WO2023142174A1 - 重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置 - Google Patents

重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置 Download PDF

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WO2023142174A1
WO2023142174A1 PCT/CN2022/076181 CN2022076181W WO2023142174A1 WO 2023142174 A1 WO2023142174 A1 WO 2023142174A1 CN 2022076181 W CN2022076181 W CN 2022076181W WO 2023142174 A1 WO2023142174 A1 WO 2023142174A1
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function
electron beam
optimized
transmission function
electron
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French (fr)
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于荣
杨文峰
沙浩治
崔吉哲
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Tsinghua University
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F17/00Digital computing or data processing equipment or methods, specially adapted for specific functions
    • G06F17/10Complex mathematical operations
    • G06F17/15Correlation function computation including computation of convolution operations
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/02Details
    • H01J37/22Optical, image processing or photographic arrangements associated with the tube
    • H01J37/222Image processing arrangements associated with the tube
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2237/00Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
    • H01J2237/22Treatment of data
    • H01J2237/221Image processing
    • H01J2237/223Fourier techniques
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J2237/00Discharge tubes exposing object to beam, e.g. for analysis treatment, etching, imaging
    • H01J2237/26Electron or ion microscopes
    • H01J2237/28Scanning microscopes
    • H01J2237/2802Transmission microscopes

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of imaging technology, in particular to a method and device for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions.
  • the traditional electron microscopy imaging method plays an important role in characterizing the microstructure of materials.
  • the existing lamination imaging method can obtain the information of the electron beam function and the amplitude and phase of the sample.
  • these imaging methods only obtain intuitive image information, but cannot directly obtain accurate parameterized information, such as atomic positions, orbital occupancy, and so on.
  • This application provides a method, device, electronic equipment, and storage medium for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals and electron beam functions, so as to solve the problem that related technologies can only obtain intuitive image information of samples, and cannot parametrically represent atomic positions and orbital occupancy.
  • the problem can only obtain intuitive image information of samples, and cannot parametrically represent atomic positions and orbital occupancy.
  • the embodiment of the first aspect of the present application provides a method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions, including the following steps: S101, control the moving electron beam to scan the sample, and obtain the diffraction intensity of each scanning position of the sample; S102, constructing a sample transmission function and an electron beam function, establishing a forward propagation model including parameters to be optimized according to the diffraction intensity, the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, and calculating a loss function value; S103, solving the loss function about The derivative of the parameter to be optimized, obtaining the gradient of the parameter to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, optimizing the parameter to be optimized according to the gradient, and updating the value of the loss function; S104, Judging whether the current iteration meets the iteration termination condition, if not, execute S103, and output the optimized sample transmission function and the optimized electron beam function when the iteration termination condition is satisfied.
  • the constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function includes: using the local function of the electron orbital spatial distribution to describe the sample transmission function; using the aberration function corresponding to the Zernike coefficient Describe the electron beam function.
  • the sample transmission function and the electron beam function before constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, it further includes: initializing parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, and the electron beam
  • the parameters to be optimized in the function include Zernike coefficients, and the parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function include atomic positions and parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbits.
  • the loss function is:
  • j represents the serial number of the scanning position
  • u, v are the coordinates in the real space
  • represents the modulus of each element in the matrix
  • I j is the diffraction intensity
  • ⁇ exit is the outgoing wave function
  • P(r) is the electron beam function
  • P(rr j ) is the electron beam scanned to the jth position by the electron beam
  • O l (r) is the sample transmission function of the first layer
  • the sample transmission function O l (r) is:
  • V l (r) is the projection potential of the transmission function
  • Amp l (r) is the amplitude of the transmission function
  • s(r) represents the s-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the l-th layer
  • p(r) represents the p-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the l-th layer
  • s l (r) is represented by the local function of the Gaussian function:
  • the electron beam function P(r) is:
  • A(k) is the aperture function
  • C n is the Zernike coefficient
  • ⁇ (k) is the aberration function
  • R ⁇ ⁇ means to take the real part of the matrix in the brackets
  • the content in ⁇ ⁇ means multiple Zernike coefficient.
  • the iteration termination condition includes: the number of iterations reaches a preset threshold; and/or, the loss function converges to a preset value.
  • the embodiment of the second aspect of the present application provides a device for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions, including: an acquisition module, used to control the moving electron beam to scan the sample, and acquire the diffraction intensity of each scanning position of the sample ;
  • a building block is used to construct a sample transmission function and an electron beam function, and establishes a forward propagation model including parameters to be optimized according to the diffraction intensity, the sample transmission function and an electron beam function, and calculates a loss function value;
  • the optimization module uses To solve the derivative of the loss function with respect to the parameter to be optimized, obtain the gradient of the parameter to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, optimize the parameter to be optimized according to the gradient, and update the value of the loss function, repeat the iterative process until the iteration termination condition is met, Output the optimized sample transmission function and the optimized electron beam function.
  • the constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function includes: using the local function of the electron orbital spatial distribution to describe the sample transmission function; using the aberration function corresponding to the Zernike coefficient Describe the electron beam function.
  • an initialization module used to initialize the sample transmission function and the electron beam function to be optimized before constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function Parameters
  • the parameters to be optimized in the electron beam function include Zernike coefficients
  • the parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function include atomic positions and parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbits.
  • the loss function is:
  • j represents the serial number of the scanning position
  • u, v are the coordinates in the real space
  • represents the modulus of each element in the matrix
  • I j is the diffraction intensity
  • ⁇ exit is the outgoing wave function
  • P(r) is the electron beam function
  • P(rr j ) is the electron beam scanned to the jth position by the electron beam
  • O l (r) is the sample transmission function of the first layer
  • the sample transmission function O l (r) is:
  • V l (r) is the projection potential of the transmission function
  • Amp l (r) is the amplitude of the transmission function
  • s(r) represents the s-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the l-th layer
  • p(r) represents the p-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the l-th layer
  • s l (r) is represented by the local function of the Gaussian function:
  • the electron beam function P(r) is:
  • A(k) is the aperture function
  • C n is the Zernike coefficient
  • ⁇ (k) is the aberration function
  • R ⁇ ⁇ means to take the real part of the matrix in the brackets
  • the content in ⁇ ⁇ means multiple Zernike coefficient.
