WO2023136840A1

WO2023136840A1 - Physical object blockchains

Info

Publication number: WO2023136840A1
Application number: PCT/US2022/012677
Authority: WO
Inventors: David A. Champion; Helen Balinsky
Original assignee: Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.
Priority date: 2022-01-17
Filing date: 2022-01-17
Publication date: 2023-07-20

Abstract

Examples of devices are described. In some examples, a three-dimensional (3D) printer includes a memory to store a 3D object model associated with a first blockchain ledger record. In some examples, the 3D printer includes a processor coupled to the memory. In some examples, the processor is to cause the 3D printer to print a physical object with a non-reproducible structure based on the 3D object model.

Description

PHYSICAL OBJECT BLOCKCHAINS

BACKGROUND

[0001] Digital or virtual currency, often referred to as “cryptocurrency,” has been gaining in usage. For example, digital data indicating cryptocurrency may be stored on an electronic device or devices. Cryptographic techniques may be utilized in the storage of the digital data. Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum, may be utilized in investing. Some cryptocurrencies utilize Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), or another mechanism to achieve consensus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0002] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of an apparatus that may be used in blockchain associated object manufacturing;

[0003] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating examples of a design device, a 3D printer, a validation device, and a ledger device that may be utilized in some examples of the techniques described herein;

[0004] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 3D object model, a marked 3D object model, a physical object, and an image in accordance with some examples of the techniques described herein;

[0005] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computer- readable medium for blockchain management;

[0006] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a physical object in accordance with some examples of the techniques described herein; and [0007] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a blockchain in accordance with some examples of the techniques described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0008] Cryptocurrency is a currency represented by digital data. Some examples of cryptocurrency may be produced through a mining procedure that involves PoW, PoS, or other procedures that are purely digital in nature. In some of these digital procedures, the creation of cryptocurrency and the management of transactions may be combined. For example, consensus protocols that may be utilized to align parties (e.g., stakeholders) to enable the addition of a hash on a ledger may also be utilized in the creation of new currency. One potential side effect of this approach is currency volatility: more transactions performed may not be in direct proportion to the value of the currency.

[0009] Some examples of the techniques described herein may separate the creation of new currency and agreement on the state of a ledger by stakeholders. Some examples of the techniques described herein may provide for the creation of new currency independently from PoW, PoS, or other purely digital protocols. Some examples of the techniques described herein may provide more stable digital currency by tying the value of new currency to materials and manufacturing, and/or by providing controls (e.g., explicit and/or implicit controls) over the creation of new currency.

[0010] Some examples of the techniques described herein may utilize a manufacturing procedure (e.g., additive manufacturing, direct manufacturing, three-dimensional (3D) printing, etc.) to generate (e.g., create) objects in the physical world by validated physical procedures. When a physical object is created and validated, a corresponding digital record in a ledger (e.g., blockchain ledger) may be of a digital representation (e.g., digital twin) of the physical object (e.g., digital coin) to produce new cryptocurrency.

[0011] Additive manufacturing may be used to manufacture objects. 3D printing is an example of additive manufacturing. For instance, 3D metal printing may be performed in some examples of the techniques described herein. Some metal printing techniques may be powder-based and driven by powder gluing and/or sintering. For instance, area-based powder bed metal printing (e.g., binder jet, Metal Jet, and/or metal binding printing, etc.) may be utilized to manufacture a physical object. Some examples of the approaches described herein may include additive manufacturing where an agent or agents (e.g., latex) carried by droplets are utilized for powder binding.

[0012] In some examples, metal printing may include two phases. In a first phase, the printer (e.g., print head, carriage, agent dispenser, and/or nozzle, etc.) may apply an agent or agents (e.g., binding agent, glue, latex, etc.) to loose metal powder layer-by-layer to produce a glued precursor (or “green”) object. A precursor object is a mass of metal powder and adhesive. In a second phase, a precursor object may be sintered (e.g., heated) to produce an object (e.g., end object, manufactured object, physical object, etc.). For example, the glued precursor object may be placed in a furnace or oven to be sintered to produce the object. Sintering may cause the metal powder to fuse, and/or may cause the agent to be burned off. An object may be formed from a manufacturing procedure or procedures. In some examples, an object may undergo a further manufacturing procedure or procedures (e.g., polishing, etching, painting, finishing, etc.). A precursor object may have an approximate shape of an end object.

[0013] Some examples of 3D printing may selectively deposit agents (e.g., droplets) at a pixel level to enable control over voxel-level energy deposition. For instance, thermal energy may be projected over material in a build area, where a phase change (for example, melting and solidification) in the material may occur depending on the voxels where the agents are deposited. Examples of agents include fusing agent and detailing agent. A fusing agent is an agent that causes material to fuse when exposed to energy. A detailing agent is an agent that reduces or prevents fusing.

[0014] A voxel is a representation of a location in a 3D space. For example, a voxel may represent a volume or component of a 3D space. For instance, a voxel may represent a volume that is a subset of the 3D space. In some examples, voxels may be arranged on a 3D grid. For instance, a voxel may be rectangular or cubic in shape. Examples of a voxel size dimension may include 25.4 millimeters (mm)/150 « 170 microns for 150 dots per inch (DPI), 490 microns for 50 DPI, 2 mm, etc., at a given build layer thickness. A set of voxels may be utilized to represent a build volume.

[0015] A build volume is a virtual volume that may be utilized to represent a physical volume (e.g., build bed) in which an object or objects may be manufactured. A “build” may refer to an arrangement of virtual objects in the build volume. For instance, a build may specify the location(s) of virtual object(s) in the build volume. A slice may be a virtual portion (e.g., two-dimensional (2D) cross section) of a build. For example, a build may undergo slicing, which may extract a slice or slices from the build. A slice may represent a cross section of the build. A slice may have a thickness. In some examples, a slice may correspond to and/or may represent a physical layer. For example, a layer may be a portion (e.g., horizontal portion, cross section, etc.) of physical material to manufacture an object or objects. In some examples, an “object” may refer to an area and/or volume in a layer, set of layers, and/or build indicated for forming an object. A build bed is a physical platform and/or container in which an object or objects may be manufactured. For instance, powder may be added in layers to the build bed to form an object layer-by-layer.

