WO2023153308A1 - 光電変換素子および光検出装置 - Google Patents
光電変換素子および光検出装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023153308A1 WO2023153308A1 PCT/JP2023/003411 JP2023003411W WO2023153308A1 WO 2023153308 A1 WO2023153308 A1 WO 2023153308A1 JP 2023003411 W JP2023003411 W JP 2023003411W WO 2023153308 A1 WO2023153308 A1 WO 2023153308A1
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- photoelectric conversion
- electrode
- oxide semiconductor
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/14—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation
- H01L27/144—Devices controlled by radiation
- H01L27/146—Imager structures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N25/00—Circuitry of solid-state image sensors [SSIS]; Control thereof
- H04N25/70—SSIS architectures; Circuits associated therewith
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/60—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation in which radiation controls flow of current through the devices, e.g. photoresistors
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to, for example, a photoelectric conversion element using an organic material and a photodetector provided with the same.
- Patent Document 1 in a photoelectric conversion portion in which a first electrode, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode are laminated, an oxide film, an oxide An imaging device having a semiconductor layer formed thereon is disclosed.
- a first photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode and a second electrode arranged in parallel, and a third electrode arranged opposite to the first electrode and the second electrode. , a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode, and an oxide semiconductor layer provided between the first electrode, the second electrode, and the photoelectric conversion layer and a first layer and a second layer which are provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the oxide semiconductor layer and contain oxygen (O), the element X, and the element Y as common elements.
- O oxygen
- the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y is determined, and the number of atoms of the element X and the element Y is determined as the number of atoms of the element X and the element Y.
- R x1 is the composition ratio of element X contained in the first layer
- R y1 is the composition ratio of element Y
- R is the composition ratio of element X contained in the second layer.
- x2 and the composition ratio R y2 of the element Y, R x1 >R x2 ⁇ 0 and 0 ⁇ R y1 ⁇ R y2 are satisfied.
- a second photoelectric conversion element includes a first electrode and a second electrode arranged in parallel, and a third electrode arranged opposite to the first electrode and the second electrode. , a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode, and an oxide semiconductor layer provided between the first electrode, the second electrode, and the photoelectric conversion layer and a protective layer provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the oxide semiconductor layer, comprising a plurality of layers, and at least one of the plurality of layers having an opening at a position facing the first electrode. It is prepared.
- a photodetector includes one or a plurality of first photoelectric conversion elements according to the above-described embodiment of the present disclosure for each of a plurality of pixels.
- oxygen (O), the element X, and the element Y are common elements between the oxide semiconductor layer and the photoelectric conversion layer.
- a protective layer is provided in which the first layer and the second layer containing are laminated in order from the oxide semiconductor layer side.
- the first layer and the second layer define the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y as the number of atoms of each element X and element Y divided by the total number of atoms of the element X and the element Y.
- the composition ratio of the element X contained in the second layer is R x1
- the composition ratio of the element Y is R y1
- the composition ratio of the element X contained in the second layer is R x2
- the composition ratio of the element Y is R y2
- R satisfies x1 > R x2 ⁇ 0 and 0 ⁇ R y1 ⁇ R y2 .
- a plurality of layers are provided between the oxide semiconductor layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, and at least one of the layers is the first electrode.
- Protective layers having openings are provided at opposing positions. Accordingly, defects in the oxide semiconductor layer are reduced without preventing transport of carriers from the photoelectric conversion layer.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a planar configuration of an imaging device having the imaging element shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging device shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of a photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of the energy level of each layer on the storage electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 4;
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing another example of the energy level of each layer on the storage electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 4;
- FIG. 2 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the imaging device shown in FIG. 1.
- FIG. FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the arrangement of transistors forming a lower electrode and a control section of the imaging element shown in FIG. 1;
- 2A to 2C are cross-sectional views for explaining a method of manufacturing the imaging element shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 8;
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 9;
- FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 10;
- FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 11;
- FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view showing a step following FIG. 12;
- FIG. 2 is a timing chart showing an operation example of the imaging element shown in FIG. 1;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a configuration of a photoelectric conversion unit according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure; 16 is a diagram showing the energy levels of each layer on the readout electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 15;
- FIG. FIG. 16 is a diagram showing the energy level of each layer on the storage electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 15;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing another example of the configuration of the photoelectric conversion unit according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure;
- 18 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging element shown in FIG. 17;
- FIG. 17 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging element shown in FIG. 17;
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the energy level of each layer on the readout electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 19;
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the energy level of each layer on the storage electrode of the photoelectric conversion unit shown in FIG. 19;
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the configuration of a photoelectric conversion unit according to Modification 2 of the present disclosure;
- 22 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging device shown in FIG. 21.
- FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram showing the configuration of a photoelectric conversion unit according to Modification 3 of the present disclosure
- 24 is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging element shown in FIG. 23.
- FIG. FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 4 of the present disclosure
- 25B is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging device shown in FIG. 25A
- FIG. FIG. 12 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 5 of the present disclosure
- 26B is a schematic plan view showing an example of a pixel configuration of an imaging device having the imaging element shown in FIG.
- FIG. FIG. 11 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of the configuration of an imaging device according to Modification 6 of the present disclosure
- 2 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an imaging device using the imaging element shown in FIG. 1 etc. as a pixel
- FIG. 29 is a functional block diagram showing an example of an electronic device (camera) using the imaging device shown in FIG. 28
- FIG. 39 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the overall configuration of a photodetection system using the imaging device shown in FIG. 38.
- FIG. 30B is a diagram showing an example of the circuit configuration of the photodetection system shown in FIG. 30A
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system
- FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of functional configurations of a camera head and a CCU;
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a vehicle control system;
- FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram showing an example of installation positions of an outside information detection unit and an imaging unit;
- First Embodiment (Example of Image Sensor Having Protective Layer Consisting of Plural Layers with Different Composition Ratios) 1-1. Configuration of image sensor 1-2. Manufacturing method of imaging element 1-3. Signal Acquisition Operation of Imaging Device 1-4. Action and effect 2. Second Embodiment (An example of an image pickup device in which a layer having openings on storage electrodes is added as a protective layer) 2-1.
- Modification 2-1 Modification 1 (another example of the configuration of the photoelectric conversion unit) 2-2.
- Modification 2 another example of the configuration of the photoelectric conversion unit) 2-3.
- Modification 3 Another example of the configuration of the photoelectric conversion unit 3-4.
- Modification 4 an example of an imaging device that uses color filters to disperse light
- Modification 5 Another example of an imaging device that separates light using color filters
- Modification 6 Example of an image sensor in which a plurality of photoelectric conversion units are stacked) 4.
- Application example 5. Application example
- FIG. 1 illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 10) according to the first embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the image pickup device 10 is an array in the pixel portion 1A of an image pickup device (for example, the image pickup device 1, see FIG. 28) such as a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) image sensor used in electronic devices such as digital still cameras and video cameras. It forms one pixel (unit pixel P) that is repeatedly arranged in a pattern.
- FIG. 2 schematically shows a planar configuration of an imaging device 1 using the imaging device 10 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows an example of the pixel configuration of the imaging device 1 having the imaging element 10 shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. there is FIG.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows an enlarged example of a cross-sectional configuration of a main portion (photoelectric conversion portion 20) of the image sensor 10 shown in FIG. 1 and a boundary portion between the pixel portion 1A and the peripheral region 1B. , represents a cross section along the line II-II shown in FIG.
- a pixel unit 1a composed of four unit pixels P arranged in two rows and two columns is a repeating unit, and is repeated in an array in the row direction and the column direction. are placed.
- the imaging device 10 of the present embodiment includes a lower electrode 21 including a readout electrode 21A and a storage electrode 21B, an insulating layer 22, an oxide semiconductor layer 23, A protective layer 24, a photoelectric conversion layer 25, and an upper electrode 26 are laminated in this order.
- the protective layer 24 is composed of a plurality of layers, and has, for example, a configuration in which a first layer 24A and a second layer 24B having different composition ratios are laminated in this order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- the readout electrode 21A corresponds to a specific example of the "second electrode” of the present disclosure
- the storage electrode 21B corresponds to a specific example of the "first electrode” of the present disclosure.
- the first layer 24A corresponds to a specific example of the "first layer” of the present disclosure
- the second layer 24B corresponds to a specific example of the "second layer” of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 10 is of a so-called longitudinal spectral type in which, for example, one photoelectric conversion section 20 and two photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R are vertically stacked.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20 is provided on the back surface (first surface 30A) side of the semiconductor substrate 30 .
- the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R are embedded in the semiconductor substrate 30 and stacked in the thickness direction of the semiconductor substrate 30 .
- the photoelectric conversion section 20 and the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R selectively detect light in mutually different wavelength ranges and perform photoelectric conversion.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20 acquires a green (G) color signal.
- the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R acquire blue (B) and red (R) color signals, respectively, due to the difference in absorption coefficient.
- the imaging device 10 can acquire a plurality of types of color signals in one pixel without using color filters.
- a multilayer wiring layer 40 is further provided on the second surface 30 ⁇ /b>B of the semiconductor substrate 30 with a gate insulating layer 33 interposed therebetween.
- the multilayer wiring layer 40 has, for example, a structure in which wiring layers 41 , 42 and 43 are laminated within an insulating layer 44 .
- a vertical drive circuit 111 In the peripheral portion of the semiconductor substrate 30, that is, in the peripheral region 1B around the pixel portion 1A, there are a vertical drive circuit 111, a column signal processing circuit 112, a horizontal drive circuit 113, an output circuit 114, a control circuit 115 and input/output terminals, which will be described later. 116 and the like are provided.
- the first surface 30A side of the semiconductor substrate 30 is represented as the light incident side S1
- the second surface 30B side is represented as the wiring layer side S2.
- the photoelectric conversion section 20 includes an oxide semiconductor layer 23, a protective layer 24 formed using an inorganic material, and a photoelectric conversion layer formed using an organic material between a lower electrode 21 and an upper electrode 26 which are arranged to face each other. Layers 25 are laminated in this order from the lower electrode 21 side.
- the protective layer 24 is formed by stacking the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B having different composition ratios in this order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 includes a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, and has a bulk heterojunction structure within the layer.
- a bulk heterojunction structure is a p/n junction formed by intermingling p-type and n-type semiconductors.
- the photoelectric conversion section 20 further has an insulating layer 22 between the lower electrode 21 and the oxide semiconductor layer 23 .
- the insulating layer 22 is provided, for example, over the entire surface of the pixel portion 1A and has an opening 22H above the readout electrode 21A that constitutes the lower electrode 21. As shown in FIG.
- the readout electrode 21A is electrically connected to the oxide semiconductor layer 23 through this opening 22H.
- FIG. 1 shows an example in which the oxide semiconductor layer 23, the photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the upper electrode 26 are separately formed for each imaging element 10, but the oxide semiconductor layer 23, the photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the upper electrode 26 are formed separately for each imaging element 10.
- the electrodes 26 may be provided, for example, as a continuous layer common to the plurality of imaging elements 10 .
- an insulating layer 27 and an interlayer insulating layer 28 are laminated between the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30 and the lower electrode 21 .
- a layer having fixed charges (fixed charge layer) 26A and a dielectric layer 27B having insulating properties are laminated in this order from the semiconductor substrate 30 side.
- the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R make it possible to split light in the vertical direction by utilizing the fact that the wavelength of light absorbed in the semiconductor substrate 30 made of a silicon substrate differs according to the incident depth of the light. , each having a pn junction in a predetermined region of the semiconductor substrate 30 .
- a through electrode 34 is provided between the first surface 30A and the second surface 30B of the semiconductor substrate 30 .
- the through electrode 34 is electrically connected to the readout electrode 21A, and the photoelectric conversion section 20 includes, via the through electrode 34, the gate Gamp of the amplifier transistor AMP and the reset transistor RST (reset transistor Tr1rst) that also serves as the floating diffusion FD1. ) to one source/drain region 36B.
- the imaging element 10 carriers (here, electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion section 20 provided on the first surface 30A side of the semiconductor substrate 30 are transferred to the second surface of the semiconductor substrate 30 through the through electrodes 34. It is possible to transfer well to the 30B side and improve the characteristics.
- the lower end of the through electrode 34 is connected to the wiring (connection portion 41A) in the wiring layer 41, and the connection portion 41A and the gate Gamp of the amplifier transistor AMP are connected via the lower first contact 45. .
- the connection portion 41A and the floating diffusion FD1 (region 36B) are connected via the lower second contact 46, for example.
- the upper end of the through electrode 34 is connected to the readout electrode 21A via, for example, the pad portion 39A and the upper first contact 39C.
- a protective layer 51 is provided above the photoelectric conversion section 20 .
- a wiring 52 and a light shielding film 53 are provided for electrically connecting the upper electrode 26 and the peripheral circuit section 130 around the pixel section 1A.
- Optical members such as a planarizing layer (not shown) and an on-chip lens 54 are further disposed above the protective layer 51 .
- the light incident on the photoelectric conversion section 20 from the light incident side S1 is absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer 25 .
- Excitons generated thereby move to the interface between the electron donor and the electron acceptor that constitute the photoelectric conversion layer 25 and are separated into excitons, that is, dissociated into electrons and holes.
- the carriers (electrons and holes) generated here are diffused due to the difference in carrier concentration, and the internal electric field due to the difference in work function between the anode (eg, upper electrode 26) and the cathode (eg, lower electrode 21). It is transported to different electrodes and detected as a photocurrent. Also, the direction of transport of electrons and holes can be controlled by applying a potential between the lower electrode 21 and the upper electrode 26 .
