WO2023151380A1 - 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 - Google Patents
一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023151380A1 WO2023151380A1 PCT/CN2022/139027 CN2022139027W WO2023151380A1 WO 2023151380 A1 WO2023151380 A1 WO 2023151380A1 CN 2022139027 W CN2022139027 W CN 2022139027W WO 2023151380 A1 WO2023151380 A1 WO 2023151380A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- grafting
- scion
- transplanting
- stock
- rootstock
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 240000001866 Vernicia fordii Species 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 244000153888 Tung Species 0.000 claims description 98
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims description 8
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000243 photosynthetic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010020649 Hyperkeratosis Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000607479 Yersinia pestis Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035876 healing Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003415 peat Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 240000002834 Paulownia tomentosa Species 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 44
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 24
- 230000011681 asexual reproduction Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000013465 asexual reproduction Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 238000004321 preservation Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 240000006917 Vernicia montana Species 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 17
- 244000055346 Paulownia Species 0.000 description 9
- 235000010678 Paulownia tomentosa Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002383 tung oil Substances 0.000 description 5
- 206010052428 Wound Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 208000027418 Wounds and injury Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 238000009395 breeding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001488 breeding effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 241001391944 Commicarpus scandens Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000147058 Derris elliptica Species 0.000 description 2
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 description 2
- UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5,8-dihydroxy-2-methoxy-6-methyl-7-(2-oxopropyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione Chemical compound CC1=C(CC(C)=O)C(O)=C2C(=O)C(OC)=CC(=O)C2=C1O UHPMCKVQTMMPCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001116389 Aloe Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000035240 Disease Resistance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000221017 Euphorbiaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000035126 Facies Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000223218 Fusarium Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001246243 Vernicia Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011399 aloe vera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000034303 cell budding Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013401 experimental design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033458 reproduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007226 seed germination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013517 stratification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009261 transgenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000029663 wound healing Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
Definitions
- the invention belongs to the field of tung tree asexual propagation and seedling cultivation, and in particular relates to a method for grafting and growing seedlings of tung tree bud seedlings.
- Vernicia fordii is a deciduous tree belonging to the genus Vernicia Lour. in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is one of the four major woody oil tree species in China and an important industrial oil tree species in China.
- the oil content of tung oil seeds is high, and the oil content of dry seed kernels can reach 60-70%.
- Tung oil is the highest quality drying oil among vegetable oils. It has fast drying, light specific gravity, good gloss, non-conductivity, anti-cold and heat resistance, anti-corrosion, anti-rust, acid and alkali resistance, and is environmentally friendly, safe and non-toxic, and has excellent film-forming properties.
- the conventional seedling raising method of tung tree is mainly seed propagation, and the asexual reproduction technology system is immature, and industrial seedling cannot be carried out, and the seedling propagation leads to variation in offspring of tung tree seedlings, which cannot maintain the excellent traits of the female parent.
- the asexual reproduction technology can maintain the excellent traits of the female parent.
- the asexual reproduction of tung tree mainly includes three seedling raising methods: tissue culture, cutting and grafting. Seedling leaves, hypocotyls, petioles and other explants induce adventitious buds to obtain regenerated plants (Tan Xiaofeng et al., 2013; Lin Qing et al., 2014).
- the main methods of traditional grafting and seedling cultivation of tung tree are branch grafting and bud grafting.
- the cycle of branch grafting seedling cultivation is relatively long, and it takes at least two years from rootstock cultivation to transplanting. Grafting needs to be carried out in a nursery field. Due to the high cost, the tung tree grafting technology has not yet been promoted and applied industrially; bud grafting is mainly carried out on the tree body after planting, the grafting sites are scattered, the technical requirements are high, the grafting speed is slow, and the weather such as strong winds after the grafting survives It is easy to break from the interface, resulting in poor forest facies, and is currently less used in production. Therefore, based on the immaturity of the above several asexual reproduction techniques, the improved varieties of tung tree still rely on sown seedlings for propagation and promotion.
- the present invention mainly provides a seedling raising method of tung tree bud seedling grafting, through which the clonal propagation technology system of tung tree is successfully established, which not only overcomes the above technical problems, but also effectively improves the survival rate of grafting.
- the research group conducted in-depth exploration of the key factors affecting the survival rate of grafting, and finally the optimal combination made the survival rate of grafting up to 95%.
- This technology not only has a high survival rate of seedlings, but also greatly shortens the cycle of seedlings (it only takes 6 months from rootstock cultivation to seedling transplanting, while traditional grafting takes nearly 2 years), greatly reduces the cost of production management and maintenance, and at the same time Using millennium tung seedlings as rootstocks can prevent the bottleneck problem of low yield and low efficiency caused by Fusarium wilt, and has good application value and market prospect.
- the cultivation period is obviously shortened, and the grafting rate is obviously increased.
- the millennium paulownia seeds in the present invention only need 25-50 days from sand storage to grafting, which greatly shortens the rootstock cultivation period, reduces the management cost of the rootstock and the technical risk of seed mold and rot.
- the grafting survival rate can reach more than 95%, which greatly improves the grafting survival rate.
- the grafting of tung tree seedlings can be done from late May to the end of July.
- the grafting period of tung tree seedlings has been extended by hiding rootstocks in different periods and using the grafting technology of bud seedlings.
- the survival rate of anvil grafting is higher from May to July, but the highest survival rate is during the period of June each year. At the same time, grafting is carried out from late May to the end of July to avoid the peak period of labor and solve the problem of labor concentration and labor shortage. .
- the grafting of tung tree seedlings only needs to build a height of 10-20 cm seedbeds to prevent the normal growth of grafted seedlings from being affected by excessive rain and stagnant water.
- the grafting of tung tree bud seedlings not only reduces the production cost and the difficulty of transplanting seedlings, but also facilitates the tending and management after grafting.
- the germination period of seeds after delayed sand storage coincides with the growth period of semi-lignified scion of tung tree, which solves the technical problem that the conventional sand storage of tung tree germinates before the beginning of summer, and the scion is not yet semi-lignified and cannot be grafted. It can make full use of The semi-lignified branches of tung tree are used for vegetative propagation of fine tung tree seedlings. Therefore, the innovation of the method of tung tree vegetative propagation by delayed sand storage in the present invention is the result obtained through years of observation and experimentation, and can be closely connected with the actual production.
- the present invention has the advantages of high grafting survival rate, easy operation, short cultivation period, long grafting time, low cost, strong growth of seedlings, high availability of rootstocks and spikes, and can solve the problem of raising tung tree seedlings.
- the key bottleneck problem of asexual reproduction that cannot be industrialized has good economic benefits and market prospects.
- the present invention mainly aims at key production problems such as immature grafting and raising seedlings of tung tree at present, low production efficiency, long cultivation period, and low survival rate. For this reason, the present invention provides a grafting technology for efficiently cultivating fine tung tree seedlings, which mainly includes rootstocks
- the key steps are cultivation and selection, collection of spikes, and treatment of stock spikes.