[0016] While metals and/or plastics (e.g., polymers) may be utilized to illustrate some of the approaches described herein, some the techniques described herein may be utilized in various examples of additive manufacturing. For instance, some examples may be utilized for plastics, polymers, semicrystalline materials, metals, etc. Some additive manufacturing techniques may be powder-based and driven by powder fusion. Some examples of the approaches described herein may be applied to area-based powder bed fusionbased additive manufacturing. Some examples of manufacturing may include Stereolithography (SLA), Multi Jet Fusion (MJF), Metal Jet, Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), liquid resin-based printing, etc. Some examples of the approaches described herein may be applied to additive manufacturing where agents carried by droplets are utilized for voxel-level thermal modulation.

[0017] In some examples, “powder” may indicate or correspond to particles. In some examples, an object may indicate or correspond to a location (e.g., area, volume, etc.) where particles are to be sintered, melted, or solidified. For example, an object may be formed from sintered or melted powder.

[0018] Throughout the drawings, similar reference numbers may designate similar or identical elements. When an element is referred to without a reference number, this may refer to the element generally, with and/or without limitation to any particular drawing or figure. In some examples, the drawings are not to scale and/or the size of some parts may be exaggerated to more clearly illustrate the example shown. Moreover, the drawings provide examples in accordance with the description. However, the description is not limited to the examples provided in the drawings.

[0019] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an example of an apparatus 124 that may be used in blockchain associated object manufacturing. The apparatus 124 may be a computing device, such as a personal computer, a server computer, a printer, a 3D printer, a smartphone, a tablet computer, etc. The apparatus 124 may include and/or may be coupled to a processor 128 and/or a memory 126. In some examples, the apparatus 124 may be in communication with (e.g., coupled to, have a communication link with) a manufacturing device (e.g., a two- dimensional (2D) printer, an additive manufacturing device, a 3D printer, etc.). In some examples, the apparatus 124 may be an example of 3D printer. The apparatus 124 may include additional components (not shown) and/or some of the components described herein may be removed and/or modified without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0020] The processor 128 may be any of a central processing unit (CPU), a semiconductor-based microprocessor, graphics processing unit (GPU), field- programmable gate array (FPGA), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a combination thereof, and/or other hardware device suitable for retrieval and execution of instructions stored in the memory 126. The processor 128 may fetch, decode, and/or execute instructions stored on the memory 126. In some examples, the processor 128 may include an electronic circuit or circuits that include electronic components for performing a functionality or functionalities of the instructions. In some examples, the processor 128 may perform one, some, or all of the aspects, elements, techniques, etc., described in relation to one, some, or all of FIG. 1-6.

[0021] The memory 126 is an electronic, magnetic, optical, and/or other physical storage device that contains or stores electronic data (e.g., information and/or instructions). The memory 126 may be, for example, Random Access Memory (RAM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), a storage device, an optical disc, and/or the like. In some examples, the memory 126 may be volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM), EEPROM, magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM), phase change RAM (PCRAM), memristor, flash memory, and/or the like. In some examples, the memory 126 may be a non-transitory tangible machine-readable storage medium, where the term “non- transitory” does not encompass transitory propagating signals. In some examples, the memory 126 may include multiple devices (e.g., a RAM card and a solid-state drive (SSD)).

[0022] In some examples, the apparatus 124 may further include a communication interface through which the processor 128 may communicate with an external device or devices (not shown), for instance, to receive and store the information pertaining to an object or objects of a build or builds. The communication interface may include hardware and/or machine-readable instructions to enable the processor 128 to communicate with the external device or devices. The communication interface may enable a wired or wireless connection to the external device or devices. The communication interface may further include a network interface card and/or may also include hardware and/or machine-readable instructions to enable the processor 128 to communicate with various input and/or output devices, such as a keyboard, a mouse, a display, another apparatus, electronic device, computing device, printer, etc. In some examples, a user may input data into the apparatus 124 via an input device. [0023] In some examples, the memory 126 may store blockchain associated model data 136. A blockchain is a data structure that includes a block or series of blocks. A block is data (e.g., a set of data). For example, a block may include a hash (e.g., cryptographic hash, SHA-256, etc.) of a previous block and a record (e.g., ledger record). For instance, a record (e.g., ledger record) may include data indicating a transaction (e.g., transfer, purchase, sale, etc.) of cryptocurrency, data indicating cryptocurrency manufacturing, data indicating cryptocurrency validation, data indicating an object model (e.g., 3D object model), timestamp, etc. In some examples, a record may be hashed (e.g., stored as a hash tree). In some examples, a blockchain may represent a ledger (e.g., a series of records).

[0024] Blockchain associated model data 136 is model data (e.g., a 3D object model) that is associated with a blockchain ledger record or records. In some examples, a blockchain may be stored by a device or devices (e.g., stored by multiple devices, such as servers, in a distributed fashion).

[0025] In some examples, the memory 126 may store a 3D object model associated with a first blockchain ledger record. For instance, a device (e.g., the apparatus 124 or a design device that creates the 3D object model) may send an order to a ledger device (e.g., a device that creates and/or maintains records in a blockchain). In some examples, the order may include the 3D object model (e.g., a file of the 3D object model, such as a 3D manufacturing (3MF) file). For instance, the 3D object model may be created on a device or received by the device, and the device may send an order of the 3D object model to the ledger device. For instance, the 3D object model may be created on the device based on user (e.g., designer) input and/or using procedural object generation. An order corresponding to the 3D object model may be sent to a ledger device.

[0026] The ledger device may generate the first blockchain ledger record. For instance, the ledger device may create the first blockchain ledger record including a hash of a previous block and a record (e.g., data associated with the 3D object model). The first blockchain ledger record may be added to the blockchain. In some examples, the ledger device may generate an identifier (e.g., a unique identifier (UID)). The identifier may be a string of characters (e.g., text, number(s), and/or symbols). In some examples, the ledger device may execute a smart contract to generate the identifier. For instance, at a time of order, the smart contract may include a random number generator based on a seed to generate the identifier. In some examples, the seed may be a time of the order (e.g., request), order source and time, and/or another factor(s). Other approaches may be utilized to generate the identifier in some examples. In some examples, the identifier may be checked against other assigned identifiers (to ensure uniqueness, for instance). In some examples, the 3D object model is a first non-fungible token (NFT). An NFT is a unique cryptographic token recorded on a blockchain and representing an asset (e.g., physical or digital asset) or is an asset represented by a unique cryptographic token recorded on a blockchain. For instance, the first NFT may be the 3D object model recorded on the blockchain. Utilizing the 3D object model as an NFT may enhance security and/or transferability of the 3D object model. In some examples, the ledger device may send the identifier (e.g., UID) to the device (e.g., the apparatus 124, a design device, or another device) that sent the order.

