 8 illustrates an example scenario 800 of applying a frequency offset in aspects of frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. In the example scenario 800, base stations 802 and 804 operate on different frequencies (frequencies fl and f2 as shown) due to frequency planning. A UE 806 can still be served on frequency f2 as the NCR 808 has a lower power compared to a wide area base station with a smaller probability of interference. [0067] Returning to FIG. 1, additional discussion of configuration of the NCR 116 (step 2 mentioned above) and control signaling (step 3 mentioned above) follows. In one or more implementations, the techniques discussed herein include a step where an NCR is configured by the network (e.g., base station 102) to apply a frequency offset to signals in the downlink (base station 102 to NCR 116 to UE 104) or the uplink (UE 104 to NCR 116 to base stationl 02). This configuration step may be followed by a control signaling including further information to apply the frequency offset to the signals.

[0068] In general, indication to the NCR 116 to apply a frequency offset may be comprised in one or more of the following: a pre-configuration by the vendor or the service provider, where the information may be static and may not change during the operation; a configuration that the NCR 116 receives from the network (e.g., base station 102), where the information may be semi-static, i.e., the configuration is maintained as long as another configuration signaling does not cancel or override it; or a control message or signaling from the base station 102 to the NCR 116, where the information may be dynamic, i.e., a frequency offset is applied accordingly for one or multiple times.

[0069] Although different pieces of information for frequency offset application may be received in one or more of the aforementioned formats, the behavior of the NCR 116 is relatively similar. Hence, steps 2 and 3 are described here jointly without a major emphasis on whether certain information is received in a configuration or control signaling.

[0070] In one or more implementations, an NCR 116 is configured to apply a frequency offset to signals from the base station 102. The frequency offset may be expressed by an absolute output frequency or a frequency offset when performing amplify-and-forward (A&F) relaying. Applying a frequency offset may be referred to as applying a frequency shift or shifting the frequency.

[0071] In one or more implementations, the frequency offset may be static by a pre-configuration. In this case, the NCR 116 applies a constant frequency offset to signals as follows. In one example, an NCR 116 may be pre-configured to apply a frequency offset Af to all frequencies in the downlink. Then, the NCR 116 receives signals from the base station 102; applies a frequency offset by up- converting or down-converting the signal at each frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmits the resulting signals to one or more UEs 104. In another example, an NCR 116 may be pre-configured to apply a frequency offset Af to all frequencies in the uplink. Then, the NCR 116 receives signals from one or more UEs; applies a frequency offset by up- converting or down-converting the signal at each frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmits the resulting signals to the base station 102.

[0072] In some situations, for example in a TDD configuration, once a frequency offset Af is preconfigured for the downlink, a frequency offset of -Af may be applied to the uplink automatically or upon the NCR 116 receiving an indication that the duplexing configuration is a TDD. Similarly, in some situations, for example in a TDD configuration, once a frequency offset Af is pre-configured for the uplink, a frequency offset of -Af may be applied to the downlink automatically or upon the NCR 116 receiving an indication that the duplexing configuration is a TDD.

[0073] Additionally or alternatively, the frequency offset may be semi-static by configuration. In this case, the NCR 116 obtains the frequency offset information for the amplify-and-froward (A&F) operation through the side control link and applies the frequency offset to the signals as follows. In one example, an NCR 116 may receive a configuration from the base station 102 including an indication to apply a frequency offset Af to all frequencies in the downlink. Then, the NCR 116 receives signals from the base station 102; applies a frequency offset by up-converting or downconverting the signal at each frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmits the resulting signals to one or more UEs. In another example, an NCR 116 may receive a configuration from the base station 102 including an indication to apply a frequency offset Af to all frequencies in the uplink. Then, the NCR 116 receives signals from one or more UEs; applies a frequency offset by up-converting or down-converting the signal at each frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmits the resulting signals to the base station 102.

[0074] In some situations, for example in a TDD configuration, once a frequency offset Af is configured for the downlink, a frequency offset of -Af may be applied to the uplink automatically or upon the NCR 116 receiving an indication that the duplexing configuration is a TDD. Similarly, in some situations, for example in a TDD configuration, once a frequency offset Af is configured for the uplink, a frequency offset of -Af may be applied to the downlink automatically or upon the NCR 116 receiving an indication that the duplexing configuration is a TDD. [0075] Additionally or alternatively, the frequency offset may be dynamically indicated to the NCR 116, potentially complementing a frequency offset configuration or pre-configuration. In one example, the base station 102 may send a control message to the NCR 116 indicating that a frequency offset Af is to be applied to all frequencies in the downlink. Then, the NCR 116 receives signals from the base station 102; applies a frequency offset by up-converting or down-converting the signal at each frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmits the resulting signals to one or more UEs. In another example, the base station 102 may send a control message to the NCR 116 indicating that a frequency offset Af is to be applied to all frequencies in the uplink. Then, the NCR 116 receives signals from one or more UEs; applies a frequency offset by up- converting or down-converting the signal at each frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmits the resulting signals to the base station 102.

[0076] In some situations, for example in a TDD configuration, once a frequency offset Af is configured or signaled for the downlink, a frequency offset of -Af may be applied to the uplink automatically or upon the NCR 116 receiving an indication that the duplexing configuration is a TDD. Similarly, in some situations, for example in a TDD configuration, once a frequency offset Af is configured or signaled for the uplink, a frequency offset of -Af may be applied to the downlink automatically or upon the NCR 116 receiving an indication that the duplexing configuration is a TDD.

[0077] In the discussions herein, applying a frequency offset Af by an NCR 116 to a downlink signal may include the following: receiving, by the NCR 116, the downlink from a base station 102; applying a frequency offset by up-converting or down-converting the downlink signal at a frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmitting the resulting signal to one or more UEs. Similarly, applying a frequency offset Af by an NCR 116 to an uplink signal may include the following: receiving, by the NCR 116, the uplink from one or more UEs; applying a frequency offset by up-converting or down-converting the uplink signal at a frequency f to f + Af if the value of Af is positive or negative, respectively; and transmitting the resulting signal to a base station 102.

[0078] In the implementations discussed above, a frequency offset is applied to downlink and/or uplink signals. Additionally or alternatively, a frequency offset may be applied to certain signals determined based at least in part on various constraints, such as based at least in part on time, frequency, beamforming, direction of communication, and so on. Several techniques for doing so are discussed herein.

[0079] In one or more implementations, an NCR 116 may receive a control message including an indication to apply a frequency offset Af to downlink signals in a certain frequency range. The frequency range may be indicated to be applied to at least one of all signals associated with a certain carrier frequency fc, all signals in a frequency range (fl, f2) indicated by a lowest frequency fl and a highest frequency f2, all signals in a frequency range (fl , f2) indicated by a lowest frequency fl and a frequency range equal to f2-fl, all signals associated with a certain bandwidth part (BWP) indicated by a component carrier (CC) identifier (ID) and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with a certain CC and other associated CCs in a carrier aggregation (CA) configuration, all signals in a frequency range indicated by a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs), or all signals in a frequency band, a sub-band, or the like.

[0080] Then, the NCR 116 applies the frequency offset Af to downlink signals in the indicated frequency range. A similar method may be adopted for applying a frequency offset to uplink signals.

[0081] Additionally or alternatively, an NCR 116 may receive a control message including an indication to apply a frequency offset Af to downlink signals in a certain time duration. The time duration may be indicated by at least one of: a number of slots, subframes, or frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers; or a time duration (tl, t2), where values of tl and t2, or values of tl and t2-tl, are indicated in a time unit such milliseconds (ms), seconds, or the like. Then, the NCR 116 applies the frequency offset Af to downlink signals in the indicated time duration.

