WO2023123677A1 - 功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统 - Google Patents

功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统 Download PDF

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WO2023123677A1
WO2023123677A1 PCT/CN2022/080400 CN2022080400W WO2023123677A1 WO 2023123677 A1 WO2023123677 A1 WO 2023123677A1 CN 2022080400 W CN2022080400 W CN 2022080400W WO 2023123677 A1 WO2023123677 A1 WO 2023123677A1
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power
energy storage
storage device
type energy
grid
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PCT/CN2022/080400
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张卫
张军生
郑德化
阿莱穆所罗门•尼桑特
贺哿
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北京金风零碳能源有限公司
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Publication of WO2023123677A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023123677A1/zh

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/001—Methods to deal with contingencies, e.g. abnormalities, faults or failures
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/006—Calibration or setting of parameters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/02—Details
    • H02H3/06—Details with automatic reconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/16—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/16—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass
    • H02H3/162—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to fault current to earth, frame or mass for ac systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/06—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for dynamo-electric generators; for synchronous capacitors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/26—Sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, e.g. for disconnecting a section on which a short-circuit, earth fault, or arc discharge has occured
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/24—Arrangements for preventing or reducing oscillations of power in networks
    • H02J3/241—The oscillation concerning frequency
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/30—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using dynamo-electric machines coupled to flywheels
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
    • H02J3/32—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy using batteries with converting means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38—Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/46—Controlling of the sharing of output between the generators, converters, or transformers
    • H02J3/50—Controlling the sharing of the out-of-phase component
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J9/00—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting
    • H02J9/04—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source
    • H02J9/06—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems
    • H02J9/062—Circuit arrangements for emergency or stand-by power supply, e.g. for emergency lighting in which the distribution system is disconnected from the normal source and connected to a standby source with automatic change-over, e.g. UPS systems for AC powered loads
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/50—Charging of capacitors, supercapacitors, ultra-capacitors or double layer capacitors

Definitions

  • the present disclosure generally relates to the field of electric power technology, and more specifically, relates to a control method and device of a power type energy storage device and a regional power system.
  • the microgrid dynamic disturbance and transient disturbance control system should be accurately identified, and the fault detection signal will quickly return to the normal value to ensure that the circuit breaker does not trip; for faults, the fault detection signal will retain a value that is quite different from the conventional one. And last for a long period of time, the fault protection system should accurately trip the reasonable circuit breaker according to the location of the fault point.
  • the second existing technical solution is to add an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) at the precision load end.
  • UPS can supply power for the precision load for a short time when the power grid fails.
  • UPSs are lead-carbon batteries or lithium batteries.
  • the load backup power supply is practical, but its economy is not high when faced with a large number of heavy and precise loads.
  • the capacity and operation mode of the UPS cannot solve the voltage flicker and short-term interruption of the load terminal voltage caused by the fault of the regional power grid, and cannot protect the precision load.
  • the third existing technical solution is to improve power quality through reactive power compensation or active filter equipment.
  • this method is generally aimed at reactive power shortage or voltage drop caused by load, and cannot solve power voltage flicker and power failure caused by faults. Short-term interruptions make it even more difficult to guarantee the safe and stable operation of precision loads.
  • Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure aim to provide a control method, device and power system of a power-type energy storage device, which can effectively guarantee the power supply stability of a target load (eg, precision load).
  • a target load eg, precision load
  • a control method for a power-type energy storage device the power-type energy storage device is connected to the incoming line end of the second transformer via the first transformer, and the incoming line end is also connected to In the power grid, the outlet terminal of the second transformer is connected to the target load
  • the control method includes: in response to no fault in the power grid, controlling the power-type energy storage device to be in a hot standby state; in response to a short circuit in the power grid failure, controlling the power-type energy storage device to provide short-circuit current to the fault point of the grid to avoid disconnection of the circuit breaker of the grid; wherein, when the circuit breaker is disconnected, the incoming line terminal and the The grid is disconnected.
  • a control device for a power-type energy storage device the power-type energy storage device is connected to the incoming line end of the second transformer via the first transformer, and the incoming line end is also connected to The power grid, the outlet terminal of the second transformer is connected to the target load
  • the control device includes: a hot standby control unit configured to control the power type energy storage device to be in a hot standby state in response to no failure of the power grid
  • the fault response control unit is configured to, in response to a short-circuit fault occurring in the power grid, control the power-type energy storage device to provide a short-circuit current to a fault point of the power grid, so as to avoid disconnection of a circuit breaker of the power grid; wherein, When the circuit breaker is turned off, the incoming line terminal is disconnected from the power grid.
  • a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program, when the computer program is executed by a processor, the processor is prompted to execute the power-type energy storage device as described above control method.
  • a control device for a power-type energy storage device includes: a processor; a memory storing a computer program, when the computer program is executed by the processor, prompting The processor executes the control method of the power type energy storage device as described above.
  • a regional power system including: a power-type energy storage device, a first transformer, a second transformer, and the above-mentioned control device; the power-type energy storage device passes through the The first transformer is connected to the incoming line end of the second transformer, the incoming line end is also connected to the power grid, and the outgoing line end of the second transformer is connected to the target load; the control device responds to no failure of the power grid, controlling the power-type energy storage device to be in a hot standby state, and in response to a short-circuit fault occurring in the grid, controlling the power-type energy storage device to provide a short-circuit current to a fault point of the grid, so as to avoid a circuit breaker of the grid disconnected; wherein, when the circuit breaker is disconnected, the incoming terminal is disconnected from the grid.
  • the target load is protected when the power grid fails, and the protection is guaranteed.
  • the target load is continuously powered, and the power supply stability of the target load is improved. For example, the protection of delicate loads in the event of a regional power system failure.
  • Figure 1 shows an example of the topology of a district power system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a positive sequence equivalent circuit diagram after a fault occurs according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of a negative-sequence equivalent circuit diagram after a fault occurs according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 4 shows an example of a zero-sequence network architecture diagram after a fault occurs according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 5 shows an example of a zero-sequence network contour diagram after a fault occurs according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 6 shows an example of Thevenin equivalent circuit diagrams of positive sequence, negative sequence and zero sequence according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Figure 7 shows an example of a composite sequence network equivalent diagram of a single-phase short-circuit fault according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 8 shows a flowchart of a control method of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 9 shows an example of a topology of a power-containing energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • Fig. 10 shows an example of a positive sequence equivalent diagram of a target load protection scheme including a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 11 shows an example of a negative-sequence equivalent diagram of a target load protection scheme containing a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 12 shows an example of a zero-sequence equivalent diagram of a target load protection scheme containing a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 13 shows an example of a simplified equivalent diagram of a target load protection scheme including a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 14 shows an example of voltage and current curves of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 15 shows an example of the state of a static synchronous condenser of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 16 shows an example of transient response of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 17 shows an example of transient response of a power-type energy storage device under different events according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 18 shows an example of thermal backup control of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 19 shows an example of full-cycle control of a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • Fig. 20 shows a structural block diagram of a control device of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure
  • FIG. 21 shows a block topology diagram of a district power system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of a topology of a district power system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the regional power system is mainly a local power system with a voltage level below 220kV.
  • the rest is mainly composed of loads, large-scale renewable energy, energy storage, micro-grid groups, etc.
  • T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4 represent transformers, LD represents load and/or reactive power compensation equipment.
  • the regional power system mainly includes large-scale new energy, energy storage, fuel cells and loads in the region. These elements are mainly connected to the traditional power system by means of regionally autonomous microgrid groups.
  • the traditional power system forms a 220kV power tie line through the substation. There are more than two microgrid groups in the area. A high proportion of power generation equipment and energy storage are integrated inside the microgrid group. The end of the line is connected to the target load that needs stable power supply (for example, a precision load park) through a dedicated line.
  • Node 1 represents an infinite power system node, because compared with the large power grid, the capacity of the regional power system dominated by new energy is relatively small.
  • Node 2 represents the outlet node of the substation. For the regional power system, the voltage of this node is generally at the voltage level of 35kV ⁇ 110kV.
  • Node 3 is a precision load outlet node, and it is generally powered separately through a dedicated line. The line between node 2 and node 3 can be a single-circuit line or a double-circuit power supply line to improve power supply stability.
  • Node 4 is a medium and low voltage node for precision loads, generally 10kV.
  • Node 5 is the grid connection point where microgrid 1 is located, and node 6 is the grid connection point where microgrid 2 is located.
  • the protection scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the substation voltage of 110kV, and is still applicable to other voltage levels such as substation outlet voltages of 220kV and 35kV.
  • the scope of protection in this disclosure is not limited to single-circuit power supply lines, but also includes double-circuit power supply lines, structural forms of ring network power supply lines, and radial area structures.
  • the voltage level of the load node is not limited to 10kV, and it is still applicable to other nodes that meet the medium and low voltage voltage level specifications.
  • the regional power system described in the present disclosure is not limited to two microgrids, and is still applicable to a regional power system constructed with a single microgrid or multiple microgrids.
  • Precision loads have very high requirements for power supply stability.
  • chip processing equipment, photolithography machines, and silicon purification equipment all require that the voltage cannot be interrupted and the voltage needs to be maintained within the specified range.
  • the present disclosure considers that if the fault occurs at the position f 0 between node 4 and node 3 (that is, the fault point), for the convenience of illustration, the above-mentioned regional power system topology diagram is equivalently modeled, as shown in FIG. 2 . Firstly, calculate the unit value of important components such as lines, transformers, power supplies and loads.