[0027] The apparatus 124 (e.g., memory 126) may store the 3D object model associated with the first blockchain ledger record. For instance, the apparatus 124 may receive the 3D object model (e.g., a file of the 3D object model) and store the 3D object model in the memory 126. For example, the processor 128 may execute instructions (not shown in FIG. 1 ) to obtain the 3D object model and/or to store the 3D object model in the memory 126. Storing the 3D object model associated with the first blockchain ledger record may enable physical manufacturing corresponding to cryptocurrency. For instance, the 3D object model may provide the geometry to manufacture a physical object from the 3D object model, which may be a store of value (e.g., unit of cryptocurrency, an NFT, etc.). Providing the geometry to manufacture the physical object may provide greater stability in the valuation of cryptocurrency assets because a physical object may be manufactured corresponding to the 3D model with an associated record stored in a blockchain.

[0028] In some examples, the 3D object model may be encrypted and/or the processor 128 may decrypt the 3D object model. For instance, a design device and/or a ledger device may encrypt the 3D object model. The encrypted 3D object model may be sent to the apparatus 124. In some examples, the 3D object model may be encrypted with a cryptographic key (e.g., public key) associated with a blockchain hash. The processor 128 may decrypt the 3D object model. For instance, the processor 128 may utilize a cryptographic key (e.g., private key) to decrypt the 3D object model. Encrypting and/or decrypting the 3D object model may ensure that the 3D object model is provided to an authorized device (e.g., the apparatus 124) for manufacturing, which may increase security (e.g., reduce a probability for non-authorized manufacture).

[0029] The memory 126 may store manufacturing instructions 140. For example, the manufacturing instructions 140 may be instructions to manufacture a physical object. The processor 128 may be coupled to the memory 126. The processor 128 may execute the manufacturing instructions 140 to cause a manufacturing device (e.g., a 3D printer) to manufacture (e.g., print) a physical object with a non-reproducible structure based on the 3D object model. For instance, the processor 128 may cause a 3D printer to print a physical object with a non-reproducible structure based on the 3D object model. Causing a manufacturing device (e.g., 3D printer) to manufacture (e.g., print) the physical object with a non-reproducible structure may provide increased security and/or reliability for cryptocurrency assets. For instance, the physical object may reduce a risk of fraud because the physical object includes a non-reproducible structure. In some examples, cryptocurrency value may have increased stability (e.g., less volatility) because the cryptocurrency is associated with a non- reproducible (e.g., unique) physical object. In some examples, the apparatus 124 may be a 3D printer, and the processor 128 may execute the manufacturing instructions 140 to print a physical object. For example, the processor 128 may execute the manufacturing instructions 140 to deposit (e.g., eject) an agent or agents (e.g., binding agent, fusing agent, detailing agent, etc.) on material to produce the physical object by controlling a printhead(s), roller(s), printhead carrier(s), heat source(s) (e.g., lamp(s), laser(s), etc.), etc. In some examples of 3D printing, the apparatus 124 may deposit binding agent on metal powder to produce a precursor object that may be heated (e.g., sintered) to provide the physical object. In some examples of 3D printing, the apparatus 124 may deposit fusing agent on polymer powder, where the printed areas may be heated (e.g., sintered) to provide the physical object.

[0030] In some examples, the apparatus 124 may be linked to (e.g., coupled to, in communication with, etc.) a manufacturing device (e.g., 3D printer) and may execute the manufacturing instructions 140 to instruct the manufacturing device to manufacture the physical object.

[0031] A non-reproducible structure is a structure with a characteristic that cannot be reproduced (e.g., cannot be accurately copied). For instance, variations that occur during a manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) procedure may produce a non-reproducible structure. Examples of non-reproducible structures may include texture, surface variations, and/or grain structure (e.g., metallurgical grain structure). For instance, particles of material powder (e.g., metal powder, polymer powder, etc.) may be randomly arranged in a build bed during 3D printing. The particles of material powder may vary in size. The arrangement of the material powder particles, the sizing of the material powder particles, and/or the interaction of manufacturing procedures (e.g., agent deposition, heating, etc.) with the material powder particles may produce a 3D physical object that exhibits a non-reproducible texture, surface variation, and/or grain structure. In some examples, grain structure may vary in grain size, grain boundary, crystallography, orientation, and/or pore location. For instance, the same 3D object model may be printed multiple times, where each resulting physical object exhibits a different non-reproducible texture, surface variation, and/or grain structure.

[0032] In some examples of metal manufacturing (e.g., metal binder jet), metal particles are spread onto a build bed to produce a layer of metal particles. A binding agent may be deposited (e.g., ejected) in an area corresponding to an object being manufactured to bind the metal particles. This procedure may repeat until a precursor object is formed from layers of the bound metal particles. The arrangement (e.g., orientation) and/or size of particles may vary. The precursor object may be heated (e.g., sintered) to produce the physical object (e.g., manufactured object). For instance, heating the precursor object may burn off the binding agent and melt (e.g., join) the metal particles. The variations in particle size and/or arrangement may result in a non-reproducible structure (e.g., non-reproducible grain structure, texture, and/or surface variation). For instance, the grain structure may refer to the arrangement, shapes, sizes, boundaries, crystallography, metallography, orientation, and/or relative pore location of material particles in the physical object. The grain structure may be utilized as a non-reproducible fingerprint of the physical object. For instance, the grain structure may be imaged using microscopy and/or metallography. In some examples, grain structure may be similarly produced using other materials (e.g., polymers, resins, etc.). An example of a non- reproducible grain structure is given in relation to FIG. 5. Utilizing a grain structure of the physical object as a non-reproducible structure may allow detection, documentation, and/or recording of the non-reproducible structure, and/or may enhance security (e.g., may avoid copying) of the physical object.

[0033] In some examples of powder-based manufacturing (e.g., powerbased 3D printing), manufacturing procedures may produce a non-reproducible texture and/or surface variation. Due to variations in material particle size and/or arrangement, the surface of a physical object may include random variations (e.g., bumps, dips, etc.) that may be a non-reproducible structure. For example, the surface of a physical object may exhibit a texture or surface variations due to the random arrangement and/or size variations in particles that make up the surface. In some examples, the texture and/or surface variation may be imaged using 3D imaging (e.g., high-resolution 3D imaging), which may capture the texture and/or surface variation of the physical object. Examples of a non- reproducible texture and/or surface variation structure are given in relation to FIG. 3 and FIG. 5. Utilizing a texture and/or surface variation of the physical object as a non-reproducible structure may allow detection, documentation, and/or recording of the non-reproducible structure, and/or may enhance security (e.g., may avoid copying) of the physical object.