[0082] In some situations, an associated periodicity may additionally be indicated to the NCR 116. Then, the NCR 116 applies the frequency offset Af to downlink signals in the indicated time duration within each periodicity. In this case, the values of tl and t2 may be indicated with respect to the beginning of each period indicated by the periodicity value. For example, if a periodicity value of 80 ms is indicated, the frequency offset Af is applies to all signals in the time duration (tl , t2), which may be indicated by time units or slot numbers, within periods of 80 ms. In this example, if no frequency offset is indicated for the rest of the period of 80 ms, the NCR 116 may apply no frequency offset (i.e., a frequency offset of zero) to signals outside the time duration (tl, t2). Additionally or alternatively, if a default frequency offset of Af is configured for pre-configured, then the NCR 116 may apply the default frequency offset Af to signals outside the time duration (tl , t2) in a period of 80 ms.

[0083] A similar method may be adopted for applying a frequency offset to uplink signals.

[0084] Additionally or alternatively, an NCR 116 may be specified, pre-configured, or configured to apply a default frequency offset to certain signals and/or channels. Examples of the signals and/or channels are synchronization signals (SS), synchronization signals and physical broadcast (SS/PBCH) blocks, channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS), CSI-RS for radio resource management (RRM), sounding reference signals (SRS), random access channel (RACH) occasions, or the like. Then, the NCR 116 may apply the default frequency offset Af def to any or all instances of these signals even if they occupy resources that are otherwise indicated a different frequency offset Af through control signaling.

[0085] In one example, the NCR 116 may receive information of time and/or frequency resources that the signals and/or channels occupy. In another example, the NCR 116 may receive an indication that a default frequency offset is to be applied to one or more signals and/or channels; then, the NCR 116 determines which time and/or frequency resources are associated with the signals and/or channels based on information comprised in one or more other configurations and/or control messages that indicate an association between the signals and/or channels and the time and/or frequency resources. For instance, if an NCR 116 receives an indication that a default frequency offset Af def is to be applied to an SS/PBCH block, and the NCR 116 receives an indication of time resources T and/or frequency resources F associated with the SS/PBCH block, the, the NCR 116 applies the default frequency offset Af def to signals occupying time resources T and frequency resources F.

[0086] In some situations the default frequency offset Af def = 0, in which case the NCR 116 is specified, pre-configured, or configured to apply no frequency offset to time and/or frequency resources that the signals and/or channels occupy. This rule may apply as the signals and/or channels may be used by destination UEs and/or other UEs in the vicinity, which may or may not be served by the same base station 102, for purposes of RRM, mobility management, inter-cell interference (ICI) measurements, cross-link interference (CLI) measurements, and so on. [0087] Additionally or alternatively, an NCR 116 may determine a frequency offset to apply to downlink signals based on a beamforming associated with the downlink signals. The determining may be based on a pre-configuration, a configuration from the base station/network, a control signaling from the base station 102, or a combination thereof. Since beamforming at a certain frequency determines the footprint of the extended cell, i.e., the cell provided by the base station 102 and the NCRs 116 that relay its signals, this embodiment may be adopted for frequency planning, interference management, radio resource management, and the like.

[0088] In one example, an NCR 116 may receive a control message indicating that a frequency offset is to be applied to a set of one or more beams. Each beam in the set may be indicated by a spatial parameter such as a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial quasicollocation (QCL) parameter such as a QCL Type D, a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or the like. Then, the NCR 116 may apply the frequency offset to signals when a beam in the set of one or more beams is applied to relay those signals. Determining which beam is applied for relaying the signals may be determined by the NCR 116 based on an explicit signaling, such as a control message from the base station 102, or an implicit method such as an association between the beam and a UE receiving the signals.

[0089] A similar method may be adopted for applying a frequency offset to uplink signals where the latter association may be with a UE transmitting the signals.

[0090] In another example, an NCR 116 may receive a control message indicating that a frequency offset is NOT to be applied to a set of one or more beams. Each beam in the set may be indicated by a spatial parameter such as a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial quasi-collocation (QCL) parameter such as a QCL Type D, a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam- width, or the like. Then, the NCR 116 may apply no frequency offset or a default frequency offset to signals when a beam in the set of one or more beams is applied to relay those signals. Determining which beam is applied for relaying the signals may be determined by the NCR 116 based on an explicit signaling, such as a control message from the base station 102, or an implicit method such as an association between the beam and a UE receiving the signals. [0091] A similar method may be adopted for applying a frequency offset to uplink signals where the latter association may be with a UE transmitting the signals.

[0092] A combination of the above implementations (e.g., constraints) may be applied. For example, an NCR 116 may be indicated to apply a frequency offset to signals in a frequency range, in a time duration, and/or based on beamforming applied for relaying the signals.

[0093] Furthermore, multiple such frequency, time, or spatial constraints may hold for applying multiple frequency offsets to signals in a downlink or an uplink. In some situations, the constraints may be overlapping for non-identical values of frequency offset such that the frequency offset application is unambiguous. For example, constraints on time, frequency, and/or beamforming associated with a first frequency offset may be non-overlapping with similar constraints associated with a second frequency offset. The NCR 116 may not expect to receive conflicting (overlapping) constraints. Otherwise, if the NCR 116 receives conflicting (overlapping) constraints, it may adopt a rule to determine at least one of which frequency offset to apply, whether to apply a default frequency offset instead, whether to apply no frequency offset instead, or whether to report an error to the base station 102.

[0094] FIG. 9 illustrates an example 900 of realization of the techniques discussed herein as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. The example 900 is written as ASN.1 code. It is to be appreciated that the use of ASN.1 code is merely an example, and that the implementations discussed above may be realized in any of a variety of manners, such as using any of a variety of different codes or data structures.

[0095] Returning to FIG. 1 , additional discussion of inter-base station signaling (step 4 mentioned above) follows. In one or more implementations, the techniques discussed herein include configuration and control signaling that applies to the communication within one cell, i.e., the NCR 116 is in direct communication with a base station 102 and the UEs 104 are connected to the same base station through the NCR 116.

[0096] As mentioned above, NCRs 116 change the cell footprint, and hence, the NCRs 116 may impact matters related to interference management, radio resource management, power control, and so forth. Accordingly, in one or more implementations the information associated with the presently proposed configuration and control signaling among base stations in a vicinity is exchanged. [0097] FIG. 10 illustrates an example 1000 of an inter-base station interface as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. In the example 1000 a base station 1002 (e.g., a base station 102 of FIG. 1) transmits and receives signals in a cell 1004 at a same frequency (e.g., a first frequency) as a base station 1006 (e.g., another base station 102 of FIG. 1) transmits and receives signals in a cell 1008. The approximate boundary or range of the cells 1004 and 1008 are illustrated with lines that are alternating small-dashed and large-dashed. Several NCRs are connected to or associated the base stations 1002 and 1006, illustrated as NCR 1010 and NCR 1012 connected to or associated with the base station 1002, and NCR 1014 and NCR 1016 connected to or associated with the base station 1006. The NCRs 1010, 1012, 1014, and 1016 are each, for example, an NCR 116 of FIG. 1. The NCRs 1012 and 1014 transmit or receive signals at a second frequency in areas 1018 and 1020, respectively, each of which is illustrated with large-dash lines. The NCRs 1010 and 1016 transmit or receive signals at a third frequency in areas 1022 and 1024, respectively, each of which is illustrated with small-dashed lines. The base stations 1002 and 1006 are connected via an interface 1026 (e.g., an Xn interface) and can send various information to one another as discussed in more detail below.

[0098] The example 1000 illustrates how applying a frequency offset and shifting the operating frequency of the NCRs to the second and third frequencies reduces interference. For example, as illustrated the portions of areas 1018 andl024 that overlap each other, or the cells 1004 or 1008, are due to base stations 1002 or 1006, or NCRs 1012 or 1016, transmitting or receiving at different frequencies. E.g., the NCR 1012 is transmitting or receiving at the second frequency, reducing interference with the NCR 1016 (which is transmitting or receiving on the third frequency) as well as the base stations 1002 and 1006 (which are transmitting or receiving on the first frequency).