  • the calculation results are expressed by parameters as the generator port voltage is G 1 , the star-connected impedance of the high-voltage side of transformer T-1 is X T-11 , and the transformer T- 1
  • the low-voltage side star connection impedance is X T-12
  • the low-voltage side corner connection impedance of transformer T-1 is X T-13
  • the transmission line impedance between the equivalent generator and the three-winding transformer T-1 is X 1
  • the impedance between the low-voltage star connection side of transformer T-1 and node 2 is X 2
  • the impedance of the distribution line between node 2 and node 3 is X 3
  • the impedance between node 3 and the high-voltage side of transformer T-2 in the precision load park is
  • the dedicated line impedance is X 4
  • the line impedance from the low-voltage corner connection side of the transformer T-2 to the park load is X 5
  • the equivalent impedance of the transformer T-2 is X T-2
  • the equivalent impedance of transformer T-4 is X T-4
  • the line impedance between node 5 and transformer T-3 is X 6
  • the line impedance between node 6 and transformer T-4 is X 7
  • LD’s The equivalent impedance is X LD1
  • the equivalent impedance of the park load is X LD2
  • the potentials of the two microgrids are represented as E m1 and E m2
  • the impedances of the two microgrids are respectively represented as X m1 and X m2 .
  • the equivalent circuit of the positive-sequence network should include all power system components except the neutral grounding impedance, unloaded lines, and unloaded transformers. Since there are no no-load lines and no-load transformers in Fig. 1, the positive sequence network diagram of the system is further analyzed and optimized as shown in Fig. 2, where U a1 represents the positive sequence voltage value. From the observation of the positive sequence network at the fault point, it can be seen that this is an active network.
  • the regional power system faults are analyzed as follows: Considering that the negative-sequence current in the negative-sequence equivalent circuit diagram can flow the same components as the positive sequence, but all the negative-sequence potentials of the power supply are zero. According to this, the negative sequence equivalent circuit diagram after the fault can be obtained synchronously, as shown in Figure 3, where U a2 represents the negative sequence voltage value. Observing the negative sequence network from the fault point shows that this is a passive network.
  • the zero-sequence potential representing the occurrence of a fault is applied at the short-circuit point, and the zero-sequence current has the same magnitude and phase, and must pass through the ground to form a path.
  • the zero-sequence current loop must be related to the neutral-point grounded components. For voltage levels of 110kV and above, direct grounding is generally used, and the grounding resistance can be ignored. U 0 means zero-sequence voltage. Accordingly, the zero-sequence equivalent circuit after the fault can be obtained is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
  • formula (1) in, Indicates the short-circuit phase (that is, the fault phase) voltage, and Indicates the non-short-circuit phase current, according to the law of symmetrical components, formula (1) can be expressed as:
  • Fig. 8 shows a flowchart of a control method of a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the power-type energy storage device (hereinafter also referred to as power-type energy storage) is connected to the incoming line end of the second transformer via the first transformer, and the power grid is connected to the incoming line end (that is, the incoming line end is also connected to power grid), and the outgoing terminal of the second transformer is connected to the target load.
  • the target load may be a load requiring stable power supply.
  • the grid may include a microgrid.
  • the present disclosure proposes a power-based energy storage to protect the target load at the moment of a grid fault until the grid recloses successfully.
  • the disclosure proposes to connect a power-type energy storage device with an appropriate capacity in parallel at the incoming terminal of the transformer (that is, the second transformer) of the target load.
  • the power-type energy storage device can quickly respond to the fault current of the grid at a millisecond level, and can reduce the current pressure of the grid on the fault point at the moment of the fault.
  • T-5 represents the first transformer
  • T-2 represents the second transformer
  • the precise load zone is the target load.
  • the power type energy storage device may include but not limited to at least one of the following items: supercapacitor energy storage, flywheel energy storage. It should be understood that other suitable types of power energy storage may also be included, and this disclosure is not limited thereto.
  • the first transformer may be an isolation step-up transformer of a power type energy storage device.
  • step S10 in response to no failure of the power grid, the power-type energy storage device is controlled to be in a hot standby state, so as to quickly respond to a transient failure of the power grid and ensure continuous power supply of the target load.
  • step S20 in response to a short-circuit fault in the power grid, the power-type energy storage device is controlled to provide a short-circuit current for the fault point of the power grid, so as to avoid disconnection of the circuit breaker of the power grid, thereby ensuring that the target load is continuously electricity.
  • the circuit breaker is turned off, the power grid is disconnected from the incoming line terminal.
  • the circuit breaker is the circuit breaker corresponding to the fault point.
  • control method of a power-type energy storage device may further include: in response to the disconnection of the circuit breaker of the power grid, during the process from the disconnection of the circuit breaker to reclosing, controlling The power type energy storage device supplies power to the target load.
  • the power-type energy storage device when a grid short-circuit fault occurs, the larger short-circuit current is not only provided by the grid, but the power-type energy storage device can be controlled to provide an instantaneous short-circuit current.
  • the disclosure can effectively reduce the pressure on the grid side to provide short-circuit current, so the circuit breaker on the left side of the fault point close to the grid may not trip, or after tripping, the power-type energy storage device can supply power to the target load, so that Maintain the stability of the transient state of the target load voltage. After the fault is cleared or the power grid is successfully reclosed, the power grid will return to the normal power supply level.
  • the short-circuit current after a fault occurs can not only be provided by the grid, but also the potential E m3 of the power-type energy storage device can also provide short-circuit currents I sca0 , I sca1 , and I sca2 instantaneously, which slows down the grid-side response to faults To a certain extent, the tripping and reclosing of the power grid caused by instantaneous short-circuit faults can be avoided.
  • X T-5 is related to the short-circuit voltage and capacity of the transformer T-5, and the capacity of the transformer T-5 is positively related to the instantaneous maximum power output of the power-type energy storage device.
  • X T-5 represents the transformer T -5 impedance.
  • X 8 is related to the power capacity of the power-type energy storage device.
  • the power-type energy storage device can be used as a short-term and fast-response generator.
  • X 8 represents the equivalent reactance of the generator. The higher the capacity of the power-type energy storage device The larger, the smaller the value.
  • Fig. 14 shows an example of voltage and current curves of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the abscissa represents time, and the ordinate represents the voltage value or current value of the power type energy storage device. It can be seen that in the regional power equivalent system with power-type energy storage devices, during the transient process of short-circuit faults, the power-type energy storage devices can not only quickly provide active power, but also quickly provide reactive power.
  • step S10 in response to the power grid not having a fault and the power-type energy storage device needs to be charged, the power-type energy storage device is controlled to be in a charging state; and in response to the power grid not having a fault and the The power type energy storage device is not in the charging state, and the power type energy storage device is controlled to be in the static synchronous condenser state to run synchronously with the grid.
  • the speed of the virtual magnetic field corresponding to the electric potential of the power type energy storage device is the same as the electric potential speed of the power grid.
  • the virtual magnetic field can be understood as a virtual magnetic field based on the potential equivalent of the power type energy storage device.
  • the phases of the three-phase voltage of the power type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid are the same; and, the power type The potential of the energy storage device and the potential of the grid have the same direction of rotation.
  • the power type energy storage device may be controlled to enter the charging state in response to the power grid not having a fault and the state of charge value of the power type energy storage device being lower than a first threshold SOC min ; in response to the The power type energy storage device is in the charging state and the state value of the state of charge reaches the second threshold SOC max , and the power type energy storage device is controlled to enter the static synchronous condenser state.
  • the state value of the state of charge of the power type energy storage device reaches the first threshold value
  • the power type energy storage device responds to the fault of the power grid and continues until the state value of the state of charge after the fault is cleared is no longer below the lower threshold.
  • SOC min does not refer to the lowest state of charge (that is, the minimum threshold) that the power energy storage device can operate to, but the transient response to the power grid fault and the transition to the power energy storage device will not be lower than the minimum state of charge after the fault is cleared.
  • the state of charge of the SOC value that is, the state of charge sufficient to cope with grid faults.
  • the control method of the power type energy storage device proposed in the present disclosure not only has the characteristics of fast transient response, but also can solve the problem of cold standby caused by the SOC (state of charge) of the energy storage discharge being too low or too high. That is to say, the power-type energy storage device can always be in the hot standby state. Under this state, real-time and rapid response in the event of a fault can be guaranteed, and at the same time, the frequency and voltage stability under normal operation of the power grid will not be affected.
  • the power-type energy storage device when the power-type energy storage device is running in a normal state, and SOC min ⁇ the current state of charge SOC, the power-type energy storage device operates like a static synchronous condenser, waiting for the occurrence of grid failure or voltage frequency mutation at any time.
  • Synchronization here does not mean that the rotation speed of the mechanical rotor is the same as that of the stator magnetic field, but that the power-type energy storage device has the ability to output or absorb active power in seconds or even minutes, and can form a virtual rotating flux linkage through power electronic equipment.
  • this SOC range that is, higher than SOC min
  • the flux linkage can be controlled to be the same as the flux linkage speed formed by the grid. But because there is no substantial rotation, it is called the static synchronous condenser state of the power type energy storage device.