[0034] In some examples, the non-reproducible structure may be located on a portion of the physical object surface. For instance, the non-reproducible structure may be located in a patch of the physical object surface. In some examples, the non-reproducible structure may be a texture, surface variation, combination of dimensional variations, and/or grain structure within a region (e.g., rectangular region, circular region, irregularly shape region, etc.) of a surface of the physical object. For instance, the non-reproducible structure may be a microscopic metallurgical grain structure (e.g., an arrangement of metal particles or flecks) on a portion of the physical object surface. In some examples, the non-reproducible structure may be a characteristic (e.g., texture, surface variation, grain structure, crystallography, metallography, pores, grain size, grain orientation, defects, etc.) on a 3D quick response (QR) code. For instance, the non-reproducible structure may not be the 3D QR code itself, but may be a texture or surface variation on the surface of a 3D QR code. Utilizing a texture or surface variation of the 3D QR code as a non-reproducible structure may allow detection, documentation, and/or recording of the non-reproducible structure, and/or may enhance security (e.g., may avoid copying) of the physical object.

[0035] In some examples, the memory 126 may store native security client instructions (not shown in FIG. 1 ). A native security client is a program or instructions on the apparatus 124 to perform a security operation or operations. For instance, the processor 128 may execute the native security client instructions to generate a message indicating manufacturing of the physical object. For example, when the physical object is manufactured (e.g., printed), the native security client may generate a message with a cryptographic key or cryptographic keys. In some examples, the cryptographic key(s) (e.g., encryption key(s), signature key(s), etc.) may be cryptographic key(s) recorded in the blockchain (e.g., a ledger record) to authorize a particular apparatus (e.g., 3D printer) to manufacture an object. For instance, the apparatus 124 (e.g., a 3D printer) may be authorized by a ledger device by adding a cryptographic key(s) to the blockchain (e.g., ledger). Storing and/or executing the native security client may increase security. For instance, storing and/or executing the native security client may ensure that the apparatus 124 is authorized to manufacture the physical object based on the 3D object model, and/or may ensure that the physical object registered with the blockchain was manufactured.

[0036] In some examples, the apparatus 124 (e.g., 3D printer) may include a communication interface to send the message indicating manufacturing of the physical object to a ledger device to store a second blockchain ledger record indicating the manufacturing of the physical object. For instance, when a message is sent to the ledger device indicating manufacturing of the physical object, the ledger device may check the cryptographic key(s) to ensure that the apparatus 124 is authorized to manufacture the physical object. In a case that the ledger device determines that the apparatus 124 is authorized (e.g., the cryptographic key(s) successfully decrypt the message), the ledger device may store a second blockchain ledger record indicating the manufacturing of the physical object. In some examples, the message may include the UID associated with the 3D object model and/or with the physical object. In some examples, the physical object is a second NFT (e.g., part of a second NFT). Utilizing the physical object as an NFT may enhance security and/or transferability of the physical object. In some examples, sending the message may ensure that the apparatus 124 is authorized to manufacture the physical object based on the 3D object model, and/or may ensure that the physical object registered with the blockchain was manufactured.

[0037] In some examples, the physical object may undergo a validation procedure. The validation procedure may be performed by the apparatus 124 or another device (e.g., a validation device). In the validation procedure, the non- reproducible structure may be detected (e.g., read, scanned, imaged, etc.). For instance, the non-reproducible structure may be observable and/or recognizable. In some examples, the non-reproducible structure may be observable using a validation device. A validation device is a device (e.g., electronic device) to observe and/or detect physical structure. Examples of validation devices may include a metallurgical microscope (e.g., metallurgical microscope with 10-800x resolution) and/or a 3D scanner (e.g., laser depth scanners, time-of-flight (ToF) cameras, etc.). In some examples, a validation device may produce an image of the physical object (e.g., of the non- reproducible structure). For instance, a 2D image or a 3D image (e.g., depth image) may be produced. The image may indicate the non-reproducible structure (e.g., the grain structure, texture, and/or surface variation). For instance, the image may be a digital representation of the physical object. In some examples, a resolution of the validation device and/or of the image may be at a level or degree where a grain structure, texture, and/or surface variation is observable but non-reproducible. In some examples, the validation device may include and/or utilize a microscope with 100x-800x or greater magnification in conjunction with an image sensor (with 720p, 1 megapixel, 1080p, 4 megapixel, 4K, 8 megapixel resolution, etc.) to produce the image. Examples of non-reproducible structures are given in relation to FIG. 3 and FIG. 5.

[0038] In some examples, the validation procedure may include sending the image (e.g., 2D image, 3D image, scan, digital representation, etc.) to the ledger device. In some examples, the ledger device may generate a ledger record on the blockchain indicating the validation (e.g., image) of the physical object. In some examples, the image may be an NFT (e.g., a third NFT or part of the second NFT). Utilizing the image as an NFT may enhance security and/or transferability of the image. In some examples, multiple ledger records may be associated with design, manufacture, scanning, and/or validation. For instance, a first ledger record may be stored based on an object model. In some examples, a second ledger record may be stored based on manufacturing of a physical object, a third ledger record may be stored based on scanning of a physical object, and/or a fourth ledger record may be stored based on validation. In some examples, three NFTs may be generated. For instance, a first NFT may be associated with an object model (e.g., design), a second NFT may be associated with manufacturing and validation of a physical object, and a third NFT may be associated with a scan of a physical object.

[0039] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be performed with a combination of elements or without an element or elements. For instance, one of the ledger records described herein may be stored on a blockchain without generation and/or storage of the other ledger records described herein. In some examples, two of the ledger records described herein may be stored on a blockchain without generation and/or storage of another ledger record or records described herein. In some examples, three of the ledger records described herein may be stored on a blockchain without generation and/or storage of another ledger record described herein. In some examples, a first ledger record described herein may be stored to the blockchain without storing a second ledger record, third ledger record, and/or fourth ledger record described herein to the blockchain. In some examples, a second ledger record described herein may be stored to the blockchain without storing a first ledger record, third ledger record, and/or fourth ledger record described herein to the blockchain. In some examples, a third ledger record described herein may be stored to the blockchain without storing a first ledger record, second ledger record, and/or fourth ledger record described herein to the blockchain. In some examples, a fourth ledger record described herein may be stored to the blockchain without storing a first ledger record, second ledger record, and/or third ledger record described herein to the blockchain. In some examples, a second ledger record, third ledger record, and/or fourth ledger record may be stored to the blockchain without storing a first ledger record to the blockchain. Some examples may include generating one, two, or three of the first NFT, second NFT, and/or third NFT described herein.