  • the iteration termination condition includes: the number of iterations reaches a preset threshold; and/or, the loss function converges to a preset value.
  • the embodiment of the third aspect of the present application provides an electronic device, including: a memory, a processor, and a computer program stored on the memory and operable on the processor, and the processor executes the program to perform The method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions as described in the above embodiments.
  • the embodiment of the fourth aspect of the present application provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, and the program is executed by a processor to perform the reconstruction of the electron orbital spatial distribution and the electron beam function as described in the above-mentioned embodiment. method.
  • the method and device for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions in the embodiment of the present application expresses the electron beam function by a function not limited to the calculation of the Zernike coefficient, which breaks through the traditional stack imaging algorithm and directly calculates the pixels in the space where the electron beam function is located. Due to the limitations of the operation, the optimized electron beam function is closer to the real electron beam. At the same time, expressing the transmission function as a local function that is not limited to the spatial distribution of electron orbits can break through the limitations of existing stack imaging algorithms and directly obtain the position information of atoms in the sample.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic projection structure diagram along the [001] direction of the sample barium titanate used in Example 1 provided according to the embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the distribution of electron beam scanning points provided according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a diffraction pattern at the 1000th scanning position provided according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the amplitude image of the electron beam function initialized by the Zernike coefficient according to the algorithm provided by the embodiment of the application;
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an electron beam function phase image initialized by Zernike coefficients according to an algorithm provided by an embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the amplitude image of the transmission function initialized by the Gaussian function according to the algorithm provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a phase image of a transmission function initialized by a Gaussian function according to an algorithm provided by an embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the diffraction pattern of the 1000th scanning point obtained after initializing the transmission function and the electron beam function according to the algorithm provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the amplitude image of the electron beam function reconstructed according to the algorithm provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the phase image of the electron beam function reconstructed according to the algorithm provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of a transmission function phase image reconstructed according to an algorithm provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of the diffraction pattern of the 1000th scanning point obtained after reconstructing the transmission function and the electron beam function according to the algorithm provided by the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of the change curve of the Loss function during the algorithm iteration process provided according to the embodiment of the present application;
  • Fig. 15 is an example diagram of a device for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals and electron beam functions according to an embodiment of the present application
  • Fig. 16 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device provided in an embodiment of the application.
  • this application provides a method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals and the electron beam function.
  • the electron beam function The aberration function not limited to the corresponding Zernike coefficient is used to represent, and the transmission function is represented by the parameterized form of the local function not limited to the spatial distribution of electron orbits, which can realize the resolution of sub-pixel precision.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and the electron beam function includes the following steps:
  • step S101 the moving electron beam is controlled to scan the sample, and the diffraction intensity of each scanning position of the sample is acquired.
  • the moving electron beam is used to perform periodic or non-periodic scanning on the sample, the diffraction intensity data generated when the electron beam is located at each scanning position is collected, and the diffraction intensity is obtained from the diffraction intensity data.
  • step S102 a sample transmission function and an electron beam function are constructed, a forward propagation model including parameters to be optimized is established according to the diffraction intensity, sample transmission function and electron beam function, and a loss function value is calculated.
  • the transmission function of the sample is described by a local function including but not limited to the spatial distribution of electron orbitals
  • the electron beam function is described by an aberration function including but not limited to the corresponding Zernike coefficient.
  • the loss function is obtained according to the constructed sample transmission function and electron beam function, and the stack reconstruction problem is transformed into an optimization problem.
  • the sample transmission function and the electron beam function before constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, it also includes: initializing the parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, and the parameters to be optimized in the electron beam function include Zernike Coefficients, parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function include atomic positions and parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals.
  • the initialization parameters include Zernike coefficient, atomic position, and s orbital peak width, s orbital peak height, amplitude peak width, and amplitude peak height and other parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals.
  • the electron beam function is obtained according to the Zernike coefficient
  • the transmission function is obtained according to the atomic position, s-orbital peak width, s-orbital peak height, amplitude peak width, amplitude peak height, and other parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals, and then the loss function is calculated. L.
  • the loss function is written as a function about the sample transmission function, electron beam function, etc., including but not limited to the following forms:
  • j represents the serial number of the scanning position
  • u, v are the coordinates in the real space
  • represents the modulus of each element in the matrix
  • I j is the diffraction intensity
  • ⁇ exit is the outgoing wave function.
  • the outgoing wave function ⁇ exit is a function related to the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, and the specific form of the outgoing wave function ⁇ exit is:
  • the electron beam function obtained according to the Zernike coefficient is as follows:
  • P(rr j ) represents the electron beam scanned to the jth position of the electron beam, and P(rr j ) can be obtained by various methods including but not limited to the following methods:
  • the aberration function ⁇ (k) corresponding to C n,m is obtained by the following formula:
  • R ⁇ means to take the real part of the matrix in brackets, and in ⁇ ... means other Zernike coefficients.
  • the transmission function O l (r) of the first layer is as follows:
  • V l (r) and Amp l (r) respectively represent the projected potential and amplitude of the transmission function, which can be described by expressions including but not limited to:
  • s(r) represents the s-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the first layer
  • p(r) represents the p-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the first layer
  • s l (r) can be described by local functions including, but not limited to, Gaussian functions.
  • each layer transmission function has the same thickness.
  • p(k; dz) represents the Fresnel diffraction effect factor or other effect factors
  • Fresnel diffraction can be expressed as:
  • dz represents the thickness of each layer of sample.
  • step S103 the derivative of the loss function with respect to the parameter to be optimized is calculated, the gradient of the parameter to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function is obtained, the parameter to be optimized is optimized according to the gradient, and the value of the loss function is updated.