  • the method of controlling the power-type energy storage device can be described with reference to Figure 15, wherein, Indicates the power factor angle of the power type energy storage device, ⁇ sc represents the power angle of the power type energy storage device, Indicates the internal potential of the power type energy storage device, Indicates the voltage of the power type energy storage device, R sc represents the resistance between the power type energy storage device and the grid, Indicates the current of the power type energy storage device, and X sc represents the reactance between the power type energy storage device and the grid.
  • the present disclosure also considers the isolation transformer T-5 connected to the power grid and its line impedance when controlling the power-type energy storage device, that is, the isolation transformer and line impedance are attributed to the control system, and it is considered that Its impedance is R sc +jX sc .
  • (a) in Figure 15 describes the phases between the three-phase voltages U sca , U scb and U scc at the outlet of the power-type energy storage device and the regional grid E a , E b and E c (for example, the voltage at node 3) relationship and the direction of potential rotation, the synchronous operation with the power grid can be achieved by controlling the virtual magnetic field rotation speed of the power-type energy storage device.
  • the power energy storage device Since the power energy storage device has two-way capacity backup at the level of seconds or even minutes, the virtual rotating magnetic field always exists. Even if it is disconnected from the grid, the virtual rotating magnetic field can still exist for a certain period of time. There is almost no power exchange between the power-type energy storage device and the grid when it is in the static synchronous condenser state.
  • control method of a power-type energy storage device may further include: in response to no failure of the power grid, according to the upper limit value of reactive power consumption of the target load, by controlling the The potential of the power-type energy storage device is used to control the reactive power output by the power-type energy storage device, so as to improve the power factor of the target load.
  • the potential of the power-type energy storage device is used to control the reactive power output by the power-type energy storage device, so as to improve the power factor of the target load.
  • (b) in Figure 15 describes the potential of the power-type energy storage device by controlling The size of the reactive power is controlled to improve the power factor of the precision load park.
  • (c) in Figure 15 describes the potential of the power-type energy storage device by controlling becomes smaller to reduce its reactive power output.
  • the step of controlling the power-type energy storage device to provide a short-circuit current for the fault point of the grid may include: controlling the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device according to the first target reference voltage value and/or, according to the target reference power angle value, control the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid; and/or, according to the target reference speed value, control the The rotational speed of the virtual magnetic field corresponding to the electric potential of the power type energy storage device, wherein the target reference rotational speed value is the rotational speed of the virtual magnetic field when the power grid is not faulty.
  • the first target reference voltage value may be a voltage value set in advance according to actual conditions and requirements.
  • the target reference power angle value may be a power angle value set in advance according to actual conditions and requirements.
  • the magnitude of the short-circuit current provided for the fault point of the grid can be determined by the following items: the three-phase voltage of the grid, the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device, the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device The power angle between the phase voltage and the three-phase voltage of the grid, the power factor of the target load, the active power output by the grid, and the reactive power output by the grid.
  • the magnitude of the active power output by the grid may be determined by the following items: the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid, and the corresponding The reactance of the system, the three-phase voltage of the power type energy storage device, and the three-phase voltage of the grid.
  • the system corresponding to the power type energy storage device includes: the power type energy storage device, a line for connecting the power type energy storage device to the incoming line terminal, and a first transformer.
  • the size of the reactive power output by the power grid may be determined by the following items: the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the power grid, the power angle of the power-type energy storage device The reactance of the corresponding system, the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device, the three-phase voltage of the grid, and the resistance of the system corresponding to the power-type energy storage device.
  • control method of a power-type energy storage device may further include: responding to the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid If the power angle threshold is exceeded or the potential speed change rate of the power grid exceeds the speed change rate threshold, it is determined that a short circuit fault occurs in the power grid. According to this embodiment, it is possible to accurately identify a grid short-circuit fault.
  • the present disclosure proposes that the real-time detection of a large instantaneous change in the potential rotation speed of the regional power grid can be realized. Adjusting to an external transient response mode, so as to control the power type energy storage device to provide short-circuit current for the fault point of the power grid.
  • the shortest time of transient response is within 0-50 milliseconds, and the dynamic response time is within the range of seconds.
  • the voltage amplitude control of the power-type energy storage device can be adjusted in real time according to the change of power angle detection.
  • Different fault types and fault severity correspond to different power angles and different voltage amplitudes.
  • the active power output model of a power-type energy storage device can be expressed as:
  • the reactive power output model of power type energy storage device can be expressed as: Among them, P represents the active power output, Q represents the reactive power output, ⁇ represents the power angle, X represents the reactance of the system corresponding to the power type energy storage device, R represents the resistance of the system corresponding to the power type energy storage device, g P (Ea ) represents the function of controlling active power related to grid voltage, and g Q (R, ⁇ ) represents the function of controlling reactive power related to equivalent resistance and power angle.
  • Fig. 17 shows an example of transient response of a power-type energy storage device under different events according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • (a) in Figure 17 can describe the type of grid failure that requires both power-type energy storage devices to compensate a large amount of reactive power and a large amount of active power. This situation corresponds to the power system where the fault occurs close to the target load end.
  • (b) in Figure 17 can describe the occurrence of an event in the power grid, the grid voltage drops greatly, and the power type energy storage device is mainly required to perform reactive power compensation for it, that is, a large amount of reactive power can be generated at the moment of the fault, that is, Q sc2 >Q sc1 >Q sc3 .
  • FIG. 17 shows the situation that the potential speed of the regional grid is significantly lower than the virtual flux linkage speed of the power-type energy storage device after the fault occurs, and the transient active power and current generated by the power-type energy storage device.
  • P sc3 >P sc2 >P sc1 corresponds to the active power supplemented by the power-type energy storage device in the transient process when a fault occurs.
  • the start-up power-type energy storage device enters this stage of control. It can be seen from (a) in Figure 18 that the virtual flux linkage speed of the controllable power-type energy storage device is slightly lower than the rotation speed of the regional grid. If the control angle It is equal to 90°, which just corresponds to (b) in Figure 18, and the power-type energy storage device absorbs a certain amount of active power. When the power factor angle enters the third quadrant, the power-type energy storage device can absorb more active power and improve the thermal backup efficiency.
  • this stage can even be completed within a few seconds, quickly entering the next target load protection preparation.
  • the thermal backup efficiency of the power-type energy storage device can be improved, and the event transient response mode can be guaranteed at any time when a fault occurs, so as to ensure the normal operation of the target load.
  • the step of controlling the power-type energy storage device to be in the charging state may include: controlling the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power grid and the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device to be greater than zero and The state of charge of the power-type energy storage device changes; wherein, the higher the state value of the state of charge, the smaller the power angle.
  • Fig. 19 shows an example of full-cycle control of a power-type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • this disclosure also proposes a time-varying control method for power-type energy storage devices in static synchronous condensers, transient current rapid response under faults, and power-type energy storage hot backup control states.
  • the time coordinate dimension is added (more practical significance).
  • the curve AB on the left side of Figure 19 indicates that the power-type energy storage device is in the hot standby preparation stage, and ⁇ is positive, indicating that the potential rotation speed of the three-phase voltage of the power grid is faster than that of the power-type energy storage device.
  • the lower the SOC of the power-type energy storage device the larger the value of ⁇ is set .
  • the ⁇ value tends to 0.
  • the ⁇ value is always 0, and the SOC curve is only a function of time. As time progresses, the SOC decreases slowly.
  • the fault protection load period is the D'E' period
  • the power type energy storage device ⁇ is a large negative number, and its value mainly depends on the potential rotation speed of the regional power grid during the fault occurrence.
  • the fault clears and the target load is protected.
  • the power-type energy storage device detects that the rotation speed of the grid potential is restored, it quickly returns to the hot standby preparation stage.
  • the subsequent process is the same as the left side in Fig. 19 and will not be described in detail.
  • control method of a power-type energy storage device may further include: in response to the disconnection of the circuit breaker of the grid, during the process from disconnection of the circuit breaker to reclosing , controlling the power-type energy storage device to supply power to the target load.
  • the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device can be controlled according to the second target reference voltage value during the process from the disconnection of the circuit breaker to the reclosing switch; and/or, according to the target reference speed value, control The rotational speed of the virtual magnetic field corresponding to the electric potential of the power-type energy storage device; wherein, the target reference rotational speed value is the rotational speed of the virtual magnetic field when the power grid is not faulty.
  • the second target reference voltage value may be a voltage value set in advance according to actual conditions and requirements.
  • This disclosure introduces power-type energy storage (supercapacitor energy storage, flywheel energy storage, etc.) with better economic performance to realize the protection of precision loads in the event of a failure in the regional power system, to protect the precision loads from continuous power supply, and to improve Power supply stability, put forward the protection measures of power type energy storage device for precision load.
  • the types of faults addressed by the present disclosure may include common transient faults (rapid reclosing) in power systems, including metallic ground faults and non-metallic ground faults. This disclosure does not need to add an additional spinning reserve for important and precise loads, and power-type energy storage such as supercapacitors and flywheel energy storage are all non-polluting equipment to help reduce carbon.
  • the main characteristics of the three control modes of power-type energy storage are fast instantaneous response speed, large fault or transient current provided instantaneously, and good economy .
  • this disclosure evaluates that under various operating conditions, the precise load end should be equipped with a power-type energy storage control method. It mainly includes considering the operation method of power type energy storage as a static synchronous condenser when no fault occurs. The proposed method is beneficial to the development and popularization of power-type energy storage control systems.
  • This disclosure includes power-type energy storage that can quickly adjust for transient response in the event of a fault, respond instantaneously to a transient fault, and provide transient current and power for the system. It ensures the stability of precision loads, improves productivity and product yield.