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20 is an organic photoelectric conversion element that absorbs, for example, green light corresponding to part or all of a selective wavelength range (eg, 450 nm to 650 nm) and generates excitons. .
- a selective wavelength range eg, 450 nm to 650 nm
- the lower electrode 21 is composed of, for example, a readout electrode 21A and a storage electrode 21B which are arranged in parallel on the interlayer insulating layer 28 .
- the readout electrode 21A is for transferring carriers generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 25 to the floating diffusion FD1. is provided.
- the readout electrode 21A is connected to the floating diffusion FD1 via, for example, an upper first contact 39C, a pad portion 39A, a through electrode 34, a connecting portion 41A and a lower second contact 46.
- the storage electrode 21B is for storing, for example, electrons in the oxide semiconductor layer 23 as signal charges among the carriers generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 25, and is provided for each pixel.
- the storage electrode 21B is provided in a region covering the light receiving surfaces of the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R formed in the semiconductor substrate 30 for each unit pixel P so as to face the light receiving surfaces.
- the storage electrode 21B is preferably larger than the readout electrode 21A, so that more carriers can be stored.
- the lower electrode 21 is made of a light-transmitting conductive film, such as ITO (indium tin oxide).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a tin oxide (SnO 2 )-based material to which a dopant is added, or a zinc oxide-based material obtained by adding a dopant to zinc oxide (ZnO) may be used.
- zinc oxide-based materials include aluminum zinc oxide (AZO) to which aluminum (Al) is added as a dopant, gallium zinc oxide (GZO) to which gallium (Ga) is added, and indium zinc to which indium (In) is added.
- Oxide (IZO) can be mentioned.
- IGZO, ITZO, CuI, InSbO 4 , ZnMgO, CuInO 2 , MgIN 2 O 4 , CdO, ZnSnO 3 and the like may be used.
- the insulating layer 22 is for electrically separating the storage electrode 21B and the oxide semiconductor layer 23 .
- the insulating layer 22 is provided, for example, on the interlayer insulating layer 28 so as to cover the lower electrode 21 .
- the insulating layer 22 is provided with an opening 22H above the readout electrode 21A of the lower electrode 21, and the readout electrode 21A and the oxide semiconductor layer 23 are electrically connected through the opening 22H.
- the insulating layer 22 is composed of, for example, a single layer film made of one kind of silicon oxide (SiO x ), silicon nitride (SiN x ), silicon oxynitride (SiON), or the like, or a laminated film made of two or more kinds. there is The thickness of the insulating layer 22 is, for example, 20 nm to 500 nm.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 23 is for accumulating carriers generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 25 .
- the oxide semiconductor layer 23 is, for example, an oxide containing at least one element selected from indium (In), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), and tin (Sn). It can be formed using a semiconductor material. In this embodiment, electrons among carriers generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 25 are used as signal charges. Therefore, the oxide semiconductor layer 23 can be formed using an n-type oxide semiconductor material. Specifically, IGZO, Ga 2 O 3 , GZO, IZO, ITO, InGaAlO, InGaSiO, or the like can be used as a constituent material of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 .
- the thickness of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 is, for example, 10 nm to 300 nm.
- the protective layer 24 is for preventing desorption of oxygen from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 .
- the protective layer 24 has a first layer 24A and a second layer 24B that are laminated in order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B have composition ratios different from each other.
- the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B contain oxygen (O), the element X, and the element Y as common elements, and the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y is set to
- the number of atoms is defined as the number of atoms divided by the total number of atoms of element X and element Y
- the composition ratio of element X contained in the first layer is R x1
- the composition ratio of element Y is R y1 contained in the second layer
- the composition ratio of element Y is defined as R x1 .
- defects occur on the surface of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 when the protective film is formed. Defects can be terminated by introducing an element such as oxygen, fluorine, hydrogen or deuterium from above the protective film. Therefore, it is preferable that these elements easily pass through the first layer 24A. On the other hand, elements such as oxygen, fluorine, hydrogen, and deuterium easily pass through the protective film and are easily desorbed. Therefore, it is preferable to stack the second layer 24B on the first layer 24A, through which these elements are difficult to permeate. That is, it is preferable that the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B have a sufficient density difference. In addition to terminating, detachment of the terminating element can be suppressed.
- the difference between the composition ratio Rx1 of the element X in the first layer 24A and the composition ratio Rx2 of the element X in the second layer 24B is preferably 0.1 or more.
- the first layer 24A has a thickness of 1 atomic layer or more and 5 nm or less
- the second layer 24B has a thickness of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less
- the total thickness of the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B is less than 10 nm.
- the first layer 24A has a film density of 3.0 g/cm 3 or less
- the second layer 24B has a film density of 2.5 g/cm 3 or more.
- 5A and 5B show the insulating layer 22, oxide semiconductor layer 23, protective layer 24 (first layer 24A and second layer 24B), photoelectric conversion layer 25 and upper electrode 26 stacked above the storage electrode 21B.
- An example of an energy level is shown. With the vacuum level as a zero reference, the energy level is defined as higher (deeper) as the distance from the vacuum level increases, the energy level at the bottom of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is Ec O , and the bottom of the conduction band of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 is Ec O .
- the energy level EcA at the bottom of the conduction band of the first layer 24A is equal to the energy level of the bottom of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer 25, as shown in FIG. 5B. Electrons generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 25 are transported to the storage electrode 21B side even if the energy level Ec 2 O and the energy level Ec 2 B at the bottom of the conduction band of the second layer 24B are lower (shallower). .
- the protective layer 24 is made of, for example, tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y ), lanthanum (La), gallium (Ga), and magnesium (Mg).
- the constituent material of the protective layer 24 is, for example, tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ), oxide Tantalum ( W2O3 ), zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 ), hafnium oxide ( HfO2), scandium oxide ( Sc2O3 ) , yttrium oxide ( Y2O3 ), lanthanum oxide ( La2O3 ), oxide Gallium (Ga 2 O 3 ) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are included.
- the first layer 24A can be formed using SiO x , SiON, SiOC, or AlO x .
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 converts light energy into electrical energy.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 includes, for example, two or more kinds of organic materials (p-type semiconductor material or n-type semiconductor material) functioning as p-type semiconductors or n-type semiconductors, respectively.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 has a junction surface (p/n junction surface) between a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material in the layer.
- a p-type semiconductor relatively functions as an electron donor (donor)
- an n-type semiconductor relatively functions as an electron acceptor (acceptor).
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 provides a field where excitons generated when light is absorbed are separated into electrons and holes. Specifically, the interface between the electron donor and the electron acceptor (p/ At the n-junction), excitons split into electrons and holes.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 includes, in addition to the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material, an organic material that photoelectrically converts light in a predetermined wavelength range and transmits light in other wavelength ranges, a so-called dye material. may have been When the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is formed using three kinds of organic materials, a p-type semiconductor material, an n-type semiconductor material, and a dye material, the p-type semiconductor material and the n-type semiconductor material are in the visible region (for example, from 450 nm to 800 nm) is preferred.
- the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is, for example, 50 nm to 500 nm.
- Examples of organic materials forming the photoelectric conversion layer 25 include quinacridone derivatives, naphthalene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, phenanthrene derivatives, tetracene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, perylene derivatives and fluoranthene derivatives.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is configured by combining two or more of the above organic materials.
- the above organic materials function as p-type semiconductors or n-type semiconductors depending on the combination thereof.
- the organic material forming the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is not particularly limited.
- polymers such as phenylene vinylene, fluorene, carbazole, indole, pyrene, pyrrole, picoline, thiophene, acetylene and diacetylene, or derivatives thereof can be used.
- metal complex dyes cyanine dyes, merocyanine dyes, phenylxanthene dyes, triphenylmethane dyes, rhodacyanine dyes, xanthene dyes, macrocyclic azaannulene dyes, azulene dyes, naphthoquinone dyes, anthraquinone dyes , condensed polycyclic aromatics such as pyrene, chain compounds in which aromatic rings or heterocyclic compounds are condensed, quinoline having a squarylium group and croconic methine group as a linking chain, two nitrogen-containing heterocycles such as benzothiazole and benzoxazole
- a cyanine-like dye bound by a squarylium group and a croconic methine group can be used.
- metal complex dyes examples include dithiol metal complex dyes, metal phthalocyanine dyes, metal porphyrin dyes, and ruthenium complex dyes.
- ruthenium complex dyes are particularly preferable, but the dyes are not limited to the above.
- the upper electrode 26 is made of a conductive film having optical transparency, and is made of, for example, ITO (indium tin oxide).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a tin oxide (SnO 2 )-based material to which a dopant is added, or a zinc oxide-based material obtained by adding a dopant to zinc oxide (ZnO) is used.
- zinc oxide-based materials include aluminum zinc oxide (AZO) to which aluminum (Al) is added as a dopant, gallium zinc oxide (GZO) to which gallium (Ga) is added, and indium zinc to which indium (In) is added.
- Oxide (IZO) can be mentioned.
- the upper electrode 26 may be separated for each pixel, or may be formed as a common electrode for each pixel.
- the thickness of the upper electrode 26 is, for example, 10 nm to 200 nm.
- the photoelectric conversion section 20 includes another layer between the lower electrode 21 and the photoelectric conversion layer 25 (for example, between the protective layer 24 and the photoelectric conversion layer 25) and between the photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the upper electrode 26.
- a protective layer 24 for example, a protective layer 24, a buffer layer that also serves as an electron blocking film, a photoelectric conversion layer 25, a buffer layer that also serves as a hole blocking film, a work function adjusting layer, and the like are laminated in this order from the lower electrode 21 side.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 may be a pin bulk heterostructure in which, for example, a p-type blocking layer, a layer (i-layer) containing a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor, and an n-type blocking layer are laminated.
- the insulating layer 27 covers the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30, reduces the interface level with the semiconductor substrate 30, and suppresses the generation of dark current from the interface with the semiconductor substrate 30. Further, the insulating layer 27 extends from the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30 over the side surfaces of the openings 34H (see FIG. 1) in which the through electrodes 34 passing through the semiconductor substrate 30 are formed.
- the insulating layer 27 has, for example, a laminated structure of a fixed charge layer 27A and a dielectric layer 27B.
- the fixed charge layer 27A may be a film having positive fixed charges or a film having negative fixed charges.
- a semiconductor material or a conductive material having a wider bandgap than the semiconductor substrate 30 is preferably used. Thereby, generation of dark current at the interface of the semiconductor substrate 30 can be suppressed.
- constituent materials of the fixed charge layer 27A include hafnium oxide (HfO x ), aluminum oxide (AlO x ), zirconium oxide (ZrO x ), tantalum oxide (TaO x ), titanium oxide (TiO x ), lanthanum oxide ( LaO x ), praseodymium oxide (PrO x ), cerium oxide (CeO x ), neodymium oxide (NdO x ), promethium oxide (PmO x ), samarium oxide (SmO x ), europium oxide (EuO x ) , gadolinium oxide (GdO x ), terbium oxide (TbO x ), dysprosium oxide (DyO x ), holmium oxide (HoO x ), thulium oxide (TmO x ) , ytterbium oxide (YbO x ), lutetium oxide (LuO x
- the dielectric layer 27B is for preventing reflection of light caused by a refractive index difference between the semiconductor substrate 30 and the interlayer insulating layer 28 .
- a material having a refractive index between that of the semiconductor substrate 30 and that of the interlayer insulating layer 28 is preferable.
- constituent materials of the dielectric layer 27B include silicon oxide, TEOS, silicon nitride, and silicon oxynitride (SiON).
- the interlayer insulating layer 28 is composed of, for example, a single layer film made of one of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or the like, or a laminated film made of two or more of these.
- a shield electrode 29 is provided on the interlayer insulating layer 28 together with the lower electrode 21 .
- the shield electrode 29 is for preventing capacitive coupling between adjacent pixel units 1a. is applied.
- the shield electrode 29 further extends between adjacent pixels in the row direction (Z-axis direction) and column direction (X-axis direction) in the pixel unit 1a.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 is composed of, for example, an n-type silicon (Si) substrate and has a p-well 31 in a predetermined region.
- Each of the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R is composed of a photodiode (PD) having a pn junction in a predetermined region of the semiconductor substrate 30, and the wavelength of light absorbed in the Si substrate differs depending on the incident depth of the light. This makes it possible to split the light in the vertical direction.
- the photoelectric conversion region 32B selectively detects, for example, blue light and accumulates signal charges corresponding to blue, and is set at a depth that enables efficient photoelectric conversion of blue light.
- the photoelectric conversion region 32R selectively detects, for example, red light and accumulates signal charges corresponding to red, and is set at a depth that enables efficient photoelectric conversion of red light.
- Blue (B) is a color corresponding to, for example, a wavelength range of 450 nm to 495 nm
- red (R) is a color corresponding to, for example, a wavelength range of 620 nm to 750 nm.
- Each of the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R should be capable of detecting light in a part or all of the wavelength ranges.
- the photoelectric conversion region 32B includes, for example, a p+ region serving as a hole accumulation layer and an n region serving as an electron accumulation layer.
- the photoelectric conversion region 32R has, for example, a p+ region serving as a hole storage layer and an n region serving as an electron storage layer (having a pnp laminated structure).
- the n region of the photoelectric conversion region 32B is connected to the vertical transfer transistor Tr2.
- the p+ region of the photoelectric conversion region 32B is bent along the transfer transistor Tr2 and connected to the p+ region of the photoelectric conversion region 32R.
- the gate insulating layer 33 is composed of, for example, a single layer film made of one of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, etc., or a laminated film made of two or more of these.