  • step S103 it is judged whether the current iteration satisfies the iteration termination condition, if not, execute S103, and output the optimized sample transmission function and the optimized electron beam function when the iteration termination condition is met.
  • the parameters in the loss function are regarded as the parameters to be optimized, and the gradient of the parameters to be optimized is obtained by deriving the loss function, and the corresponding parameters are iteratively optimized.
  • (M l,i ,N l,i ,A1 l,i ,B1 l,i ,A2 l,i ,B1 l,i ,C n,m ,D l ) are regarded as parameters to be optimized, By solving the loss function For the gradient of parameters such as (M l,i ,N l,i ,A1 l,i ,B1 l,i ,A2 l,i ,B1 l,i ,C n,m ,D l ), the corresponding parameters are calculated Iterative optimization.
  • the calculation of the gradient can be realized by the following analytical expression (in the form of Take the partial derivative of the electron orbital spatial distribution and amplitude of the single-layer transmission function as an example):
  • V(r) and Amp(r) are even functions, and Amp(r) is a real function, then their partial derivatives for different parameters are:
  • the parameter to be optimized is updated using the gradient. Specifically:
  • the updating process can be optimized by using other algorithms such as Adam algorithm.
  • the loss function is recalculated according to the optimized parameters, and iterations are performed until the iteration termination condition is met.
  • the iteration termination condition includes: the number of iterations reaches a preset threshold; and/or, the loss function converges to a preset value.
  • the optimized sample transmission function and the optimized electron beam function are finally obtained.
  • multiple parameters related to the sample are obtained, such as including but not limited to Zernike Coefficients, atomic positions, parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals.
  • Zernike Coefficients e.g., Zernike Coefficients
  • atomic positions e.g., atomic positions
  • parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals e.g., atomic positions, parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbitals.
  • the electron beam scans on the sample, and the scanning points refer to Figure 3, and the detector collects the diffraction intensity data at each scanning position to obtain 4D-STEM data.
  • the diffraction pattern of the 1000th scanning position is shown in Fig. 4.
  • the half-angle of convergence used was 25mrad, and the amount of underfocus was 6nm.
  • the updating process can be optimized by using other algorithms such as Adam algorithm.
  • a series of diffraction patterns obtained by scanning the electron beam on the sample are used as data, and the local functions including but not limited to the spatial distribution of electron orbitals are used to Describe the transmission function of the atoms in the sample, and use the aberration function corresponding to the Zernike coefficient to describe the electron beam function.
  • the transmission function is updated by the gradient of the loss function relative to the parameters of the transmission function. Parameters, each parameter of the electron beam function is updated through the gradient of the loss function relative to each parameter of the electron beam function, and finally the transmission function and the electron beam function are obtained.
  • the application directly obtains the atomic coordinates in the sample, the spatial distribution of electron orbits and other information, and greatly reduces the number of parameters that need to be optimized in the stack imaging optimization algorithm.
  • Fig. 15 is a schematic block diagram of an apparatus for reconstructing electron orbital spatial distribution and electron beam function according to an embodiment of the present application.
  • the device 10 for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and electron beam functions includes: an acquisition module 100 , a construction module 200 and an optimization module 300 .
  • the acquiring module 100 is used to control the moving electron beam to scan the sample, and acquire the diffraction intensity of each scanning position of the sample.
  • the construction module 200 is used to construct the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, establish a forward propagation model including parameters to be optimized according to the diffraction intensity, the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, and calculate the value of the loss function.
  • the optimization module 300 is used to solve the derivative of the loss function with respect to the parameter to be optimized, obtain the gradient of the parameter to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, optimize the parameter to be optimized according to the gradient, and update the value of the loss function, and repeat the iterative process until When the iteration termination condition is met, the optimized sample transmission function and the optimized electron beam function are output.
  • constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function includes: using the local function of the electron orbital spatial distribution to describe the sample transmission function; using the aberration function corresponding to the Zernike coefficient to describe the electron beam function .
  • an initialization module which is used to initialize parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function and the electron beam function before constructing the sample transmission function and the electron beam function, and in the electron beam function
  • the parameters to be optimized include Zernike coefficients
  • the parameters to be optimized in the sample transmission function include atomic positions and parameters describing the spatial distribution of electron orbits.
  • the loss function is:
  • j represents the serial number of the scanning position
  • u, v are the coordinates in the real space
  • represents the modulus of each element in the matrix
  • I j is the diffraction intensity
  • ⁇ exit is the outgoing wave function
  • P(r) is the electron beam function
  • P(rr j ) is the electron beam scanned to the jth position by the electron beam
  • O l (r) is the sample transmission function of the first layer
  • the sample transmission function O l (r) is:
  • V l (r) is the projection potential of the transmission function
  • Amp l (r) is the amplitude of the transmission function
  • s(r) represents the s-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the l-th layer
  • p(r) represents the p-orbital spatial distribution of electrons in the l-th layer
  • s l (r) is represented by the local function of the Gaussian function:
  • the electron beam function P(r) is:
  • A(k) is the aperture function
  • C n is the Zernike coefficient
  • ⁇ (k) is the aberration function
  • R ⁇ ⁇ means to take the real part of the matrix in brackets
  • the content in ⁇ ⁇ means multiple Zernike coefficient.
  • the iteration termination condition includes: the number of iterations reaches a preset threshold; and/or, the loss function converges to a preset value.
  • the electron beam function is expressed by the aberration function not limited to the corresponding Zernike coefficient, and the transmission function is expressed by a local area not limited to the spatial distribution of electron orbits
  • a parameterized form of the function can be expressed to achieve sub-pixel precision resolution.
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device provided by an embodiment of the present application.
  • This electronic equipment can include:
  • a memory 1601 a processor 1602 , and a computer program stored in the memory 1601 and executable on the processor 1602 .
  • the electronic equipment also includes:
  • the communication interface 1603 is used for communication between the memory 1601 and the processor 1602 .
  • the memory 1601 is used to store computer programs that can run on the processor 1602 .