  • This disclosure solves the problem of cold backup of power-type energy storage devices.
  • Power-type energy storage devices have fast response speed and strong response robustness.
  • the technical disadvantage of power-type energy storage devices lies in the short duration .
  • the present disclosure maintains the external response characteristics of the power-type energy storage, that is, its own characteristics, by reasonably controlling the external response characteristics, maintaining its operation in a reasonable power range, achieving real-time response to unforeseen failures, and ensuring the stability of precision loads.
  • This disclosure proposes a time-varying control method for power-type energy storage devices in static synchronous condensers, rapid transient current response under faults, and power-type energy storage hot standby control, which has practical application value.
  • Fig. 20 shows a structural block diagram of a control device of a power type energy storage device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the power-type energy storage device is connected to the incoming terminal of the second transformer via the first transformer, the power grid is connected to the incoming terminal, and the outgoing terminal of the second transformer is connected to the target load.
  • the control device of a power type energy storage device includes: a hot standby control unit 10 and a fault response control unit 20 .
  • the hot standby control unit 10 is configured to control the power type energy storage device to be in a hot standby state in response to no failure of the power grid.
  • the fault response control unit 20 is configured to, in response to a short-circuit fault occurring in the grid, control the power-type energy storage device to provide a short-circuit current to a fault point of the grid, so as to avoid disconnection of a circuit breaker of the grid. Wherein, when the circuit breaker is turned off, the power grid is disconnected from the incoming line terminal.
  • the hot standby control unit 10 may be configured to: control the power-type energy storage device to be in a charging state in response to the power grid not failing and the power-type energy storage device needs to be charged; When a fault occurs and the power-type energy storage device is not in the charging state, control the power-type energy storage device to be in the static synchronous condenser state; wherein, when the power-type energy storage device is in the static synchronous condenser state, the The rotation speed of the virtual magnetic field corresponding to the electric potential of the power type energy storage device is the same as the electric potential rotation speed of the power grid.
  • the phases of the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid are the same; and, the power-type energy storage The potential of the device and the potential of the grid are in the same direction of rotation.
  • the fault response control unit 20 may also be configured to: respond to the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid exceeding a power angle threshold or the potential of the grid If the rate of change of the rotational speed exceeds the threshold value of the rate of change of the rotational speed, it is determined that a short-circuit fault occurs in the power grid.
  • the fault response control unit 20 may be configured to: control the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device according to the first target reference voltage value; and/or control the power-type energy storage device according to the target reference power angle value.
  • the magnitude of the short-circuit current provided for the fault point of the grid can be determined by the following items: the three-phase voltage of the grid, the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device, the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device The power angle between the phase voltage and the three-phase voltage of the grid, the power factor of the target load, the active power output by the grid, and the reactive power output by the grid.
  • the magnitude of the active power output by the grid may be determined by the following items: the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the grid, and the corresponding The reactance of the system, the three-phase voltage of the power type energy storage device, and the three-phase voltage of the grid.
  • the size of the reactive power output by the power grid may be determined by the following items: the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device and the three-phase voltage of the power grid, the power angle of the power-type energy storage device The reactance of the corresponding system, the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device, the three-phase voltage of the grid, and the resistance of the system corresponding to the power-type energy storage device.
  • the system corresponding to the power type energy storage device includes: the power type energy storage device, a line for connecting the power type energy storage device to the incoming line terminal, and a first transformer.
  • the fault response control unit 20 may also be configured to: in response to the disconnection of the circuit breaker of the power grid, during the process from the disconnection of the circuit breaker to the reclosing, control the power-type energy storage device to be the Target load power supply.
  • the fault response control unit 20 may be configured to: control the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device according to the second target reference voltage value during the process from opening the circuit breaker to reclosing; and/ Or, controlling the rotation speed of the virtual magnetic field corresponding to the electric potential of the power-type energy storage device according to the target reference rotation speed value; wherein, the target reference rotation speed value is the rotation speed of the virtual magnetic field when the power grid is not faulty.
  • the hot standby control unit 10 may be configured to: control the power energy storage device to enter Charging state; in response to the power-type energy storage device being in a charging state and the state value of the state-of-charge reaching a second threshold value, controlling the power-type energy storage device to enter the static synchronous condenser state; wherein, in the power-type energy storage When the state value of the state of charge of the device reaches the first threshold, the power type energy storage device responds to the fault of the grid and lasts until the state value of the state of charge after the fault is cleared is not lower than the lower threshold.
  • the hot standby control unit 10 may be configured to: control the power angle between the three-phase voltage of the power grid and the three-phase voltage of the power-type energy storage device to be greater than zero and vary with the power-type energy storage device The state of charge is changed to control the power-type energy storage device to be in a state of charge; wherein, the higher the value of the state of charge, the smaller the power angle.
  • the hot standby control unit 10 may be configured to: in response to no failure of the power grid, control the electric potential of the power type energy storage device to control the The reactive power output by the power type energy storage device.
  • the grid may include a microgrid.
  • each unit in the control device of a power-type energy storage device may be implemented as a hardware component and/or a software component.
  • Those skilled in the art may implement each unit, for example, by using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) according to the defined processing performed by each unit.
  • FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure provide a computer-readable storage medium storing a computer program.
  • the processor is prompted to execute the power storage device described in the above-mentioned exemplary embodiments. method of controlling the device.
  • the computer readable storage medium is any data storage device that can store data that is read by a computer system. Examples of computer-readable storage media include: read-only memory, random-access memory, optical disks, magnetic tapes, floppy disks, optical data storage devices, and carrier waves (such as data transmission over the Internet via wired or wireless transmission paths).
  • a control device for a power-type energy storage device includes: a processor (not shown) and a memory (not shown), wherein the memory stores a computer program, and when the computer program is executed by the processor When executed, the processor is prompted to execute the method for controlling a power-type energy storage device as described in the above exemplary embodiments.
  • the electronic device may be a controller of a wind power plant or a converter (eg a controller of a converter).
  • FIG. 21 shows a block topology diagram of a district power system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • the regional power system of the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes: a power type energy storage device, a first transformer T-5, a second transformer T-2, and the power type energy storage device described in the above exemplary embodiment The control device of the device.
  • the power type energy storage device is connected to the incoming line end of the second transformer T-2 via the first transformer T-5, the power grid (for example, as shown in the dashed box) is connected to the incoming line end, and the outgoing line of the second transformer T-2 connected to the target load.
  • the control device controls the power-type energy storage device to be in a hot standby state; in response to a short-circuit fault in the grid, the control device controls the power-type energy storage device to provide a short-circuit current to the fault point (for example, f0) of the grid to Avoid disconnecting the circuit breaker of the grid.
  • the grid is disconnected from the incoming terminal of the second transformer T- 2 , causing the target load to lose power supply.