- the through electrode 34 is provided between the first surface 30A and the second surface 30B of the semiconductor substrate 30, and functions as a connector between the photoelectric conversion section 20 and the gate Gamp of the amplifier transistor AMP and the floating diffusion FD1. It serves as a transmission path for carriers generated in the photoelectric conversion unit 20 .
- a reset gate Grst of the reset transistor RST is arranged next to the floating diffusion FD1 (one source/drain region 36B of the reset transistor RST). As a result, the carriers accumulated in the floating diffusion FD1 can be reset by the reset transistor RST.
- Pad portions 39A, 39B, upper first contact 39C, upper second contact 39D, lower first contact 45, lower second contact 46 and wiring 52 are made of a doped silicon material such as PDAS (Phosphorus Doped Amorphous Silicon). Alternatively, it can be formed using a metal material such as aluminum (Al), tungsten (W), titanium (Ti), cobalt (Co), hafnium (Hf), and tantalum (Ta).
- PDAS Phosphorus Doped Amorphous Silicon
- the protective layer 51 and the on-chip lens 54 are made of a material having optical transparency, for example, a single layer film made of silicon oxide, silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, or the like, or two of them. It is composed of a laminated film composed of the above.
- the thickness of this protective layer 51 is, for example, 100 nm to 30000 nm.
- the light shielding film 53 is provided, for example, in the protective layer 51 together with the wiring 52 so as to cover at least the region of the readout electrode 21A that is in direct contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 23 without covering the storage electrode 21B.
- the light shielding film 53 can be formed using, for example, tungsten (W), aluminum (Al), an alloy of Al and copper (Cu), or the like.
- FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the imaging device 10 shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 schematically shows the arrangement of the transistors that constitute the lower electrode 21 and the control section of the imaging device 10 shown in FIG.
- the reset transistor RST (reset transistor TR1rst) is for resetting carriers transferred from the photoelectric conversion section 20 to the floating diffusion FD1, and is composed of, for example, a MOS transistor.
- the reset transistor TR1rst is composed of a reset gate Grst, a channel formation region 36A, and source/drain regions 36B and 36C.
- the reset gate Grst is connected to the reset line RST1, and one source/drain region 36B of the reset transistor TR1rst also serves as the floating diffusion FD1.
- the other source/drain region 36C forming the reset transistor TR1rst is connected to the power supply line VDD.
- the amplifier transistor AMP (amplifier transistor TR1amp) is a modulation element that modulates the amount of charge generated in the photoelectric conversion unit 20 into a voltage, and is composed of, for example, a MOS transistor. Specifically, the amplifier transistor AMP is composed of a gate Gamp, a channel forming region 35A, and source/drain regions 35B and 35C.
- the gate Gamp is connected to the readout electrode 21A and one of the source/drain regions 36B (floating diffusion FD1) of the reset transistor TR1rst via the lower first contact 45, the connecting portion 41A, the lower second contact 46, the through electrode 34, and the like. It is One source/drain region 35B shares a region with the other source/drain region 36C forming the reset transistor TR1rst, and is connected to the power supply line VDD.
- the selection transistor SEL selection transistor TR1sel
- the selection transistor SEL is composed of a gate Gsel, a channel forming region 34A, and source/drain regions 34B and 34C.
- the gate Gsel is connected to the selection line SEL1.
- One source/drain region 34B shares a region with the other source/drain region 35C forming the amplifier transistor AMP, and the other source/drain region 34C is connected to the signal line (data output line) VSL1. It is
- the transfer transistor TR2 (transfer transistor TR2trs) is for transferring the signal charge corresponding to blue generated and accumulated in the photoelectric conversion region 32B to the floating diffusion FD2. Since the photoelectric conversion region 32B is formed at a deep position from the second surface 30B of the semiconductor substrate 30, the transfer transistor TR2trs of the photoelectric conversion region 32B is preferably configured by a vertical transistor.
- the transfer transistor TR2trs is connected to the transfer gate line TG2.
- a floating diffusion FD2 is provided in a region 37C near the gate Gtrs2 of the transfer transistor TR2trs. Carriers accumulated in the photoelectric conversion region 32B are read out to the floating diffusion FD2 through a transfer channel formed along the gate Gtrs2.
- the transfer transistor TR3 (transfer transistor TR3trs) is for transferring the signal charge corresponding to red generated and accumulated in the photoelectric conversion region 32R to the floating diffusion FD3, and is composed of, for example, a MOS transistor.
- the transfer transistor TR3trs is connected to the transfer gate line TG3.
- a floating diffusion FD3 is provided in a region 38C near the gate Gtrs3 of the transfer transistor TR3trs. Carriers accumulated in the photoelectric conversion region 32R are read out to the floating diffusion FD3 through a transfer channel formed along the gate Gtrs3.
- a reset transistor TR2rst an amplifier transistor TR2amp, and a select transistor TR2sel, which constitute a control section of the photoelectric conversion region 32B, are provided. Furthermore, a reset transistor TR3rst, an amplifier transistor TR3amp, and a selection transistor TR3sel, which constitute a control section of the photoelectric conversion region 32R, are provided.
- the reset transistor TR2rst is composed of a gate, a channel forming region and source/drain regions.
- a gate of the reset transistor TR2rst is connected to the reset line RST2, and one source/drain region of the reset transistor TR2rst is connected to the power supply line VDD.
- the other source/drain region of the reset transistor TR2rst also serves as the floating diffusion FD2.
- the amplifier transistor TR2amp is composed of a gate, a channel forming region and source/drain regions.
- a gate is connected to the other source/drain region (floating diffusion FD2) of the reset transistor TR2rst.
- One source/drain region forming the amplifier transistor TR2amp shares a region with one source/drain region forming the reset transistor TR2rst, and is connected to the power supply line VDD.
- the selection transistor TR2sel is composed of a gate, a channel forming region and source/drain regions.
- the gate is connected to the selection line SEL2.
- One source/drain region forming the select transistor TR2sel shares a region with the other source/drain region forming the amplifier transistor TR2amp.
- the other source/drain region forming the select transistor TR2sel is connected to the signal line (data output line) VSL2.
- the reset transistor TR3rst is composed of a gate, a channel forming region and source/drain regions.
- a gate of the reset transistor TR3rst is connected to the reset line RST3, and one source/drain region forming the reset transistor TR3rst is connected to the power supply line VDD.
- the other source/drain region forming the reset transistor TR3rst also serves as the floating diffusion FD3.
- the amplifier transistor TR3amp is composed of a gate, a channel forming region and source/drain regions.
- the gate is connected to the other source/drain region (floating diffusion FD3) forming the reset transistor TR3rst.
- One source/drain region forming the amplifier transistor TR3amp shares a region with one source/drain region forming the reset transistor TR3rst, and is connected to the power supply line VDD.
- the select transistor TR3sel is composed of a gate, a channel forming region and source/drain regions.
- the gate is connected to the selection line SEL3.
- One source/drain region forming the select transistor TR3sel shares a region with the other source/drain region forming the amplifier transistor TR3amp.
- the other source/drain region forming the select transistor TR3sel is connected to the signal line (data output line) VSL3.
- the reset lines RST1, RST2, and RST3, the selection lines SEL1, SEL2, and SEL3, and the transfer gate lines TG2 and TG3 are each connected to a vertical drive circuit forming a drive circuit.
- the signal lines (data output lines) VSL1, VSL2 and VSL3 are connected to a column signal processing circuit 112 that constitutes a driving circuit.
- the protective layer 51 and the optical black (OPB) layer 58 are formed on the photoelectric conversion section 20 in the vicinity of the peripheral region 1B provided around the pixel section 1A.
- the protective layer 51 and the OPB layer 58 cover the side surfaces of the photoelectric conversion section 20 and extend to the peripheral region 1B. This reduces deterioration caused by damage to the side surface of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 when the protective layers 24 and 51 are formed.
- the imaging device 10 of this embodiment can be manufactured, for example, as follows.
- a p+ region is formed near the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30 .
- the transfer transistors Tr2, the transfer transistors Tr3, and the selection layer are formed on the second surface 30B of the semiconductor substrate 30, as shown in FIG. 8, for example, after forming n+ regions to be the floating diffusions FD1 to FD3, the gate insulating layer 33, the transfer transistors Tr2, the transfer transistors Tr3, and the selection layer are formed.
- a gate wiring layer 47 including gates of the transistor SEL, amplifier transistor AMP and reset transistor RST is formed.
- a transfer transistor Tr2, a transfer transistor Tr3, a select transistor SEL, an amplifier transistor AMP, and a reset transistor RST are formed.
- a multilayer wiring layer 40 composed of wiring layers 41 to 43 including lower first contacts 45, lower second contacts 46 and connecting portions 41A and insulating layers 44 is formed on the second surface 30B of the semiconductor substrate 30.
- an SOI (Silicon on Insulator) substrate in which the semiconductor substrate 30, a buried oxide film (not shown), and a holding substrate (not shown) are laminated is used as the base of the semiconductor substrate 30, for example.
- the buried oxide film and the holding substrate are bonded to the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30, although not shown in FIG. Annealing is performed after the ion implantation.
- a support substrate (not shown) or another semiconductor substrate or the like is bonded onto the multilayer wiring layer 40 provided on the second surface 30B side of the semiconductor substrate 30 and turned upside down.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 is separated from the embedded oxide film of the SOI substrate and the holding substrate to expose the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30 .
- the above steps can be performed by techniques such as ion implantation and CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), which are used in ordinary CMOS processes.
- the semiconductor substrate 30 is processed from the first surface 30A side by dry etching, for example, to form, for example, an annular opening 34H.
- the opening 34H penetrates from the first surface 30A to the second surface 30B of the semiconductor substrate 30 and reaches, for example, the connecting portion 41A.
- a fixed charge layer 27A and a dielectric layer 27B are sequentially formed on the first surface 30A of the semiconductor substrate 30 and the side surfaces of the openings 34H.
- the fixed charge layer 27A can be formed, for example, by forming a hafnium oxide film or an aluminum oxide film using an atomic layer deposition method (ALD method).
- the dielectric layer 27B can be formed, for example, by depositing a silicon oxide film using plasma CVD.
- pad portions 39A and 39B are formed by laminating a barrier metal made of, for example, a laminated film of titanium and titanium nitride (Ti/TiN film) and a tungsten film. .
- the pad portions 39A and 39B can be used as light shielding films.
- an interlayer insulating layer 28 is formed on the dielectric layer 27B and the pad portions 39A and 39B, and the surface of the interlayer insulating layer 28 is planarized using a CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) method.
- openings 28H1 and 28H2 are formed on the pad portions 39A and 39B, respectively. and an upper second contact 39D.
- a conductive film 21x is formed on the interlayer insulating layer 28 using, for example, a sputtering method, and then patterned using a photolithographic technique. Specifically, after forming a photoresist PR at a predetermined position of the conductive film 21x, the conductive film 21x is processed using dry etching or wet etching. After that, by removing the photoresist PR, the readout electrode 21A and the storage electrode 21B are formed as shown in FIG.
- the insulating layer 22, the oxide semiconductor layer 23, the protective layer 24, the photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the upper electrode 26 are formed.
- the insulating layer 22 for example, after forming a silicon oxide film using the ALD method, the surface of the insulating layer 22 is planarized using the CMP method. After that, an opening 22H is formed on the readout electrode 21A using, for example, wet etching.
- the oxide semiconductor layer 23 can be formed using, for example, a sputtering method.
- the protective layer 24 (first layer 24A and second layer 24B) can be formed using, for example, the ALD method.
- the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is formed using, for example, a vacuum deposition method.
- the upper electrode 26 is formed using, for example, a sputtering method, similarly to the lower electrode 21 . Finally, the protective layer 51 including the wiring 52 and the light shielding film 53 and the on-chip lens 54 are arranged on the upper electrode 26 . As described above, the imaging device 10 shown in FIG. 1 is completed.
- a buffer layer also serving as an electron blocking film, a buffer layer serving as a hole blocking film, or a
- a buffer layer also serving as an electron blocking film
- a buffer layer serving as a hole blocking film
- the method for forming the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is not necessarily limited to the method using the vacuum deposition method, and for example, a spin coating technique, a printing technique, or the like may be used.
- a vacuum vapor deposition method such as an ion plating method, a pyrosol method, a method of thermally decomposing an organometallic compound, a spray method, a dipping method, various CVD methods including the MOCVD method, an electroless plating method and an electrolysis method.
- PVD method physical vapor deposition method
- the photoelectric conversion section 20 is connected to the gate Gamp of the amplifier transistor TR1amp and the floating diffusion FD1 via the through electrode . Therefore, electrons among excitons generated in the photoelectric conversion unit 20 are extracted from the lower electrode 21 side, transferred to the second surface 30S2 side of the semiconductor substrate 30 via the through electrode 34, and accumulated in the floating diffusion FD1. . At the same time, the amount of charge generated in the photoelectric conversion section 20 is modulated into a voltage by the amplifier transistor TR1amp.
- a reset gate Grst of the reset transistor TR1rst is arranged next to the floating diffusion FD1. Thereby, the carriers accumulated in the floating diffusion FD1 are reset by the reset transistor TR1rst.
- the photoelectric conversion section 20 is connected not only to the amplifier transistor TR1amp but also to the floating diffusion FD1 via the through electrode 34, the carriers accumulated in the floating diffusion FD1 can be easily reset by the reset transistor TR1rst. becomes.
- FIG. 14 shows an operation example of the imaging element 10.