- the present invention utilizes the characteristic that the thickness of the hypocotyl of the tung tree seedlings is thicker than that of the above-ground part, and just solves the production problem that the ear bar of the tung tree is relatively thick and needs to be cultivated for one year to match the ear bar; Tung seedlings are used as rootstocks, which just solved the production problem of tung tree root rot in the late stage; after 3 months of cultivation, use a knife to cut vertically on the grafting film, so that the grafting film will fall off automatically as the grafting interface heals, solving the problem The labor problem of unraveling the membrane in the traditional grafting.
- the technology is easy to operate, can improve grafting efficiency, significantly shorten the seedling cultivation cycle, increase the survival rate of seedlings, reduce the cost of seedling cultivation, and the cultivated seedlings grow robustly, providing more efficient and high-quality production technology for industrial seedling cultivation of tung tree.
- a method for grafting seedlings of tung tree bud seedling stock comprising the following steps:
- Rootstock cultivation During the period from early April to late June each year, 25-50 days before grafting, the seeds of Millennium paulownia are stored in sand, and they are used for grafting when the epicotyls are exposed on the surface of the sand and the true leaves grow;
- Post-transplanting management Grafted seedlings should be watered after transplanting to keep the soil moist, and sprayed with urea on their leaves 50 days after grafting.
- Step (1) The specific process of rootstock cultivation is as follows: the sand storage site is selected on a sunny slope with high terrain and good drainage, and the seeds are spread on 18-22 On clean river sand with a thickness of cm, avoid overlapping between seeds so as to cultivate a strong sprout anvil, and then spread a layer of 8-12 on the seeds.
- cm thick river sand preferably: strong seedlings with a hypocotyl diameter of 0.8 cm or more are used for grafting; watering keeps the sand at a humidity of 8-10%.
- Step (1) The specific process of rootstock cultivation is as follows: the seeds are stored in sand for 25-50 days under natural conditions. d is used for grafting. During the period from the first ten days of April to the end of May, the temperature is relatively low, and the time required for seed germination is relatively long, so the sand storage is 45-50 days. Quick, Shazang 25-30 After d, grafting is carried out.
- Step (2) Remove the leaves after the cuttings are collected, leaving 0.1-1.0 cm of the petiole, preferably: the length of the petiole is 0.5 cm for grafting.
- Step (3) The specific process of ear cutting is as follows: the scion is cut into 3-5 cm long section with a single bud, cut into small sections and cut the lower part of the scion into a wedge-shaped slope with a vertical length of 1-2 cm, preferably: the axillary bud of the scion is 1 cm from the top and 3 cm from the bottom, and the vertical length of the wedge-shaped slope of the scion is 1.5 cm. cm.
- Step (4) The specific process of cutting the anvil is as follows: when grafting, select a plant with a robust growth and a hypocotyl diameter of 0.8. For rootstocks thicker than 1 cm, cut off the upper hypocotyl at a distance of 5-8 cm from the root of the root stock, and vertically cut a 1.2-2 cm long grafting joint at the hypocotyl section perpendicular to the cross section, preferably: stock ear Vertical joint length 1.5 cm.
- Step (5) Insert the cut scion into the grafting interface of the rootstock. It is required that the rootstock and the scion are tightly joined and at least one side is aligned with the cambium. After alignment, wrap and fix it with grafting film. Fix it, wrap the other side around the incision, wrap the incision tightly, tie a knot after wrapping and fixing, and then immerse the base of the radicle in water to moisturize.
- Step (6) Transplanting after grafting: Prepare a seedbed with a height of 10-20 cm and a width of 0.9-1.2 m for transplanting, and the transplanting density is: plant spacing 15-20 cm, the row spacing is 20-30 cm, and the row edge is reserved 4-6 The width of cm is preferred: the seedbed is 15 cm high and 1.2 m wide.
- the grafting interface should be higher than the ground to prevent the scion from rotting.
- the bud length reaches more than 10cm, remove the shade net to improve photosynthetic efficiency.
- the seedling substrate used in the seedbed in step (6) is yellow core soil mixed with 5-10% peat soil; the shading degree of the seedbed is 3-10% with light transmittance, and the humidity is kept above 60%.
- Step (7) Management after transplanting: Keep the soil humidity above 60% after transplanting, spray urea with a mass concentration of 0.1-0.4% to replenish nutrients after 50 days of grafting, gradually increase the light, and remove germination and weeding in time to cultivate 3 After one month, cut the grafting film, so that the grafting film will fall off automatically with the growth of the callus at the interface, so as to prevent the grafting film from appearing on the grafting site where the grafting film hinders the normal healing of the interface.
- Traditional tung tree grafting adopts two methods: branch grafting or bud grafting.
- the grafting survival rate of these two methods can reach 42.00% and 82.44%.
- Existence because tung tree has a pith core, so the wound site is easy to break after encountering strong winds during the growth process.
- the present invention adopts the method of hypocotyl cleavage. Since the hypocotyl is highly active, the grafting interface will be completely wrapped by the callus produced by the rootstock during the growth process (as shown in Figure 6). Therefore, the present invention solves the problem of tung tree grafting. Fragile scientific problems.
- sand storage is carried out 25-50 days before grafting, which greatly shortens the cultivation cycle, and the stock cultivation only needs 25-50 days.
- d can be used for grafting, which not only solves the problem of perishable and moldy seeds stored in sand for a long time in winter, but also has strong hypocotyl activity of tung tree seedlings, which also improves the survival rate of grafting.
- the rootstock that grafting of the present invention uses is the hypocotyl of millennium paulownia seedling, compares thicker with the stock used for traditional grafting, just coincides with the thickness of tung tree ear bar, stock and ear bar thickness are similar, make grafting interface more It can significantly improve the survival rate of seedlings.
- the present invention can significantly shorten the seedling raising cycle and reduce production costs.
- the rootstocks used in traditional grafting techniques need to be cultivated 1 year in advance. During grafting, the scions are planted in the nursery, and the grafting interface is generally higher. However, the rootstocks used in the present invention only need 25-50 days of cultivation time, and the grafted rootstocks are separated from the soil. Flexible and easy to operate.
- the present invention can improve grafting efficiency.
- the traditional grafting technique is to graft on tung trees or annual seedlings in the forest. Grafting is difficult and the grafting efficiency is low.
- the present invention is to graft the millennium tung seedlings after pulling them out.
- the grafting method is simple and the grafting efficiency is high. One day per person 600 plants can be grafted.
- Increased survival rate of grafting The highest survival rate of grafting of tung tree bud seedlings can reach more than 95%, which significantly improves the survival rate of grafting.
- Grafting can be carried out in 5, 6, and 7 months, and the grafting survival rate is high.
- Rootstock cultivation is convenient: the present invention only uses clean river sand to carry out seed sand storage under natural conditions when cultivating rootstocks, which can simplify the disinfection process.
- the present invention Compared with the traditional tung tree grafting method, the present invention has significant advantages. Compared with the tung tree, the present invention can shorten the seedling raising period, increase the survival rate of the seedling stock, reduce the production cost, the seedling stock grows robustly, and the operation is simple, the grafting efficiency is greatly improved, the factory production is more convenient, and the breeding of the fine tung tree seed can be effectively improved the difficulties faced.