[0099] Returning to FIG. 1, in one or more implementations a base station 102 connected to an NCR 116 may send an IE comprising one or multiple of the following parameters: an ID associated with the NCR 116, with the IE, or the like; position of the NCR 116, e.g., geographical coordinates; one or multiple operating frequencies, e.g., a list of carrier frequencies associated with the link between the base station 102 and the NCR 116; one or multiple offset frequencies, e.g., a list of carrier frequencies associated with the link between the NCR 116 and UEs 104 served through the NCR 116; on/off switching information related to the NCR 116 operation; or time, frequency, and spatial constraints applied to the offset frequencies, e.g., constraints as described in the previous subsection. It should also be noted that various discussions herein refer to the position or location of devices (e.g., of the NCR 116). In such discussions, the words position and location are used interchangeably.

[0100] A base station 102 may obtain information of the NCR position by at least one of the following: a signaling from the NCR 116 (the signaling may be in response to a signaling from the base station 102 requesting the position information or without any request from the base station); a pre-configuration in the base station 102 (e.g., the service provider manually pre- configures the position information at a setup time prior to a connection between the base station 102 and the NCR 116); a signaling with the core network 106, where the core network obtains the position information of the NCR 116 by a pre-configuration; a signaling with the core network 106, where the core network 106 obtains the information of the NCR 116 through a location server such as an LMF in the core network 106, in which case the signaling may be directly between the base station 102 and the LMF.

[0101] FIG. 11 illustrates an example 1100 of code for an IE sent from one base station to another as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. With reference to example 1100, an example of ASN.l code for an IE sent from one base station 102 to another base station 102 via an Xn interface is illustrated.

[0102] FIG. 12 illustrates an example 1200 of code for an IE sent from one base station to another as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. With reference to example 1200, another example of ASN.l code for an IE sent from one base station 102 to another base station 102 via an Xn interface is illustrated.

[0103] FIG. 13 illustrates an example 1300 of IE definitions related to communications between base stations as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. These IE definitions may be used, for example, with the ASN.l code in example 1100 of FIG. 11 or the ASN.l code in example 1200 of FIG. 12. The IE definitions from 3GPP TS 38.455 may be considered as a baseline or example for IE definitions communicated between base stations.

[0104] Returning to FIG. 10, in one or more implementations applying a frequency offset may be in response to a signaling from a nearby cell.

[0105] In one or more implementations, a base station 1002 may receive a signaling from a nearby base station 1006, wherein the signaling indicates a large interference, e.g., an interference above a threshold, on a certain frequency. In response, the base station 1002 may generate a new configuration/signaling or modify a current configuration indicating to an NCR to apply a frequency offset, switch to another frequency offset, or stop applying a frequency offset associated with the interference frequency.

[0106] Additionally or alternatively, a base station 1002 may receive a signaling from a nearby base station 1006, wherein the signaling indicates a large interference, e.g., an interference above a threshold, associated with a certain NCR in connection with the base station 1002. In response, the base station 1002 may generate a new configuration/signaling or modify a current configuration indicating to the NCR to apply a frequency offset, switch to another frequency offset, or stop applying a frequency offset.

[0107] Additionally or alternatively, a base station 1002 may receive a signaling from a nearby base station 1006, wherein the signaling comprises an IE as described above. In response, the base station 1002 may generate a new configuration/signaling or modify a current configuration indicating to the NCR to apply a frequency offset, switch to another frequency offset, or stop applying a frequency offset for interference management purposes.

[0108] A behavior according to the techniques discussed above may be specified in the standard or determined by an implementation. In the case that the behavior is determined by an implementation, certain behaviors or expectations may still be specified in the standard.

[0109] In one or more implementations, if a victim base station (e.g., base station 1006) measures an interference from an aggressor NCR above a threshold, it may transmit a message to a base station (e.g., the base station 1002) connected to the aggressor NCR, e.g., over an Xn interface. Then, the base station 1006 may expect to measure a lower interference from the NCR in a subsequent time. In such implementations, the amount by which the interference is lowered and/or the time duration for which the base station 1006 may wait before the interference is lowered may be specified by the standard or determined by an implementation of the base station 1002. Additionally or alternatively, any or all such parameters may be included in the message that the base station 1006 transmits to the base station 1002.

[0110] Additionally or alternatively, the base station 1006 may transmit a message upon measuring a large interference from an NCR connected to the base station 1002, but the base station 1006 may not expect to measure a lower interference until it receives a response message from the base station 1002. The response message may comprise one or all the following information: an ID or index associated with the message that the base station 1006 transmitted to the base station 1002; an acknowledgement from the base station 1002 that the message from the base station 1006 was received; whether a request by the base station 1006 to lower interference is accepted by the base station 1002; an amount of gain reduction, for example in dB, associated with a power of a signal that caused the interference reported by the base station 1006; parameters associated with the signal(s) causing the interference, e.g., time, frequency, and/or beamforming parameters; or a timeline of when the interference is lowered, e.g., an earliest time that the interference is expected to be lowered, a latest time that the interference is expected to be lowered, etc. The base station 1006 may or may not expect to measure a lowered interference according to the response received from the base station 1002.

[0111] Returning to FIG. 1, additional discussion of signaling form the NCR 116 to the base station 102 (step 1 mentioned above) follows. In one or more implementations, the

[0112] NCR 116 signals to the base station 102 comprising information of the NCR 116 capability related to frequency adjustments. This signaling may be performed prior to configuring the NCR 116 for frequency adjustment, e.g., at the time of establishing a connection between the NCR 116 and the base station 102.

[0113] The capability signaling may comprise information of the NCR 116 capabilities for A&F operation, e.g., an NCR 116 class, supported frequency bands, FR1 vs. FR2, beamforming capabilities, duplexing and TDD capabilities, on/off switching, synchronization and timing adjustments, power control, interference measurement and management, and so forth.

[0114] The capability signaling may further comprise the following information related to the methods discussed herein: band-pass (BP) filter information, maximum number of offsets/filters for frequency offset application, one or multiple range for power amplifiers (PAs), range of frequencies for frequency offset application, other RF parameters such as I-Q imbalance or a measure of spurious emission, and so forth.

[0115] In one or more implementations, an NCR 116 does not expect to be configured or signaled to apply a frequency offset that does not follow constraints indicated in the capability signaling. [0116] In some situations, the NCR 116 does not expect to apply a frequency offset in a bandwidth that does not follow a constraint indicated as BP filter information. For example, the NCR 116 may not expect to receive a configuration or signaling for applying a frequency offset at a signal in a bandwidth if a quality factor (Q factor) associated with the frequency offset application at the said bandwidth is larger than a Q factor reported to the base station 102 as the NCR 116 capability. Then, if the NCR 116 does receive such a configuration or signaling from a serving base station 102, the NCR 116 may perform one or more of the following: ignore the configuration or signaling; transmit an error message to the base station 102, wherein the error message may comprise a negativeacknowledgment (NACK), information of the frequency offset application that does not follow capability constraints, or a combination thereof; apply the frequency offset with an adjusted Q factor, e.g., by applying the minimum bandwidth that the NCR 116 is capable of applying.

[0117] In other situations, the NCR 116 does not expect to apply a number of frequency offsets simultaneously that is larger than maximum number of frequency offsets indicated by the NCR 116 to the base station 102. Then, if the NCR 116 does receive such a configuration or signaling from a serving base station 102, the NCR 116 may perform one or multiple of the following: ignore the configuration or signaling; transmit an error message to the base station 102, wherein the error message may comprise a NACK, information of the what frequency offset applications are being neglected due to a capability constraint, or a combination thereof.

[0118] FIG. 14 illustrates an example 1400 of an RF up-convertor/down-convertor as related to frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters. Applying a frequency offset (e.g., up- converting or down-converting the signal frequency in A&F relaying) may be performed by RF processing hardware as illustrated in example 1400. In this schematic, a local oscillator (LO) 1402 generates a signal with frequency fLO equal to the absolute value of the frequency offset Af. This signal is then mixed by a mixer 1404 with the incoming signal at frequency f (provided by a receive antenna 1406 and a low-noise amplifier (LN A) 1408), producing signals at frequencies f ± | Af |, which is equivalent to frequencies f±Af. The desired signal at the frequency f+Af is then filtered (with a desired bandwidth) by a band-pass filter (BPF) 1410 and sent to the output (PA 1412 and transmit antenna 1414).