- FIG. (A) shows the potential at the storage electrode 21B
- (B) shows the potential at the floating diffusion FD1 (readout electrode 21A)
- (C) shows the potential at the gate (Gsel) of the reset transistor TR1rst. is.
- voltages are individually applied to the readout electrode 21A and the storage electrode 21B.
- the potential V1 is applied from the drive circuit to the readout electrode 21A and the potential V2 is applied to the storage electrode 21B during the accumulation period.
- the potentials V1 and V2 are V2>V1.
- carriers (signal charges; electrons) generated by photoelectric conversion are attracted to the storage electrode 21B and accumulated in the region of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 facing the storage electrode 21B (accumulation period).
- the potential of the region of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 facing the storage electrode 21B becomes a more negative value as the photoelectric conversion time elapses. Holes are sent from the upper electrode 26 to the drive circuit.
- the imaging device 10 performs a reset operation in the latter half of the accumulation period. Specifically, at timing t1, the scanning unit changes the voltage of the reset signal RST from low level to high level. Thereby, in the unit pixel P, the reset transistor TR1rst is turned on, and as a result, the voltage of the floating diffusion FD1 is set to the power supply voltage, and the voltage of the floating diffusion FD1 is reset (reset period).
- the carrier is read. Specifically, at timing t2, the drive circuit applies a potential V3 to the readout electrode 21A and a potential V4 to the storage electrode 21B.
- the potentials V3 and V4 are V3 ⁇ V4.
- the carriers accumulated in the region corresponding to the storage electrode 21B are read from the readout electrode 21A to the floating diffusion FD1. That is, carriers accumulated in the oxide semiconductor layer 23 are read out to the control unit (transfer period).
- the potential V1 is applied again from the drive circuit to the readout electrode 21A, and the potential V2 is applied to the storage electrode 21B.
- the potential V1 is applied again from the drive circuit to the readout electrode 21A, and the potential V2 is applied to the storage electrode 21B.
- carriers generated by photoelectric conversion are attracted to the storage electrode 21B and accumulated in the region of the photoelectric conversion layer 25 facing the storage electrode 21B (accumulation period).
- the first layer containing oxygen (O), the element X, and the element Y as common elements is provided between the oxide semiconductor layer 23 and the photoelectric conversion layer 25 in the photoelectric conversion section 20 .
- 24A and the second layer 24B provided the protective layer 24 laminated in order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y is defined as the number of atoms of each element X and the element Y divided by the total number of atoms of the element X and the element Y.
- composition ratio of the element X contained in the layer 24A is R x1
- the composition ratio of the element Y is R y1
- the composition ratio of the element X contained in the second layer 24B is R x2
- the composition ratio of the element Y is R y2
- R satisfies x1 > R x2 ⁇ 0 and 0 ⁇ R y1 ⁇ R y2 . This reduces defects in the oxide semiconductor layer without preventing transport of carriers from the photoelectric conversion layer 25 . This will be explained below.
- red pixels, green pixels, and blue pixels in which primary color filters of red, green, and blue are respectively arranged are arranged in a Bayer pattern. Since light other than colored light (for example, green light and blue light in a red pixel) does not pass through the color filter and is not used for photoelectric conversion, sensitivity is lost. In addition, a problem of false colors occurs when interpolating between pixels to generate color signals.
- an image sensor in which three layers of photoelectric conversion layers are stacked vertically to obtain photoelectric conversion signals of three colors in one pixel.
- a photoelectric conversion unit that detects green light and generates signal charges corresponding to the detected green light is provided above a silicon substrate, and a photoelectric conversion unit is provided above the silicon substrate.
- An image sensor has been proposed in which two stacked PDs detect blue light and red light.
- the circuit formation surface is formed on the opposite side to the light receiving surface, and is configured as a backside illumination type.
- oxygen (O), element X, and element Y are included as common elements between oxide semiconductor layer 23 and photoelectric conversion layer 25, and element X and element Y have a composition of is defined as the number of atoms of element X and element Y divided by the total number of atoms of element X and element Y;
- R y1 the composition ratio of the element X contained in the second layer 24B is R x2
- R y2 the composition ratio of the element Y
- a protective layer 24 was provided comprising a layer 24A and a second layer 24B.
- the imaging device 10 of the present embodiment can improve image quality.
- FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a main part (photoelectric conversion unit 20A) of an imaging device according to the second embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20A for example, together with the two photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R, can be used as the imaging device 10 in electronic equipment such as a digital still camera and a video camera, in the same manner as the photoelectric conversion unit 20 of the first embodiment.
- a pixel (unit pixel P) that is repeatedly arranged in an array in a pixel portion 1A of an imaging device such as a CMOS image sensor (for example, the imaging device 1, see FIG. 28) used for .
- CMOS image sensor for example, the imaging device 1, see FIG. 28
- the photoelectric conversion section 20A of the present embodiment includes a lower electrode 21 composed of a readout electrode 21A and a storage electrode 21B, an insulating layer 22, an oxide semiconductor layer 23, a protective layer 24, a photoelectric conversion layer 25, and an upper electrode. 26 are laminated in this order.
- the protective layer 24 is composed of a plurality of layers. For example, a first layer 24A, a second layer 24B, and a third layer 24C are stacked in this order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- the third layer 24C has an opening 24H at a position facing the storage electrode 21B.
- the readout electrode 21A corresponds to a specific example of the "second electrode" of the present disclosure
- the storage electrode 21B corresponds to a specific example of the "first electrode" of the present disclosure.
- first layer 24A corresponds to a specific example of the "first layer” of the present disclosure
- second layer 24B corresponds to a specific example of the "second layer” of the present disclosure
- third layer 24C corresponds to a specific example of the "third layer” of the present disclosure.
- the photoelectric conversion section 20A includes an oxide semiconductor layer 23, a protective layer 24 formed using an inorganic material, and a photoelectric conversion layer 24 formed using an organic material between a lower electrode 21 and an upper electrode 26 which are arranged to face each other. Layers 25 are laminated in this order from the lower electrode 21 side.
- the protective layer 24 has the first layer 24A, the second layer 24B and the third layer 24C laminated in this order. It has an opening 24H at a position where The photoelectric conversion section 20A further has an insulating layer 22 between the lower electrode 21 and the oxide semiconductor layer 23 .
- the lower electrode 21, the insulating layer 22, the oxide semiconductor layer 23, the photoelectric conversion layer 25, and the upper electrode 26, which constitute the photoelectric conversion section 20A, have the same configurations as those of the photoelectric conversion section 20 in the first embodiment. Therefore, description thereof will be omitted in this embodiment.
- the protective layer 24 is for preventing desorption of oxygen from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 .
- the protective layer 24 has a first layer 24A, a second layer 24B and a third layer 24C which are stacked in order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- the first layer 24A and the second layer 23B have composition ratios different from each other, as in the first embodiment.
- the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B contain oxygen (O), the element X, and the element Y as common elements, and the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y is set to
- the number of atoms is defined as the number of atoms divided by the total number of atoms of element X and element Y
- the composition ratio of element X contained in the first layer is R x1
- the composition ratio of element Y is R y1 contained in the second layer
- the composition ratio of element Y is defined as R x1 .
- the difference between the composition ratio Rx1 of the element X in the first layer 24A and the composition ratio Rx2 of the element X in the second layer 24B is preferably 0.1 or more.
- the film density of the first layer 24A is preferably smaller than the film density of the second layer 24B.
- the first layer 24A has a thickness of 1 atomic layer or more and 5 nm or less
- the second layer 24B has a thickness of 1 nm or more and 10 nm or less
- the total thickness of the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B is less than 10 nm.
- the first layer 24A has a film density of 3.0 g/cm 3 or less
- the second layer 24B has a film density of 2.5 g/cm 3 or more.
- the first layer 24A and the second layer 23B are defined to have higher (deeper) energy with the vacuum level as a zero reference, and the energy level at the lowest end of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is defined as Ec O 2 , Ec C the lowest energy level of the conduction band of the oxide semiconductor layer 23 , Ec A the lowest energy level of the conduction band of the first layer 24A, and Ec A the lowest energy level of the conduction band of the second layer 24B. is Ec B , it is preferable to satisfy Ec O ⁇ Ec B ⁇ Ec A ⁇ Ec C.
- the first layer 24A and the second layer 23B are made of, for example, tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tungsten (W), zirconium, as in the first embodiment. (Zr), hafnium (Hf), scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), gallium (Ga), and magnesium (Mg). can do.
- the constituent material of the protective layer 24 is, for example, tantalum oxide (Ta 2 O 5 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), vanadium oxide (V 2 O 5 ), niobium oxide (Nb 2 O 5 ), oxide Tantalum ( W2O3 ), zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 ), hafnium oxide ( HfO2), scandium oxide ( Sc2O3 ) , yttrium oxide ( Y2O3 ), lanthanum oxide ( La2O3 ), oxide Gallium (Ga 2 O 3 ) and magnesium oxide (MgO) are included.
- FIG. 16A shows an insulating layer 22, an oxide semiconductor layer 23, a protective layer 24 (first layer 24A, second layer 24B and third layer 24C), a photoelectric conversion layer 25 and an upper electrode stacked above the readout electrode 21A.
- An example of 26 energy levels is shown.
- FIG. 16B shows insulating layer 22, oxide semiconductor layer 23, protective layer 24 (first layer 24A, second layer 24B and third layer 24C), photoelectric conversion layer 25 and upper electrode stacked above storage electrode 21B.
- 26 energy levels is shown.
- the third layer 24C is not particularly limited in its energy level at the bottom of its conduction band, film density, and film thickness.
- the energy is defined as higher (deeper) as the distance from the vacuum level increases
- the energy level at the bottom of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer 25 is Ec O
- the conduction band of the third layer 24C When the lowest energy level is Ec D , Ec D ⁇ Ec O as shown in FIG. 16A.
- carriers (electrons) generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 25 are efficiently accumulated in the oxide semiconductor layer 23 above the storage electrode 21B, and signal charges are transferred from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side to the photoelectric conversion layer 25. backflow can be prevented.
- the total thickness of the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B in the opening 24H is 1 nm or more and less than 10 nm.
- the total film thickness of 24B and third layer 24C is preferably 1 nm or more and less than 100 nm.
- the opening 24H of the third layer 24C is preferably larger than half the area of the storage electrode 21B.
- the side surface of the storage electrode 21B and the side surface of the opening 24H substantially match in plan view. , it may be one size smaller than the storage electrode 21B.
- the side surface of the opening 24H of the third layer 24C may be formed so as to be, for example, 10 nm inside each side of the storage electrode 21B.
- the third layer 24C can be formed using SiO x , SiON, SiOC, or AlO x in addition to the metal oxides mentioned as the constituent materials of the first layer 24A and the second layer 23B.
- a storage electrode is provided between the oxide semiconductor layer 23 and the photoelectric conversion layer 25 in the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B which are stacked in order from the oxide semiconductor layer 23 side.
- a third layer 24C having an opening 24H at a position facing 21B is further laminated. This makes it possible to further reduce defects in the oxide semiconductor layer without hindering transport of carriers from the photoelectric conversion layer 25 . Therefore, it is possible to further improve the image quality.
- FIG. 19 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a main part (photoelectric conversion unit 20B) of an imaging device according to Modification 1 of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 20A shows the insulating layer 22, the oxide semiconductor layer 23, the protective layer 24 (the first layer 24A, the second layer 24B and the third layer 24C), the photoelectric conversion layer 25 and the upper electrode stacked above the readout electrode 21A.
- An example of 26 energy levels is shown.
- FIG. 20B shows insulating layer 22, oxide semiconductor layer 23, protective layer 24 (first layer 24A, second layer 24B and third layer 24C), photoelectric conversion layer 25 and upper electrode stacked above storage electrode 21B.
- An example of 26 energy levels is shown.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20B of the present modification differs from the second embodiment in that the third layer 24C of the second embodiment is provided between the oxide semiconductor layer 23 and the first layer 24A. different from
- the position of the third layer 24C within the protective layer 24 is not particularly limited.
- 24 C of 3rd layers may be formed on the 2nd layer 24B like photoelectric conversion part 20A of the said 2nd Embodiment, and may be formed on the oxide semiconductor layer 23 and 1st layer 24B like this modification. It may be provided between the layer 24A. Alternatively, it may be provided between the first layer 24A and the second layer 24B. In either configuration, the same effects as those of the second embodiment can be obtained.
- FIG. 21 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a main portion (photoelectric conversion portion 20C) of an imaging device according to Modification 2 of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 22 schematically shows an example of the pixel configuration of the imaging device 1 having the photoelectric conversion unit 20C shown in FIG. 21, and
- FIG. 21 shows a cross section along line III-III shown in FIG. ing.
- the side surface of the opening 24H of the third layer 24C and the side surface of the storage electrode 21B are substantially coincident with each other in plan view, or the side surface of the storage electrode 21B is located inside each side of the storage electrode 21B. It is not limited to this.
- the opening 24H of the third layer 24C may be slightly larger than the storage electrode 21B.
- the minimum distance between the end of the storage electrode 21B and the end of the floating diffusion FD is L_f
- the minimum distance between the end of the storage electrode 21B and the end of the shield electrode 29 is L_s
- the minimum distance between the end of the storage electrode 21B and the end of the opening 24H is L_ov
- 10 nm ⁇ L_ov ⁇ L_f and 10 nm ⁇ L_ov ⁇ L_s may be satisfied.
- FIG. 23 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of a main portion (photoelectric conversion unit 20D) of an imaging device according to Modification 3 of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 24 schematically shows an example of the pixel configuration of the imaging device 1 having the photoelectric conversion unit 20D shown in FIG. 23, and FIG. 23 shows a cross section along line IV-IV shown in FIG. ing.