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Abstract

提供了一种功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统。功率型储能装置经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，进线端还连接电网，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷，控制方法包括：响应于电网未出现故障，控制功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；响应于电网出现短路故障，控制功率型储能装置为电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免电网的断路器断开；其中，当断路器断开时，进线端与电网断开连接。

Description

功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统 技术领域
本公开总体说来涉及电力技术领域，更具体地讲，涉及一种功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统。
背景技术
随着区域电力系统的发展，系统不确定性和稳定性越来越受到挑战。由于高比例的可再生能源接入，区域电力系统表现为系统转动惯量弱、稳定性不强、抗扰动能力弱以及故障发生后稳定恢复能力减弱。如何在提高可再生能源渗透比的同时，维持系统在扰动及故障下的稳定性是一项重要议题。大负荷或大量分布式电源输出功率的波动、故障(如故障出现或者清除故障)都将造成严重的扰动。故障的初始特性和暂态动态扰动具有相似性，对扰动和故障情况应作准确区分。对于扰动，微电网动态扰动和暂态扰动控制系统应予精准识别，故障探测信号将快速返回正常值，确保断路器不跳闸；对于故障，故障探测信号将保留与常规有较大区别的值，并且持续较长时间周期，故障保护系统应根据故障点的定位准确跳开合理的断路器。
当前存在大量的精密负荷需要高电能质量的电力供应，例如芯片加工厂、医院及高精密器件工业园区等。由于故障的出现，系统供电电压无法在规定的时间范围内满足上述精密负荷的电能质量要求，会给企业和社会带来巨大的损失。因此，如何在电网故障发生时对精密负荷进行保护是当前面临的重要技术和经济问题。
由于当前区域电力系统刚处于起步阶段，随着新能源大量的接入，新能源渗透比逐渐增加。相对于传统大量旋转备用的区域电力系统，由于故障造成的电压闪变问题更加突出，对精密负荷生产的破坏性更加明显和频繁。现有的解决方案之一主要有对精密负荷加工企业或者园区增加旋转热自备电厂，但这种方法不仅成本很高，而且排放较高，不具有经济价值和社会推广意义。现有的技术方案之二是在精密负荷端增加不间断电源(UPS)，UPS可以在电网停电时为精密负荷短时间供电，然而当前大部分UPS都是铅炭电池或锂电 池，作为紧急小负荷备用电源具有实用性，在面对大量重精密负荷时，其经济性不高。其次，UPS的容量及运行模式也无法解决因区域电网故障而引起的电压闪变和负荷端电压短时中断，无法对精密负荷起到保护作用。现有的技术方案之三是通过无功补偿或者有源滤波设备改善电能质量，然而该方法一般是针对因负荷引起的无功不足或者电压跌落情况，无法解决因故障引起的电力电压闪变和短时中断，更加无法保障精密负荷的安全稳定运行。
发明内容
本公开的示例性实施例在于提供一种功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及电力系统，其能够有效地保障目标负荷(例如，精密负荷)的供电稳定性。
根据本公开实施例的第一方面，提供一种功率型储能装置的控制方法，所述功率型储能装置经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，所述进线端还连接电网，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷，其中，所述控制方法包括：响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开；其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述进线端与所述电网断开连接。
根据本公开实施例的第二方面，提供一种功率型储能装置的控制装置，所述功率型储能装置经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，所述进线端还连接电网，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷，其中，所述控制装置包括：热备用控制单元，被配置为响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；故障响应控制单元，被配置为响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开；其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述进线端与所述电网断开连接。
根据本公开实施例的第三方面，提供一种存储有计算机程序的计算机可读存储介质，当所述计算机程序被处理器执行时，促使所述处理器执行如上所述的功率型储能装置的控制方法。
根据本公开实施例的第四方面，提供一种功率型储能装置的控制装置，所述控制装置包括：处理器；存储器，存储有计算机程序，当所述计算机程序被处理器执行时，促使所述处理器执行如上所述的功率型储能装置的控制 方法。
根据本公开实施例的第五方面，提供一种区域电力系统，包括：功率型储能装置、第一变压器、第二变压器以及如上所述的控制装置；所述功率型储能装置经由所述第一变压器连接到所述第二变压器的进线端，所述进线端还连接电网，所述第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷；所述控制装置响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态，并响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开；其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述进线端与所述电网断开连接。
根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统，通过控制经济性能较好的功率型储能装置，实现在电网出现故障时对目标负荷进行保护，保障目标负荷不断电、提升目标负荷的供电稳定性。例如，在区域电力系统出现故障的情况下，对精密负荷进行保护。
将在接下来的描述中部分阐述本公开总体构思另外的方面和/或优点，还有一部分通过描述将是清楚的，或者可以经过本公开总体构思的实施而得知。
附图说明
通过下面结合示例性地示出实施例的附图进行的描述，本公开示例性实施例的上述和其他目的和特点将会变得更加清楚，其中：
图1示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的区域电力系统的拓扑结构的示例；
图2示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的故障发生后的正序等值电路图的示例；
图3示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的故障发生后的负序等值电路图的示例；
图4示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的故障发生后的零序网络构架图的示例；
图5示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的故障发生后的零序网络等值图的示例；
图6示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的正序、负序和零序的戴维南等值电路图的示例；
图7示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的单相短路故障的复合序网等值图 的示例；
图8示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法的流程图；
图9示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的含功率型储能装置的拓扑结构的示例；
图10示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的含功率型储能装置的目标负荷保护方案正序等值图的示例；
图11示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的含功率型储能装置的目标负荷保护方案负序等值图的示例；
图12示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的含功率型储能装置的目标负荷保护方案零序等值图的示例；
图13示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的含功率型储能装置的目标负荷保护方案简化等值图的示例；
图14示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的电压和电流曲线的示例；
图15示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的静止同步调相机状态的示例；
图16示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的暂态响应示例；
图17示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的不同事件下功率型储能装置的暂态响应示例；
图18示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的热备用控制示例；
图19示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的全周期控制示例；
图20示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制装置的结构框图；
图21示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的区域电力系统的拓扑结构框图。
具体实施方式
现将详细参照本公开的实施例，所述实施例的示例在附图中示出，其中， 相同的标号始终指的是相同的部件。以下将通过参照附图来说明所述实施例，以便解释本公开。
图1示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的区域电力系统的拓扑结构的示例。
如图1所示，区域电力系统主要是电压等级在220kV以下的局部电力系统，除了传统的电力系统及变电站以外，其余部分主要是由负荷、大规模可再生能源、储能、微电网群等局部电力系统组成。T-1、T-2、T-3、T-4表示变压器，LD表示负载和/或无功补偿设备。
区域电力系统主要包括区域内大规模新能源、储能、燃料电池以及负荷等。这些元素主要通过区域自治的微电网群的方式与传统的电力系统连接。传统电力系统通过变电站形成220kV的电力联络线。区域内包含两个以上的微电网群，微电网群内部集成了高比例的发电设备及储能，线路末端通过专有线路连接到了需要稳定供电的目标负荷(例如，精密负荷园区)。
下面对图1所示的区域电力系统拓扑中的每个节点进行解释，节点1表示无穷大电力系统节点，因为相对于大电网而言，以新能源为主的区域电力系统容量较小。节点2表示变电站出线节点，对于区域电力系统而言，该节点电压一般在35kV～110kV电压等级。节点3为精密负荷出线节点，一般都是通过专线为其单独供电。节点2和节点3之间的线路可以是单回线，也可以是双回供电线路以提高供电稳定性。节点4为供精密负荷使用的中低压节点，一般为10kV。节点5为微电网1所在的并网点，节点6为微电网2所在的并网点。
应该理解，本公开保护范围并不止局限于变电站电压为110kV，对于变电站出线电压为220kV及35kV等其他电压等级仍然适用。本公开中保护范围不局限于单回供电线路，也包含双回供电线路、环形网络供电线路结构形式以及辐射状区域结构等。与此同时负荷节点的电压等级也不局限于10kV，对于其他满足中低压电压等级规范的节点依然适用。本公开所述的区域电力系统不局限于2个微电网，对于单个微电网或多个微电网构建的区域电力系统仍然适用。
精密负荷对供电稳定性要求非常高，例如芯片加工设备、光刻机、硅提纯设备等都要求电压不能出现中断，电压需要维持在规定范围之内。本公开考虑到假如故障发生在节点4和节点3之间的f 0位置(也即，故障点)，为了方便阐述，对上述区域电力系统拓扑图进行等值建模，如图2所示。首先对 线路、变压器、电源及负荷等重要元件进行标幺值计算，计算结果用参数表示为发电机端口电压为G 1，变压器T-1高压侧星接阻抗为X T-11，变压器T-1低压侧星接阻抗为X T-12，变压器T-1低压侧角接阻抗为X T-13，等效发电机和三绕组变压器T-1之间的输电线路阻抗为X 1，三绕组变压器T-1低压星接侧到节点2之间的阻抗为X 2，节点2到节点3之间的配电线路阻抗为X 3，节点3到精密负荷园区变压器T-2高压侧之间的专线阻抗为X 4，T-2变压器低压角接侧到园区负荷的线路阻抗为X 5，变压器T-2的等值阻抗为X T-2，变压器T-3的等值阻抗为X T-3，变压器T-4的等值阻抗为X T-4，节点5到变压器T-3之间的线路阻抗为X 6，节点6到变压器T-4之间的线路阻抗为X 7，LD的等值阻抗为X LD1，园区负荷的等值阻抗为X LD2，两个微电网的电势分别表示为E m1和E m2，两个微电网的阻抗分别表示为X m1和X m2。
正序网络的等值电路应该包含除中性点接地阻抗、空载线路以及空载变压器以外的所有电力系统元件。由于图1中没有空载线路和空载变压器，整个系统进一步分析优化算得系统的正序网络图如图2所示，其中U a1表示正序电压值，从故障点观察正序网络可知，这是一个有源网络。
下面对区域电力系统故障进行分析：考虑到负序等值电路图中的负序电流能够流通的元件与正序相同，但是所有的电源负序电势都是零。据此，可以同步得到故障发生后的负序等值电路图如图3所示，其中U a2表示负序电压值，从故障点观察负序网络可知这是一个无源网络。