[0119] Alternative implementations based on this concept in example 1400 are not precluded. For example, a more efficient implementation may comprise first hardware down-converting the input signal from a first radio frequency (RF) f to a fixed intermediate frequency (IF) fIF with a low-pass filter (LPF) followed by second hardware up-converting the intermediate signal to a second radio frequency (RF) f+Af with a band-pass filter (BPF) or high-pass filter (HPF). This implementation may comprise a larger number of components and introduce a slightly larger delay, but it may yield a more efficient and less expensive filter and oscillator implementations.

[0120] Returning to FIG. 1, in the discussions herein, applying a frequency offset Af to a signal at frequency f may comprise applying the frequency offset Af to the signal at a center frequency fO and a bandwidth (BW), wherein the frequency f may be within the frequency interval (fO-BW/2, fO+BW/2). As a result of applying the frequency offset: the resulting signal may be shifted to the frequency interval (fO-BW/2+Af, fO+BW/2+Af); a signal at a frequency f may be shifted to frequency Af.

[0121] In some situations, applying a frequency offset Af to a signal at frequency f may imply that f is the center frequency, i.e., fO=f, while the bandwidth BW may not be explicitly specified in the description. However, even when the bandwidth is not specified, a limited bandwidth is expected in practice, which is normally equal to the bandwidth of the band-pass filter (BPF) in FIG. 14.

[0122] It is expected that the standard specification unambiguously specifies how to determine the bandwidth BW of the signal. The bandwidth may be explicitly or implicitly determined in many realizations. Examples of explicit determination of the bandwidth are through a pre-configuration, a configuration signaling by the network, or a dynamic signaling. In some realizations, a default bandwidth BW may be determined based on a pre-configuration, a capability signaling by the repeater/NCR, a configuration signaling by the network, or a dynamic signaling. Examples of implicit determination are specification rules, for example the bandwidth equals that of a standard frequency band, a standard carrier, a component carrier (CC), a bandwidth part (BWP), an active bandwidth part (BWP), and the like.

[0123] With respect to A&F relaying performed by a repeater, including a NCR 116, different terms may be used in different contexts. It should be noted that these terms may be used interchangeably, and emphasis on using certain terms in this disclosure is not to limit the scope.

[0124] Repeating or relaying a signal by a repeater or relay may comprise receiving the signal, potentially processing the signal, and transmitting the potentially processed signal. The processing may comprise amplifying the signal, denoising the signal, and so on. According to the methods proposed in this disclosure, the processing may comprise applying a frequency offset, also known as applying a frequency shift or shifting the frequency.

[0125] Transmitting the potentially processed signal may also be referred to as forwarding the signal, hence the term amplify-and-forward. This term may not be used widely in the present disclosure and, instead, the more generic term transmitting may be used.

[0126] Furthermore, despite emphasis on the terms repeater, analog repeater, RF repeater, A&F relay, and NCR in the present disclosure, it should be noted that the techniques discussed herein are not limited in scope to those devices or devices that are referred to by those terms in specifications and implementation. For example, many implementations and realizations are applicable to other types of network nodes such as digital repeaters, baseband repeaters, digital relays, decode-and- forward (D&F) relays, and the like.

[0127] Particularly, the implementations may be applied to the following examples: a repeater, for example an analog/RF repeater, without a network control channel, wherein a configuration of applying a frequency offset is provided by a pre-configuration on a hardware, software, firmware, or a combination thereof, accessible by the repeater; or a digital/D&F/baseband repeater with a network control channel, a pre-configuration on a hardware/software/firmware, or a combination thereof.

[0128] In one or more implementations, the terms antenna, panel, and antenna panel are used interchangeably. An antenna panel may be a hardware that is used for transmitting and/or receiving radio signals at frequencies lower than 6GHz, e.g., frequency range 1 (FR1), or higher than 6GHz, e.g., frequency range 2 (FR2) or millimeter wave (mmWave). In some embodiments, an antenna panel may comprise an array of antenna elements, wherein each antenna element is connected to hardware such as a phase shifter that allows a control module to apply spatial parameters for transmission and/or reception of signals. The resulting radiation pattern may be called a beam, which may or may not be unimodal and may allow the device (e.g., UE 102, node) to amplify signals that are transmitted or received from one or multiple spatial directions.

[0129] In one or more implementations, an antenna panel may or may not be virtualized as an antenna port in the specifications. An antenna panel may be connected to a baseband processing module through a RF chain for each of transmission (egress) and reception (ingress) directions. A capability of a device in terms of the number of antenna panels, their duplexing capabilities, their beamforming capabilities, and so on, may or may not be transparent to other devices. In some embodiments, capability information may be communicated via signaling or, in some embodiments, capability information may be provided to devices without a need for signaling. In the case that such information is available to other devices such as a CU, it can be used for signaling or local decision making.

[0130] In one or more implementations, an antenna panel may be a physical or logical antenna array comprising a set of antenna elements or antenna ports that share a common or a significant portion of an RF chain (e.g., in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator, analog to digital (A/D) converter, local oscillator, phase shift network). The antenna panel may be a logical entity with physical antennas mapped to the logical entity. The mapping of physical antennas to the logical entity may be up to implementation. Communicating (receiving or transmitting) on at least a subset of antenna elements or antenna ports active for radiating energy (also referred to herein as active elements) of an antenna panel requires biasing or powering on of the RF chain which results in current drain or power consumption in the device (e.g., node) associated with the antenna panel (including power amplifier/low noise amplifier (LNA) power consumption associated with the antenna elements or antenna ports). The phrase "active for radiating energy," as used herein, is not meant to be limited to a transmit function but also encompasses a receive function. Accordingly, an antenna element that is active for radiating energy may be coupled to a transmitter to transmit radio frequency energy or to a receiver to receive radio frequency energy, either simultaneously or sequentially, or may be coupled to a transceiver in general, for performing its intended functionality. Communicating on the active elements of an antenna panel enables generation of radiation patterns or beams.

[0131] In one or more implementations, depending on implementation, a “panel” can have at least one of the following functionalities as an operational role of Unit of antenna group to control its Tx beam independently, Unit of antenna group to control its transmission power independently, Unit of antenna group to control its transmission timing independently. The “panel” may be transparent to another node (e.g., next hop neighbor node). For certain condition(s), another node or network entity can assume the mapping between device's physical antennas to the logical entity “panel” may not be changed. For example, the condition may include until the next update or report from device or comprise a duration of time over which the network entity assumes there will be no change to the mapping. Device may report its capability with respect to the “panel” to the network entity. The device capability may include at least the number of “panels”. In one or more implementations, the device may support transmission from one beam within a panel; with multiple panels, more than one beam (one beam per panel) may be used for transmission. Additionally or alternatively, more than one beam per panel may be supported/used for transmission.

[0132] In one or more implementations, an antenna port is defined such that the channel over which a symbol on the antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which another symbol on the same antenna port is conveyed.

[0133] Two antenna ports are said to be quasi co-located (QCL) if the large-scale properties of the channel over which a symbol on one antenna port is conveyed can be inferred from the channel over which a symbol on the other antenna port is conveyed. The large-scale properties include one or more of delay spread, Doppler spread, Doppler shift, average gain, average delay, and spatial Rx parameters. Two antenna ports may be quasi-located with respect to a subset of the large-scale properties and different subset of large-scale properties may be indicated by a QCL Type. The QCL Type can indicate which channel properties are the same between the two reference signals (e.g., on the two antenna ports). Thus, the reference signals can be linked to each other with respect to what the device can assume about their channel statistics or QCL properties. For example, qcl-Type may take one of the following values. Other qcl-Types may be defined based on combination of one or large-scale properties: 'QCL-TypeA': {Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, delay spread}; 'QCL-TypeB': {Doppler shift, Doppler spread}; 'QCL-TypeC: {Doppler shift, average delay}; or 'QCL-TypeD': {Spatial Rx parameter} .