[0040] Some examples of the techniques described herein may include manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) a physical object and/or recording a ledger record indicating manufacturing of the physical object to the blockchain (without recording a ledger record of the 3D object model to the blockchain and/or without recording a ledger record of an image or scan to the blockchain, for instance). Some examples of the techniques described herein may include manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) a physical object, recording a ledger record indicating manufacturing of the physical object to the blockchain, and/or recording a ledger record based on an image or scan of the physical object (without recording a ledger record of the 3D object model to the blockchain, for instance).

[0041] Some examples of the techniques described herein may utilize another manufacturing approach instead of 3D printing or in conjunction with 3D printing. For instance, a physical object may be manufactured using molding, casting, subtractive manufacturing, machining, 3D printing, etching, laser cutting, and/or electroplating, etc. Some examples of the techniques described herein may be performed without producing and/or imaging (e.g., scanning) a non-reproducible structure. For instance, some examples of the techniques described herein may include manufacturing a physical object and/or recording a ledger record indicating manufacturing of the physical object to the blockchain (without recording a ledger record of the 3D object model to the blockchain and/or without recording a ledger record of an image or scan of the non- reproducible structure to the blockchain, for example).

[0042] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating examples of a design device 204, a 3D printer 212, a validation device 208, and a ledger device 206 that may be utilized in some examples of the techniques described herein. In some examples, the design device 204, 3D printer 212, validation device 208, and/or ledger device 206 may perform an operation or operations described in relation to FIG. 1. For instance, the design device 204, 3D printer 212, validation device 208, and/or ledger device 206 may be examples of corresponding devices described in relation to FIG. 1 .

[0043] The ledger device 206 may be a computing device(s) and/or storage device(s). For example, the ledger device 206 may include a processor(s) and instructions stored in a memory or memories (not shown in FIG. 2). The processor(s) may execute the instructions (e.g., smart contract(s)) to perform an operation(s) described herein. In some examples, the ledger device 206 may include a communication interface (not shown in FIG. 2) to communicate with the design device 204, the 3D printer 212, and/or the validation device 208. In some examples, the ledger device 206 (e.g., computing device(s), server(s), storage device(s), etc.) may store a blockchain (e.g., ledger).

[0044] The design device 204 may be a computing device(s). For example, the design device 204 may include a processor(s) and instructions stored in a memory or memories (not shown in FIG. 2). The processor(s) may execute the instructions to perform an operation(s) described herein. In some examples, the design device 204 may include a communication interface (not shown in FIG. 2) to communicate with the 3D printer 212 and/or the ledger device 206.

[0045] The 3D printer 212 may include a processor 242, a memory 244, and/or a communication interface 252. In some examples, the 3D printer 212 may be an example of the apparatus 124 described in relation to FIG. 1. The processor 242, memory 244, and/or communication interface 252 may be examples of corresponding components described in relation to FIG. 1. The memory 244 may include blockchain associated model data 246, manufacturing instructions 248, and/or native security client instructions 250. The blockchain associated model data 246, manufacturing instructions 248, and/or native security client instructions 250 may be examples of corresponding data and/or instructions described in relation to FIG. 1. The 3D printer 212 may include a printhead(s), nozzle(s), agent reservoir(s), build bed(s), and/or heat source(s) (e.g., heat lamp(s), laser(s), oven(s), etc.), etc. (not shown in FIG. 2).

[0046] The validation device 208 may be a computing device(s). For example, the validation device 208 may include a processor(s) and instructions stored in a memory or memories (not shown in FIG. 2). The processor(s) may execute the instructions to perform an operation(s) described herein. In some examples, the validation device 208 may include a communication interface (not shown in FIG. 2) to communicate with the 3D printer 212 and/or the ledger device 206.

[0047] In some examples, the 3D printer 212 may be authorized (e.g., security certified) for cryptocurrency creation. For instance, the ledger device 206 may add the 3D printer 212 to a blockchain. In some examples, the blockchain may include a consortium of manufacturers indicating authorized 3D printers (on a public or private ledger, for instance).

[0048] In some examples, the design device 204 may receive and/or create a 3D object model as described in relation to FIG. 1. In some examples, the design device 204 may place an order for a physical object(s) (e.g., physical coin(s)). For instance, the design device 204 may place an order for cryptocurrency created in a build volume (e.g., a quantity of coins in particular denominations). The design device 204 may send the order (e.g., the 3D object model file) to the ledger device 206. For instance, the design device 204 may send the order (e.g., 3D object model file) to the ledger device 206 to register the 3D object model as a first NFT.

[0049] In some examples, the ledger device 206 may generate an identifier (e.g., UID) for each object (e.g., coin) ordered. For instance, the ledger device 206 may utilize a random number generator that utilizes a seed based on the time of the order for the identifier generation. The ledger device 206 may generate a corresponding first blockchain ledger record. In some examples, the 3D object model (e.g., file) may be a first NFT (e.g., a “design” NFT). For instance, the identifier attached to the first NFT may be generated through a smart contract associated with the blockchain. The ledger device 206 may send the identifier (e.g., UID) to the design device 204. In some examples, the ledger device 206 may select and/or authorize a printer (e.g., the 3D printer 212 from authorized consortium of manufacturer devices) to manufacture the order. For instance, the ledger device 206 may randomly select the 3D printer 212 or use another procedure to select the 3D printer 212. In some examples, the ledger device 206 may send an indicator of the 3D printer 212 to the design device 204.

[0050] The design device 204 may encrypt the 3D object model. The design device 204 may send the encrypted 3D object model (e.g., encrypted 3MF file) to the 3D printer 212. The 3D printer 212 may decrypt the 3D object model. The 3D printer 212 (e.g., processor 242) may store the 3D object model in the memory 244 as blockchain associated model data 246. The 3D printer 212 (e.g., processor 242) may execute the manufacturing instructions 248 to print the 3D object model (e.g., coin model(s)). For instance, the 3D printer 212 (e.g., an authorized 3D printer) may manufacture the 3D object model to produce a physical object. In some examples, the 3D printer 212 may be a secure printer to print the 3D object model (e.g., first NFT) and to initiate an update to the blockchain as part of a proof of manufacturing procedure.