- Fig. 1 is the photograph that tung tree rootstock of the present invention cultivates and germinates
- Fig. 2 is the similar photo of tung tree rootstock hypocotyl and ear bar thickness of the present invention
- Fig. 3 is the photo after the tung tree scion of the present invention cuts
- Fig. 4 is the photo after the tung tree rootstock and ear bar are joined for the present invention
- Fig. 5 is the photo that the tung tree seedling grafting of the present invention completes
- Fig. 6 is the photo that the tung tree seedling grafting of the present invention is completed and placed in a pot equipped with water to be transplanted;
- Fig. 7 is the photo that the axillary buds of tung tree grafted seedlings of the present invention grow 5 days and begin to germinate;
- Fig. 8 is the overall photo after 1 month of growth of tung tree grafted seedlings of the present invention.
- Fig. 9 is the photo after pulling out the soil after tung tree grafted seedling growth of the present invention grows 1 month;
- Fig. 10 is the photograph that the wound healing of tung tree grafted seedling growth of the present invention is completed after 1 month;
- Fig. 11 is the photo after 3 months of growth of tung tree grafted seedlings of the present invention.
- Fig. 12 is the photo that the tung tree grafted seedling growth of the present invention pulls out soil after 3 months;
- Fig. 13 is a photo of single plant growth after 3 months of grafted seedlings of tung tree of the present invention (seedling height is more than 50 cm);
- Fig. 14 is the photo of grafting interface growth after the tung tree grafted seedling of the present invention grows for 3 months.
- Seed collection for cultivating rootstocks Collect mature fruits from the excellent mother tree of Millennium paulownia in mid-November, put them in woven bags and place them in a cool and humid place for stacking for 2-3 months, and separate the seeds after the peel softens and rots , put it in a cool and dry place to dry for 5-7 days, then put it into a woven bag and store it in a moist and cool place for later use.
- Cultivation of rootstocks 25-50 days before grafting, store the preserved Millennium paulownia seeds in sand.
- the sand storage site is selected on a sunny slope with high terrain and good drainage, and the seeds are spread on clean river sand with a thickness of 20 cm. , avoid overlapping between seeds so as to cultivate strong sprout anvils, and then spread a layer of 10 cm thick river sand on the seeds, cultivate 25-50 days under natural conditions, water once every 2-3 days to make the sand Keep a certain humidity (8%).
- After storing in the sand wait until the epicotyl is exposed on the sand surface and the true leaves grow. It is used for grafting.
- the diameter of the hypocotyl is preferably 0.8 Robust seedlings larger than cm were used for grafting.
- the present invention has carried out a large number of tests in the pre-test stage, and mastered the best conditions for grafting tung tree seedlings. Therefore, the three-year tung tree seedlings and thousand-year tung tree seedlings cultivated in the sand are used as rootstocks for grafting. Keep 1 cm from the top, 3 cm from the bottom, 0.5 cm from the petiole, and 1.5 cm vertical length of the cut surface of the scion. They were fixed with grafting film and transplanted to a 15 cm high seedbed for cultivation. The final results are shown in Table 1.
- the grafting survival rates of the two rootstocks are almost equal, but because the root rot is more harmful to the Sanniantong in production practice, and the resistance of the Millennium Tong to the root rot is better than that of the Sanniantong, so in the later stage of the test and the actual production Among them, Millennium Tong was selected as the rootstock.
- Scion collection During mid-June, select semi-lignified branches that grow vigorously, have full buds, and are free from diseases and insect pests as scions.
- grafting When grafting, use the Millennium paulownia seedlings as the rootstock, keep 1 cm from the top of the scion axillary buds, 3 cm from the bottom, 0.5 cm from the petiole, and cut the ears according to the standard that the vertical length of the cut surface of the scion is 1.5 cm.
- the scion is inserted into the grafting interface of the rootstock. It is required that the rootstock and the scion are tightly joined and at least one side is aligned (cambium). After alignment, the grafting film is used to wrap and fix it. The other side is wound around the incision, and the incision is wrapped tightly. After the wrapping is fixed, tie a knot, and then put it in a basin filled with about 1 cm of water, and immerse the base of the radicle in water to moisturize.
- Transplanting after grafting take Millennium paulownia seedlings as rootstock, keep 1 cm from the top of the scion, 3 cm from the bottom, and 0.5 cm from the petiole. The vertical length of the cut surface of the scion is 1.5 cm for grafting, and wrap and fix it with grafting film. Before grafting, a 1.0m wide and 5-20 high cm seedbed for transplanting. The grafted seedlings are transplanted to the seedbed. The general transplanting density is 15 cm between plants and 20 cm between rows, and the width of the edge of the seedbed is 4-6 cm. When transplanting, the grafting interface should be higher than the ground to prevent the scion from rotting. Pour fixed root water, and then set up a sunshade net on the seedbed as a whole to shade for 2 months. When the bud length of the scion reaches more than 10 cm, remove the sunshade net to improve photosynthetic efficiency.
- the grafted tung tree seedlings were transplanted to seedbeds of different heights. After growing for a period of time, it was found that the growth of the tung tree seedlings was the best when the height of the seedbed was 15 cm (as shown in Table 5). Therefore, the seedbed can be 15 cm in actual production. cm standard for construction.
- the survival rate of grafting To improve the survival rate of grafting, one should try to choose large and plump seeds for sand storage, and try to choose vigorous and thicker rootstocks for grafting when grafting. When many factors such as seed quality, rootstock thickness, spike section length, bud upper end, bud lower end, petiole length, seedbed height, transplanting depth, spike quality all reach the optimal condition of the present invention, the grafting survival rate will be higher The results of many grafting experiments show that the survival rate can be stably reached above 95%, or even 100%. Therefore, the conditions should be controlled as much as possible during grafting, so that the grafting survival rate can reach the highest level.
- the grafting of tung tree bud seedlings should be carried out from May to July.
- the branches of tung oil tung tree are in a semi-lignified state, full of vitality, and the temperature is suitable. It takes one month for the wound to heal after transplanting the grafted seedlings. During this period of time, a high temperature and high humidity environment is required.
- Grafting of tung tree seedlings can also be carried out in May, but at this time the degree of semi-lignification of tung tree branches is not high, resulting in the scion being prone to dehydration and death, and the survival rate of grafting It is lower than that in June; July-September after survival is the critical period for the growth of tung tree seedlings.
- the present invention is most suitable for grafting in June; in terms of rootstock selection, the present invention found that using three-year-old tung tree seedlings and thousand-year-old tung tree seedlings as rootstocks had no significant impact on the survival rate.
- select Millennium tung is used as the rootstock for grafting tung seedlings.
- the Millennium Tung seedlings were used as the rootstock, and the semi-lignified branches with vigorous growth and full buds were used as the stem segment with buds.
- the length of the upper end of the spike bud was 1 cm, the length of the lower end of the bud was 3 cm, and the length of the petiole was 0.5 cm;
- the diameter of the rootstock is greater than 0.8 cm, the length of the cut surface is 1.5 cm, and it is bound with grafting film; the height of the seedbed is 15 cm; when the grafting interface is higher than the ground when transplanting, the grafting survival rate can be as high as 95%.
- the invention provides a practical way for the vegetative propagation of fine tung tree varieties in the future, and has important practical significance for the sustainable and healthy development of the tung tree industry.