[0134] Spatial Rx parameters may include one or more of: angle of arrival (AoA,) Dominant AoA, average AoA, angular spread, Power Angular Spectrum (PAS) of AoA, average AoD (angle of departure), PAS of AoD, transmit/receive channel correlation, transmit/receive beamforming, or spatial channel correlation, and so forth.

[0135] The QCL-TypeA, QCL-TypeB and QCL-TypeC may be applicable for all carrier frequencies, but the QCL-TypeD may be applicable only in higher carrier frequencies (e.g., mmWave, FR2 and beyond), where essentially the device may not be able to perform omni-directional transmission, i.e., the device would need to form beams for directional transmission. A QCL-TypeD between two reference signals A and B, the reference signal A is considered to be spatially co-located with reference signal B and the device may assume that the reference signals A and B can be received with the same spatial filter (e.g., with the same receive (RX) beamforming weights).

[0136] An “antenna port” according to an embodiment may be a logical port that may correspond to a beam (resulting from beamforming) or may correspond to a physical antenna on a device. In some embodiments, a physical antenna may map directly to a single antenna port, in which an antenna port corresponds to an actual physical antenna. Alternately, a set or subset of physical antennas, or antenna set or antenna array or antenna sub-array, may be mapped to one or more antenna ports after applying complex weights, a cyclic delay, or both to the signal on each physical antenna. The physical antenna set may have antennas from a single module or panel or from multiple modules or panels. The weights may be fixed as in an antenna virtualization scheme, such as cyclic delay diversity (CDD). The procedure used to derive antenna ports from physical antennas may be specific to a device implementation and transparent to other devices.

[0137] In some of the embodiments described, a TCI-state (Transmission Configuration Indication) associated with a target transmission can indicate parameters for configuring a quasicollocation relationship between the target transmission (e.g., target RS of DM-RS ports of the target transmission during a transmission occasion) and a source reference signal(s) (e.g., SSB/CSI- RS/SRS) with respect to quasi co-location type parameter(s) indicated in the corresponding TCI state. The TCI describes which reference signals are used as QCL source, and what QCL properties can be derived from each reference signal. A device can receive a configuration of a plurality of transmission configuration indicator states for a serving cell for transmissions on the serving cell (e.g., between a serving base station and a smart repeater). In some of the embodiments described, a TCI state comprises at least one source RS to provide a reference (device assumption) for determining QCL and/or spatial filter.

[0138] In some of the implementations described herein, a UL TCI state is provided if a device is configured with separate DL/UL TCI by radio resource control (RRC) signalling. The UL TCI state may comprise a source reference signal which provides a reference for determining UL spatial domain transmission filter for the UL transmission (e.g., dynamic-grant/configured-grant based physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), dedicated physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resources) in a CC or across a set of configured CCs/BWPs. [0139] In some of the implementations described herein, a joint DL/UL TCI state is provided if the device is configured with joint DL/UL TCI by RRC signalling (e.g., configuration of joint TCI or separate DL/UL TCI is based on RRC signalling). The joint DL/UL TCI state refers to at least a common source reference RS used for determining both the DL QCL information and the UL spatial transmission filter. The source RS determined from the indicated joint (or common) TCI state provides QCL Type-D indication (e.g., for device-dedicated physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)/physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)) and is used to determine UL spatial transmission filter (e.g., for UE-dedicated PUSCH/PUCCH) for a CC or across a set of configured CCs/BWPs. In one example, the UL spatial transmission filter is derived from the RS of DL QCL Type D in the joint TCI state. The spatial setting of the UL transmission may be according to the spatial relation with a reference to the source RS configured with qcl-Type set to 'typeD' in the joint TCI state.

[0140] In some of the implementations described herein, a spatial relation information associated with a target transmission can indicate parameters for configuring a spatial setting between the target transmission and a reference RS (e.g., SSB/CSLRS/SRS). For example, the device may transmit the target transmission with the same spatial domain filter used for reception the reference RS (e.g., DL RS such as SSB/CSLRS). In another example, the device may transmit the target transmission with the same spatial domain transmission filter used for the transmission of the reference RS (e.g., UL RS such as SRS). A device can receive a configuration of a plurality of spatial relation information configurations for a serving cell for transmissions on the serving cell.

[0141] The different steps described for the example embodiments discussed herein, in the text and in the flowcharts, may be permuted.

[0142] Each configuration discussed herein may be provided by one or multiple configurations in practice. An earlier configuration may provide a subset of parameters while a later configuration may provide another subset of parameters. Alternatively, a later configuration may override values provided by an earlier configuration or a pre-configuration.

[0143] A configuration discussed herein may be provided by a RRC signaling, a medium-access control (MAC) signaling, a physical layer signaling such as a downlink control information (DCI) message, a combination thereof, or other methods. A configuration discussed herein may include a pre-configuration or a semi-static configuration provided by the standard, by the vendor, and/or by the network/operator. Each parameter value received through configuration or indication may override previous values for a similar parameter.

[0144] Despite frequent references to IAB, the solutions discussed herein may be applicable to wireless relay nodes and other types of wireless communication entities.

[0145] L1/L2 control signalling discussed herein may refer to control signalling in layer 1

(physical layer) or layer 2 (data link layer). Particularly, an L1/L2 control signalling may refer to an LI control signalling such as a DCI message or an uplink control information (UCI) message, an L2 control signalling such as a MAC message, or a combination thereof. A format and an interpretation of an L1/L2 control signalling may be determined by the standard, a configuration, other control signalling, or a combination thereof.

[0146] Any parameter discussed herein may appear, in practice, as a linear function of that parameter in signalling or specifications.

[0147] Although the disclosure includes discussions of performing measurements for beam training on reference signals, additionally or alternatively a measurement may be performed on resources that are not necessarily configured for reference signals, but rather a node may measure a receive signal power and obtain a receive signal strength indicator (RS SI) or the like.

[0148] In the present disclosure, reference is made to beam indication. In practice, according to a standard specification, a beam indication may refer to an indication of a reference signal by an ID or indicator, a resource associated with a reference signal, a spatial relation information comprising information of a reference signal or a reciprocal of a reference signal (in the case of beam correspondence).

[0149] FIG. 15 illustrates an example of a block diagram 1500 of a device 1502 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1502 may be an example of a wireless repeater, such as a NCR 116 as described herein. The device 1502 may support wireless communication and/or network signaling with one or more base stations 102, other UEs 104, core network devices and functions (e.g., core network 106), or any combination thereof. The device 1502 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1504, a processor 1506, a memory 1508, a receiver 1510, a transmitter 1512, and an I/O controller 1514. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0150] The communications manager 1504, the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1504, the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0151] In some implementations, the communications manager 1504, the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 1506 and the memory 1508 coupled with the processor 1506 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing, by the processor 1506, instructions stored in the memory 1508).

[0152] Additionally or alternatively, in some implementations, the communications manager 1504, the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by the processor 1506. If implemented in code executed by the processor 1506, the functions of the communications manager 1504, the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing unit (CPU), an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure). [0153] In some implementations, the communications manager 1504 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or both. For example, the communications manager 1504 may receive information from the receiver 1510, send information to the transmitter 1512, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1510, the transmitter 1512, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein. Although the communications manager 1504 is illustrated as a separate component, in some implementations, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1504 may be supported by or performed by the processor 1506, the memory 1508, or any combination thereof. For example, the memory 1508 may store code, which may include instructions executable by the processor 1506 to cause the device 1502 to perform various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein, or the processor 1506 and the memory 1508 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0154] For example, the communications manager 1504 may support wireless communication and/or network signaling at a device (e.g., the device 1502, an NCR) in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The communications manager 1504 and/or other device components may be configured as or otherwise support an apparatus, such as an NCR, including a transceiver; a processor coupled to the transceiver, the processor and the transceiver configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from a first entity, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset value; receive, from a second entity, a first signal; generate a second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; and transmit, to a third entity, the second signal.