  • the memory 1601 may include a high-speed RAM memory, and may also include a non-volatile memory (non-volatile memory), such as at least one magnetic disk memory.
  • the communication interface 1603, the memory 1601, and the processor 1602 may be connected to each other through a bus to complete mutual communication.
  • the bus may be an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, a Peripheral Component (PCI) bus, or an Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) bus.
  • ISA Industry Standard Architecture
  • PCI Peripheral Component
  • EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture
  • the bus can be divided into address bus, data bus, control bus and so on. For ease of representation, only one thick line is used in FIG. 16 , but it does not mean that there is only one bus or one type of bus.
  • the memory 1601, processor 1602, and communication interface 1603 can communicate with each other through the internal interface.
  • Processor 1602 may be a central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, referred to as CPU), or a specific integrated circuit (Application Specific Integrated Circuit, referred to as ASIC), or configured to implement one or more of the embodiments of the present application integrated circuit.
  • CPU Central Processing Unit
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • This embodiment also provides a computer-readable storage medium, on which a computer program is stored, wherein when the program is executed by a processor, the method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of electron orbits and the function of the electron beam is implemented as above.
  • first and second are used for descriptive purposes only, and cannot be interpreted as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the quantity of indicated technical features.
  • the features defined as “first” and “second” may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of these features.
  • “N” means at least two, such as two, three, etc., unless otherwise specifically defined.
  • Any process or method description in a flowchart or otherwise described herein may be understood to represent a module, segment or portion of code comprising one or more executable instructions for implementing a custom logical function or step of a process , and the scope of preferred embodiments of the present application includes additional implementations in which functions may be performed out of the order shown or discussed, including in substantially simultaneous fashion or in reverse order depending on the functions involved, which shall It should be understood by those skilled in the art to which the embodiments of the present application belong.
  • each part of the present application may be realized by hardware, software, firmware or a combination thereof.
  • the N steps or methods may be implemented by software or firmware stored in memory and executed by a suitable instruction execution system.
  • a suitable instruction execution system For example, if implemented in hardware as in another embodiment, it can be implemented by any one or a combination of the following techniques known in the art: a discrete Logic circuits, ASICs with suitable combinational logic gates, Programmable Gate Arrays (PGA), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), etc.

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Abstract

本申请公开了一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置,其中,方法包括:控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度;初始化样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据衍射强度、样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值;求解损失函数关于待优化参数的导数,获取样品透射函数和电子束函数中待优化参数的梯度,根据梯度对待优化参数进行优化,并更新损失函数值,重复迭代过程,直到满足迭代终止条件,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。本申请实施例可实现亚像素精度的分辨率,同时在保留传统层叠成像优势的基础上,直接获得原子位置、电子轨道空间分布等参数化信息。

Description

重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求清华大学于2022年1月30日提交的、发明名称为“重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置”的、中国专利申请号“202210113941.0”的优先权。
技术领域
本申请涉及成像技术领域,特别涉及一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置。
背景技术
传统电子显微学成像方法在表征材料微观结构方面起到了重要作用,现有的层叠成像方法可以得到电子束函数与样品振幅、相位的信息等。然而,这些成像方法获得的仅仅只是直观的图像信息,而无法直接得到精确的参数化的信息,如原子位置、轨道占据等。
发明内容
本申请提供一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法、装置、电子设备及存储介质,以解决相关技术仅能得到样品直观的图像信息,无法将原子位置和轨道占据等参数化表示的问题。
本申请第一方面实施例提供一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法,包括以下步骤:S101,控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取所述样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度;S102,构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据所述衍射强度、所述样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值;S103,求解所述损失函数关于所述待优化参数的导数,获取所述样品透射函数和电子束函数中所述待优化参数的梯度,根据所述梯度对所述待优化参数进行优化,并更新所述损失函数值;S104,判断当前迭代是否满足迭代终止条件,在不满足时执行S103,在满足所述迭代终止条件时,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,所述构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,包括:利用电子轨道空间分布的局域函数描述所述样品透射函数;利用Zernike系数对应的像差函数描述所述电子束函数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,构建所述样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,还包括:初始化所述样品透射函数和所述电子束函数中的待优化参数,所述电子束函数中的所 述待优化参数包括Zernike系数,所述样品透射函数中的所述待优化参数包括原子位置以及描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,所述损失函数为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000001