Abstract
本发明提供了一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法。包括砧木（千年桐）种子沙藏时间的选择、起苗床、采穗、削穗、切砧、包扎、移栽管理等过程。本发明克服了传统油桐嫁接成林后嫁接口处易断裂（芽接），枝接嫁接时穗条较粗、嫁接所用砧木必须提前一年培育，这些嫁接方法都存在周期长、成本高等生产问题。本发明具有砧木培育时间短、嫁接操作简单、嫁接效率及成活率高、极大地缩短了油桐无性繁殖育苗周期、降低了油桐无性繁殖的生产成本等优势，为油桐无性繁育推广及种质资源的保存提供了切实可行的方法，也为今后油桐的产业化无性繁殖提供了高效可行的方法。
Description
本发明属于油桐无性繁殖育苗领域，具体涉及一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法。
油桐（
Vernicia
fordii ( Hemsl.)）为大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)油桐属(
VerniciaLour.)的落叶乔木，是我国四大木本油料树种之一，也是我国重要的工业油料树种。油桐种子含油率高，干种仁含油率可达60-70%。桐油是植物油中最优质的干性油，具有干燥快、比重轻、光泽好、不导电、抗冷热、防腐、防锈、耐酸、耐碱，具有绿色环保、安全无毒害、成膜性能优异等特点，是制造环保型涂料的优质原料，也是合成新型复合材料的原材料，广泛应用于工业、建筑、印刷等行业。随着国家对环保问题的持续关注，桐油作为生物质能源在生产应用中变得日益重要，因此，发展油桐产业在保障我国能源安全方面具有重要的作用。
自2005年起，中南林业科技大学谭晓风教授带领团队开展了油桐种质资源的收集、保存、评价利用和良种选育工作，主要收集了全国各个地方科研单位保存的油桐种质资源500多份，将不同的种质资源编号保存在湘西州森林生态研究实验站进行生物学调查及良种选育，最终选育出4个优良无性系，2020年4月通过湖南省林木品种审定委员会审定，分别命名为‘华桐1号’‘华桐2号’‘华桐3号’‘华桐4号’，并在其适生区域进行大面积推广，遗憾的是目前还未建立4个品种的无性繁殖技术体系，品种推广主要靠播种繁殖，子代不能保持母本的优良性状，不利于油桐产业的健康发展。此外，油桐种植10年以后容易老化死亡，部分种质资源必须通过持续嫁接进行保存，因此，油桐无性繁殖（嫁接）技术的推广在保障油桐产业发展中具有重要意义，尤其是能够在实际生产中应用并实现产业化的繁育方法亟需解决。
目前，油桐的常规育苗方法主要为播种实生繁殖，无性繁殖技术体系不成熟，不能进行工厂化育苗，且播种繁殖导致油桐苗木出现子代变异，不能保持母本的优良性状。无性繁殖技术能够保持母本的优良性状，油桐无性繁殖主要有组织培养、扦插以及嫁接三种育苗方式，油桐组织培养技术的研究主要是靠种胚培育的无菌苗，再用无菌苗的叶片、下胚轴、叶柄等外植体诱导不定芽，从而获得再生植株（谭晓风等，2013；林青等，2014），这些研究主要是为油桐的转基因技术提供完整的组培体系，而油桐通过带芽茎段培育的组培苗还处于实验室阶段，不能用于产业化生产育苗（一种千年桐带芽茎段组织培养快速繁殖技术）。油桐扦插育苗生根率低，最高生根率仅有56.67%，且在生长过程中容易感染根腐病，该育苗技术存在苗木成活率低，质量差，易染病，造林效果差等诸多问题，因此油桐扦插育苗技术尚未应用到实际生产实践中（蓝金宣等，2021）。而油桐传统嫁接育苗的主要方法为枝接和芽接，枝接育苗周期较长，从砧木培育到移栽至少两年时间，嫁接需在苗圃地里，操作难度大，嫁接部位较高，生产成本高，导致油桐枝接技术还未进行产业化推广应用；芽接主要是在定植后的树体上进行嫁接，嫁接地点分散，技术要求高，嫁接速度慢、嫁接成活后遇到大风等天气容易从接口处断裂，造成林相较差，目前在生产上应用较少。因此，基于以上几种无性繁殖技术不成熟，目前油桐良种还是靠播种的实生苗进行繁殖推广。
本发明主要是提供一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接的育苗方法，通过该方法成功建立了油桐无性繁殖技术体系，不但克服了以上技术难题，最关键的是有效提高了嫁接成活率。为了提高嫁接成活率，保证嫁接苗健壮生长，本课题组对影响嫁接成活率的关键因素进行了深入探索，最终最优组合使嫁接成活率最高可达95%以上。该技术不仅育苗成活率高，且极大地缩短了育苗周期（从砧木培育到苗木移栽仅需6个月时间，传统的嫁接需要近2年时间）、大幅度降低了生产管护成本，同时利用千年桐幼苗做砧木能够预防枯萎病导致油桐低产低效的瓶颈问题，具有良好的应用价值和市场前景。
目前，还没有油桐芽苗砧嫁接的报道，仅有一些关于油桐传统嫁接方面的专利：
D1:201310398684.0油桐的高位芽接方法
D2:201310458017.7一种千年桐嫁接方法
将本发明所具有的显著优势，与传统嫁接方法相比，培育周期明显缩短，嫁接速率明显提高。
本发明中千年桐种子从沙藏到嫁接仅需25-50 d，极大地缩短了砧木的培育周期，降低了砧木的管理成本和种子发霉腐烂的技术风险。第二，对油桐芽苗砧嫁接相关的重要影响因子进行探索后，嫁接成活率最高可达到95%以上，极显著地提高了嫁接成活率。第三，油桐芽苗砧嫁接从5月下旬到7月底均可以，通过在不同时期沙藏砧木并利用芽苗砧嫁接技术延长了油桐的嫁接时期，且经过研究发现，油桐芽苗砧嫁接成活率在5-7月都较高，但在每年6月期间嫁接成活率最高，同时在5月下旬到7月底进行嫁接避开了用工高峰期，解决了用工集中、用工短缺的难题。第四，油桐芽苗砧嫁接只需搭建高度10-20
cm的苗床，以防止雨水过多积水影响嫁接苗的正常生长，油桐芽苗砧嫁接不仅降低了生产成本和苗木的移栽难度，而且方便嫁接后的抚育管理。
此外，林木种子正常沙藏是在冬季进行，需要在冬季进行低温层积处理，立夏前后萌发，前期大量调查了各地区油桐苗木繁育推广的方法及现状，发现存在诸多问题，本发明针对油桐无性繁殖技术推广难的产业发展问题，全面综合考虑油桐的生物学特性及生长习性，即油桐4月份开花，5月份才开始抽梢，5月底直到6月份枝条才能达到半木质化（适宜嫁接的状态）等实际情况。特意延迟油桐沙藏时间到4月初，不但缩短了油桐种子的沙藏时间，更重要的是延迟沙藏后5月份萌发的芽苗砧下胚轴非常粗壮，刚好解决了油桐枝条较粗，砧木苗地上部分较细无法匹配接穗的技术难题。同时，延迟沙藏后种子的萌发时期刚好和油桐半木质化穗条生长时期一致，解决了油桐常规沙藏立夏前萌发，而接穗还未半木质化无法嫁接的技术难题，能够充分利用油桐的半木质化枝条进行油桐良种无性繁殖育苗。因此，本发明延迟沙藏对油桐无性繁殖的方法作出了创新是通过多年观察及试验得出的结果，能够与生产实际紧密接合。本发明与上述专利一一相比的优势在于嫁接成活率高、操作简便、培养周期短、可嫁接时间长、成本低、苗木生长健壮、砧木和穗条可利用性高，能解决油桐育苗无性繁殖不能产业化的关键卡脖子问题，具有很好的经济效益和市场前景。