[0155] Additionally, the apparatus (e.g., an NCR) includes any one or combination of: where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth for the first signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating at least one of a time duration, a beam direction, or a beam-width; and where the first signal is associated with at least one of the time duration, the beam direction, or the beam-width; where the second entity includes a base station, the third entity includes a user equipment, and the first signal includes a downlink signal; where the second entity includes a user equipment, the third entity includes a base station, and the first signal includes an uplink signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a third signal; generate a fourth signal by automatically applying a negative of the frequency offset value to the third signal; and transmit, to the third entity, the fourth signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: apply the negative of the frequency offset to the third signal upon receiving an indication of a TDD; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a frequency range, where the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified BWP indicated by a CC ID and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a CA configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of PRBs, or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band; determine that the first signal is in the frequency range; and generate, in response to the first signal being in the frequency range, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a time duration, where the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or where the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit; determine that the first signal is in the time duration; and generate, in response to the first signal being in the time duration, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a third signal; determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal; generate, in response to determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal, a fourth signal by applying a default frequency offset to the third signal; and transmit, to the third entity, the fourth signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal by determining that the third signal is a particular signal or channel, where the particular signal or channel is at least one of a synchronization signal, the synchronization signal and physical broadcast blocks, a CSI-RS, a CSI-RS for radio resource management, a sounding reference signal, or a random access channel occasions; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on a configuration of a particular signal or channel of the third signal; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on whether the third signal occupies, fully or partially, at least one of a particular time resource or a particular frequency resource; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determine that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and generate, in response to determining that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to not apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determine that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and transmit, to the third entity, the second signal without applying the frequency offset; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating an IE, the IE including at least one of an ID associated with the apparatus or the IE, a geographical position of the apparatus, one or more operating frequencies associated with a link between the second entity and the apparatus, one or more offset frequencies associated with a link between the apparatus and one or more third entities served through the apparatus, on/off switching information related to operation of the apparatus, time constraints applied to the frequency offset value, frequency constraints applied to the frequency offset value, or spatial constraints applied to the frequency offset value; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a network entity or base station, a capability signaling, where the capability signaling comprises information of one or more constraints on at least one of a filter frequency, a filter bandwidth, a maximum number of filters, a maximum number of frequency offsets, and a range of frequencies for a frequency offset application; determine that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints; and in response to determining that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints, rather than applying the frequency offset value to the first signal, performing one or more of ignoring the first control signaling, transmitting an error message to the first entity that includes at least one of a negative-acknowledgment or information of the frequency offset that does not follow the one or more constraints, or apply the frequency offset value with an adjusted quality factor based on the one or more constraints.

[0156] The communications manager 1504 and/or other device components may be configured as or otherwise support a means for wireless communication and/or network signaling at an NCR, including receiving, from a first entity, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset value; receiving, from a second entity, a first signal; generating a second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; and transmitting, to a third entity, the second signal.

[0157] Additionally, wireless communication at the NCR includes any one or combination of: further including: receiving, from the first entity, a third control signaling further indicating at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth for the first signal; further including: receiving, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating at least one of a time duration, a beam direction, or a beam-width; and where the first signal is associated with at least one of the time duration, the beam direction, or the beam-width; where the second entity includes a base station, the third entity includes a user equipment, and the first signal includes a downlink signal; where the second entity includes a user equipment, the third entity includes a base station, and the first signal includes an uplink signal; further including: receiving, from the base station, a third signal; generating a fourth signal by automatically applying a negative of the frequency offset value to the third signal; and transmitting, to the user equipment, the fourth signal; further including: applying the negative of the frequency offset to the third signal upon receiving an indication of a TDD; further including: receiving, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a frequency range, where the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified BWP indicated by a CC ID and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a CA configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of PRBs, or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band; determining that the first signal is in the frequency range; and generating, in response to the first signal being in the frequency range, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; further including: receiving, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a time duration, where the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or where the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit; determining that the first signal is in the time duration; and generating, in response to the first signal being in the time duration, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; further including: receiving, from the second entity, a third signal; determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal; generating, in response to determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal, a fourth signal by applying a default frequency offset to the third signal; and transmitting, to the third entity, the fourth signal; further including: determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal by determining that the third signal is a particular signal or channel, where the particular signal or channel is at least one of a synchronization signal, the synchronization signal and physical broadcast blocks, a CSI-RS, a CSI-RS for radio resource management, a sounding reference signal, or a random access channel occasions; further including: determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on a configuration of a particular signal or channel of the third signal; further including: determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on whether the third signal occupies, fully or partially, at least one of a particular time resource or a particular frequency resource; further including: receiving, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determining that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and generating, in response to determining that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter; further including: receiving, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to not apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determining that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and transmitting, to the third entity, the second signal without applying the frequency offset; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter; further including: receiving, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating an IE, the IE including at least one of an ID associated with a NCR implementing the method or the IE, a geographical position of the NCR, one or more operating frequencies associated with a link between the second entity and the NCR, one or more offset frequencies associated with a link between the NCR and one or more third entities served through the NCR, on/off switching information related to operation of the NCR, time constraints applied to the frequency offset value, frequency constraints applied to the frequency offset value, or spatial constraints applied to the frequency offset value; further including: transmitting, to a network entity or base station, a capability signaling, where the capability signaling comprises information of one or more constraints on at least one of a filter frequency, a filter bandwidth, a maximum number of filters, a maximum number of frequency offsets, and a range of frequencies for a frequency offset application; determining that applying the frequency offset value does not follow the one or more constraints; in response to determining that applying the frequency offset value does not follow the one or more constraints, rather than applying the frequency offset value to the first signal, performing one or more of ignoring the first control signaling, transmitting an error message to the first entity that includes at least one of a negative-acknowledgment or information of the frequency offset that does not follow the one or more constraints, or apply the frequency offset value with an adjusted quality factor based on the one or more constraints.

[0158] The processor 1506 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1506 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1506. The processor 1506 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 1508) to cause the device 1502 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0159] The memory 1508 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory 1508 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1506 cause the device 1502 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 1506 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 1508 may include, among other things, a basic I/O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0160] The I/O controller 1514 may manage input and output signals for the device 1502. The I/O controller 1514 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1502. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1514 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1514 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1514 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 1506. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 1502 via the I/O controller 1514 or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 1514.

[0161] In some implementations, the device 1502 may include a single antenna 1516. However, in some other implementations, the device 1502 may have more than one antenna 1516, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The receiver 1510 and the transmitter 1512 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 1516, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the receiver 1510 and the transmitter 1512 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1516 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1516. [0162] FIG. 16 illustrates an example of a block diagram 1600 of a device 1602 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1602 may be an example of a base station 102, such as a gNB as described herein. The device 1602 may support wireless communication and/or network signaling with one or more base stations 102, other UEs 104, core network devices and functions (e.g., core network 106), or any combination thereof. The device 1602 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1604, a processor 1606, a memory 1608, a receiver 1610, a transmitter 1612, and an I/O controller 1614. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0163] The communications manager 1604, the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1604, the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0164] In some implementations, the communications manager 1604, the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 1606 and the memory 1608 coupled with the processor 1606 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing, by the processor 1606, instructions stored in the memory 1608).

[0165] Additionally or alternatively, in some implementations, the communications manager 1604, the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by the processor 1606. If implemented in code executed by the processor 1606, the functions of the communications manager 1604, the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing unit (CPU), an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0166] In some implementations, the communications manager 1604 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or both. For example, the communications manager 1604 may receive information from the receiver 1610, send information to the transmitter 1612, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1610, the transmitter 1612, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein. Although the communications manager 1604 is illustrated as a separate component, in some implementations, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1604 may be supported by or performed by the processor 1606, the memory 1608, or any combination thereof. For example, the memory 1608 may store code, which may include instructions executable by the processor 1606 to cause the device 1602 to perform various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein, or the processor 1606 and the memory 1608 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0167] For example, the communications manager 1604 may support wireless communication and/or network signaling at a device (e.g., the device 1602, a base station) in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The communications manager 1604 and/or other device components may be configured as or otherwise support an apparatus, such as a base station, including a transceiver; a processor coupled to the transceiver, the processor and the transceiver configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a network-controlled repeater (NCR), a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset configuration that includes a frequency offset value; and transmit, to a base station, a second control signaling indicating at least one of an identity parameter associated with the NCR, a position of the NCR, or the frequency offset configuration for the NCR.