- the side surface of the opening 24H of the third layer 24C and the side surface of the storage electrode 21B are substantially coincident with each other in plan view, or the side surface of the storage electrode 21B is located inside each side of the storage electrode 21B. It is not limited to this.
- the opening 24H of the third layer 24C has no portion facing the shield electrode 29 with the oxide semiconductor layer 23 therebetween, and has a portion facing the storage electrode 21B with the oxide semiconductor layer 23 therebetween. good too.
- L_f is the minimum distance between the end of the storage electrode 21B and the end of the floating diffusion FD
- L_d is the minimum distance between the end of the floating diffusion FD and the end of the opening 24H
- FIG. 25A schematically illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device 10A according to Modification 4 of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 25B schematically shows an example of the planar configuration of the imaging element 10A shown in FIG. 25A
- FIG. 25A shows a cross section along line VV shown in FIG. 25B.
- the image sensor 10A is, for example, a stacked image sensor in which a photoelectric conversion region 32 and a photoelectric conversion unit 60 are stacked.
- a pixel unit 1A of an imaging device for example, an imaging device 1
- a pixel unit 1a composed of four pixels arranged in two rows and two columns, for example, as shown in FIG. 25B. It becomes a repeating unit, and is repeatedly arranged in an array formed in the row direction and the column direction.
- a color filter 55 that selectively transmits red light (R), green light (G), and blue light (B) is provided above the photoelectric conversion unit 60 (light incident side S1). , are provided for each unit pixel P, respectively.
- the pixel unit 1a composed of four pixels arranged in two rows and two columns, two color filters for selectively transmitting green light (G) are arranged diagonally, and red light (R ) and blue light (B) are arranged on orthogonal diagonal lines one by one.
- the unit pixel (Pr, Pg, Pb) provided with each color filter for example, the corresponding color light is detected in the photoelectric conversion section 60 . That is, in the pixel section 1A, pixels (Pr, Pg, Pb) for detecting red light (R), green light (G), and blue light (B) are arranged in a Bayer pattern.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 60 generates excitons (electron-hole pairs) by absorbing light corresponding to part or all of the wavelengths in the visible light region of, for example, 400 nm or more and less than 750 nm.
- An insulating layer (interlayer insulating layer 62), an oxide semiconductor layer 63, a protective layer 64, a photoelectric conversion layer 65 and an upper electrode 66 are laminated in this order.
- the lower electrode 61, the interlayer insulating layer 62, the oxide semiconductor layer 63, the protective layer 64, the photoelectric conversion layer 65, and the upper electrode 66 are the lower electrodes of the photoelectric conversion section 20 and the like in the first and second embodiments, respectively.
- the lower electrode 61 has, for example, a readout electrode 61A and a storage electrode 61B that are independent of each other, and the readout electrode 61A is shared by, for example, four pixels. Note that the oxide semiconductor layer 63 may be omitted.
- the photoelectric conversion region 32 detects, for example, an infrared light region of 750 nm or more and 1300 nm or less.
- the light in the visible light region red light (R), green light (G), and blue light (B)
- the light in the visible light region red light (R), green light (G), and blue light (B)
- the photoelectric conversion portion 60 of the unit pixel Pr, Pg, Pb
- other light for example, light in the infrared light region (for example, 750 nm or more and 1000 nm or less) (infrared light (IR)) is converted into photoelectric conversion. It passes through the converter 60 .
- the infrared light (IR) transmitted through the photoelectric conversion unit 60 is detected in the photoelectric conversion regions 32 of the unit pixels Pr, Pg, and Pb, and the unit pixels Pr, Pg, and Pb correspond to the infrared light (IR).
- a signal charge is generated. That is, the imaging device 1 having the imaging element 10A can generate both a visible light image and an infrared light image at the same time.
- the imaging device 1 including the imaging device 10A can acquire a visible light image and an infrared light image at the same position in the XZ plane direction. Therefore, it becomes possible to realize high integration in the XZ plane direction.
- FIG. 26A schematically illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device 10B according to Modification 5 of the present disclosure.
- FIG. 26B schematically shows an example of the planar configuration of the imaging element 10B shown in FIG. 26A
- FIG. 26A shows a cross section along line VI-VI shown in FIG. 26B.
- the color filter 55 has a photoelectric conversion area, for example, as shown in FIG. 26A. 32 and the photoelectric conversion section 60 may be provided.
- the color filter 55 is a color filter (color filter 55R) that selectively transmits at least red light (R) and selectively transmits at least blue light (B) in the pixel unit 1a. It has a configuration in which color filters (color filters 55B) are arranged diagonally to each other.
- the photoelectric conversion section 60 (photoelectric conversion layer 65) is configured to selectively absorb light having a wavelength corresponding to green light (G), for example.
- the photoelectric conversion region 32R selectively absorbs light having a wavelength corresponding to red light (R), and the photoelectric conversion region 32B selectively absorbs light having a wavelength corresponding to blue light (B).
- red light (R), green light (G) or blue light (B) is generated in the photoelectric conversion regions 32 (photoelectric conversion regions 32R and 32B) arranged below the photoelectric conversion section 60 and the color filters 55R and 55B, respectively. It is possible to acquire a signal corresponding to In the imaging device 10B of this modified example, the area of each of the photoelectric conversion units for RGB can be increased compared to a photoelectric conversion device having a general Bayer array, so the S/N ratio can be improved.
- FIG. 27 schematically illustrates a cross-sectional configuration of an imaging device 10C according to Modification 6 of the present disclosure.
- the imaging device 10C of this modified example has two photoelectric conversion units 20 and 80 and one photoelectric conversion region 32 stacked vertically.
- the photoelectric conversion units 20 and 80 and the photoelectric conversion region 32 selectively detect light in different wavelength ranges and perform photoelectric conversion.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20 acquires a green (G) color signal.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 80 acquires a blue (B) color signal.
- the photoelectric conversion area 32 acquires a red (R) color signal.
- the photoelectric conversion section 80 is, for example, stacked above the photoelectric conversion section 20 and has the same configuration as the photoelectric conversion section 20 . Specifically, in the photoelectric conversion section 80, a lower electrode 81, an insulating layer 82, an oxide semiconductor layer 83, a protective layer 84, a photoelectric conversion layer 85, and an upper electrode 86 are stacked in this order.
- the lower electrode 81 is composed of a plurality of electrodes (for example, a readout electrode 81A and a storage electrode 81B), which are electrically separated by an insulating layer 82, similarly to the photoelectric conversion section 20.
- An interlayer insulating layer 87 is provided between the photoelectric conversion section 80 and the photoelectric conversion section 20 .
- a through electrode 88 that penetrates the interlayer insulating layer 87 and the photoelectric conversion section 20 and is electrically connected to the readout electrode 21A of the photoelectric conversion section 20 is connected to the readout electrode 81A. Furthermore, the readout electrode 81A is electrically connected to the floating diffusion FD provided in the semiconductor substrate 30 via the through electrodes 34 and 88, and temporarily accumulates carriers generated in the photoelectric conversion layer 85. be able to. Furthermore, the readout electrode 81A is electrically connected to the amplifier transistor AMP and the like provided on the semiconductor substrate 30 through the through electrodes 34 and 88 .
- FIG. 28 illustrates an example of the overall configuration of an imaging device (imaging device 1) including the imaging device (for example, the imaging device 10) shown in FIG. 1 and the like.
- the imaging device 1 is, for example, a CMOS image sensor, takes in incident light (image light) from a subject through an optical lens system (not shown), and measures the amount of incident light formed on an imaging surface.
- the electric signal is converted into an electric signal on a pixel-by-pixel basis and output as a pixel signal.
- the image pickup device 1 has a pixel portion 1A as an image pickup area on a semiconductor substrate 30, and includes, for example, a vertical drive circuit 111, a column signal processing circuit 112, a horizontal drive circuit 113, an output It has a circuit 114 , a control circuit 115 and an input/output terminal 116 .
- the pixel section 1A has, for example, a plurality of unit pixels P arranged two-dimensionally in a matrix.
- a pixel drive line Lread (specifically, a row selection line and a reset control line) is wired for each pixel row, and a vertical signal line Lsig is wired for each pixel column.
- the pixel drive line Lread transmits drive signals for reading signals from pixels.
- One end of the pixel drive line Lread is connected to an output terminal corresponding to each row of the vertical drive circuit 111 .
- the vertical drive circuit 111 is a pixel drive section that is configured by a shift register, an address decoder, etc., and drives each unit pixel P of the pixel section 1A, for example, in units of rows.
- a signal output from each unit pixel P in a pixel row selectively scanned by the vertical drive circuit 111 is supplied to the column signal processing circuit 112 through each vertical signal line Lsig.
- the column signal processing circuit 112 is composed of amplifiers, horizontal selection switches, and the like provided for each vertical signal line Lsig.
- the horizontal drive circuit 113 is composed of a shift register, an address decoder, etc., and sequentially drives the horizontal selection switches of the column signal processing circuit 112 while scanning them. By selective scanning by the horizontal drive circuit 113, the signals of the pixels transmitted through the vertical signal lines Lsig are sequentially output to the horizontal signal line 121 and transmitted to the outside of the semiconductor substrate 30 through the horizontal signal line 121. .
- the output circuit 114 performs signal processing on signals sequentially supplied from each of the column signal processing circuits 112 via the horizontal signal line 121 and outputs the processed signals.
- the output circuit 114 may perform only buffering, or may perform black level adjustment, column variation correction, various digital signal processing, and the like.
- a circuit portion consisting of the vertical drive circuit 111, the column signal processing circuit 112, the horizontal drive circuit 113, the horizontal signal line 121 and the output circuit 114 may be formed directly on the semiconductor substrate 30, or may be formed on the external control IC. It may be arranged. Moreover, those circuit portions may be formed on another substrate connected by a cable or the like.
- the control circuit 115 receives a clock given from the outside of the semiconductor substrate 30, data instructing an operation mode, etc., and outputs data such as internal information of the imaging device 1.
- the control circuit 115 further has a timing generator that generates various timing signals, and controls the vertical drive circuit 111, the column signal processing circuit 112, the horizontal drive circuit 113, etc. based on the various timing signals generated by the timing generator. It controls driving of peripheral circuits.
- the input/output terminal 116 exchanges signals with the outside.
- the imaging apparatus 1 as described above is applied to various electronic devices such as imaging systems such as digital still cameras and digital video cameras, mobile phones with imaging functions, and other devices with imaging functions. can do.
- FIG. 29 is a block diagram showing an example of the configuration of the electronic device 1000. As shown in FIG.
- an electronic device 1000 includes an optical system 1001, an imaging device 1, and a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) 1002. , an operation system 1006 and a power supply system 1007 are connected to each other, so that still images and moving images can be captured.
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- the optical system 1001 is configured with one or more lenses, takes in incident light (image light) from a subject, and forms an image on the imaging surface of the imaging device 1 .
- the imaging apparatus 1 converts the amount of incident light formed on the imaging surface by the optical system 1001 into an electric signal in units of pixels, and supplies the electric signal to the DSP 1002 as a pixel signal.
- the DSP 1002 acquires an image by subjecting the signal from the imaging device 1 to various signal processing, and temporarily stores the image data in the memory 1003 .
- the image data stored in the memory 1003 is recorded in the recording device 1005 or supplied to the display device 1004 to display the image.
- An operation system 1006 receives various operations by a user and supplies an operation signal to each block of the electronic device 1000 , and a power supply system 1007 supplies electric power necessary for driving each block of the electronic device 1000 .
- FIG. 30A schematically shows an example of the overall configuration of a photodetection system 2000 including the imaging device 1.
- FIG. FIG. 30B shows an example of the circuit configuration of the photodetection system 2000.
- the photodetection system 2000 includes a light emitting device 2001 as a light source section that emits infrared light L2, and a photodetector device 2002 as a light receiving section having a photoelectric conversion element.
- the photodetector 2002 the imaging device 1 described above can be used.
- the light detection system 2000 may further include a system control section 2003 , a light source drive section 2004 , a sensor control section 2005 , a light source side optical system 2006 and a camera side optical system 2007 .
- the photodetector 2002 can detect the light L1 and the light L2.
- the light L1 is ambient light from the outside and is reflected from the object (measurement object) 2100 (FIG. 30A).
- Light L2 is light emitted by the light emitting device 2001 and then reflected by the subject 2100 .
- the light L1 is, for example, visible light
- the light L2 is, for example, infrared light.
- the light L1 can be detected in the photoelectric conversion portion of the photodetector 2002, and the light L2 can be detected in the photoelectric conversion region of the photodetector 2002.
- FIG. Image information of the object 2100 can be obtained from the light L1, and distance information between the object 2100 and the light detection system 2000 can be obtained from the light L2.
- the light detection system 2000 can be mounted on, for example, electronic devices such as smartphones and moving bodies such as cars.
- the light emitting device 2001 can be composed of, for example, a semiconductor laser, a surface emitting semiconductor laser, or a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL).
- VCSEL vertical cavity surface emitting laser
- an iTOF method can be adopted, but the method is not limited to this.
- the photoelectric conversion unit can measure the distance to the subject 2100 by, for example, time-of-flight (TOF).
- a structured light method or a stereo vision method can be adopted as a method for detecting the light L2 emitted from the light emitting device 2001 by the photodetector 2002.
- the distance between the photodetection system 2000 and the subject 2100 can be measured by projecting a predetermined pattern of light onto the subject 2100 and analyzing the degree of distortion of the pattern.