[0051] In some examples, the 3D printer 212 may register the manufactured physical object. In some examples, the 3D printer 212 or another device may scan an identifier (e.g., UID) and/or a non-reproducible structure (e.g., grain structure, texture, surface variation). For instance, the 3D printer 212 or another device may include a sensor(s) (e.g., image sensor(s), depth sensor(s), etc.). The 3D printer 212 or another device may capture an image (e.g., a 2D image, depth image, etc.). In some examples, the 3D printer 212 (e.g., processor 242) or another device may generate a message. The message may include the identifier and/or the image. For instance, the 3D printer 212 (e.g., processor 242) may execute the native security client instructions 250 to generate a message indicating manufacturing of the physical object. In some examples, the message may include a cryptographic key(s). The 3D printer 212 (e.g., communication interface 252) may send the message to the ledger device 206. The ledger device 206 may create a second blockchain ledger record. For instance, the ledger device 206 may record the identifier (e.g., UID) with the image (e.g., grain structure, texture, surface variation(s), etc.) to the blockchain in association with the first blockchain ledger record (e.g., coin ordering record). The physical object may be a second NFT (e.g., a part of a second NFT). In some examples, a manufacturing indicator and an image (e.g., scan) may be stored as separate blockchain ledger records in the blockchain.

[0052] In some examples, the ledger device 206 may determine a validation procedure (e.g., a quantity of inspections, consortium of validation device(s) assigned to perform validation operations, etc.). For instance, the ledger device 206 may assign the validation device 208 to validate the physical object (e.g., coin). In some examples, the validation device 208 may validate the physical object as described in relation to FIG. 1. In some examples, the physical object may be imaged and/or scanned in the validation procedure. For instance, the validation device 208 may produce an image (e.g., 2D image, depth image, etc.) of the non-reproducible structure (e.g., grain structure, texture, surface variation(s), metallurgical grain structure, texture of a 3D QR code, etc.). In some examples, the imaging and/or scanning (e.g., digital scan) may be performed at a resolution (that is greater than a threshold resolution, for instance) to distinguish between the physical object and other manufactured physical objects. In some examples, the validation device 208 may determine whether the image of the non-reproducible structure matches the image (e.g., a blockchain ledger record) produced by the 3D printer 212 or another device. For instance, the validation device 208 may determine whether the image of the non-reproducible structure, such as grain structure (e.g., grain size, grain orientation, grain border(s), etc.), texture, surface variation, crystallography, and/or metallography, etc., matches the image of the non-reproducible structure produced by the 3D printer 212 (or other device) within a tolerance and/or threshold (e.g., 95% match, 98% match, 99.5% match, etc.). A successful validation of the non-reproducible structure may occur when a validation criterion (e.g., matching within the tolerance and/or threshold) is met. The validation device 208 may send the image and/or a validation indicator to the ledger device 206 and/or distributed storage. The ledger device 206 may generate a blockchain ledger record corresponding to the image. For instance, the image (e.g., digital scan) or validation may be an NFT or a part of an NFT In some examples, the physical object (e.g., second NFT) may be associated with (e.g., tied to) the validation through the blockchain. In some examples, multiple validations may be performed by a validation device or validation devices. In some examples, if the validation has failed, the physical object (e.g., coin) may be destroyed.

[0053] In some examples, the first NFT, the second NFT, and the third NFT may have the same ownership or different ownerships. For example, the first NFT, the second NFT, and the third NFT may have separate ownerships, where the third NFT provides a digital link for the second NFT to the blockchain and/or where the existence of the third NFT (e.g., image) relies on the creation of the second NFT (e.g., physical object).

[0054] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a 3D object model 354, a marked 3D object model 356, a physical object 358, and an image 362 in accordance with some examples of the techniques described herein. An operation or operations that lead to models and objects described in relation to FIG. 3 may be performed as described in relation to FIG. 1 and/or FIG. 2. In this example, the 3D object model 354 may be a generic 3D object model of a coin. In accordance with some of the techniques described herein, an identifier 364 (e.g., UID) may be determined. In this example, the identifier 364 is placed on the 3D object model 354 to produce a marked 3D object model 356. For instance, the identifier 364 may be encoded as embossed and/or debossed characters in a central region of a coin and as depressions extending outward from the center of the coin. In some examples, the marked 3D object model 356 may be a first NFT and/or may be registered using a first blockchain ledger record.

[0055] In some examples, a physical object may include a non-reproducible structure printed based on an object model associated with a first blockchain ledger record. For instance, the marked 3D object model 356 may be manufactured using 3D printing (e.g., Metal Jet printing) to produce the physical object 358. In some examples, the non-reproducible structure may be a grain structure or texture resulting from 3D printing. In this example, the physical object 358 includes a non-reproducible texture 360 as a non-reproducible structure of the physical object 358. In some examples, the physical object 358 may be registered using a second blockchain ledger record. The physical object 358 may be a second NFT (e.g., a part of a second NFT). In some examples, multiple physical objects (e.g., multiple NFTs) may be produced from the marked 3D object model 356.

[0056] The physical object 358 may undergo a validation procedure. For instance, a validation device may produce an image 362 (e.g., depth image, 3D image, etc.) of the physical object 358. The image 362 may be a digital representation (e.g., “twin”) of the physical object 358. In some examples, a non-reproducible structure may be readable by a validation device to produce an image of the non-reproducible structure. For instance, the image 362 may include a digital non-reproducible region 366. For example, the digital non- reproducible region 366 may indicate the non-reproducible texture 360 (e.g., a region of the non-reproducible texture 360) of the physical object 358. In some examples, the image 362 may be registered using a third blockchain ledger record. In some examples, the image 362 may be an NFT or part of an NFT. In some examples, multiple images (e.g., multiple digital twins) may be produced corresponding to multiple physical objects produced from one 3D object model (e.g., one marked 3D object model). [0057] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a computer- readable medium 468 for blockchain management. The computer-readable medium 468 is a non-transitory, tangible computer-readable medium. The computer-readable medium 468 may be, for example, RAM, EEPROM, a storage device, an optical disc, and the like. In some examples, the computer- readable medium 468 may be volatile and/or non-volatile memory, such as DRAM, EEPROM, MRAM, PCRAM, memristor, flash memory, and the like. In some examples, the computer-readable medium 468 described in relation to FIG. 4 may be a computer-readable medium of a ledger device described herein. In some examples, the computer-readable medium 468 may include data (e.g., information and/or instructions) to cause a processor to perform one, some, or all of the operations, aspects, elements, etc., of a ledger device described in relation to one, some, or all of FIG. 1 , FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3.