[0168] Additionally, the apparatus (e.g., a base station) includes any one or combination of: where the processor and transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to receive, from the NCR, at least one of the identity parameter associated with the NCR or the position of the NCR; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the base station, a third control signaling indicating an amount of excess interference associated with a first signal; modify a frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference; and transmit, to the NCR, a fourth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to the base station, a fifth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration and an amount of lowered gain associated with the first signal; where the third control signaling further indicates the identity parameter associated with the NCR, and where the fifth control signaling further indicates the identity parameter associated with the NCR; where the frequency offset configuration further indicates at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth; where the third control signaling indicates an interference above a threshold on at least one frequency; where the third control signaling indicates an interference above a threshold associated with the NCR; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: modify the frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference by generating or changing the frequency offset configuration to indicate at least one of to apply a different frequency offset, to switch to another frequency offset, or to stop applying a frequency offset; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: measure an interference from an additional NCR connected to the base station; transmit, to the base station, a third control signaling indicating the interference; and receive, from the base station, a fourth control signaling indicating at least one of an ID or index associated with the third control signaling, an acknowledgement from the base station that the third control signaling was received by the base station, an indication whether a request by the apparatus to lower interference is accepted by the base station, an amount of gain reduction associated with a power of a signal that caused the interference reported by the apparatus, one or more parameters associated with the one or more signals causing the interference, a timeline of when the interference is lowered; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a frequency range, where the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified BWP indicated by a CC ID and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a CA configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of PRBs, or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a time duration, where the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or where the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter; where the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to not apply a frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter.

[0169] The communications manager 1604 and/or other device components may be configured as or otherwise support a means for wireless communication and/or network signaling at a base station, including transmitting, to a NCR, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset configuration that includes a frequency offset value; and transmitting, to a base station, a second control signaling indicating at least one of an identity parameter associated with the NCR, a position of the NCR, or a frequency offset configuration for the NCR.

[0170] Additionally, wireless communication at the base station includes any one or combination of: further including: receiving, from the NCR, at least one of the identity parameter associated with the NCR or the position of the NCR; receiving, from the base station, a third control signaling indicating an amount of excess interference associated with a first signal; modifying a frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference; and transmitting, to the NCR, a fourth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration; further including: transmitting, to the base station, a fifth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration and an amount of lowered gain associated with the first signal; where the third control signaling further indicates the identity parameter associated with the NCR, and where the fifth control signaling further indicates the identity parameter associated with the NCR; where the frequency offset configuration further indicates at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth; where the third control signaling indicates an interference above a threshold on at least one frequency; where the third control signaling indicates an interference above a threshold associated with the NCR; further including: modifying the frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference by generating or changing the frequency offset configuration to indicate at least one of to apply a different frequency offset, to switch to another frequency offset, or to stop applying a frequency offset; further including: measuring an interference from an additional NCR connected to the base station; transmitting, to the base station, a third control signaling indicating the interference; and receiving, from the base station, a fourth control signaling indicating at least one of an ID or index associated with the third control signaling, an acknowledgement from the base station that the third control signaling was received by the base station, an indication whether a request by an apparatus implementing the method to lower interference is accepted by the base station, an amount of gain reduction associated with a power of a signal that caused the interference reported by the apparatus, one or more parameters associated with the one or more signals causing the interference, a timeline of when the interference is lowered; further including: transmitting, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a frequency range, where the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified BWP indicated by a CC ID and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a CA configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of PRBs, or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band; further including: transmitting, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a time duration, where the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or where the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit; further including: transmitting, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to apply a frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter; further including: transmitting, to the NCR, a third control signaling indicating to not apply a frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; where the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal ID, a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial QCL parameter, a TCI state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter.

[0171] The processor 1606 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1606 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1606. The processor 1606 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 1608) to cause the device 1602 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0172] The memory 1608 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory 1608 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1606 cause the device 1602 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 1606 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 1608 may include, among other things, a basic VO system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0173] The VO controller 1614 may manage input and output signals for the device 1602. The VO controller 1614 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1602. In some implementations, the VO controller 1614 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1614 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1614 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 1606. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 1602 via the I/O controller 1614 or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 1614.

[0174] In some implementations, the device 1602 may include a single antenna 1616. However, in some other implementations, the device 1602 may have more than one antenna 1616, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The receiver 1610 and the transmitter 1612 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 1616, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the receiver 1610 and the transmitter 1612 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1616 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1616.

[0175] FIG. 17 illustrates an example of a block diagram 1700 of a device 1702 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1702 may be an example of a UE 104 as described herein. The device 1702 may support wireless communication and/or network signaling with one or more base stations 102, other UEs 104, network entities and devices, or any combination thereof. The device 1702 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1704, a processor 1706, a memory 1708, a receiver 1710, a transmitter 1712, and an I/O controller 1714. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0176] The communications manager 1704, the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1704, the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the functions described herein. [0177] In some implementations, the communications manager 1704, the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 1706 and the memory 1708 coupled with the processor 1706 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by executing, by the processor 1706, instructions stored in the memory 1708).

[0178] Additionally or alternatively, in some implementations, the communications manager 1704, the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by the processor 1706. If implemented in code executed by the processor 1706, the functions of the communications manager 1704, the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing unit (CPU), an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0179] In some implementations, the communications manager 1704 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or both. For example, the communications manager 1704 may receive information from the receiver 1710, send information to the transmitter 1712, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1710, the transmitter 1712, or both to receive information, transmit information, or perform various other operations as described herein. Although the communications manager 1704 is illustrated as a separate component, in some implementations, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1704 may be supported by or performed by the processor 1706, the memory 1708, or any combination thereof. For example, the memory 1708 may store code, which may include instructions executable by the processor 1706 to cause the device 1702 to perform various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein, or the processor 1706 and the memory 1708 may be otherwise configured to perform or support such operations.

[0180] For example, the communications manager 1704 may support wireless communication and/or network signaling at a device (e.g., the device 1702, a UE) in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The communications manager 1704 and/or other device components may be configured as or otherwise support an apparatus, such as a UE, including a transceiver; and a processor coupled to the transceiver. The communications manager 1704 and/or other device components may be configured as or otherwise support a means for wireless communication and/or network signaling at a UE.

[0181] The processor 1706 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 1706 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 1706. The processor 1706 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 1708) to cause the device 1702 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0182] The memory 1708 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The memory 1708 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1706 cause the device 1702 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 1706 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 1708 may include, among other things, a basic EO system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0183] The UO controller 1714 may manage input and output signals for the device 1702. The UO controller 1714 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1702. In some implementations, the UO controller 1714 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1714 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS/2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I/O controller 1714 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 1706. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 1702 via the I/O controller 1714 or via hardware components controlled by the I/O controller 1714.

[0184] In some implementations, the device 1702 may include a single antenna 1716. However, in some other implementations, the device 1702 may have more than one antenna 1716, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The receiver 1710 and the transmitter 1712 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 1716, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the receiver 1710 and the transmitter 1712 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1716 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1716.