- the stereo vision method for example, two or more cameras are used to acquire two or more images of the subject 2100 viewed from two or more different viewpoints, thereby measuring the distance between the photodetection system 2000 and the subject. can.
- the light emitting device 2001 and the photodetector 2002 can be synchronously controlled by the system control unit 2003 .
- FIG. 31 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of an endoscopic surgery system to which the technology according to the present disclosure (this technology) can be applied.
- FIG. 31 illustrates a state in which an operator (doctor) 11131 is performing surgery on a patient 11132 on a patient bed 11133 using an endoscopic surgery system 11000 .
- an endoscopic surgery system 11000 includes an endoscope 11100, other surgical instruments 11110 such as a pneumoperitoneum tube 11111 and an energy treatment instrument 11112, and a support arm device 11120 for supporting the endoscope 11100. , and a cart 11200 loaded with various devices for endoscopic surgery.
- An endoscope 11100 is composed of a lens barrel 11101 whose distal end is inserted into the body cavity of a patient 11132 and a camera head 11102 connected to the proximal end of the lens barrel 11101 .
- an endoscope 11100 configured as a so-called rigid scope having a rigid lens barrel 11101 is illustrated, but the endoscope 11100 may be configured as a so-called flexible scope having a flexible lens barrel. good.
- the tip of the lens barrel 11101 is provided with an opening into which the objective lens is fitted.
- a light source device 11203 is connected to the endoscope 11100, and light generated by the light source device 11203 is guided to the tip of the lens barrel 11101 by a light guide extending inside the lens barrel 11101, where it reaches the objective. Through the lens, the light is irradiated toward the observation object inside the body cavity of the patient 11132 .
- the endoscope 11100 may be a straight scope, a perspective scope, or a side scope.
- An optical system and an imaging element are provided inside the camera head 11102, and the reflected light (observation light) from the observation target is focused on the imaging element by the optical system.
- the imaging element photoelectrically converts the observation light to generate an electric signal corresponding to the observation light, that is, an image signal corresponding to the observation image.
- the image signal is transmitted to a camera control unit (CCU: Camera Control Unit) 11201 as RAW data.
- CCU Camera Control Unit
- the CCU 11201 includes a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit), etc., and controls the operations of the endoscope 11100 and the display device 11202 in an integrated manner. Further, the CCU 11201 receives an image signal from the camera head 11102 and performs various image processing such as development processing (demosaicing) for displaying an image based on the image signal.
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- the display device 11202 displays an image based on an image signal subjected to image processing by the CCU 11201 under the control of the CCU 11201 .
- the light source device 11203 is composed of a light source such as an LED (light emitting diode), for example, and supplies the endoscope 11100 with irradiation light for imaging a surgical site or the like.
- a light source such as an LED (light emitting diode)
- LED light emitting diode
- the input device 11204 is an input interface for the endoscopic surgery system 11000.
- the user can input various information and instructions to the endoscopic surgery system 11000 via the input device 11204 .
- the user inputs an instruction or the like to change the imaging conditions (type of irradiation light, magnification, focal length, etc.) by the endoscope 11100 .
- the treatment instrument control device 11205 controls driving of the energy treatment instrument 11112 for tissue cauterization, incision, blood vessel sealing, or the like.
- the pneumoperitoneum device 11206 inflates the body cavity of the patient 11132 for the purpose of securing the visual field of the endoscope 11100 and securing the operator's working space, and injects gas into the body cavity through the pneumoperitoneum tube 11111. send in.
- the recorder 11207 is a device capable of recording various types of information regarding surgery.
- the printer 11208 is a device capable of printing various types of information regarding surgery in various formats such as text, images, and graphs.
- the light source device 11203 that supplies the endoscope 11100 with irradiation light for photographing the surgical site can be composed of, for example, a white light source composed of an LED, a laser light source, or a combination thereof.
- a white light source is configured by a combination of RGB laser light sources
- the output intensity and output timing of each color (each wavelength) can be controlled with high accuracy. It can be carried out.
- the observation target is irradiated with laser light from each of the RGB laser light sources in a time division manner, and by controlling the drive of the imaging device of the camera head 11102 in synchronization with the irradiation timing, each of RGB can be handled. It is also possible to pick up images by time division. According to this method, a color image can be obtained without providing a color filter in the imaging device.
- the driving of the light source device 11203 may be controlled so as to change the intensity of the output light every predetermined time.
- the drive of the imaging device of the camera head 11102 in synchronism with the timing of the change in the intensity of the light to obtain an image in a time-division manner and synthesizing the images, a high dynamic A range of images can be generated.
- the light source device 11203 may be configured to be capable of supplying light in a predetermined wavelength range corresponding to special light observation.
- special light observation for example, by utilizing the wavelength dependence of light absorption in body tissues, by irradiating light with a narrower band than the irradiation light (i.e., white light) during normal observation, the mucosal surface layer So-called Narrow Band Imaging, in which a predetermined tissue such as a blood vessel is imaged with high contrast, is performed.
- fluorescence observation may be performed in which an image is obtained from fluorescence generated by irradiation with excitation light.
- the body tissue is irradiated with excitation light and the fluorescence from the body tissue is observed (autofluorescence observation), or a reagent such as indocyanine green (ICG) is locally injected into the body tissue and the body tissue is examined.
- a fluorescence image can be obtained by irradiating excitation light corresponding to the fluorescence wavelength of the reagent.
- the light source device 11203 can be configured to be able to supply narrowband light and/or excitation light corresponding to such special light observation.
- FIG. 32 is a block diagram showing an example of functional configurations of the camera head 11102 and CCU 11201 shown in FIG.
- the camera head 11102 has a lens unit 11401, an imaging section 11402, a drive section 11403, a communication section 11404, and a camera head control section 11405.
- the CCU 11201 has a communication section 11411 , an image processing section 11412 and a control section 11413 .
- the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 are communicably connected to each other via a transmission cable 11400 .
- a lens unit 11401 is an optical system provided at a connection with the lens barrel 11101 . Observation light captured from the tip of the lens barrel 11101 is guided to the camera head 11102 and enters the lens unit 11401 .
- a lens unit 11401 is configured by combining a plurality of lenses including a zoom lens and a focus lens.
- the number of imaging elements constituting the imaging unit 11402 may be one (so-called single-plate type) or plural (so-called multi-plate type).
- image signals corresponding to RGB may be generated by each image pickup element, and a color image may be obtained by synthesizing the image signals.
- the imaging unit 11402 may be configured to have a pair of imaging elements for respectively acquiring right-eye and left-eye image signals corresponding to 3D (dimensional) display.
- the 3D display enables the operator 11131 to more accurately grasp the depth of the living tissue in the surgical site.
- a plurality of systems of lens units 11401 may be provided corresponding to each imaging element.
- the imaging unit 11402 does not necessarily have to be provided in the camera head 11102 .
- the imaging unit 11402 may be provided inside the lens barrel 11101 immediately after the objective lens.
- the drive unit 11403 is configured by an actuator, and moves the zoom lens and focus lens of the lens unit 11401 by a predetermined distance along the optical axis under control from the camera head control unit 11405 . Thereby, the magnification and focus of the image captured by the imaging unit 11402 can be appropriately adjusted.
- the communication unit 11404 is composed of a communication device for transmitting and receiving various information to and from the CCU 11201.
- the communication unit 11404 transmits the image signal obtained from the imaging unit 11402 as RAW data to the CCU 11201 via the transmission cable 11400 .
- the communication unit 11404 receives a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 from the CCU 11201 and supplies it to the camera head control unit 11405 .
- the control signal includes, for example, information to specify the frame rate of the captured image, information to specify the exposure value at the time of imaging, and/or information to specify the magnification and focus of the captured image. Contains information about conditions.
- the imaging conditions such as the frame rate, exposure value, magnification, and focus may be appropriately designated by the user, or may be automatically set by the control unit 11413 of the CCU 11201 based on the acquired image signal. good.
- the endoscope 11100 is equipped with so-called AE (Auto Exposure) function, AF (Auto Focus) function, and AWB (Auto White Balance) function.
- the camera head control unit 11405 controls driving of the camera head 11102 based on the control signal from the CCU 11201 received via the communication unit 11404.
- the communication unit 11411 is composed of a communication device for transmitting and receiving various information to and from the camera head 11102 .
- the communication unit 11411 receives image signals transmitted from the camera head 11102 via the transmission cable 11400 .
- the communication unit 11411 transmits a control signal for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 to the camera head 11102 .
- Image signals and control signals can be transmitted by electrical communication, optical communication, or the like.
- the image processing unit 11412 performs various types of image processing on the image signal, which is RAW data transmitted from the camera head 11102 .
- the control unit 11413 performs various controls related to imaging of the surgical site and the like by the endoscope 11100 and display of the captured image obtained by imaging the surgical site and the like. For example, the control unit 11413 generates control signals for controlling driving of the camera head 11102 .
- control unit 11413 causes the display device 11202 to display a captured image showing the surgical site and the like based on the image signal that has undergone image processing by the image processing unit 11412 .
- the control unit 11413 may recognize various objects in the captured image using various image recognition techniques. For example, the control unit 11413 detects the shape, color, and the like of the edges of objects included in the captured image, thereby detecting surgical instruments such as forceps, specific body parts, bleeding, mist during use of the energy treatment instrument 11112, and the like. can recognize.
- the control unit 11413 may use the recognition result to display various types of surgical assistance information superimposed on the image of the surgical site. By superimposing and presenting the surgery support information to the operator 11131, the burden on the operator 11131 can be reduced and the operator 11131 can proceed with the surgery reliably.
- a transmission cable 11400 connecting the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 is an electrical signal cable compatible with electrical signal communication, an optical fiber compatible with optical communication, or a composite cable of these.
- wired communication is performed using the transmission cable 11400, but communication between the camera head 11102 and the CCU 11201 may be performed wirelessly.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 11402 among the configurations described above. By applying the technology according to the present disclosure to the imaging unit 11402, detection accuracy is improved.
- the technology according to the present disclosure may also be applied to, for example, a microsurgery system.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to various products.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to any type of movement such as automobiles, electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, motorcycles, bicycles, personal mobility, airplanes, drones, ships, robots, construction machinery, agricultural machinery (tractors), etc. It may also be implemented as a body-mounted device.
- FIG. 33 is a block diagram showing a schematic configuration example of a vehicle control system, which is an example of a mobile control system to which the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied.
- a vehicle control system 12000 includes a plurality of electronic control units connected via a communication network 12001.
- the vehicle control system 12000 includes a drive system control unit 12010, a body system control unit 12020, an exterior information detection unit 12030, an interior information detection unit 12040, and an integrated control unit 12050.
- a microcomputer 12051, an audio/image output section 12052, and an in-vehicle network I/F (interface) 12053 are illustrated.
- the drive system control unit 12010 controls the operation of devices related to the drive system of the vehicle according to various programs.
- the driving system control unit 12010 includes a driving force generator for generating driving force of the vehicle such as an internal combustion engine or a driving motor, a driving force transmission mechanism for transmitting the driving force to the wheels, and a steering angle of the vehicle. It functions as a control device such as a steering mechanism to adjust and a brake device to generate braking force of the vehicle.
- the body system control unit 12020 controls the operation of various devices equipped on the vehicle body according to various programs.
- the body system control unit 12020 functions as a keyless entry system, a smart key system, a power window device, or a control device for various lamps such as headlamps, back lamps, brake lamps, winkers or fog lamps.
- body system control unit 12020 can receive radio waves transmitted from a portable device that substitutes for a key or signals from various switches.
- the body system control unit 12020 receives the input of these radio waves or signals and controls the door lock device, power window device, lamps, etc. of the vehicle.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 detects information outside the vehicle in which the vehicle control system 12000 is installed.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 is connected with an imaging section 12031 .
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 causes the imaging unit 12031 to capture an image of the exterior of the vehicle, and receives the captured image.
- the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 may perform object detection processing or distance detection processing such as people, vehicles, obstacles, signs, or characters on the road surface based on the received image.
- the imaging unit 12031 is an optical sensor that receives light and outputs an electrical signal according to the amount of received light.
- the imaging unit 12031 can output the electric signal as an image, and can also output it as distance measurement information.
- the light received by the imaging unit 12031 may be visible light or non-visible light such as infrared rays.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects in-vehicle information.
- the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 is connected to, for example, a driver state detection section 12041 that detects the state of the driver.
- the driver state detection unit 12041 includes, for example, a camera that captures an image of the driver, and the in-vehicle information detection unit 12040 detects the degree of fatigue or concentration of the driver based on the detection information input from the driver state detection unit 12041. It may be calculated, or it may be determined whether the driver is dozing off.
- the microcomputer 12051 calculates control target values for the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, or the braking device based on the information inside and outside the vehicle acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, and controls the drive system control unit.
- a control command can be output to 12010 .
- the microcomputer 12051 realizes the functions of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including collision avoidance or shock mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, or vehicle lane deviation warning. Cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including collision avoidance or shock mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, or vehicle lane deviation warning. Cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance System) including collision avoidance or shock mitigation, follow-up driving based on inter-vehicle distance, vehicle speed maintenance driving, vehicle collision warning, or vehicle
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the driving force generator, the steering mechanism, the braking device, etc. based on the information about the vehicle surroundings acquired by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030 or the vehicle interior information detection unit 12040, so that the driver's Cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of autonomous driving, etc., in which vehicles autonomously travel without depending on operation.
- the microcomputer 12051 can output a control command to the body system control unit 12020 based on the information outside the vehicle acquired by the information detection unit 12030 outside the vehicle.