当系统出现非三相故障时，必定会出现零序故障电流。因此，在短路点处施加代表故障发生的零序电势，零序电流大小和相位都相同，必须经过大地才能构成通路。零序电流的回路必定与中性点接地的元件有关联，对于110kV及以上电压等级一般都采用直接接地，可忽略接地电阻，U 0表示零序电压。据此，可以得到故障发生后的零序等值电路如图4和图5所示。
为了对该系统进行故障电流和故障下电压的定量计算，现对正序网络、负序网络和零序网络进行等值计算。等值计算后如图6所示。由于实际电力系统中单相接地瞬时短路故障发生的频率最高，也是最常见的故障类型。当图1所示的故障点发生单相接地故障时，具有如下关系：
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000001
其中，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000002
表示短路相(也即，故障相)电压，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000003
和
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000004
表示非短路相电流，根据对称分量法则可将式(1)表达为：
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000005
其中，算子a表示相位移动120°，a＝e j120＝1∠120°，式(2)经过计算以后可以得到式(3)：
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000006
根据式(3)可以得到单相短路故障下短路相的正负零序电压U a1、U a2、U a0之和等于0，短路相的正负零序电流I a1、I a2、I a0相等。因此可得到单相短路复合序网等值电路图如图7所示，据此可以算出发生单相短路时故障电流I fault为：
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000007
其中，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000008
表示合成电势，X 1∑表示正序阻抗，X 2∑表示负序阻抗，X 0∑表示零序阻抗，金属性接地故障相电压为0，故障电流较高。当区域电力系统参数配置满足一定条件使得(X 1∑+X 2∑+X 0∑)数值最小时，故障电流(也即，短路电流)将会很大，导致电网侧断路器会因超出整定值而跳闸。这会造成T-2变压器以及后端的精密负荷用电断开，精密负荷供电无法得到保证，而此过程会持续到电网故障清除以后再重合闸成功。然而这个过程可能持续几百毫秒甚至秒级以上的时间，精密负荷无法承受，精密负荷因此而断开供电，严重影响生产效率和生产质量。
图8示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法的流程图。所述功率型储能装置(以下，也简称为功率型储能)经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，电网连接到所述进线端(即，所述进线端还连接电网)，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷。目标负荷可为需要稳定供电的负荷。所述电网可包括微电网。
为了至少解决上述分析的问题，本公开提出了基于功率型储能在电网故障发生的瞬间对目标负荷进行保护，直到电网重合闸成功。本公开提出在目标负荷的变压器(也即，第二变压器)进线端并联适当容量的功率型储能装置。在短路故障发生的瞬间，功率型储能装置可以毫秒级速度快速响应电网的故障电流，在故障发生的瞬间能够减轻电网对故障点的电流压力。如图9 所示的示例，T-5表示第一变压器，T-2表示第二变压器，精密负荷园区为目标负荷。
作为示例，功率型储能装置可包括但不限于以下项之中的至少一项：超级电容储能、飞轮储能。应该理解，也可包括其他适当类型的功率型储能，本公开对此不作限制。
作为示例，第一变压器可为功率型储能装置的隔离升压变压器。
返回参照图8，在步骤S10中，响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态，以能够快速响应电网瞬时性故障，保障目标负荷的持续供电。
在步骤S20中，响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开，从而能够保障目标负荷不断电。其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述电网与所述进线端断开连接。所述断路器即与所述故障点相对应的断路器。
作为示例，根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法还可包括：响应于所述电网的断路器断开，在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述目标负荷供电。
根据本公开，当电网短路故障发生以后，较大的短路电流不只是由电网提供，可以控制功率型储能装置提供瞬间的短路电流。对于瞬时性短路故障而言，本公开可以有效降低电网侧提供短路电流的压力，因此故障点左侧靠近电网的断路器可不跳闸，或者跳闸以后可由功率型储能装置为目标负荷供电，从而可以维持目标负荷电压暂态的稳定，待到故障清除或电网成功重合闸以后，电网恢复正常供电水平。
用上述同样的方法分析电网发生故障下的正序、负序和零序的等值电路如图10至图12所示，根据叠加定理可知，含有功率型储能装置的电源的正序、负序以及零序简化等值电路图可如图13所示。从简化等值电路图可知，发生故障以后的短路电流不仅可由电网提供，而且功率型储能装置的电势E m3也能瞬间快速提供短路电流I sca0、I sca1、I sca2，减缓了电网侧应对故障的压力，可在一定程度上避免因瞬时性短路故障而引起的电网跳闸以及重新合闸。如图12所示，X T-5与变压器T-5的短路电压以及容量有关系，变压器T-5的容量与功率型储能装置瞬间的最大功率输出正相关，X T-5表示变压器T-5的阻抗。X 8与功率型储能装置电源容量有关，可以将功率型储能装置作为一个能短时 并且快速响应的发电机，X 8代表该发电机的等值电抗，功率型储能装置的容量越大，该数值越小。图14示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的电压和电流曲线的示例，横坐标表示时间，纵坐标表示功率型储能装置的电压值或电流值。可以看出，含有功率型储能装置的区域电力等值系统中，短路故障发生的暂态过程中，功率型储能装置不仅能够快速提供有功功率，也能够快速提供无功功率。
关于步骤S10，作为示例，可响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置需要充电，控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态；并响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置未处于充电状态，控制所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态以与电网之间同步运行。
当所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态时，所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速与所述电网的电势转速相同。这里，所述虚拟磁场可理解为基于功率型储能装置的电势等效虚拟出来的磁场。
此外，作为示例，当所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态时，所述功率型储能装置的三相电压和所述电网的三相电压的相位相同；并且，所述功率型储能装置的电势和所述电网的电势的旋转方向相同。
作为示例，可响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态的状态值低于第一阈值SOC min，控制所述功率型储能装置进入充电状态；响应于所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态且电荷状态的状态值达到第二阈值SOC max，控制所述功率型储能装置进入静止同步调相机状态。在所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态的状态值达到第一阈值的情况下，所述功率型储能装置对所述电网的故障进行响应并持续到故障清除后的电荷状态的状态值不低于最低限阈值。SOC min并非指功率型储能装置能够运行到的最低电荷状态(即，最低限阈值)，而是能够对电网故障进行暂态响应并且过渡到故障清除以后功率型储能装置不会低于最低SOC数值的电荷状态，也即足以应对电网故障的电荷状态。
本公开提出的功率型储能装置的控制方法，不仅具有快速暂态响应的特点，同时还可以解决储能放电SOC(电荷状态)过低或者过高而引起的冷备用问题。即能够使功率型储能装置一直处于热备用状态，该状态下方可保证故障发生情况下的实时快速响应，同时也不影响电网正常运行下的频率及电压稳定。
作为示例，当功率型储能装置运行在正常状态，且SOC min<当前电荷状态SOC时，功率型储能装置的运行状态类似于静止同步调相机，随时等待电网故障或者电压频率突变的出现。这里的“同步”并非指机械转子旋转速度与定子磁场旋转速度相同，而是指功率型储能装置具备秒级甚至分钟级的有功功率输出或吸收能力，能够通过电力电子设备形成虚拟旋转磁链，在这个SOC区间范围(即，高于SOC min)可以控制该磁链与电网电形成的磁链转速相同。但因为没有实质性的旋转，因此叫做功率型储能装置的静止同步调相机状态。
在该区间段的SOC下，控制功率型储能装置的方法可参照图15进行描述，其中，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000009
表示功率型储能装置的功率因数角，δ sc表示功率型储能装置的功率角，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000010
表示功率型储能装置的内电势，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000011
表示功率型储能装置的电压，R sc表示功率型储能装置与电网之间的电阻，
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000012
表示功率型储能装置的电流，X sc表示功率型储能装置与电网之间的电抗。作为示例，本公开在对功率型储能装置进行控制时还考虑了与电网之间相互连接的隔离变压器T-5及其线路阻抗，即将隔离变压器及线路阻抗归算到控制系统中，并且认为其阻抗为R sc+jX sc。图15中的(a)描述了功率型储能装置出口三相电压U sca，U scb以及U scc与区域电网E a，E b以及E c(例如，节点3处的电压)之间的相位关系以及电势旋转方向，可通过控制功率型储能装置的虚拟磁场旋转速度做到与电网之间的同步运行。由于功率型储能装置具有秒级甚至分钟级的双向容量备用，因此，虚拟的旋转磁场一直存在，即便与电网断开，该虚拟旋转磁场依然可以在一定的时间内存在。处于静止同步调相机状态时的功率型储能装置与电网之间几乎没有功率交换。
作为示例，根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法还可包括：响应于所述电网未发生故障，根据所述目标负荷的无功消耗上限值，通过控制所述功率型储能装置的电势来控制所述功率型储能装置输出的无功功率，以改善目标负荷的功率因数。图15中的(b)描述了通过控制功率型储能装置的电势
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000013
的大小来控制无功功率的大小，从而达到对精密负荷园区功率因数的改善作用。图15中的(c)描述了通过控制功率型储能装置的电势
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000014
变小来降低其无功功率输出。
关于步骤S20，作为示例，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流的步骤可包括：根据第一目标参考电压值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压；和/或，根据目标参考功率角值，控制所述功率型储能 装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角；和/或，根据目标参考转速值，控制所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速，其中，所述目标参考转速值为所述电网未出现故障时所述虚拟磁场的转速。例如，第一目标参考电压值可为预先根据实际情况和需求设置的电压值。例如，目标参考功率角值可为预先根据实际情况和需求设置的功率角值。
作为示例，为所述电网的故障点提供的短路电流的大小可由以下项确定：所述电网的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述目标负荷的功率因数、所述电网输出的有功功率、所述电网输出的无功功率。
作为示例，所述电网输出的有功功率的大小可由以下项确定：所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述电网的三相电压。所述功率型储能装置对应的系统包括：所述功率型储能装置、用于所述功率型储能装置连接至所述进线端的线路、第一变压器。
作为示例，所述电网输出的无功功率的大小可由以下项确定：所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述电网的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电阻。
作为示例，根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法还可包括：响应于所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角超过功角阈值或所述电网的电势转速变化率超过转速变化率阈值，确定所述电网出现短路故障。根据本实施例，能够准确识别出电网短路故障。