其中,j代表扫描位置的序号,u,v为实空间中的坐标,|·|代表分别计算矩阵中每个元素的模,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000002
代表计算矩阵的二维傅里叶变换,I j为衍射强度,ψ exit为出射波函数;
所述出射波函数ψ exit为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000003
其中,P(r)为电子束函数,P(r-r j)为电子束扫描到第j个位置的电子束,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000004
代表菲涅尔衍射作用因子,O l(r)为第l层的样品透射函数;
所述样品透射函数O l(r)为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000005
其中,V l(r)为透射函数的投影势,Amp l(r)为透射函数的振幅,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000006
其中,s(r)表示第l层电子的s轨道空间分布,p(r)表示第l层电子的p轨道空间分布,s l(r)通过高斯函数的局域函数进行表示:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000007
所述电子束函数P(r)为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000009
其中,A(k)为光阑函数,C n,m为Zernike系数,χ(k)为像差函数,R{·}表示对括号中矩阵取实部,{·}中的内容表示多个Zernike系数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,所述迭代终止条件包括:所述迭代次数达到预设阈值;和/或,所述损失函数收敛至预设值。
本申请第二方面实施例提供一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置,包括: 获取模块,用于控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取所述样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度;构建模块,用于构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据所述衍射强度、所述样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值;优化模块,用于求解损失函数关于待优化参数的导数,获取样品透射函数和电子束函数中待优化参数的梯度,根据梯度对待优化参数进行优化,并更新损失函数值,重复迭代过程,直到满足迭代终止条件,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,所述构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,包括:利用电子轨道空间分布的局域函数描述所述样品透射函数;利用Zernike系数对应的像差函数描述所述电子束函数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,还包括:初始化模块,用于在构建所述样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,初始化所述样品透射函数和所述电子束函数中的待优化参数,所述电子束函数中的所述待优化参数包括Zernike系数,所述样品透射函数中的所述待优化参数包括原子位置以及描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,所述损失函数为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000010
其中,j代表扫描位置的序号,u,v为实空间中的坐标,|·|代表分别计算矩阵中每个元素的模,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000011
代表计算矩阵的二维傅里叶变换,I j为衍射强度,ψ exit为出射波函数;
所述出射波函数ψ exit为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000012
其中,P(r)为电子束函数,P(r-r j)为电子束扫描到第j个位置的电子束,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000013
代表菲涅尔衍射作用因子,O l(r)为第l层的样品透射函数;
所述样品透射函数O l(r)为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000014
其中,V l(r)为透射函数的投影势,Amp l(r)为透射函数的振幅,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000015
其中,s(r)表示第l层电子的s轨道空间分布,p(r)表示第l层电子的p轨道空间分布,s l(r)通过高斯函数的局域函数进行表示:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000016
所述电子束函数P(r)为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000017
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000018
其中,A(k)为光阑函数,C n,m为Zernike系数,χ(k)为像差函数,R{·}表示对括号中矩阵取实部,{·}中的内容表示多个Zernike系数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,所述迭代终止条件包括:所述迭代次数达到预设阈值;和/或,所述损失函数收敛至预设值。
本申请第三方面实施例提供一种电子设备,包括:存储器、处理器及存储在所述存储器上并可在所述处理器上运行的计算机程序,所述处理器执行所述程序,以执行如上述实施例所述的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法。
本申请第四方面实施例提供一种计算机可读存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,该程序被处理器执行,以执行如上述实施例所述的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法。
本申请实施例的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置,将电子束函数由不限于Zernike系数计算所得函数表示,突破了传统叠层成像算法直接对电子束函数所在空间中像素进行操作的局限,使优化所得电子束函数更接近于真实电子束。同时,将透射函数用不限于电子轨道空间分布的局域函数表示,可突破现有的层叠成像算法的局限,直接获得样品中原子位置信息。
本申请附加的方面和优点将在下面的描述中部分给出,部分将从下面的描述中变得明显,或通过本申请的实践了解到。
附图说明
本申请上述的和/或附加的方面和优点从下面结合附图对实施例的描述中将变得明显和容易理解,其中:
图1为根据本申请实施例提供的一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法的流程图;
图2为根据本申请实施例提供的实例一所用样品钛酸钡沿[001]方向的投影结构示意图;
图3为根据本申请实施例提供的电子束扫描点的分布示意图;
图4为根据本申请实施例提供的第1000个扫描位置的衍射花样示意图;
图5为根据本申请实施例提供的算法通过Zernike系数初始化的电子束函数振幅图像示 意图;
图6为根据本申请实施例提供的算法通过Zernike系数初始化的电子束函数相位图像示意图;
图7为根据本申请实施例提供的算法通过高斯函数初始化的透射函数振幅图像示意图;
图8为根据本申请实施例提供的算法通过高斯函数初始化的透射函数相位图像示意图;
图9为根据本申请实施例提供的算法初始化透射函数与电子束函数后得到的第1000个扫描点的衍射花样示意图;
图10为根据本申请实施例提供的算法重构出的电子束函数的振幅图像示意图;
图11为根据本申请实施例提供的算法重构出的电子束函数的相位图像示意图;
图12为根据本申请实施例提供的算法重构出的透射函数相位图像示意图;
图13为根据本申请实施例提供的算法重构透射函数与电子束函数后得到的第1000个扫描点的衍射花样示意图;
图14为根据本申请实施例提供的算法迭代过程中,Loss函数的变化曲线示意图;
图15为根据本申请实施例的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置的示例图;
图16为申请实施例提供的电子设备的结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面详细描述本申请的实施例,所述实施例的示例在附图中示出,其中自始至终相同或类似的标号表示相同或类似的元件或具有相同或类似功能的元件。下面通过参考附图描述的实施例是示例性的,旨在用于解释本申请,而不能理解为对本申请的限制。
下面参考附图描述本申请实施例的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法、装置、电子设备及存储介质。针对上述背景技术中心提到的无法将原子位置和轨道占据等参数化表示的问题,本申请提供了一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法,在该方法中,将电子束函数用不限于Zernike系数对应的像差函数来表示,将透射函数用不限于电子轨道空间分布的局域函数的参数化形式来表示,可实现亚像素精度的分辨率。同时在保留传统层叠成像优势的基础上,将原子位置、电子轨道空间分布等信息参数化表示。由此,解决了相关技术仅能得到样品直观的图像信息,无法将原子位置和轨道占据等参数化表示的问题。
具体而言,图1为根据本申请实施例提供的一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法的流程图。