本发明主要针对目前油桐嫁接育苗技术不成熟，生产效率低，培育周期长、成活率不高等关键生产问题，为此，本发明提供一种高效培育油桐良种苗木的嫁接技术，主要包括砧木的培育与选择、穗条的采集、砧穗的处理等关键步骤。本发明在试验中利用油桐幼苗下胚轴的粗度比地上部分粗的特点，刚好解决了油桐穗条较粗，需要培育一年的砧木才能与穗条相匹配的生产难题；利用千年桐幼苗为砧木，刚好解决了油桐后期易染根腐病的生产难题；培育3个月后用刀在嫁接膜上垂直划一刀，使嫁接膜随着嫁接口的愈合而自动脱落，解决了传统嫁接中解嫁解膜的用工问题。该技术操作简便，能够提高嫁接效率，明显缩短育苗周期，提高苗木成活率，减少育苗成本，培育出的苗木生长健壮，为油桐的工厂化育苗提供更加高效优质的生产技术。
本发明是通过以下方式实现的。
一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法，包括以下步骤：
（1）砧木培育：在每年的4月上旬-6月下旬期间，在嫁接前25-50 d将千年桐种子进行沙藏，待上胚轴露出沙子表面、真叶长出时用于嫁接；
（2）穗条采集：在每年的5-7月期间，选择生长健壮、芽饱满、无病虫害的当年生半木质化枝条作接穗；
（3）削穗；将留有腋芽的接穗下部削成楔形斜面；
（4）削砧：嫁接时，在与接穗粗度最接近的位置处切掉砧木上部胚轴，在下胚轴切面处垂直于横切面方向向下纵向切嫁接口；
（5）嫁接：将削好的接穗插入砧木的嫁接口中，要求砧木和接穗紧密接合且至少有一边形成层对齐，对齐后包扎固定；
（6）嫁接后移栽：嫁接前在苗床上方整体搭遮阳网；将嫁接好的苗木移栽到苗床上，移栽时嫁接口要高于土壤平面，移栽后要浇定根水，待嫁接苗的腋芽长度达10 cm以上时，去掉遮阳网以便提高光合效率；
（7）移栽后管理：嫁接苗在移栽后要进行浇水，使土壤保持湿度，嫁接50 d后用尿素对其进行叶面喷施。
步骤（1）砧木培育的具体过程如下：沙藏地选择在地势较高、排水良好的阳坡，将种子平铺在18-22
cm厚的干净河沙上，种子与种子之间避免重叠以便培育出健壮的芽苗砧，然后在种子上铺一层8-12
cm厚的河沙，优选：下胚轴直径0.8 cm以上的健壮幼苗用于嫁接；浇水使沙子保持8-10%的湿度。
步骤（1）砧木培育的具体过程如下：种子在自然条件下沙藏25-50
d即用于嫁接，在4月上旬-5月下旬期间温度较低，种子萌发所需时间较长，则沙藏45-50 d，在6月上旬-6月下旬期间温度较高，种子萌发快，沙藏25-30
d后即进行嫁接。
步骤（2）穗条采集后去掉叶片，叶柄留0.1-1.0 cm，优选：叶柄长度0.5 cm用于嫁接。
步骤（3）削穗的具体过程如下：将接穗剪成3-5
cm长带有单芽的小段，剪成小段后将接穗下部削成垂直长度为1-2 cm的楔形斜面，优选：接穗腋芽离顶端1 cm，离底端3 cm，接穗楔形斜面垂直长度1.5 cm。
步骤（4）削砧的具体过程如下：嫁接时，选择生长健壮、下胚轴直径0.8
cm以上粗的砧木，在距离砧木根部5-8 cm的位置处切掉上部胚轴，在下胚轴切面处垂直于横切面向下纵切一个1.2-2 cm长的嫁接口，优选：砧穗垂直接合长度1.5 cm。
步骤（5）将削好的接穗插入砧木的嫁接口中，要求砧木和接穗紧密接合且至少有一边对齐形成层，对齐后用嫁接膜进行包扎固定，用嫁接膜固定时，先将嫁接膜的一边固定，另一边围着切口缠绕，将切口包裹严实，包裹固定完成后打一个结，然后将胚根基部浸入水中保湿。
步骤（6）嫁接后移栽：准备高10-20 cm，宽0.9-1.2 m的苗床用于移栽，移栽密度为：株距15-20
cm，行距20-30 cm，行边保留4-6
cm的宽度，优选：苗床高15 cm，宽1.2 m，移栽时嫁接口要高于地面防止接穗腐烂，移栽后要浇定根水，然后在苗床上方整体搭遮阳网遮阴，待接穗的芽长度达10cm以上时，去掉遮阳网以便提高光合效率。
步骤（6）中苗床所用到的育苗基质为黄心土中掺和5-10%的泥炭土；苗床遮阴度以透光率为3-10%，湿度保持在60%以上。
步骤（7）移栽后管理：移栽后土壤湿度保持在60%以上，嫁接50 d后喷施质量浓度0.1-0.4%尿素补充养分，逐渐增强光照，并及时除萌、除草，培育3个月后划开嫁接膜，使嫁接膜随着接口处愈伤组织的生长自动脱落，以防嫁接部位出现嫁接膜阻碍接口正常愈合的勒痕。
1、传统的油桐嫁接采用的是枝接或芽接两种方法，这两种方法嫁接成活率能够达到42.00%和82.44%，但嫁接部位一般在离地径10 cm以上处，嫁接后嫁接口一直存在，由于油桐具有髓心，因此在生长过程中遇到大风后伤口位置容易折断。本发明采用下胚轴劈接的方法，由于下胚轴活性较强，嫁接口在生长过程中会被砧木产生的愈伤组织完全包裹（如图6），因此，本发明解决了油桐嫁接处易断裂的科学问题。
2、本发明中所用的砧木在沙藏培育时，在嫁接前25-50 d进行沙藏，极大地缩短了培育周期，砧木培育仅需25-50
d即可用于嫁接，不但解决了冬季沙藏种子长时间易腐烂发霉的问题，而且油桐幼苗下胚轴活性较强，也提高了嫁接成活率。
3、本发明嫁接使用的砧木为千年桐幼苗的下胚轴，与传统嫁接用到的砧木相比较粗，正好与油桐穗条粗度相吻合，砧木与穗条粗细相近，使得嫁接口更加契合，能够显著提高苗木的成活率。
4、本发明能够明显缩短育苗周期，降低生产成本。传统嫁接技术所用的砧木需要提前1年进行培育，嫁接时接穗栽植在苗圃中，嫁接口一般较高，而本发明中所用到的砧木培育时长仅需25-50 d，且嫁接砧木脱离土壤，操作灵活简便。
5、本发明能够提高嫁接效率。传统嫁接技术是在林间油桐树上或者一年生苗木上进行嫁接，嫁接难度大，嫁接效率低，但本发明是将千年桐幼苗拔出后进行嫁接，嫁接方法简便，嫁接效率高，一人一天可嫁接600株。
6、提高了嫁接成活率：油桐芽苗砧嫁接成活率最高可达到95%以上，显著地提高了嫁接成活率。
7、可嫁接时间长：在5、6、7这3个月中都可进行嫁接，且嫁接成活率高。
8、降低了生产成本和苗木移栽难度：无需搭建拱棚，进行覆膜处理，可大大降低生产成本和苗木移栽的难度。
9、砧木培育方便：本发明在培育砧木时仅用干净的河沙在自然条件下即可进行种子沙藏，可以简化消毒环节。
综上所述，本发明与传统油桐嫁接方法相比，都具有显著的优势。本发明与油桐相比，可缩短育苗周期，提高苗木成活率，降低生产成本，苗木生长健壮，且操作简单，极大地提高了嫁接效率，更加便于工厂化生产，能够有效改善油桐良种繁育所面临的困境。
图1为本发明油桐砧木培育萌发的照片；
图2为本发明油桐砧木下胚轴与穗条粗度相似的照片；
图3为本发明油桐接穗削好后的照片；
图4为本发明将油桐砧木与穗条接合的后的照片；
图5为本发明油桐苗木嫁接完成的照片；
图6为本发明油桐苗木嫁接完成放在装有水的盆中待移栽的照片；
图7为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长5 d后腋芽开始萌动的照片；
图8为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长1个月后的整体照片；
图9为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长1个月后拔出土壤后的照片；
图10为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长1个月后伤口愈合完成的照片；