- the microcomputer 12051 controls the headlamps according to the position of the preceding vehicle or the oncoming vehicle detected by the vehicle exterior information detection unit 12030, and performs cooperative control aimed at anti-glare such as switching from high beam to low beam. It can be carried out.
- the audio/image output unit 12052 transmits at least one of audio and/or image output signals to an output device capable of visually or audibly notifying the passengers of the vehicle or the outside of the vehicle.
- an audio speaker 12061, a display unit 12062, and an instrument panel 12063 are illustrated as output devices.
- the display unit 12062 may include at least one of an on-board display and a head-up display, for example.
- FIG. 34 is a diagram showing an example of the installation position of the imaging unit 12031.
- the imaging unit 12031 has imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, and 12105.
- the imaging units 12101, 12102, 12103, 12104, and 12105 are provided at positions such as the front nose of the vehicle 12100, the side mirrors, the rear bumper, the back door, and the upper part of the windshield in the vehicle interior, for example.
- An image pickup unit 12101 provided in the front nose and an image pickup unit 12105 provided above the windshield in the passenger compartment mainly acquire images in front of the vehicle 12100 .
- Imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided in the side mirrors mainly acquire side images of the vehicle 12100 .
- An imaging unit 12104 provided in the rear bumper or back door mainly acquires an image behind the vehicle 12100 .
- the imaging unit 12105 provided above the windshield in the passenger compartment is mainly used for detecting preceding vehicles, pedestrians, obstacles, traffic lights, traffic signs, lanes, and the like.
- FIG. 34 shows an example of the imaging range of the imaging units 12101 to 12104.
- the imaging range 12111 indicates the imaging range of the imaging unit 12101 provided in the front nose
- the imaging ranges 12112 and 12113 indicate the imaging ranges of the imaging units 12102 and 12103 provided in the side mirrors, respectively
- the imaging range 12114 The imaging range of an imaging unit 12104 provided in the rear bumper or back door is shown. For example, by superimposing the image data captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104, a bird's-eye view image of the vehicle 12100 viewed from above can be obtained.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may have a function of acquiring distance information.
- at least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be a stereo camera composed of a plurality of imaging elements, or may be an imaging element having pixels for phase difference detection.
- the microcomputer 12051 determines the distance to each three-dimensional object within the imaging ranges 12111 to 12114 and changes in this distance over time (relative velocity with respect to the vehicle 12100). , it is possible to extract, as the preceding vehicle, the closest three-dimensional object on the course of the vehicle 12100, which runs at a predetermined speed (for example, 0 km/h or more) in substantially the same direction as the vehicle 12100. can. Furthermore, the microcomputer 12051 can set the inter-vehicle distance to be secured in advance in front of the preceding vehicle, and perform automatic brake control (including following stop control) and automatic acceleration control (including following start control). In this way, cooperative control can be performed for the purpose of automatic driving in which the vehicle runs autonomously without relying on the operation of the driver.
- automatic brake control including following stop control
- automatic acceleration control including following start control
- the microcomputer 12051 converts three-dimensional object data related to three-dimensional objects to other three-dimensional objects such as motorcycles, ordinary vehicles, large vehicles, pedestrians, and utility poles. It can be classified and extracted and used for automatic avoidance of obstacles. For example, the microcomputer 12051 distinguishes obstacles around the vehicle 12100 into those that are visible to the driver of the vehicle 12100 and those that are difficult to see. Then, the microcomputer 12051 judges the collision risk indicating the degree of danger of collision with each obstacle, and when the collision risk is equal to or higher than the set value and there is a possibility of collision, an audio speaker 12061 and a display unit 12062 are displayed. By outputting an alarm to the driver via the drive system control unit 12010 and performing forced deceleration and avoidance steering via the drive system control unit 12010, driving support for collision avoidance can be performed.
- At least one of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 may be an infrared camera that detects infrared rays.
- the microcomputer 12051 can recognize a pedestrian by determining whether or not the pedestrian exists in the captured images of the imaging units 12101 to 12104 .
- recognition of a pedestrian is performed by, for example, a procedure for extracting feature points in images captured by the imaging units 12101 to 12104 as infrared cameras, and performing pattern matching processing on a series of feature points indicating the outline of an object to determine whether or not the pedestrian is a pedestrian.
- the audio image output unit 12052 outputs a rectangular outline for emphasis to the recognized pedestrian. is superimposed on the display unit 12062 . Also, the audio/image output unit 12052 may control the display unit 12062 to display an icon or the like indicating a pedestrian at a desired position.
- the technology according to the present disclosure can be applied to the imaging unit 12031 among the configurations described above.
- the imaging device for example, the imaging device 10
- the imaging unit 12031 By applying the technology according to the present disclosure to the imaging unit 12031, it is possible to obtain a high-definition captured image with little noise, so that highly accurate control using the captured image can be performed in the moving body control system.
- the photoelectric conversion unit 20 for detecting green light and the photoelectric conversion regions 32B and 32R for detecting blue light and red light, respectively, are laminated as an imaging device.
- the disclosure is not limited to such structures.
- the photoelectric conversion portion may detect red light or blue light, or the photoelectric conversion region may detect green light.
- the numbers and ratios of these photoelectric conversion units and photoelectric conversion regions are not limited, and two or more photoelectric conversion units may be provided, and color signals of a plurality of colors can be obtained only with the photoelectric conversion units. You may do so.
- two electrodes ie, the readout electrode 21A and the storage electrode 21B, are shown as the plurality of electrodes constituting the lower electrode 21.
- three or more electrodes such as a transfer electrode and an ejection electrode, may be used. electrodes may be provided.
- the present technology can also have the following configuration. According to the present technology having the following configuration, it is possible to reduce defects in the oxide semiconductor layer without hindering the transport of carriers from the photoelectric conversion layer, so that it is possible to improve image quality.
- a first layer and a second layer provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the oxide semiconductor layer and containing oxygen (O), an element X, and an element Y as common elements are provided on the oxide semiconductor layer side.
- the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y is obtained by dividing the number of atoms of each of the element X and the element Y by the total number of atoms of the element X and the element Y.
- R x1 is the composition ratio of the element X contained in the first layer
- R y1 is the composition ratio of the element Y
- R x2 is the composition ratio of the element X contained in the second layer.
- the lowest energy level of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer is Ec O
- the lowest energy level of the conduction band of the oxide semiconductor layer is Ec C
- the lowest energy level of the conduction band of the second layer is The photoelectric conversion element according to (1) above, wherein Ec O ⁇ Ec B ⁇ Ec C is satisfied when Ec B is used.
- the photoelectric conversion element according to . (6) The photoelectric conversion element according to (5), wherein the total thickness of the first layer and the second layer is less than 10 nm.
- the protective layer further includes a third layer having an opening at a position facing the first electrode.
- the energy level of the lowest end of the conduction band of the photoelectric conversion layer is Ec O and the energy level of the lowest end of the conduction band of the third layer is Ec D , Ec D ⁇ Ec O is satisfied, the above (8) The photoelectric conversion element according to .
- the protective layer contains at least one element selected from tantalum, titanium, vanadium, niobium, tungsten, zirconium, hafnium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, gallium and magnesium.
- the photoelectric conversion element as described in any one.
- a photoelectric conversion element comprising and .
- the photoelectric conversion element is a first electrode and a second electrode arranged in parallel; a third electrode arranged to face the first electrode and the second electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and the third electrode; an oxide semiconductor layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer; A first layer and a second layer provided between the photoelectric conversion layer and the oxide semiconductor layer and containing oxygen (O), an element X, and an element Y as common elements are provided on the oxide semiconductor layer side.
- O oxygen
- the composition ratio of the element X and the element Y is obtained by dividing the number of atoms of each of the element X and the element Y by the total number of atoms of the element X and the element Y.
- R x1 is the composition ratio of the element X contained in the first layer
- R y1 is the composition ratio of the element Y
- R x2 is the composition ratio of the element X contained in the second layer.
- a photodetector satisfying R x1 >R x2 ⁇ 0 and 0 ⁇ R y1 ⁇ R y2 , where the composition ratio of the element Y is R y2 .
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Abstract
Description
1.第1の実施の形態(組成比の異なる複数の層からなる保護層を有する撮像素子の例)
1-1.撮像素子の構成
1-2.撮像素子の製造方法
1-3.撮像素子の信号取得動作
1-4.作用・効果
2.第2の実施の形態(保護層として蓄積電極上に開口を有する層を追加した撮像素子の例)
2-1.光電変換部の構成
2-2.作用・効果
3.変形例
2-1.変形例1(光電変換部の構成の他の例)
2-2.変形例2(光電変換部の構成の他の例)
2-3.変形例3(光電変換部の構成の他の例)
3-4.変形例4(カラーフィルタを用いて分光する撮像素子の一例)
3-5.変形例5(カラーフィルタを用いて分光する撮像素子の他の例)
3-6.変形例6(複数の光電変換部が積層された撮像素子の例)
4.適用例
5.応用例
図1は、本開示の第1の実施の形態に係る撮像素子(撮像素子10)の断面構成を表したものである。撮像素子10は、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor)イメージセンサ等の撮像装置(例えば、撮像装置1、図28参照)の画素部1Aにおいてアレイ状に繰り返し配置される1つの画素(単位画素P)を構成するものである。図2は、図1に示した撮像素子10を用いた撮像装置1の平面構成を模式的に表したものである。図3は、図1に示した撮像素子10を有する撮像装置1の画素構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図1は、図3に示したI-I線における断面を表している。図4は、図1に示した撮像素子10の要部(光電変換部20)および画素部1Aと周辺領域1Bとの境界部の断面構成の一例を拡大して模式的に表したものであり、図2に示したII-II線における断面を表している。画素部1Aでは、図3に示したように、例えば2行×2列で配置された4つの単位画素Pからなる画素ユニット1aが繰り返し単位となり、行方向と列方向とからなるアレイ状に繰り返し配置されている。