如图1所示,该重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法包括以下步骤:
在步骤S101中,控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度。
具体地,利用移动电子束在样品上进行周期或非周期扫描,收集电子束位于每个扫描位置时产生的衍射强度数据,由衍射强度数据得到衍射强度。
在步骤S102中,构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据衍射强度、样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值。
在本申请的实施例中,利用包括但不限于电子轨道空间分布的局域函数来描述样品的透射函数,利用包括但不限于Zernike系数对应的像差函数来描述电子束函数。根据构建的样品透射函数和电子束函数得到损失函数,将层叠重构问题转化为优化问题。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,构建样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,还包括:初始化样品透射函数和电子束函数中的待优化参数,电子束函数中的待优化参数包括Zernike系数,样品透射函数中的待优化参数包括原子位置以及描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。
在构建样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,对样品透射函数和电子束函数中的参数进行初始化,初始化参数包括Zernike系数、原子位置以及s轨道峰宽、s轨道峰高、振幅峰宽、振幅峰高和其它描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。其中,根据Zernike系数得到电子束函数,根据原子位置、s轨道峰宽、s轨道峰高、振幅峰宽、振幅峰高、其它描述电子轨道空间分布的参数等参数得到透射函数,进而计算损失函数L。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,将损失函数写为关于样品透射函数、电子束函数等的函数,包括但不限于以下形式:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000019
其中,j代表扫描位置的序号,u,v为实空间中的坐标,|·|代表分别计算矩阵中每个元素的模,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000020
代表计算矩阵的二维傅里叶变换,I j为衍射强度,ψ exit为出射波函数。
在本申请的实施例中,出射波函数ψ exit为与样品透射函数、电子束函数相关的函数,出射波函数ψ exit的具体形式为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000021
根据Zernike系数得到的电子束函数如下所示:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000022
P(r-r j)代表电子束扫描到第j个位置的电子束,P(r-r j)可由包括但不限于下述方法的多种方法得到:光阑函数A(k)与给定的Zernike系数C n,m对应的像差函数χ(k)通过下式得到:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000023
R{·}表示对括号中矩阵取实部,{·}中…表示其它Zernike系数。
根据原子位置、s轨道峰宽、s轨道峰高、振幅峰宽、振幅峰高、其它描述电子轨道空间分布的参数等参数得到的第l层的透射函数O l(r)如下所示:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000024
其中,V l(r)及Amp l(r)分别表示透射函数的投影势及振幅,可由包括但不限于以下表达式描述:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000025
其中,s(r)表示第l层电子的s轨道空间分布,p(r)表示第l层电子的p轨道空间分布,以此类推。以重构电子的s轨道空间分布为例进一步说明,显然,重构以电子的s轨道空间分布描述的透射函数的例子只是本申请的一部分。s l(r)可由包括但不限于高斯函数的局域函数来描述。
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000026
可以假设每层透射函数具有相同的厚度。
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000027
代表菲涅尔衍射或其它作用,其中p(k;dz)代表菲涅尔衍射作用因子或其它作用因子,菲涅尔衍射可以表示为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000028
p(k;dz)=exp(-iπdzλk 2),
其中dz代表每一层样品的厚度。
在步骤S103中,求解损失函数关于待优化参数的导数,获取样品透射函数和电子束函数中待优化参数的梯度,根据梯度对待优化参数进行优化,并更新损失函数值。
在步骤S103中,判断当前迭代是否满足迭代终止条件,在不满足时执行S103,在满足迭代终止条件时,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。
通过上述过程构建完损失函数后,将损失函数中的参数视为待优化参数,通过对损失函数进行求导得到待优化参数的梯度,来对相应参数进行迭代优化。
可以理解的是,求解损失函数L关于Zernike系数、原子位置、s轨道峰宽、s轨道峰高、振幅峰宽、振幅峰高、其它描述电子轨道空间分布的参数等参数的梯度,利用计算所得的梯度对参数进行更新。
具体地,将(M l,i,N l,i,A1 l,i,B1 l,i,A2 l,i,B1 l,i,C n,m,D l)等视为待优化参数,通过求解损失函 数
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000029
对(M l,i,N l,i,A1 l,i,B1 l,i,A2 l,i,B1 l,i,C n,m,D l)等参数的梯度,来对相应参数进行迭代优化。
梯度的求取可以通过以下解析表达式实现(以
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000030
对单层透射函数的电子轨道空间分布及振幅求偏导为例):
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000031
其中,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000032
可由以下解析表达式得到:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000033
其中,V(r)与Amp(r)是偶函数,且Amp(r)是个实函数,则它们对不同参数的偏导为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000034
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000035
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000036
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000037
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000038
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000039
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000040
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000041
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000042
将所得到的V(r)与Amp(r)对不同参数的偏导,代入式
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000043
的公式中,即可得到
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000044
对各参数的偏导。
进一步地,通过损失函数得到各个待优化参数的梯度以后,利用梯度对待优化参数进行更新。具体为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000045
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000046
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000047
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000048
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000049
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000050
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000051
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000052
其中
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000053
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000054
是各个参数的学习率。可利用Adam算法等其它算法对更新过程进行优化。
对待优化参数进行优化之后,再根据优化后的参数重新计算损失函数,进行迭代,直至满足迭代终止条件。
在本申请的一个实施例中,迭代终止条件包括:迭代次数达到预设阈值;和/或,损失函数收敛至预设值。
通过上述迭代过程,最终得到优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数,根据优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数得到多个与样品相关的参数,如包括但不限于Zernike系数、原子位置、描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。从而不仅可以得到样品直观的图像信息,还可以将原子位置信息等参数化表示。
下面通过附图和具体实施例对本申请的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法进行详细说明。