[0058] The computer-readable medium 468 may include data (e.g., information and/or instructions). For example, the computer-readable medium 468 may include first blockchain instructions 470, second blockchain instructions 472, third blockchain instructions 474, fourth blockchain instructions 475, and/or blockchain data 476.

[0059] The first blockchain instructions 470 may include instructions when executed cause a processor of an electronic device to store a first blockchain ledger record based on an object model. In some examples, storing the first blockchain ledger record may be performed as described in relation to FIG. 1 , FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3. For instance, the processor may create an identifier (e.g., UID) and store a first blockchain ledger record in blockchain data 476 indicating the identifier (e.g., UID) of an object model. In some examples, the processor may cause a communication interface to send the identifier (e.g., UID) to a design device. Storing the first blockchain ledger record may create a record of an order for new cryptocurrency and/or may enhance security by providing a record to associate with an object to be manufactured. In some examples, storing the first blockchain ledger record may create a first NFT

[0060] The second blockchain instructions 472 may include instructions when executed cause a processor of an electronic device to store a second blockchain ledger record indicating manufacturing of a physical object with a non-reproducible structure based on the object model. In some examples, storing the second blockchain ledger record may be performed as described in relation to FIG. 1 , FIG. 2, and/or FIG. 3. For instance, the processor may store a second blockchain ledger record in blockchain data 476 in response to a message from a manufacturing device (e.g., 3D printer) indicating manufacturing of the physical object and/or an image of the non-reproducible structure. Storing the second blockchain ledger record may create a record of manufacturing of a physical object (corresponding to the order, for instance) and/or may enhance security by providing a record to associate with the 3D object model. In some examples, storing the second blockchain ledger record may create part of a second NFT. For instance, a manufacturing device (e.g., 3D printer) may send a message to the ledger device to update the blockchain indicating manufacturing of the physical object. The smart contract may await scanning and/or validation of the physical object. For instance, the scan may be a third NFT and the validation (based on the scan, for example) may be another part of the second NFT (e.g., physical NFT).

[0061] The third blockchain instructions 474 may include instructions when executed cause a processor of an electronic device to store a third blockchain ledger record based on a scan (e.g., image capture) of the physical object with the non-reproducible structure based on the object model and the manufacturing. In some examples, storing the third blockchain ledger record may be performed as described herein. For instance, the processor may store a third blockchain ledger record in blockchain data 476 in response to a message from a manufacturing device (e.g., 3D printer), scanning device, and/or validation device (e.g., microscopic imager, scanner, camera, etc.) indicating a scan of the physical object and/or an image (e.g., scan) of the non-reproducible structure. For instance, the third blockchain ledger record may indicate a scan of the non-reproducible structure. Storing the third blockchain ledger record may create a record of the non-reproducible structure of a physical object (corresponding to the order and/or manufacturing, for instance) and/or may enhance security by providing a scan record to associate with the 3D object model and/or manufacturing record. In some examples, storing the third blockchain ledger record may create a third NFT. For instance, the third blockchain ledger record (e.g., scan file) may indicate an NFT of a digital representation of the physical object.

[0062] The fourth blockchain instructions 475 may include instructions when executed cause a processor of an electronic device to store a fourth blockchain ledger record indicating validation of the physical object based on a successful validation of the non-reproducible structure. In some examples, storing the fourth blockchain ledger record may be performed as described herein. For instance, the processor may store a fourth blockchain ledger record in blockchain data 476 in response to a message from a validation device (e.g., microscopic imager, scanner, camera, etc.) indicating validation of the physical object and/or an image (e.g., scan) of the non-reproducible structure. For instance, the fourth blockchain ledger record may indicate a successful validation (based on the scan, for example) of the non-reproducible structure. Storing the fourth blockchain ledger record may create a record of validation of a physical object (corresponding to the order and/or manufacturing, for instance) and/or may enhance security by providing a record to associate with the 3D object model and/or manufacturing record. In some examples, storing the fourth blockchain ledger record may create (e.g., finish creating) a second NFT. For instance, the fourth blockchain ledger record may indicate an NFT based on the successful validation of a digital representation of the physical object and the manufacturing. In some examples, the fourth blockchain ledger record may indicate a second part of the second NFT.

[0063] In some examples, validation of the physical object may complete proof of manufacturing, in which case the blockchain may be updated to reflect the addition of a unit of cryptocurrency. For instance, the fourth blockchain ledger record may indicate a fungible token of a digital representation of the physical object. A fungible token is an interchangeable cryptographic token. An example of a fungible token is a unit of cryptocurrency. In some examples, the fourth blockchain ledger record may indicate that cryptocurrency is successfully mined using a proof of manufacturing procedure. [0064] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a physical object 578 in accordance with some examples of the techniques described herein. In the example of FIG. 5, the physical object 578 is a coin. In some examples of the physical objects described herein, a physical object may have a fixed or variable denomination, fixed or variable material, and/or fixed or variable geometry between physical objects. In some examples, physical object mass may be specified within some threshold tolerance.

[0065] In some examples, a physical object may have any structural geometry. Different geometries may be utilized, from simple geometries to complex. In some examples, a geometry may be selected to enhance manufacturing yield, handling, and/or inspection (e.g., validation). In some examples, a geometry may be selected based on material and/or 3D printing technology.

[0066] In the example of FIG. 5, the physical object 578 is a round disk, which may enhance fabrication, handling, inspection, storage, and/or mechanical sorting. In some examples of the techniques described herein, a material of a physical object may be metal, ceramic, polymer, and/or other organic material that possesses a non-reproducible microstructure. In some examples, a material for manufacturing a physical object may be publicly certified and/or a corresponding record for each batch of material may be recorded in the blockchain.

[0067] In the example of FIG. 5, the physical object 578 includes an identifier 580 (e.g., UID). For instance, the identifier 580 may be an assigned unique identifier that is printed on the surface of the physical object 578 and/or is readable (by a human and/or device, for instance).

[0068] In the example of FIG. 5, the physical object 578 includes a region 586 of a non-reproducible feature. In some examples, the region 586 may be disposed proud, flush, or recessed relative to a surface of the physical object 578. In some examples, a region may be located anywhere on a physical object and/or in multiple places (including an edge, for instance).