图11为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长3个月后的照片；
图12为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长3个月后拔出土壤的照片；
图13为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长3个月后单株生长的照片（苗高50 cm以上）；
图14为本发明油桐嫁接苗生长3个月后嫁接口生长的照片。
以下结合实施例旨在进一步说明本发明，而非限制本发明。
实施例1
为了提高嫁接成活率，对嫁接过程中存在的影响因素进行探索，后续试验都采用之前试验中所得到的最佳条件。试验中每个处理嫁接30株，每个处理重复3次。依次进行以下操作:
1、培育砧木的种子收集：在十一月中旬采集千年桐优良母树上成熟的果实，装入编织袋中放置于阴凉潮湿处堆沤2-3个月，果皮软化腐烂后将其种子分离出，放置在阴凉干燥处晾5-7 d，再装入编织袋中存放于湿润阴凉处保存待用。
2、砧木培育：在嫁接前25 -50 d将保存的千年桐种子进行沙藏，沙藏地选择在地势较高、排水良好的阳坡，将种子平铺在20 cm厚的干净河沙上，种子与种子之间避免重叠以便培育出健壮的芽苗砧，然后在种子上铺一层10 cm厚的河沙，自然条件下培育25-50 d，每2-3 d浇一次水使沙子保持一定的湿度（8%），沙藏后待上胚轴露出沙子表面、真叶长出时用于嫁接，优选下胚轴直径0.8
cm以上的健壮幼苗用于嫁接。
本发明在预试验阶段已进行了大量试验，掌握了油桐芽苗砧嫁接的最佳条件，因此，将沙藏培育出的三年桐和千年桐幼苗作为砧木进行嫁接，嫁接时接穗腋芽离顶端保留1 cm，离底端3 cm，叶柄0.5 cm，接穗切面垂直长度1.5 cm，利用嫁接膜包扎固定，移栽到15 cm高的苗床上进行培育，最终得到的结果如表1所示，两种砧木的嫁接成活率近乎相等，但由于根腐病在生产实践中对三年桐的危害较大，千年桐对于根腐病的抗性优于三年桐，所以在后期试验及实际生产中选择千年桐作为砧木。
3、穗条采集：在6月中旬期间，选择生长健壮、芽饱满、无病虫害的当年生半木质化枝条作接穗。
4、削穗；将接穗剪成4 cm长带有单芽的小段，接穗腋芽顶端留0.5-1.5
cm，腋芽下方留2 -3 cm，叶柄长度留0.1-1
cm。
在探究芽上端、芽下端、叶柄的长度这3个因素对嫁接成活率的影响时，采用千年桐幼苗作为砧木，将接穗切面垂直长度统一为1.5
cm进行嫁接，嫁接后伤口用嫁接膜进行包扎固定，在15 cm高的苗床上将嫁接口埋在土里进行培育。由表2可知，不同处理下的穗条对嫁接成活率也有影响，为了有效提高嫁接成活率，应选择在接穗腋芽离顶端保留1 cm，离底端3 cm，叶柄0.5 cm，可使嫁接成活率达到78.9%。
5、削砧：嫁接时，选择生长健壮、下胚轴直径0.8 cm以上粗的砧木，在距离砧木根部5-8
cm且与接穗粗度最接近的位置处切掉上部胚轴，在下胚轴切面处垂直于横切面方向向下纵切一个垂直长度1.2-2
cm长的嫁接口，使砧穗能够紧密接合。
不同的接穗切面垂直长度对嫁接成活率的影响较为明显，在进行试验时，以千年桐幼苗为砧木，接穗腋芽离顶端保留1 cm，离底端3 cm，叶柄0.5 cm，利用嫁接膜包扎固定，在15 cm高的苗床上将嫁接口埋在土里进行培育，最终由表3可知，在实际生产中，应选择楔形斜面垂直长度为1.5 cm的穗条与砧木进行嫁接。
6、嫁接：嫁接时，以千年桐幼苗为砧木，按照接穗腋芽离顶端保留1 cm，离底端3 cm，叶柄0.5 cm，接穗切面垂直长度为1.5 cm的标准进行削穗，将削好的接穗插入砧木的嫁接口中，要求砧木和接穗紧密接合且至少有一边对齐（形成层），对齐后用嫁接膜进行包扎固定，用嫁接膜固定砧穗接合处时，先将嫁接膜的一边固定，另一边围着切口缠绕，将切口包裹严实，包裹固定完成后打一个结，然后放在盛有约1 cm左右水的盆中，将胚根基部浸入水中保湿。
由表4可知，使用不同的绑扎材料对油桐嫁接成活率影响非常显著，嫁接膜的成活率显著高于铝箔片，因此应选择嫁接膜作为油桐芽苗砧的绑扎材料。
7、嫁接后移栽：以千年桐幼苗为砧木，接穗腋芽离顶端保留1 cm，离底端3 cm，叶柄0.5 cm，接穗切面垂直长度为1.5 cm进行嫁接，用嫁接膜包扎固定。嫁接前在苗圃地起一个宽1.0m，高5-20
cm的苗床用于移栽。嫁接好的苗木移栽到苗床上，一般移栽密度为株距15 cm，行距20 cm，苗床边缘保留4-6 cm的宽度，移栽时嫁接口要高于地面防止接穗腐烂，移栽后要浇定根水，然后在苗床上面整体搭遮阳网遮阴2个月，待接穗的芽长度达10 cm以上时，去掉遮阳网以便提高光合效率。
将嫁接后的油桐苗移栽到不同高度的苗床上，生长一段时间后发现苗床高度为15 cm时油桐苗的生长情况最好（如表5），因此，在实际生产中苗床可以15 cm的标准进行修建。
根据表6中数据可知，不同的移栽高度对嫁接成活率有显著影响，在接穗腋芽离顶端保留1 cm，离底端3 cm，叶柄0.5 cm，接穗切面垂直长度为1.5 cm的条件下进行嫁接，应在移栽时将嫁接苗的嫁接口放在地面以上。
8、移栽后管理：移栽后土壤湿度保持在60%以上，嫁接50 d后施肥补充养分，用质量浓度0.3%的尿素进行喷施叶面，逐渐增强光照，并及时除萌、除草，3个月后用刀在嫁接膜上轻轻地垂直划一刀，使嫁接膜随着伤口愈合自动脱落，以防嫁接部位出现嫁接膜阻碍接口正常愈合的勒痕。
在进行大量预试验后，本申请已基本掌握了油桐芽苗砧嫁接所需的最佳条件，为了对这些条件进行验证与优化，以单因素试验设计为依据，在探索某一因素时，其他因素均按照最佳条件进行处理，在嫁接20 d后观察嫁接苗生长情况，统计成活率。观察表中数据可发现，在探索某些条件时，即使处于最佳嫁接条件下，嫁接成活率仍较低（但同等条件下，经过大量平行试验能够确定这些最优条件确实对嫁接效果有较大影响），对这种情况进行分析总结，影响油桐芽苗砧嫁接成活率的因素有很多，部分因素无法直接调控，如种子品质、接穗、砧木活力等，只能尽量优化，（例如由于受到采样时间和当年气候影响，导致每批次采样的种子，或者砧木，或者接穗无法达到最优状态）。在对诸多影响因素进行试验后发现，在进行芽苗砧嫁接时，除砧木粗度，穗条切面长度，芽上端、芽下端、叶柄长度，苗床高度，移栽深度外，还应选择半木质化、芽饱满的穗条；从沙子中拔出的砧木应及时用完（拔出后需要当天嫁接），不能放置时间过长，以防失水；种子的品质则直接影响嫁接成活率，为了提高嫁接成活率，应尽量选择粒大饱满的种子进行沙藏、嫁接时尽量选择生长旺盛、较粗的砧木嫁接。在种子质量、砧木粗度，穗条切面长度，芽上端、芽下端、叶柄长度，苗床高度，移栽深度，穗条质量等诸多因素皆达到本发明最佳条件时，嫁接成活率会更高，经过多次嫁接试验结果表明，能够稳定的使成活率达到95%以上，甚至100%，因此，在进行嫁接时应尽量控制条件，使嫁接成活率能够达到最高水平。