在一个实施例中,需要观察的是钛酸锶沿[110]方向的投影,其结构如图2所示。对于现有的叠层成像方法,只能得到钛酸锶[110]方向透射函数的振幅及相位图像,而无法得到精确的原子位置及其它信息。
电子束在样品上进行扫描,扫描点参照图3,探测器收集每个扫描位置的衍射强度数据, 获得4D-STEM数据。第1000个扫描位置的衍射图案见图4。采用的会聚半角为25mrad,欠焦量为6nm。
随机初始化Zernike各系数,采用公式
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000055
初始化电子束函数。其振幅如图5所示,相位如图6所示,初始化原子位置、s轨道峰高、s轨道峰宽、振幅峰高、振幅峰宽等参数,得到初始透射函数振幅如图7所示,相位如图8所示。此时第1000个扫描位置的衍射图案见图9所示。
计算损失函数
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000056
求损失函数
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000057
关于待优化参数的梯度,并用以下公式对目标参数进行迭代更新:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000058
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000059
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000060
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000061
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000062
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000063
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000064
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000065
其中
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000066
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000067
是各个参数的学习率。可利用Adam算法等其它算法对更新过程进行优化。
最终得到重构出的电子束函数的振幅图像如图10所示,重构出的电子束函数的相位图像如图11所示,重构出的透射函数相位图像如图12所示,此时第1000个扫描位置的衍射图案如图13所示,算法迭代过程中Loss函数的变化曲线如图14所示。
根据本申请实施例提出的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法,将电子束在样品上扫描获得的一系列衍射图作为数据,用包括但不限于电子轨道空间分布的局域函数来描述样品中原子的透射函数,用包括但不限于Zernike系数对应的像差函数来描述电子束函数,在层叠成像的迭代优化算法中,通过损失函数相对于透射函数各参数的梯度更新透射函数各参数,通过损失函数相对于电子束函数各参数的梯度更新电子束函数各参数,最终获得透射函数及电子束函数。本申请直接获得样品中原子坐标、电子轨道空间分布等信息,而且大幅度减少了层叠成像优化算法中需要优化的参数的数目。
其次参照附图描述根据本申请实施例提出的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置。
图15是本申请实施例的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置的方框示意图。
如图15所示,该重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置10包括:获取模块100、构建模块200和优化模块300。
其中,获取模块100,用于控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度。构建模块200,用于构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据衍射强度、样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值。优化模块300,用于求解损失函数关于待优化参数的导数,获取样品透射函数和电子束函数中待优化参数的梯度,根据梯度对待优化参数进行优化,并更新损失函数值,重复迭代过程,直到满足迭代终止条件,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,包括:利用电子轨道空间分布的局域函数描述样品透射函数;利用Zernike系数对应的像差函数描述电子束函数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,还包括:初始化模块,用于在构建样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,初始化样品透射函数和电子束函数中的待优化参数,电子束函数中的待优化参数包括Zernike系数,样品透射函数中的待优化参数包括原子位置以及描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,损失函数为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000068
其中,j代表扫描位置的序号,u,v为实空间中的坐标,|·|代表分别计算矩阵中每个元素的模,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000069
代表计算矩阵的二维傅里叶变换,I j为衍射强度,ψ exit为出射波函数;
出射波函数ψ exit为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000070
其中,P(r)为电子束函数,P(r-r j)为电子束扫描到第j个位置的电子束,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000071
代表菲涅尔衍射作用因子,O l(r)为第l层的样品透射函数;
样品透射函数O l(r)为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000072
其中,V l(r)为透射函数的投影势,Amp l(r)为透射函数的振幅,
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000073
其中,s(r)表示第l层电子的s轨道空间分布,p(r)表示第l层电子的p轨道空间分布,s l(r)通过高斯函数的局域函数进行表示:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000074
电子束函数P(r)为:
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000075
Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-000076
其中,A(k)为光阑函数,C n,m为Zernike系数,χ(k)为像差函数,R{·}表示对括号中矩阵取实部,{·}中的内容表示多个Zernike系数。
可选地,在本申请的一个实施例中,迭代终止条件包括:迭代次数达到预设阈值;和/或,损失函数收敛至预设值。
需要说明的是,前述对重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法实施例的解释说明也适用于该实施例的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置,此处不再赘述。
根据本申请实施例提出的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置,将电子束函数用不限于Zernike系数对应的像差函数来表示,将透射函数用不限于电子轨道空间分布的局域函数的参数化形式来表示,可实现亚像素精度的分辨率。同时在保留传统层叠成像优势的基础上,将原子位置、电子轨道空间分布等信息参数化表示,方便进一步分析。
图16为本申请实施例提供的电子设备的结构示意图。该电子设备可以包括:
存储器1601、处理器1602及存储在存储器1601上并可在处理器1602上运行的计算机程序。
处理器1602执行程序时实现上述实施例中提供的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法。
进一步地,电子设备还包括:
通信接口1603,用于存储器1601和处理器1602之间的通信。
存储器1601,用于存放可在处理器1602上运行的计算机程序。
存储器1601可能包含高速RAM存储器,也可能还包括非易失性存储器(non-volatile memory),例如至少一个磁盘存储器。
如果存储器1601、处理器1602和通信接口1603独立实现,则通信接口1603、存储器1601和处理器1602可以通过总线相互连接并完成相互间的通信。总线可以是工业标准体系结构(Industry Standard Architecture,简称为ISA)总线、外部设备互连(Peripheral Component,简称为PCI)总线或扩展工业标准体系结构(Extended Industry Standard Architecture,简称为EISA)总线等。总线可以分为地址总线、数据总线、控制总线等。为便于表示,图16中仅用一条粗线表示,但并不表示仅有一根总线或一种类型的总线。
可选的,在具体实现上,如果存储器1601、处理器1602及通信接口1603,集成在一块芯片上实现,则存储器1601、处理器1602及通信接口1603可以通过内部接口完成相互间的通信。
处理器1602可能是一个中央处理器(Central Processing Unit,简称为CPU),或者是特定集成电路(Application Specific Integrated Circuit,简称为ASIC),或者是被配置成实施本申请实施例的一个或多个集成电路。
本实施例还提供一种计算机可读存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,其特征在于,该程序被处理器执行时实现如上的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法。
在本说明书的描述中,参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本申请的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中,对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。而且,描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任一个或N个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。此外,在不相互矛盾的情况下,本领域的技术人员可以将本说明书中描述的不同实施例或示例以及不同实施例或示例的特征进行结合和组合。