[0069] In some examples, the region 586 includes a grain patch 582 (e.g., metallurgical grain patch). For instance, the region 586 and/or the grain patch 582 may have dimensions of 1 millimeter (mm) x 1 mm. The grain patch 582 may be imageable for registration, validation, and/or identification, for instance. In some examples, the grain patch 582 on the physical object 578 may be produced by polishing and/or etching the region 586 to expose the grain structure that is unique to each coin. The grain patch 582 may provide a non- reproducible fingerprint of the physical object 578. In some examples, the grain patch 582 may be scanned optically and recorded to the blockchain (as an image and/or as an encoding). In some examples, the grain patch 582 may support proof of manufacturing. In some examples, proof of manufacturing may be supported through variability captured through 3D scanning (without grain structure analysis, for instance). For example, non-reproducible features (that may be utilized to support proof of manufacturing, for instance) may include dimensional variability, surface texture, microcracks, defects, etc.

[0070] In some examples, a 3D QR code 584 may be utilized as a non- reproducible feature. For instance, the 3D QR code 584 may be manufactured in the region 586 instead of the grain patch 582. In some examples, a texture of the 3D QR code 584 may be utilized as a non-reproducible structure. In some examples, the 3D QR code 584 may encode the identifier 580 and the texture of the 3D QR code 584 may provide the non-reproducible structure.

[0071] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a blockchain 699 in accordance with some examples of the techniques described herein. In this example, a design device 696 may provide a 3D object model, which may be utilized to produce a first blockchain ledger record 688. A 3D printer 698 may provide a message, which may be utilized to produce a second blockchain ledger record 690. A validation device 694 may provide a validation indication, which may be utilized to produce a third blockchain ledger record 692.

[0072] In the example of FIG. 6, the first blockchain ledger record 688, the second blockchain ledger record 690, and the third blockchain ledger record 692 are illustrated in a consecutive series, where the second blockchain ledger record 690 includes a hash referring to the first blockchain ledger record 688 and the third blockchain ledger record 692 includes a hash referring to the second blockchain ledger record 690. In some examples, a record or records (e.g., block(s)) may be situated in the blockchain 699 between the first blockchain ledger record 688 and the second blockchain ledger record 690 and/or between the second blockchain ledger record 690 and the third blockchain ledger record 692. In some examples, an additional record or records may be utilized. For instance, another blockchain ledger record may be produced based on an image provided by the 3D printer 698, by a scanning device, and/or by the validation device 694.

[0073] Some examples of the techniques described herein may provide enhanced security, reliability, stability, and/or production efficiency for cryptocurrency. For instance, a 3D object model associated with a blockchain ledger record may be combined with a physical object with a non-reproducible feature. In this way, a non-reproducible physical object may support proof of manufacturing for the cryptocurrency indicated by the blockchain ledger record. Accordingly, the cryptocurrency may be less susceptible to wide fluctuations in value. For instance, using the non-reproducible structure of the physical object may provide proof of manufacturing, which may provide greater security and stability than proof of work or proof of stake models. For instance, proof of manufacturing may provide a cryptocurrency that is tied to material costs and manufacturing costs, thereby being classified as a non-fiat currency, and thus more stable (e.g., less susceptible to inflation). A non-fiat currency is a currency that has value not given by government fiat (e.g., without government decree or authority). Some examples of the techniques described herein may provide enhanced production efficiency. For instance, some cryptocurrencies may use generation and/or consensus procedures based on mathematical questions that may demand a relatively large amount of energy to solve. These consensus procedures may favor wasting energy, as a single entity that solves the question may capture the value of a new block, whereas other entities have wasted power in unsuccessful attempts to solve the question. Because proof of manufacturing may be based on non-reproducible physical objects, wasted resources may be reduced and/or avoided.

[0074] In some examples of cryptocurrency described herein, the printing and verification procedures in the generation of the physical (e.g., 3D printed) object may be a proof (e.g., proof of manufacturing) mechanism. In some examples, the physical object may have no further use after printing and verification. In some examples, the physical object may not backup (e.g., may not provide backing for) the cryptocurrency. In some examples, the physical object may not be stored for later verification after the verification procedure.

[0075] As used herein, the term “and/or” may mean an item or items. For example, the phrase “A, B, and/or C” may mean any of: A (without B and C), B (without A and C), C (without A and B), A and B (but not C), B and C (but not A), A and C (but not B), or all of A, B, and C.

[0076] While various examples are described herein, the disclosure is not limited to the examples. Variations of the examples described herein may be implemented within the scope of the disclosure. For example, aspects or elements of the examples described herein may be omitted or combined.

Claims

29 CLAIMS

1. A three-dimensional (3D) printer, comprising: a memory to store a 3D object model associated with a first blockchain ledger record; and a processor coupled to the memory, wherein the processor is to: cause the 3D printer to print a physical object with a non- reproducible structure based on the 3D object model.

2. The 3D printer of claim 1 , wherein the 3D object model is a first non- fungible token (NFT).

3. The 3D printer of claim 2, wherein the physical object is a second NFT

4. The 3D printer of claim 1 , wherein the 3D object model is encrypted with a cryptographic key associated with a blockchain hash, and wherein the processor is to decrypt the 3D object model.

5. The 3D printer of claim 1 , wherein the memory is to store native security client instructions, and wherein the processor is to execute the native security client instructions to generate a message indicating manufacturing of the physical object.

6. The 3D printer of claim 5, further comprising a communication interface to send the message indicating manufacturing of the physical object to a ledger device to store a second blockchain ledger record indicating the manufacturing of the physical object.

7. The 3D printer of claim 1 , wherein the non-reproducible structure is a grain structure of the physical object.

8. The 3D printer of claim 1 , wherein the non-reproducible structure is a texture on a 3D quick response (QR) code. 30

9. A physical object, comprising: a non-reproducible structure printed based on an object model associated with a first blockchain ledger record.

10. The physical object of claim 9, wherein the non-reproducible structure is a grain structure or texture resulting from three-dimensional (3D) printing.

11 . The physical object of claim 9, wherein the non-reproducible structure is readable by a validation device to produce an image of the non-reproducible structure.

12. A non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium comprising instructions when executed cause a processor of an electronic device to: store a first blockchain ledger record based on an object model; store a second blockchain ledger record indicating manufacturing of a physical object with a non-reproducible structure based on the object model; store a third blockchain ledger record based on a scan of the physical object with the non-reproducible structure based on the object model and the manufacturing; and store a fourth blockchain ledger record indicating validation of the physical object based on a successful validation of the non- reproducible structure.

13. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the third blockchain ledger record indicates a non-fungible token (NFT) of a digital representation of the physical object.

14. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the fourth blockchain ledger record indicates a non-fungible token (NFT) based on the successful validation of a digital representation of the physical object and the manufacturing.

15. The non-transitory tangible computer-readable medium of claim 12, wherein the fourth blockchain ledger record indicates a fungible token of a digital representation of the physical object.