综上所述，油桐芽苗砧嫁接宜在5-7月进行，6月上旬油桐枝条正处于半木质化状态，活力旺盛，温度适宜，嫁接苗移栽后伤口愈合需要1个月时间，在这段时间内需要高温、高湿的环境，5月亦可进行油桐芽苗砧嫁接，但此时油桐枝条半木质化程度并不高，导致接穗容易失水死亡，嫁接成活率较低于6月；成活后7-9月是油桐苗木生长的关键时期，若7、8月进行嫁接，成活率也较高，但当年生长周期变短，嫁接苗的生长状况明显差于6月，所以本发明以6月嫁接最为适宜；在砧木选择方面，本发明前期发现用三年桐和千年桐幼苗做砧木对成活率影响不显著，为了提高油桐的抗病能力，则选择千年桐作为油桐芽苗砧嫁接的砧木。
按照以上研究，以千年桐幼苗为砧木，以油桐生长旺盛、芽饱满的半木质化枝条为带芽茎段，在穗条芽上端长度1 cm，芽下端长度3 cm，叶柄长度0.5 cm；砧木直径大于0.8cm，切面长度1.5 cm，用嫁接膜进行绑扎；苗床高度15 cm；移栽时将嫁接口高于地面时嫁接成活率可高达95%以上。在嫁接3个月后用刀片轻划嫁接膜，使其自然脱落，减少人力消耗。本发明为今后油桐良种无性繁育提供了切实可行的途径，对油桐产业的持续健康发展具有重要的实践意义。
Claims (10)
- 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：（1）砧木培育：在每年的4月上旬-6月下旬期间，在嫁接前25-50 d将千年桐种子进行沙藏，待上胚轴露出沙子表面、真叶长出时用于嫁接；（2）穗条采集：在每年的5-7月期间，选择生长健壮、芽饱满、无病虫害的当年生半木质化枝条作接穗；（3）削穗；将留有腋芽的接穗下部削成楔形斜面；（4）削砧：嫁接时，在与接穗粗度最接近的位置处切掉砧木上部胚轴，在下胚轴切面处垂直于横切面方向向下纵向切嫁接口；（5）嫁接：将削好的接穗插入砧木的嫁接口中，要求砧木和接穗紧密接合且至少有一边形成层对齐，对齐后包扎固定；（6）嫁接后移栽：嫁接前在苗床上方整体搭遮阳网；将嫁接好的苗木移栽到苗床上，移栽时嫁接口要高于土壤平面，移栽后要浇定根水，待嫁接苗的腋芽长度达10 cm以上时，去掉遮阳网以便提高光合效率；（7）移栽后管理：嫁接苗在移栽后要进行浇水，使土壤保持湿度，嫁接50 d后用尿素对其进行叶面喷施。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（1）砧木培育的具体过程如下：沙藏地选择在地势较高、排水良好的阳坡，将种子平铺在18-22 cm厚的干净河沙上，种子与种子之间避免重叠以便培育出健壮的芽苗砧，然后在种子上铺一层8-12 cm厚的河沙，优选：下胚轴直径0.8 cm以上的健壮幼苗用于嫁接；浇水使沙子保持8-10%湿度。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（1）砧木培育的具体过程如下：种子在自然条件下沙藏25-50 d即用于嫁接，在4月上旬-5月下旬期间温度较低，种子萌发所需时间较长，则沙藏45-50 d，在6月上旬-6月下旬期间温度较高，种子萌发快，沙藏25-30 d后即进行嫁接。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（2）穗条采集后去掉叶片，叶柄留0.1-1.0 cm，优选：叶柄长度0.5 cm用于嫁接。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（3）削穗的具体过程如下：将接穗剪成3-5 cm长带有单芽的小段，剪成小段后将接穗下部削成垂直长度1-2 cm的楔形斜面，优选：接穗腋芽离顶端1 cm，离底端3 cm，接穗楔形斜面垂直长度1.5 cm。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（4）削砧的具体过程如下：嫁接时，选择生长健壮、下胚轴直径0.8 cm以上粗的砧木，在距离砧木根部5-8 cm的位置处切掉上部胚轴，在下胚轴切面处垂直于横切面向下纵切一个1.2-2 cm长的嫁接口，优选：砧穗垂直接合长度1.5 cm。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（5）将削好的接穗插入砧木的嫁接口中，要求砧木和接穗紧密接合且至少有一边对齐形成层，对齐后用嫁接膜进行包扎固定，用嫁接膜固定时，先将嫁接膜的一边固定，另一边围着切口缠绕，将切口包裹严实，包裹固定完成后打一个结，然后将胚根基部浸入水中保湿。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（6）嫁接后移栽：准备高10-20 cm,宽0.9-1.2 m的苗床用于移栽，移栽密度为：株距15-20 cm，行距20-30 cm，行边保留4-6 cm的宽度，优选：苗床高15 cm，宽1.2 m，移栽时嫁接口要高于地面防止接穗腐烂，移栽后要浇定根水，然后在苗床上方整体搭遮阳网遮阴，待接穗的芽长度达10 cm以上时，去掉遮阳网以便提高光合效率。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（6）中苗床所用到的育苗基质为黄心土中掺和5-10%的泥炭土；苗床遮阴度以透光率为3-10%，湿度保持在60%以上。
- 根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，步骤（7）移栽后管理：移栽后土壤湿度保持在60%以上，嫁接50 d后喷施质量浓度0.1-0.4%的尿素补充养分，逐渐增强光照，并及时除萌、除草，培育3个月后划开嫁接膜，使嫁接膜随着接口处愈伤组织的生长自动脱落，以防嫁接部位出现嫁接膜阻碍接口正常愈合的勒痕。
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202210127229 | 2022-02-11 | ||
| CN202210127229.6 | 2022-02-11 | ||
| CN202210866531.3 | 2022-07-22 | ||
| CN202210866531.3A CN115349362B (zh) | 2022-02-11 | 2022-07-22 | 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2023151380A1 true WO2023151380A1 (zh) | 2023-08-17 |
Family
ID=84031641
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2022/139027 WO2023151380A1 (zh) | 2022-02-11 | 2022-12-14 | 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN115349362B (zh) |
| WO (1) | WO2023151380A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115349362B (zh) * | 2022-02-11 | 2023-09-15 | 中南林业科技大学 | 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008000063A (ja) * | 2006-06-22 | 2008-01-10 | Nara Prefecture | カキ苗の周年生産方法及び苗 |