此外,术语“第一”、“第二”仅用于描述目的,而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性或者隐含指明所指示的技术特征的数量。由此,限定有“第一”、“第二”的特征可以明示或者隐含地包括至少一个该特征。在本申请的描述中,“N个”的含义是至少两个,例如两个,三个等,除非另有明确具体的限定。
流程图中或在此以其他方式描述的任何过程或方法描述可以被理解为,表示包括一个或更N个用于实现定制逻辑功能或过程的步骤的可执行指令的代码的模块、片段或部分,并且本申请的优选实施方式的范围包括另外的实现,其中可以不按所示出或讨论的顺序,包括根据所涉及的功能按基本同时的方式或按相反的顺序,来执行功能,这应被本申请的实施例所属技术领域的技术人员所理解。
应当理解,本申请的各部分可以用硬件、软件、固件或它们的组合来实现。在上述实施方式中,N个步骤或方法可以用存储在存储器中且由合适的指令执行系统执行的软件或固件来实现。如,如果用硬件来实现和在另一实施方式中一样,可用本领域公知的下列技术中的任一项或他们的组合来实现:具有用于对数据信号实现逻辑功能的逻辑门电路的离散逻辑电路,具有合适的组合逻辑门电路的专用集成电路,可编程门阵列(PGA),现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)等。
本技术领域的普通技术人员可以理解实现上述实施例方法携带的全部或部分步骤是可以通过程序来指令相关的硬件完成,所述的程序可以存储于一种计算机可读存储介质中,该程序在执行时,包括方法实施例的步骤之一或其组合。

Claims (12)

  1. 一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
    S101,控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取所述样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度;
    S102,构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据所述衍射强度、所述样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值;
    S103,求解所述损失函数关于所述待优化参数的导数,获取所述样品透射函数和电子束函数中所述待优化参数的梯度,根据所述梯度对所述待优化参数进行优化,并更新所述损失函数值;
    S104,判断当前迭代是否满足迭代终止条件,在不满足时执行S103,在满足所述迭代终止条件时,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,包括:
    利用电子轨道空间分布的局域函数描述所述样品透射函数;
    利用Zernike系数对应的像差函数描述所述电子束函数。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,构建所述样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,还包括:
    初始化所述样品透射函数和所述电子束函数中的待优化参数,所述电子束函数中的所述待优化参数包括Zernike系数,所述样品透射函数中的所述待优化参数包括原子位置以及描述电子轨道空间分布的参数。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述损失函数为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100001
    其中,j代表扫描位置的序号,u,v为实空间中的坐标,|·|代表分别计算矩阵中每个元素的模,
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100002
    代表计算矩阵的二维傅里叶变换,I j为衍射强度,ψ exit为出射波函数;
    所述出射波函数ψ exit为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100003
    其中,P(r)为电子束函数,P(r-r j)为电子束扫描到第j个位置的电子束,
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100004
    代表菲涅尔衍射作用因子,O l(r)为第l层的样品透射函数;
    所述样品透射函数O l(r)为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100005
    其中,V l(r)为透射函数的投影势,Amp l(r)为透射函数的振幅,
    V l(r)=s l(r)+p l(r)+d l(r)+f l(r)+…,
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100006
    其中,s(r)表示第l层电子的s轨道空间分布,p(r)表示第l层电子的p轨道空间分布,s l(r)通过高斯函数的局域函数进行表示:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100007
    为所述电子束函数P(r)为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100008
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100009
    为扫描到第其中,A(k)为光阑函数,C n,m为Zernike系数,χ(k)为像差函数,R{·}表示对括号中矩阵取实部,{·}中的内容表示多个Zernike系数。
  5. 根据权利要求1-4任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述迭代终止条件包括:所述迭代次数达到预设阈值;和/或,所述损失函数收敛至预设值。
  6. 一种重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的装置,其特征在于,包括:
    获取模块,用于控制移动电子束对样品进行扫描,获取所述样品每个扫描位置的衍射强度;
    构建模块,用于构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,根据所述衍射强度、所述样品透射函数和电子束函数建立包含待优化参数的正向传播模型,计算损失函数值;
    优化模块,用于求解损失函数关于待优化参数的导数,获取样品透射函数和电子束函数中待优化参数的梯度,根据梯度对待优化参数进行优化,并更新损失函数值,重复迭代过程,直到满足迭代终止条件,输出优化后的样品透射函数和优化后的电子束函数。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的装置,其特征在于,所述构建样品透射函数和电子束函数,包括:
    利用电子轨道空间分布的局域函数描述所述样品透射函数;
    利用Zernike系数对应的像差函数描述所述电子束函数。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的装置,其特征在于,还包括:
    初始化模块,用于在构建所述样品透射函数和电子束函数之前,初始化所述样品透射函数和所述电子束函数中的待优化参数,所述电子束函数中的所述待优化参数包括Zernike系数,所述样品透射函数中的所述待优化参数包括原子位置以及描述电子轨道空间分布的 参数。
  9. 根据权利要求6所述的装置,其特征在于,所述损失函数为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100010
    其中,j代表扫描位置的序号,u,v为实空间中的坐标,|·|代表分别计算矩阵中每个元素的模,
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100011
    代表计算矩阵的二维傅里叶变换,I j为衍射强度,ψ exit为出射波函数;
    所述出射波函数ψ exit为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100012
    其中,P(r)为电子束函数,P(r-r j)为电子束扫描到第j个位置的电子束,
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100013
    代表菲涅尔衍射作用因子,O l(r)为第l层的样品透射函数;
    所述样品透射函数O l(r)为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100014
    其中,V l(r)为透射函数的投影势,Amp l(r)为透射函数的振幅,
    V l(r)=s l(r)+p l(r)+d l(r)+f l(r)+…,
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100015
    其中,s(r)表示第l层电子的s轨道空间分布,p(r)表示第l层电子的p轨道空间分布,s l(r)通过高斯函数的局域函数进行表示:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100016
    所述电子束函数P(r)为:
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100017
    Figure PCTCN2022076181-appb-100018
    其中,A(k)为光阑函数,C n,m为Zernike系数,χ(k)为像差函数,R{·}表示对括号中矩阵取实部,{·}中的内容表示多个Zernike系数。
  10. 根据权利要求6-9任一项所述的装置,其特征在于,所述迭代终止条件包括:所述迭代次数达到预设阈值;和/或,所述损失函数收敛至预设值。
  11. 一种电子设备,其特征在于,包括:存储器、处理器及存储在所述存储器上并可在所述处理器上运行的计算机程序,所述处理器执行所述程序,以实现如权利要求1-5任 一项所述的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法。
  12. 一种计算机可读存储介质,其上存储有计算机程序,其特征在于,该程序被处理器执行,以用于实现如权利要求1-5任一项所述的重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法。
PCT/CN2022/076181 2022-01-30 2022-02-14 重构电子轨道空间分布和电子束函数的方法及装置 Ceased WO2023142174A1 (zh)

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