[0185] FIG. 18 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1800 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented and performed by a device or its components, such as a NCR 116 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 17. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0186] At 1802, the method may include receiving, from a first entity, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset value. The operations of 1802 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1802 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0187] At 1804, the method may include receiving, from a second entity, a first signal. The operations of 1804 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1804 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1. [0188] At 1806, the method may include generating a second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal. The operations of 1806 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1806 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0189] At 1808, the method may include transmitting, to a third entity, the second signal. The operations of 1808 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1808 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0190] FIG. 19 illustrates a flowchart of a method 1900 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1900 may be implemented and performed by a device or its components, such as a NCR 116 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 17. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0191] At 1902, the method may include receiving, from the second entity, a third signal. The operations of 1902 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1902 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0192] At 1904, the method may include generating a fourth signal by automatically applying a negative of the frequency offset value to the third signal. The operations of 1904 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1904 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0193] At 1906, the method may include transmitting, to the third entity, the fourth signal. The operations of 1906 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 1906 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0194] FIG. 20 illustrates a flowchart of a method 2000 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2000 may be implemented and performed by a device or its components, such as a NCR 116 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 17. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0195] At 2002, the method may include transmitting, to a network entity or base station, a capability signaling, wherein the capability signaling comprises information of one or more constraints on at least one of a filter frequency, a filter bandwidth, a maximum number of filters, a maximum number of frequency offsets, and a range of frequencies for a frequency offset application. The operations of 2002 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2002 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0196] At 2004, the method may include determining that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints. The operations of 2004 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2004 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0197] At 2006, the method may include in response to determining that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints, rather than applying the frequency offset value to the first signal, performing one or more of ignoring the first control signaling, transmitting an error message to the first entity that includes at least one of a negativeacknowledgment or information of the frequency offset that does not follow the one or more constraints, or apply the frequency offset value with an adjusted quality factor based on the one or more constraints. The operations of 2006 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2006 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0198] FIG. 21 illustrates a flowchart of a method 2100 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2100 may be implemented and performed by a device or its components, such as a base station 102 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 17. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0199] At 2102, the method may include transmitting, to a NCR, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset configuration that includes a frequency offset value. The operations of 2102 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2102 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0200] At 2104, the method may include transmitting, to a base station, a second control signaling indicating at least one of an identity parameter associated with the NCR, a position of the NCR, or the frequency offset configuration for the NCR. The operations of 2104 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2104 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0201] FIG. 22 illustrates a flowchart of a method 2200 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2200 may be implemented and performed by a device or its components, such as a base station 102 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 17. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0202] At 2202, the method may include receiving, from the base station, a third control signaling indicating an amount of excess interference associated with a first signal. The operations of 2202 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2202 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0203] At 2204, the method may include modifying a frequency offset configuration in accordance with the amount of excess interference. The operations of 2204 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2204 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1. [0204] At 2206, the method may include transmitting, to the NCR, a fourth control signaling indicating the modified frequency offset configuration. The operations of 2206 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2206 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0205] FIG. 23 illustrates a flowchart of a method 2300 that supports frequency adjustment for network-controlled repeaters in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2300 may be implemented and performed by a device or its components, such as a base station 102 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 17. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0206] At 2302, the method may include measuring an interference from an additional NCR connected to the base station. The operations of 2302 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2302 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0207] At 2304, the method may include transmitting, to the base station, a third control signaling indicating the interference. The operations of 2304 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2304 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0208] At 2306, the method may include receiving, from the base station, a fourth control signaling indicating at least one of an ID or index associated with the third control signaling, an acknowledgement from the base station that the third control signaling was received by the base station, an indication whether a request by the apparatus to lower interference is accepted by the base station, an amount of gain reduction associated with a power of a signal that caused the interference reported by the apparatus, one or more parameters associated with the one or more signals causing the interference, a timeline of when the interference is lowered. The operations of 2306 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 2306 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1. [0209] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined. The order in which the methods are described is not intended to be construed as a limitation, and any number or combination of the described method operations may be performed in any order to perform a method, or an alternate method.

[0210] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0211] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer- readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0212] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non- transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or specialpurpose processor.

[0213] Any connection may be properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer- readable media.

[0214] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C, or AB or AC or BC, or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Similarly, a list of one or more of A, B, or C means A or B or C, or AB or AC or BC, or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Similarly, a list of at least one of A; B; or C means A or B or C, or AB or AC or BC, or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Similarly, a list of one or more of A; B; or C means A or B or C, or AB or AC or BC, or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0215] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described example.

[0216] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus, comprising: a transceiver; a processor coupled to the transceiver, the processor and the transceiver configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from a first entity, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset value; receive, from a second entity, a first signal; generate a second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; and transmit, to a third entity, the second signal.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth for the first signal.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating at least one of a time duration, a beam direction, or a beam-width; and wherein the first signal is associated with at least one of the time duration, the beam direction, or the beam-width.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second entity includes a base station, the third entity includes a user equipment, and the first signal includes a downlink signal.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second entity includes a user equipment, the third entity includes a base station, and the first signal includes an uplink signal.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a third signal; generate a fourth signal by automatically applying a negative of the frequency offset value to the third signal; and transmit, to the third entity, the fourth signal.

7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: apply the negative of the frequency offset to the third signal upon receiving an indication of a time-division duplexing (TDD).

8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a frequency range, wherein the frequency range is at least one of all signals associated with an identified carrier frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a lowest frequency and a highest frequency, all signals in the frequency range indicated by the lowest frequency and a range equal to a difference between the highest frequency and the lowest frequency, all signals associated with an identified bandwidth part (BWP) indicated by a component carrier (CC) identifier (ID) and/or a BWP ID, all signals associated with a CC, all signals associated with an identified CC and other associated CCs in a carrier aggregation (CA) configuration, all signals in the frequency range indicated by a number of physical resource blocks (PRBs), or all signals in a frequency band and/or a sub-band; determine that the first signal is in the frequency range; and generate, in response to the first signal being in the frequency range, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a time duration, wherein the time duration is at least one of a number of slots, a number of subframes, or a number of frames indicated by one or more slot numbers, subframe numbers, or frame numbers, or wherein the time duration includes a beginning time and an ending time that are indicated in a time unit; determine that the first signal is in the time duration; and generate, in response to the first signal being in the time duration, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the second entity, a third signal; determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal; generate, in response to determining that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal, a fourth signal by applying a default frequency offset to the third signal; and transmit, to the third entity, the fourth signal.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal by determining that the third signal is a particular signal or channel, wherein the particular signal or channel is at least one of a synchronization signal, the synchronization signal and physical broadcast blocks, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a CSI-RS for radio resource management, a sounding reference signal, or a random access channel occasions.

12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: determine that the frequency offset is not applicable to the third signal based at least in part on whether the third signal occupies, fully or partially, at least one of a particular time resource or a particular frequency resource.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determine that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and generate, in response to determining that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams, the second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the set of one or more beams is identified by at least one of a reference signal identifier (ID), a reference signal resource indicator, a spatial quasicollocation (QCL) parameter, a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state, a geographical direction of communication, a range of geographical directions for communication, an associated beam-width, or a spatial filter.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: receive, from the first entity, a third control signaling indicating to not apply the frequency offset value to a set of one or more beams; determine that the first signal is to be forwarded using a beam in the set of one or more beams; and transmit, to the third entity, the second signal without applying the frequency offset.

16. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the processor and the transceiver are further configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a network entity or base station, a capability signaling, wherein the capability signaling comprises information of one or more constraints on at least one of a filter frequency, a filter bandwidth, a maximum number of filters, a maximum number of frequency offsets, and a range of frequencies for a frequency offset application; determine that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints; and in response to determining that applying the frequency offset value to the first signal does not follow the one or more constraints, rather than applying the frequency offset value to the first signal, performing one or more of ignoring the first control signaling, transmitting an error message to the first entity that includes at least one of a negative-acknowledgment or information of the frequency offset that does not follow the one or more constraints, or apply the frequency offset value with an adjusted quality factor based on the one or more constraints.

17. An apparatus, comprising: a transceiver; a processor coupled to the transceiver, the processor and the transceiver configured to cause the apparatus to: transmit, to a network-controlled repeater (NCR), a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset configuration that includes a frequency offset value; and transmit, to a base station, a second control signaling indicating at least one of an identity parameter associated with the NCR, a position of the NCR, or the frequency offset configuration for the NCR.

18. A method, comprising: receiving, from a first entity, a first control signaling indicating a frequency offset value; receiving, from a second entity, a first signal; generating a second signal by applying the frequency offset value to the first signal; and transmitting, to a third entity, the second signal.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising: receiving, from the first entity, a third control signaling further indicating at least one of a center frequency or a bandwidth for the first signal.

20. The method of claim 18, further comprising: receiving, from the second entity, a second control signaling indicating at least one of a time duration, a beam direction, or a beam-width; and wherein the first signal is associated with at least one of the time duration, the beam direction, or the beam-width.