| CN104904480A (zh) * | 2015-06-16 | 2015-09-16 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | 一种利用木糠冬春季培育油茶砧木的方法 |
| CN105453902A (zh) * | 2015-11-19 | 2016-04-06 | 华蓥市双河第四初级中学 | 一种油橄榄异种嫁接的方法 |
| CN106416896A (zh) * | 2016-10-08 | 2017-02-22 | 鲁东大学 | 一种提高油桐抗病性、抗倒伏和产量的方法 |
| CN115349362A (zh) * | 2022-02-11 | 2022-11-18 | 中南林业科技大学 | 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103081699B (zh) * | 2013-02-06 | 2015-02-11 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | 油茶冬春芽苗砧嫁接繁殖方法 |
| CN103975754B (zh) * | 2014-05-30 | 2016-06-29 | 福建农林大学 | 一种油茶芽苗砧嫁接苗的培育方法 |
-
2022
- 2022-07-22 CN CN202210866531.3A patent/CN115349362B/zh active Active
- 2022-12-14 WO PCT/CN2022/139027 patent/WO2023151380A1/zh active Application Filing
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008000063A (ja) * | 2006-06-22 | 2008-01-10 | Nara Prefecture | カキ苗の周年生産方法及び苗 |
| CN104904480A (zh) * | 2015-06-16 | 2015-09-16 | 广西壮族自治区林业科学研究院 | 一种利用木糠冬春季培育油茶砧木的方法 |
| CN105453902A (zh) * | 2015-11-19 | 2016-04-06 | 华蓥市双河第四初级中学 | 一种油橄榄异种嫁接的方法 |
| CN106416896A (zh) * | 2016-10-08 | 2017-02-22 | 鲁东大学 | 一种提高油桐抗病性、抗倒伏和产量的方法 |
| CN115349362A (zh) * | 2022-02-11 | 2022-11-18 | 中南林业科技大学 | 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| CAI XIAOQUN: "Application of camellia oleifera sprout grafting technology and promotion of excellent clones", GUANXI FORESTRY SCIENCE., vol. 25, no. 4, 1 December 1996 (1996-12-01), pages 223 - 225, XP093084148, DOI: 10.19692/j.cnki.gfs.1996.04.009 * |
| ZHU XUGUO: "Grafting of tung sprouts", SEED, no. Z1, 1 January 1986 (1986-01-01), pages 94, XP093084147, DOI: 10.16590/j.cnki.1001-4705.1986.z1.104 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN115349362B (zh) | 2023-09-15 |
| CN115349362A (zh) | 2022-11-18 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN102057851B (zh) | 一种薄壳山核桃当年播种当年嫁接的育苗方法 | |
| CN102577842B (zh) | 茶树根砧嫁接繁育方法 | |
| CN111543238B (zh) | 一种抗苹果枝枯病香梨树的抚育方法 | |
| CN101663947B (zh) | 一种丛生竹类圃地促萌快速繁殖育苗的方法 | |
| CN101911899A (zh) | 一种佛手砧木用于多树种的嫁接方法 | |
| CN111837791B (zh) | 一种红锥无性系种子园快速建立的方法及其应用 | |
| CN107896671A (zh) | 柑橘苗木繁殖方法 | |
| WO2023151380A1 (zh) | 一种油桐芽苗砧嫁接育苗的方法 | |
| CN107278748A (zh) | 一种高位换种技术改造低产板栗的方法 | |
| CN110050598B (zh) | 一种提高闽楠嫁接成活率的育苗方法 | |
| CN107771602A (zh) | 一种三段式‘绞缢法’苹果矮化自根苗快速繁育方法 | |
| CN107624402A (zh) | 一种苹果新品种的培育方法 | |
| CN107969238A (zh) | 彩丝棉木的培育方法 | |
| CN109744040A (zh) | 一种耐盐嫁接木槿的容器苗培育技术 | |
| CN106342556A (zh) | 马尾松优良无性系规模化嫁接育苗方法 | |
| CN112425390A (zh) | 一种桃树嫁接种植方法 | |
| CN101836559A (zh) | 蔬菜作物茎尖移接方法 | |
| KR101163948B1 (ko) | 광분해비닐을 사용한 소나무 무성 번식방법과 그 방법으로 이루어지는 소나무묘목 | |
| CN110583267A (zh) | 一种面包果芽接育苗方法 | |
| CN105409550A (zh) | 一种规模化培养白穗柯种苗的方法 | |
| CN105409548A (zh) | 一种规模化培养万宁柯种苗的方法 | |
| CN110972743A (zh) | 一种无絮垂柳的嫁接方法 | |
| CN110367017A (zh) | 一种白桃的选种培育方法 | |
| CN110192490A (zh) | 一种五莲杨配套繁育方法 | |
| CN115024150B (zh) | 一种每年可采切的蜡梅切花培育方法 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22925730 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 18288842 Country of ref document: US |