撮像素子10は、例えば、1つの光電変換部20と、2つの光電変換領域32B,32Rとが縦方向に積層された、いわゆる縦方向分光型のものである。光電変換部20は、半導体基板30の裏面(第1面30A)側に設けられている。光電変換領域32B,32Rは、半導体基板30内に埋め込み形成されており、半導体基板30の厚み方向に積層されている。
本実施の形態の撮像素子10は、例えば、次のようにして製造することができる。
撮像素子10では、光電変換部20に、オンチップレンズ54を介して光が入射すると、その光は、光電変換部20、光電変換領域32B,32Rの順に通過し、その通過過程において緑(G)、青(B)、赤(R)の色光毎に光電変換される。以下、各色の信号取得動作について説明する。
撮像素子10へ入射した光のうち、まず、緑色光が、光電変換部20において選択的に検出(吸収)され、光電変換される。
続いて、光電変換部20を透過した光のうち、青色光は光電変換領域32B、赤色光は光電変換領域32Rにおいて、それぞれ順に吸収され、光電変換される。光電変換領域32Bでは、入射した青色光に対応した電子が光電変換領域32Bのn領域に蓄積され、蓄積された電子は、転送トランジスタTr2によりフローティングディフュージョンFD2へと転送される。同様に、光電変換領域32Rでは、入射した赤色光に対応した電子が光電変換領域32Rのn領域に蓄積され、蓄積された電子は、転送トランジスタTr3によりフローティングディフュージョンFD3へと転送される。
本実施の形態の撮像素子10は、光電変換部20において、酸化物半導体層23と光電変換層25との間に、共通の元素として酸素(O)、元素Xおよび元素Yを含む第1層24Aおよび第2層24Bが、酸化物半導体層23側から順に積層された保護層24を設けるようにした。第1層24Aおよび第2層24Bは、元素Xおよび元素Yの組成比を、元素Xおよび元素Yそれぞれの原子数を元素Xおよび元素Yの合計原子数で割ったものと定義し、第1層24Aに含まれる元素Xの組成比をRx1、元素Yの組成比Ry1、第2層24Bに含まれる元素Xの組成比をRx2、元素Yの組成比Ry2とした場合、Rx1>Rx2≧0および0≦Ry1<Ry2を満たす。これにより、光電変換層25からのキャリアの輸送を妨げずに酸化物半導体層の欠陥を低減する。以下、これについて説明する。
図15は、本開示の第2の実施の形態に係る撮像素子の要部(光電変換部20A)の断面構成を表したものである。光電変換部20Aは、上記第1の実施の形態の光電変換部20と同様に、例えば、2つの光電変換領域32B,32Rと共に撮像素子10として、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラ、ビデオカメラ等の電子機器に用いられるCMOSイメージセンサ等の撮像装置(例えば、撮像装置1、図28参照)の画素部1Aにおいてアレイ状に繰り返し配置される1つの画素(単位画素P)を構成するものである。
光電変換部20Aは、対向配置された下部電極21と上部電極26との間に、酸化物半導体層23、無機材料を用いて形成された保護層24および有機材料を用いて形成された光電変換層25が、下部電極21側からこの順に積層されている。保護層24は、上記のように、第1層24A、第2層24Bおよび第3層24Cがこの順に積層されており、そのうちの1層として、例えば第3層24Cが、蓄積電極21Bと対向する位置に開口24Hを有している。光電変換部20Aは、さらに、下部電極21と酸化物半導体層23との間に絶縁層22を有している。
本実施の形態の光電変換部20Aは、酸化物半導体層23と光電変換層25との間に、酸化物半導体層23側から順に積層された第1層24Aおよび第2層24Bに、蓄積電極21Bと対向する位置に開口24Hを有する第3層24Cをさらに積層するようにした。これにより、光電変換層25からのキャリアの輸送を妨げずに酸化物半導体層の欠陥をさらに低減できるようになる。よって、画質をさらに向上させることが可能となる。
(3-1.変形例1)
図19は、本開示の変形例1の撮像素子の要部(光電変換部20B)の断面構成を模式的に表したものである。図20Aは、読み出し電極21Aの上方に積層された絶縁層22、酸化物半導体層23、保護層24(第1層24A、第2層24Bおよび第3層24C)、光電変換層25および上部電極26のエネルギー準位の一例を表したものである。図20Bは、蓄積電極21Bの上方に積層された絶縁層22、酸化物半導体層23、保護層24(第1層24A、第2層24Bおよび第3層24C)、光電変換層25および上部電極26のエネルギー準位の一例を表したものである。本変形例の光電変換部20Bは、上記第2の実施の形態における第3層24Cを、酸化物半導体層23と第1層24Aとの間に設けた点が、上記第2の実施の形態とは異なる。
図21は、本開示の変形例2の撮像素子の要部(光電変換部20C)の断面構成を模式的に表したものである。図22は、図21に示した光電変換部20Cを有する撮像装置1の画素構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図21は、図22に示したIII-III線における断面を表している。上記第2の実施の形態では、第3層24Cの開口24Hの側面、蓄積電極21Bの側面と平面視において略一致、あるいは、蓄積電極21Bの各辺よりも内側となる例を示したが、これに限定されるものではない。
図23は、本開示の変形例3の撮像素子の要部(光電変換部20D)の断面構成を模式的に表したものである。図24は、図23に示した光電変換部20Dを有する撮像装置1の画素構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図23は、図24に示したIV-IV線における断面を表している。上記第2の実施の形態では、第3層24Cの開口24Hの側面、蓄積電極21Bの側面と平面視において略一致、あるいは、蓄積電極21Bの各辺よりも内側となる例を示したが、これに限定されるものではない。
図25Aは、本開示の変形例4に係る撮像素子10Aの断面構成を模式的に表したものである。図25Bは、図25Aに示した撮像素子10Aの平面構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図25Aは、図25Bに示したV-V線における断面を表している。撮像素子10Aは、例えば、光電変換領域32と、光電変換部60とが積層された積層型の撮像素子である。この撮像素子10Aを備えた撮像装置(例えば、撮像装置1)の画素部1Aでは、例えば図25Bに示したように、例えば2行×2列で配置された4つの画素からなる画素ユニット1aが繰り返し単位となり、行方向と列方向とからなるアレイ状に繰り返し配置されている。
図26Aは、本開示の変形例5に係る撮像素子10Bの断面構成を模式的に表したものである。図26Bは、図26Aに示した撮像素子10Bの平面構成の一例を模式的に表したものであり、図26Aは、図26Bに示したVI-VI線における断面を表している。上記変形例4では、カラーフィルタ55が光電変換部60の上方(光入射側S1)に設けられた例を示したが、カラーフィルタ55は、例えば、図26Aに示したように、光電変換領域32と光電変換部60との間に設けるようにしてもよい。
図27は、本開示の変形例6に係る撮像素子10Cの断面構成を模式的に表したものである。本変形例の撮像素子10Cは、2つの光電変換部20,80と、1つの光電変換領域32とが縦方向に積層されたものである。
(適用例1)
図28は、図1等に示した撮像素子(例えば、撮像素子10)を備えた撮像装置(撮像装置1)の全体構成の一例を表したものである。
また、上述したような撮像装置1は、例えば、デジタルスチルカメラやデジタルビデオカメラなどの撮像システム、撮像機能を備えた携帯電話機、または、撮像機能を備えた他の機器といった各種の電子機器に適用することができる。
図30Aは、撮像装置1を備えた光検出システム2000の全体構成の一例を模式的に表したものである。図30Bは、光検出システム2000の回路構成の一例を表したものである。光検出システム2000は、赤外光L2を発する光源部としての発光装置2001と、光電変換素子を有する受光部としての光検出装置2002とを備えている。光検出装置2002としては、上述した撮像装置1を用いることができる。光検出システム2000は、さらに、システム制御部2003、光源駆動部2004、センサ制御部2005、光源側光学系2006およびカメラ側光学系2007を備えていてもよい。
(内視鏡手術システムへの応用例)
本開示に係る技術(本技術)は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、内視鏡手術システムに適用されてもよい。
括的に制御する。さらに、CCU11201は、カメラヘッド11102から画像信号を受け取り、その画像信号に対して、例えば現像処理(デモザイク処理)等の、当該画像信号に基づく画像を表示するための各種の画像処理を施す。
本開示に係る技術は、様々な製品へ応用することができる。例えば、本開示に係る技術は、自動車、電気自動車、ハイブリッド電気自動車、自動二輪車、自転車、パーソナルモビリティ、飛行機、ドローン、船舶、ロボット、建設機械、農業機械(トラクター)などのいずれかの種類の移動体に搭載される装置として実現されてもよい。
(1)
並列配置されてなる第1の電極および第2の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と対向配置された第3の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記第3の電極との間に設けられた光電変換層と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられ酸化物半導体層と、
前記光電変換層と前記酸化物半導体層との間に設けられ、共通の元素として酸素(O)、元素Xおよび元素Yを含む第1の層および第2の層が、前記酸化物半導体層側から順に積層された保護層とを備え、
前記第1の層および前記第2の層は、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの組成比を、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yそれぞれの原子数を前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの合計原子数で割ったものと定義し、前記第1の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx1、前記元素Yの組成比Ry1、前記第2の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx2、前記元素Yの組成比Ry2とした場合、Rx1>Rx2≧0および0≦Ry1<Ry2を満たす
光電変換素子。
(2)
前記光電変換層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcO、前記酸化物半導体層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcC、前記第2の層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcBとした場合、EcO≦EcB≦EcCを満たす、前記(1)に記載の光電変換素子。
(3)
前記第1の層の前記元素Xの組成比Rx1と、前記第2の層の前記元素Xの組成比Rx2との差は、0.1以上である、前記(1)または(2)に記載の光電変換素子。
(4)
前記第1の層の膜密度は、前記第2の層の膜密度よりも小さい、前記(1)乃至(3)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(5)
前記第1の層は1原子層以上5nm以下の膜厚を有し、前記第2の層は1nm以上10nm以下の膜厚を有する、前記(1)乃至(4)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(6)
前記第1の層および前記第2の層の合計膜厚は10nm未満である、前記(5)に記載の光電変換素子。
(7)
前記第1の層は3.0g/cm3以下の膜密度を有し、前記第2の層は2.5g/cm3以上の膜密度を有する、前記(1)乃至(6)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(8)
前記保護層は、前記第1の電極と対向する位置に開口を有する第3の層をさらに有する、前記(1)乃至(7)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(9)
前記光電変換層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcO、前記第3の層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcDとした場合、EcD<EcOを満たす、前記(8)に記載の光電変換素子。
(10)
前記開口の位置における前記保護層の膜厚は1nm以上10nm未満である、前記(8)または(9)に記載の光電変換素子。
(11)
前記開口の位置以外における前記保護層の膜厚は1nm以上100nm未満である、前記(10)に記載の光電変換素子。
(12)
前記開口の面積は、前記第1の電極の面積の半分よりも大きい、前記(8)乃至(11)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(13)
前記酸化物半導体層は、インジウム、ガリウム、シリコン、亜鉛、アルミニウムおよびスズのうちの少なくとも1種類の元素を含む、前記(1)乃至(12)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(14)
前記酸化物半導体層は、IGZO,Ga2O3,GZO,IZO,ITO,InGaAlOまたはInGaSiOからなる、前記(1)乃至(13)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(15)
前記保護層は、タンタル、チタン、バナジウム、ニオブ、タングステン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、ランタン、ガリウムおよびマグネシウムのうちの少なくとも1種類の元素を含む、前記(1)乃至(14)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(16)
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極は、それぞれ個別に電圧が印加される、前記(1)乃至(15)のうちのいずれか1つに記載の光電変換素子。
(17)
並列配置されてなる第1の電極および第2の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と対向配置された第3の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記第3の電極との間に設けられた光電変換層と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられ酸化物半導体層と、
前記光電変換層と前記酸化物半導体層との間に設けられ、複数の層からなると共に、前記複数の層のうちの少なくとも1層が前記第1の電極と対向する位置に開口を有する保護層と
を備えた光電変換素子。
(18)
1または複数の光電変換素子がそれぞれ設けられている複数の画素を備え、
前記光電変換素子は、
並列配置されてなる第1の電極および第2の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と対向配置された第3の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記第3の電極との間に設けられた光電変換層と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられ酸化物半導体層と、
前記光電変換層と前記酸化物半導体層との間に設けられ、共通の元素として酸素(O)、元素Xおよび元素Yを含む第1の層および第2の層が、前記酸化物半導体層側から順に積層された保護層とを有し、
前記第1の層および前記第2の層は、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの組成比を、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yそれぞれの原子数を前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの合計原子数で割ったものと定義し、前記第1の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx1、前記元素Yの組成比Ry1、前記第2の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx2、前記元素Yの組成比Ry2とした場合、Rx1>Rx2≧0および0≦Ry1<Ry2を満たす
光検出装置。
Claims (18)
- 並列配置されてなる第1の電極および第2の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と対向配置された第3の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記第3の電極との間に設けられた光電変換層と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられ酸化物半導体層と、
前記光電変換層と前記酸化物半導体層との間に設けられ、共通の元素として酸素(O)、元素Xおよび元素Yを含む第1の層および第2の層が、前記酸化物半導体層側から順に積層された保護層とを備え、
前記第1の層および前記第2の層は、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの組成比を、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yそれぞれの原子数を前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの合計原子数で割ったものと定義し、前記第1の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx1、前記元素Yの組成比Ry1、前記第2の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx2、前記元素Yの組成比Ry2とした場合、Rx1>Rx2≧0および0≦Ry1<Ry2を満たす
光電変換素子。 - 前記光電変換層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcO、前記酸化物半導体層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcC、前記第2の層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcBとした場合、EcO≦EcB≦EcCを満たす、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第1の層の前記元素Xの組成比Rx1と、前記第2の層の前記元素Xの組成比Rx2との差は、0.1以上である、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第1の層の膜密度は、前記第2の層の膜密度よりも小さい、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第1の層は1原子層以上5nm以下の膜厚を有し、前記第2の層は1nm以上10nm以下の膜厚を有する、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第1の層および前記第2の層の合計膜厚は10nm未満である、請求項5に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第1の層は3.0g/cm3以下の膜密度を有し、前記第2の層は2.5g/cm3以上の膜密度を有する、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記保護層は、前記第1の電極と対向する位置に開口を有する第3の層をさらに有する、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記光電変換層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcO、前記第3の層の伝導帯最下端のエネルギー準位をEcDとした場合、EcD<EcOを満たす、請求項8に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記開口の位置における前記保護層の膜厚は1nm以上10nm未満である、請求項8に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記開口の位置以外における前記保護層の膜厚は1nm以上100nm未満である、請求項10に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記開口の面積は、前記第1の電極の面積の半分よりも大きい、請求項8に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記酸化物半導体層は、インジウム、ガリウム、シリコン、亜鉛、アルミニウムおよびスズのうちの少なくとも1種類の元素を含む、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記酸化物半導体層は、IGZO,Ga2O3,GZO,IZO,ITO,InGaAlOまたはInGaSiOからなる、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記保護層は、タンタル、チタン、バナジウム、ニオブ、タングステン、ジルコニウム、ハフニウム、スカンジウム、イットリウム、ランタン、ガリウムおよびマグネシウムのうちの少なくとも1種類の元素を含む、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極は、それぞれ個別に電圧が印加される、請求項1に記載の光電変換素子。
- 並列配置されてなる第1の電極および第2の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と対向配置された第3の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記第3の電極との間に設けられた光電変換層と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられ酸化物半導体層と、
前記光電変換層と前記酸化物半導体層との間に設けられ、複数の層からなると共に、前記複数の層のうちの少なくとも1層が前記第1の電極と対向する位置に開口を有する保護層と
を備えた光電変換素子。 - 1または複数の光電変換素子がそれぞれ設けられている複数の画素を備え、
前記光電変換素子は、
並列配置されてなる第1の電極および第2の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と対向配置された第3の電極と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記第3の電極との間に設けられた光電変換層と、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極と前記光電変換層との間に設けられ酸化物半導体層と、
前記光電変換層と前記酸化物半導体層との間に設けられ、共通の元素として酸素(O)、元素Xおよび元素Yを含む第1の層および第2の層が、前記酸化物半導体層側から順に積層された保護層とを有し、
前記第1の層および前記第2の層は、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの組成比を、前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yそれぞれの原子数を前記元素Xおよび前記元素Yの合計原子数で割ったものと定義し、前記第1の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx1、前記元素Yの組成比Ry1、前記第2の層に含まれる前記元素Xの組成比をRx2、前記元素Yの組成比Ry2とした場合、Rx1>Rx2≧0および0≦Ry1<Ry2を満たす
光検出装置。
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JP2013109004A (ja) * | 2011-11-17 | 2013-06-06 | Daishinku Corp | 光学フィルタおよびその製造方法 |
WO2020017330A1 (ja) | 2018-07-17 | 2020-01-23 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 撮像素子、積層型撮像素子及び固体撮像装置 |
US20200119097A1 (en) * | 2018-10-10 | 2020-04-16 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Image sensor |
WO2021200509A1 (ja) * | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-07 | ソニーセミコンダクタソリューションズ株式会社 | 撮像素子および撮像装置 |
JP2022020877A (ja) | 2020-07-21 | 2022-02-02 | Juki株式会社 | ミシンのガイド機構 |
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