作为示例，当功率型储能装置因为区域电力系统出现事件(故障)而需要其作为动态有功功率以及无功功率支撑时，本公开提出了可通过实时检测区域电网电势旋转速度瞬间较大变化而调整为对外暂态响应模式，以控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流。暂态响应的最短时间在0～50毫秒以内，动态响应时间在秒级范围内。
考虑到电力电子设备可以短时间2倍过载能力，对外暂态响应模式的控制方法可如图16所示，图(a)中U sca，U scb以及U scc表示事件(故障)发生瞬间功率型储能装置的电势旋转速度，暂态瞬间区域电网E a，E b以及E c的旋转速度明显低于U sca，U scb以及U scc，这使得功率型储能装置出口电压和电网电 压之间出现较大的暂态功率角，控制功率型储能装置暂态瞬间电流增大且功率增加。图16中的(b)表示常规运行下系统频率波动或者电压波动在允许范围下的调节，而图(c)表示事件发生电网频率较大异常、电压跌落下的暂态向量图。
作为示例，当检测到功率型储能装置的三相电压与电网的三相电压之间的功率角超过功角阈值时，可根据图16中的(c)所示的功率型储能装置的电压、电网电压、功率型储能装置的三相电压与电网的三相电压之间的暂态功率角、目标负荷的功率因数、功率型储能装置的有功功率输出和无功功率输出对应模型关系，确定功率型储能装置的暂态输出电流(故障发生时即为故障电流)。对比图16中的(b)和(c)，(c)中的有功输出P sc和无功输出Q sc均比(b)中有较大增加。本公开中，功率型储能装置的电压幅值控制可根据功率角检测变化来实时调节，不同故障类型及故障严重程度对应不同功率角以及不同的电压幅值，相应地，根据不同的故障类型及故障严重程度输出相对应的暂态有功功率和暂态无功功率。
作为示例，功率型储能装置的有功功率输出模型可表示为：
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000016
功率型储能装置的无功功率输出模型可表示为：
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000017
其中，P表示有功功率输出，Q表示无功功率输出，δ表示功率角，X表示功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗，R表示功率型储能装置对应的系统的电阻，g P(Ea)表示与电网电压相关的控制有功的函数，g Q(R,δ)表示与等值电阻和功率角相关的控制无功的函数。
图17示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的不同事件下功率型储能装置的暂态响应示例。图17中的(a)可以描述电网出现故障类型既需要功率型储能装置补偿大量无功功率，也需要其补偿大量的有功功率，这种情况对应于故障发生地点接近目标负荷端电力系统。图17中的(b)可以描述电网出现事件，电网电压跌落较大，主要需要功率型储能装置对其进行无功补偿的情况，即可以在故障瞬间发出大量的无功功率，即Q sc2>Q sc1>Q sc3。图17中的(c)表示故障发生后区域电网电势转速明显低于功率型储能装置虚拟磁链转速的情况，功率型储能装置发出的暂态有功和电流。对应于故障发生下，需要功率型储能装置在暂态过程中补充的有功功率，P sc3>P sc2>P sc1。
本公开考虑到：由于线路上电阻的存在，静止同步调相机状态在图18中的(b)和(c)条件下，功率型储能装置的功率因数不可能控制为0，即
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000018
数值不 能为90°。因为线路上存在有功损耗(虽然很小)，所以随着设备的运行，功率型储能装置的SOC数值会慢慢降低到SOC min以下。其次，在功率型储能装置完成区域电网出现的故障处理以后也会有有功功率损耗，其SOC数值可能会很快降低到SOC min以下。因此，本公开为了满足其全时段热备用，确保目标负荷的安全，功率型储能装置的控制方法可如下：
作为示例，为了维持功率型储能装置的热备用，在功率型储能装置SOC降低到SOC min以下时，启动功率型储能装置进入该阶段控制。从图18中的(a)可知，可控制功率型储能装置的虚拟磁链转速略低于区域电网的旋转速度。如果控制角度
Figure PCTCN2022080400-appb-000019
等于90°，此时正好对应于图18中的(b)，功率型储能装置吸收一定的有功功率。当功率因数角进入到第三象限时，功率型储能装置可以吸收更多的有功，提高热备用效率。由于功率型储能装置具有很快的充放电速度，这个阶段甚至可以在几秒钟的时间内完成，快速进入下一次目标负荷保护准备。根据本实施例，能够提高功率型储能装置热备用效率，随时保证故障发生下进入事件暂态响应模式，保证目标负荷的正常运行。
作为示例，控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态的步骤可包括：控制所述电网的三相电压与所述功率型储能装置的三相电压之间的功率角大于零且随所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态而变化；其中，所述电荷状态的状态值越高，所述功率角越小。
图19示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的全周期控制示例。如图19所示，本公开还提出了针对功率型储能装置在静止同步调相机，故障下暂态电流快速响应以及功率型储能热备用控制几种状态的时变控制方法。如图19所示，在考虑功率型储能装置与电网之间磁链转速差、SOC两个维度的基础上，增加时间坐标维度(更加具有实际意义)。图19左边AB曲线表示功率型储能装置处于热备用准备阶段，δ为正表示电网三相电压的电势旋转转速快于功率型储能装置，功率型储能SOC越低，δ数值设置越大。随着时间的增加和SOC逐渐趋近最大值，δ数值趋近于0。当SOC达到SOC max时，转入到静止同步调相机模式。AB过程的控制对应的数学描述可为f(δ)＝g(SOC,t)，其时间约束条件为t 1较小，一般控制范围在秒级内。
同步调相机的模式下(对应BC阶段)，δ数值一直为0，而且SOC曲线只是关于时间的函数，随着时间的进展，SOC缓慢降低。这个过程中的数学描述可为f(SOC)＝g(t)，而且约束条件为t 2-t 1＞＞t 1。
当SOC逐渐下降到SOC min时，发生跳转进入CD阶段，即热备用准备阶段。如此循环往复使得功率型储能装置一直处于准备状态，直到系统有新的事件发生。图19中的右侧图形描述了区域系统出现故障，功率型储能装置迅速动作响应故障，确保负荷稳定供电的过程。A′B′阶段与AB阶段特性一样，不再详述。在功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机阶段突然出现故障而需要响应故障电流，即图中的C′点出现的事件，B′C′过程的数学描述与BC相同，不再详述。故障保护负荷期间即为D′E′期间，功率型储能装置δ为较大的负数，其数值主要取决于故障发生期间区域电网的电势旋转速度。这个过程对应的数学描述可为f(SOC)＝g(t(I sca1,I sca2,I sca0),δ(I sca1,I sca2,I sca0))，其约束条件为t 3′-t 2′约等于故障清除时间(一般都为毫秒级)，I sca1,I sca2,I sca0表示故障电流的正负零序数值。在E′点，故障清除，目标负荷得到保护。功率型储能装置检测到电网电势旋转速度恢复后，迅速回到热备用准备阶段。此后的过程如同图19中的左侧，不再详述。
此外，作为示例，根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制方法还可包括：响应于所述电网的断路器断开，在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述目标负荷供电。
作为示例，可在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，根据第二目标参考电压值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压；和/或，根据目标参考转速值，控制所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速；其中，所述目标参考转速值为所述电网未出现故障时所述虚拟磁场的转速。例如，第二目标参考电压值可为预先根据实际情况和需求设置的电压值。
根据本公开的示例性实施例，能够至少带来以下有益效果：
1、本公开通过引入经济性能较好的功率型储能(超级电容储能、飞轮储能等)，实现在区域电力系统出现故障情况下，对精密负荷进行保护，保护精密负荷不断电，提升供电稳定性，提出了功率型储能装置对精密负荷的保护措施。本公开应对的故障类型可包括电力系统常见的瞬时性故障(快速重合闸)，包括金属接地故障和非金属接地故障。本公开不需要为重要精密的负荷增加额外的旋转备用，功率型储能如超级电容和飞轮储能等都属于无污染设备，助力减碳。
2、本公开采用的功率型储能装置保护负荷方案中，功率型储能的三种控制模式下主要特点在于瞬间响应速度快、瞬间提供的故障或者暂态电流大、 具有很好的经济性。
3、本公开基于区域电力系统的故障分析，评估在各种运行状态下，精密负荷端应该配备功率型储能控制方法。其中主要包括考虑故障未发生时功率型储能作为静止同步调相机运行方法。该方法的提出有利于功率型储能控制系统的发展和推广。
4、本公开包含功率型储能在故障发生情况下能够快速调节进行暂态响应，瞬间响应瞬时性故障，为系统提供暂态电流及功率。保证了精密负荷的稳定性，提高生产力和产品的成品率。
5、本公开解决了功率型储能装置冷备用的问题，功率型储能装置具有很快的响应速度和很强的响应鲁棒性，然而功率型储能装置的技术缺点主要在于持续时间短。本公开通过合理控制功率型储能的对外响应特性即自身特性，维持其一直运行于合理的电量区间，做到对非预见性故障的实时响应，确保精密负荷的稳定性。
6、本公开提出了针对功率型储能装置在静止同步调相机、故障下暂态电流快速响应以及功率型储能热备用控制几种状态的时变控制方法，具有实际应用价值。
图20示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制装置的结构框图。所述功率型储能装置经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，电网连接到所述进线端，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷。
如图20所示，根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制装置包括：热备用控制单元10和故障响应控制单元20。
具体说来，热备用控制单元10被配置为响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态。
故障响应控制单元20被配置为响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开。其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述电网与所述进线端断开连接。
作为示例，热备用控制单元10可被配置为：响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置需要充电，控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态；响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置未处于充电状态，控制所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态；其中，当所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态时，所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场 的转速与所述电网的电势转速相同。
作为示例，当所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态时，所述功率型储能装置的三相电压和所述电网的三相电压的相位相同；并且，所述功率型储能装置的电势和所述电网的电势的旋转方向相同。
作为示例，故障响应控制单元20还可被配置为：响应于所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角超过功角阈值或所述电网的电势转速变化率超过转速变化率阈值，确定所述电网出现短路故障。
作为示例，故障响应控制单元20可被配置为：根据第一目标参考电压值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压；和/或，根据目标参考功率角值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角；和/或，根据目标参考转速值，控制所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速，其中，所述目标参考转速值为所述电网未出现故障时所述虚拟磁场的转速。
作为示例，为所述电网的故障点提供的短路电流的大小可由以下项确定：所述电网的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述目标负荷的功率因数、所述电网输出的有功功率、所述电网输出的无功功率。
作为示例，所述电网输出的有功功率的大小可由以下项确定：所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述电网的三相电压。
作为示例，所述电网输出的无功功率的大小可由以下项确定：所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述电网的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电阻。
所述功率型储能装置对应的系统包括：所述功率型储能装置、用于所述功率型储能装置连接至所述进线端的线路、第一变压器。
作为示例，故障响应控制单元20还可被配置为：响应于所述电网的断路器断开，在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述目标负荷供电。
作为示例，故障响应控制单元20可被配置为：在所述断路器断开到重合 闸的过程中，根据第二目标参考电压值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压；和/或，根据目标参考转速值，控制所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速；其中，所述目标参考转速值为所述电网未出现故障时所述虚拟磁场的转速。
作为示例，热备用控制单元10可被配置为：响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态的状态值低于第一阈值，控制所述功率型储能装置进入充电状态；响应于所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态且电荷状态的状态值达到第二阈值，控制所述功率型储能装置进入静止同步调相机状态；其中，在所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态的状态值达到第一阈值的情况下，所述功率型储能装置对所述电网的故障进行响应并持续到故障清除后的电荷状态的状态值不低于最低限阈值。
作为示例，热备用控制单元10可被配置为：控制所述电网的三相电压与所述功率型储能装置的三相电压之间的功率角大于零且随所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态而变化，以控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态；其中，所述电荷状态的状态值越高，所述功率角越小。
作为示例，热备用控制单元10可被配置为：响应于所述电网未发生故障，根据所述目标负荷的无功消耗上限值，通过控制所述功率型储能装置的电势来控制所述功率型储能装置输出的无功功率。
作为示例，所述电网可包括微电网。
应该理解，根据本公开示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制装置所执行的具体处理已经参照图1至图19进行了详细描述，这里将不再赘述相关细节。
应该理解，根据本公开示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制装置中的各个单元可被实现硬件组件和/或软件组件。本领域技术人员根据限定的各个单元所执行的处理，可以例如使用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)或专用集成电路(ASIC)来实现各个单元。
本公开的示例性实施例提供一种存储有计算机程序的计算机可读存储介质，当所述计算机程序被处理器执行时，促使所述处理器执行如上述示例性实施例所述的功率型储能装置的控制方法。该计算机可读存储介质是可存储由计算机系统读出的数据的任意数据存储装置。计算机可读存储介质的示例包括：只读存储器、随机存取存储器、只读光盘、磁带、软盘、光数据存储 装置和载波(诸如经有线或无线传输路径通过互联网的数据传输)。
根据本公开的示例性实施例的功率型储能装置的控制装置包括：处理器(未示出)和存储器(未示出)，其中，存储器存储有计算机程序，当所述计算机程序被处理器执行时，促使所述处理器执行如上述示例性实施例所述的功率型储能装置的控制方法。作为示例，所述电子设备可为风力发电机组的控制器或变流器(例如，变流器的控制器)。
图21示出根据本公开的示例性实施例的区域电力系统的拓扑结构框图。
如图21所示，本公开的示例实施例的区域电力系统包括：功率型储能装置、第一变压器T-5、第二变压器T-2以及如上述示例性实施例所述的功率型储能装置的控制装置。
功率型储能装置经由第一变压器T-5连接到第二变压器T-2的进线端，电网(例如，如虚线框内所示)连接到进线端，第二变压器T-2的出线端连接到目标负荷。响应于电网未出现故障，控制装置控制功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；响应于电网出现短路故障，控制装置控制功率型储能装置为电网的故障点(例如，f0)提供短路电流，以避免电网的断路器断开。其中，当断路器断开时，电网与第二变压器T-2的进线端断开连接，导致目标负荷失去电力供应。
虽然已表示和描述了本公开的一些示例性实施例，但本领域技术人员应该理解，在不脱离由权利要求及其等同物限定其范围的本公开的原理和精神的情况下，可以对这些实施例进行修改。

Claims (17)

  1. 一种功率型储能装置的控制方法，其中，所述功率型储能装置经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，所述进线端还连接电网，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷，其中，所述控制方法包括：
    响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；
    响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开；
    其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述进线端与所述电网断开连接。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态的步骤包括：
    响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置需要充电，控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态；
    响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置未处于充电状态，控制所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态；
    其中，当所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态时，所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速与所述电网的电势转速相同。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的控制方法，其中，当所述功率型储能装置处于静止同步调相机状态时，所述功率型储能装置的三相电压和所述电网的三相电压的相位相同；并且，所述功率型储能装置的电势和所述电网的电势的旋转方向相同。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，所述控制方法还包括：
    响应于所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角超过功角阈值或所述电网的电势转速变化率超过转速变化率阈值，确定所述电网出现短路故障。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流的步骤包括：
    根据第一目标参考电压值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压；
    和/或，根据目标参考功率角值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角；
    和/或，根据目标参考转速值，控制所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的 虚拟磁场的转速，其中，所述目标参考转速值为所述电网未出现故障时所述虚拟磁场的转速。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，为所述电网的故障点提供的短路电流的大小由以下项确定：
    所述电网的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述目标负荷的功率因数、所述电网输出的有功功率、所述电网输出的无功功率。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的控制方法，其中，所述电网输出的有功功率的大小由以下项确定：所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述电网的三相电压；
    所述电网输出的无功功率的大小由以下项确定：所述功率型储能装置的三相电压与所述电网的三相电压之间的功率角、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电抗、所述功率型储能装置的三相电压、所述电网的三相电压、所述功率型储能装置对应的系统的电阻；
    其中，所述功率型储能装置对应的系统包括：所述功率型储能装置、用于所述功率型储能装置连接至所述进线端的线路、第一变压器。
  8. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，所述控制方法还包括：
    响应于所述电网的断路器断开，在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述目标负荷供电。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的控制方法，其中，在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述目标负荷供电的步骤包括：
    在所述断路器断开到重合闸的过程中，根据第二目标参考电压值，控制所述功率型储能装置的三相电压；和/或，根据目标参考转速值，控制所述功率型储能装置的电势所对应的虚拟磁场的转速；
    其中，所述目标参考转速值为所述电网未出现故障时所述虚拟磁场的转速。
  10. 根据权利要求2所述的控制方法，其中，响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置需要充电，控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态的步骤包括：
    响应于所述电网未出现故障且所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态的状态值 低于第一阈值，控制所述功率型储能装置进入充电状态；
    响应于所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态且电荷状态的状态值达到第二阈值，控制所述功率型储能装置进入静止同步调相机状态；
    其中，在所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态的状态值达到第一阈值的情况下，所述功率型储能装置对所述电网的故障进行响应并持续到故障清除后的电荷状态的状态值不低于最低限阈值。
  11. 根据权利要求2所述的控制方法，其中，控制所述功率型储能装置处于充电状态的步骤包括：
    控制所述电网的三相电压与所述功率型储能装置的三相电压之间的功率角大于零且随所述功率型储能装置的电荷状态而变化；
    其中，所述电荷状态的状态值越高，所述功率角越小。
  12. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，所述控制方法还包括：
    响应于所述电网未发生故障，根据所述目标负荷的无功消耗上限值，通过控制所述功率型储能装置的电势来控制所述功率型储能装置输出的无功功率。
  13. 根据权利要求1所述的控制方法，其中，所述电网包括微电网。
  14. 一种功率型储能装置的控制装置，其中，所述功率型储能装置经由第一变压器连接到第二变压器的进线端，所述进线端还连接电网，第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷，其中，所述控制装置包括：
    热备用控制单元，被配置为响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；
    故障响应控制单元，被配置为响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开；
    其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述进线端与所述电网断开连接。
  15. 一种存储有计算机程序的计算机可读存储介质，其中，当所述计算机程序被处理器执行时，促使所述处理器执行如权利要求1至13中的任意一项所述的功率型储能装置的控制方法。
  16. 一种功率型储能装置的控制装置，其中，所述控制装置包括：
    处理器；
    存储器，存储有计算机程序，当所述计算机程序被处理器执行时，促使 所述处理器执行如权利要求1至13中的任意一项所述的功率型储能装置的控制方法。
  17. 一种区域电力系统，其中，包括：功率型储能装置、第一变压器、第二变压器以及如权利要求14或16所述的功率型储能装置的控制装置；
    所述功率型储能装置经由所述第一变压器连接到所述第二变压器的进线端，所述进线端还连接电网，所述第二变压器的出线端连接到目标负荷；
    所述控制装置响应于所述电网未出现故障，控制所述功率型储能装置处于热备用状态；并响应于所述电网出现短路故障，控制所述功率型储能装置为所述电网的故障点提供短路电流，以避免所述电网的断路器断开；
    其中，当所述断路器断开时，所述进线端与所述电网断开连接。
PCT/CN2022/080400 2021-12-30 2022-03-11 功率型储能装置的控制方法、装置及区域电力系统 WO2023123677A1 (zh)

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CN111478368A (zh) * 2020-05-13 2020-07-31 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 一种用于热备用联接变压器电路的联接变压器投入方法、系统及其设备

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JPH10313531A (ja) * 1997-05-07 1998-11-24 Toshiba Corp 比率差動継電器
CN2754255Y (zh) * 2004-11-04 2006-01-25 张贺伟 电力系统双组蓄电池直流电源设备控制母线联络装置
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