WO2023101980A1 - Systèmes et procédés de compensation d'agrandissement et de superposition d'images dans une imagerie radiographique numérique - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés de compensation d'agrandissement et de superposition d'images dans une imagerie radiographique numérique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023101980A1
WO2023101980A1 PCT/US2022/051273 US2022051273W WO2023101980A1 WO 2023101980 A1 WO2023101980 A1 WO 2023101980A1 US 2022051273 W US2022051273 W US 2022051273W WO 2023101980 A1 WO2023101980 A1 WO 2023101980A1
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Prior art keywords
radiography
digital
image
images
ray
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PCT/US2022/051273
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English (en)
Inventor
Jason William Bourn
Paul Benson
Joseph Ryan Lapinskas
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Qsa Global Inc.
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Priority claimed from US17/994,587 external-priority patent/US20230165545A1/en
Application filed by Qsa Global Inc. filed Critical Qsa Global Inc.
Publication of WO2023101980A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023101980A1/fr

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    • G01T1/29—Measurement performed on radiation beams, e.g. position or section of the beam; Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2914—Measurement of spatial distribution of radiation
    • G01T1/2978—Hybrid imaging systems, e.g. using a position sensitive detector (camera) to determine the distribution in one direction and using mechanical movement of the detector or the subject in the other direction or using a camera to determine the distribution in two dimensions and using movement of the camera or the subject to increase the field of view
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    • A61B6/42—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis
    • A61B6/4208—Arrangements for detecting radiation specially adapted for radiation diagnosis characterised by using a particular type of detector
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    • A61B6/44—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis
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    • A61B6/4429—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units
    • A61B6/4435—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units the source unit and the detector unit being coupled by a rigid structure
    • A61B6/4441—Constructional features of apparatus for radiation diagnosis related to the mounting of source units and detector units the source unit and the detector unit being coupled by a rigid structure the rigid structure being a C-arm or U-arm
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N23/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00
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    • G01N23/04—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of wave or particle radiation, e.g. X-rays or neutrons, not covered by groups G01N3/00 – G01N17/00, G01N21/00 or G01N22/00 by transmitting the radiation through the material and forming images of the material
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    • G01N2223/301—Accessories, mechanical or electrical features portable apparatus
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    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • G01N2223/421—Imaging digitised image, analysed in real time (recognition algorithms)

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates generally to radiography and, more particularly, to systems and methods for compensating magnification and overlaying images in digital radiographic imaging.
  • Radiography may be performed using high frequency electromagnetic energy, such as X-rays or gamma rays. Resulting radiographic images are then interpreted by trained personnel to identify the relevant features in the radiographic images.
  • high frequency electromagnetic energy such as X-rays or gamma rays.
  • FIG. l is a perspective view of an example handheld X-ray imaging system to generate and output digital images and/or video based on incident X-rays, in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram of the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates another example digital X-ray imaging system having multiple frame sections.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a first portion of the handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 1, including an X-ray generator, a power supply, an operator control handle.
  • FIG. 4 is a more detailed view of the first portion of the handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 3 including the example handle.
  • FIGS. 5 A and 5B illustrate perspective views of the example handle of FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 6 is a partially exploded view of the example digital X-ray detector of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a first portion of the handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 1, including a digital X-ray detector assembly.
  • FIG. 8 is a side view of the example digital detector housing, the scintillator, and the reflector.
  • FIG. 9 is a side view of the example digital X-ray detector of FIG. 1, illustrating imaging of incident X-rays by the digital X-ray detector.
  • FIG. 10 is a side view of the handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 1, illustrating scanning of an object under test by directing X-rays from the X-ray tube to the X-ray detector.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an example set of measurements that may be performed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 1 to determine a magnification correction factor.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an example display device configured to display digital X-ray images and indications of feature sizes detected by the handheld X-ray imaging system using the magnification correction factor.
  • FIG. 13 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B to determine and display, on a display device, size(s) of features in digital X-ray images captured by the handheld X-ray imaging system.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an example generation, compensation, and stitching of digital X- ray images by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B based on magnification correction to generate a composite X-ray image corresponding to a respective location.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates an example generation, compensation, and stitching of digital X- ray images by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B based on magnification correction to generate X-ray images corresponding to respective locations.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an example retrieval and display of a digital twin image on the example display device of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B, based on magnification correction of a digital X-ray image, to assist an operator in evaluating digital X-ray images of an object.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B to generate, compensate, and store digital X-ray images based on magnification correction.
  • FIG. 18 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B to generate, compensate, and store digital X-ray images based on magnification correction.
  • FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an example computing system that may be used to implement the computing device and/or the display devices of FIGS. 2A or 2B.
  • Disclosed example systems and methods provide for aiding handheld X-ray scanning operators with evaluation of features present in X-ray images.
  • Disclosed systems and methods may be useful for, for example, aiding in or performing automated detection of corrosion under insulation (CUI) when utilizing an ionizing radiation source and a digital detection system.
  • CCI corrosion under insulation
  • Disclosed example systems and methods may be used to automate the detection process, and provide discrete feedback to the operator and/or provide quantified data to guide the determination of CUI.
  • Disclosed systems and methods account for variables such as pipe size, insulation thickness, radiation source-to-radiation imager distance, and radiation source-to- pipe distance, to automatically detect actual image feature sizes and/or compare image feature sizes to size thresholds.
  • Disclosed systems and methods use a digital X-ray imaging system to perform measurement processes and machine vision detection to perform size measurements. These measurement processes and machine vision detection generate size determinations, which can then be used to analyze items such as CUI measurements, analyze CUI trends, pass/fail determinations within boundary limits, identify areas of concerns, and/or provide other automated analysis.
  • disclosed systems and methods perform measurements and calculations to determine a magnification effect of the radiation on the resulting digital image, which may be performed by disclosed systems and methods in realtime or near real-time to improve usability for an operator during a scanning process.
  • Disclosed example systems and methods use combinations of sensors, operator input, and/or lookup tables to determine a magnification correction factor in real-time, as well as monitor changes to the magnification correction factor based on movement of the radiation emitter and radiation detector, and which may then be used to analyze the real-time digital X-ray images.
  • Disclosed example systems and methods may be advantageously used to improve, automate, and/or guide decision making on CUI inspections and/or other applications, including providing real-time feedback on actual corrosion measurements.
  • Such real-time feedback can reduce the reliance on operator expertise, reduce the likelihood of erroneous identifications (e.g., false positives and/or false negatives), and improve the probability of detection on inspected objects or areas.
  • erroneous identifications e.g., false positives and/or false negatives
  • disclosed systems and methods can help reduce costs associated with maintenance and/or repair of inspected objects, and/or enable an improved inspection speed, thereby reducing inspection costs.
  • Disclosed example systems and methods may be implemented on a handheld frame (e.g., a C-frame or other arrangement), on a lift or other movable framework, on one or more robotic manipulators (e.g., pipe bugs, or motorized, wheeled buggies that move along a pipe or other structure), on one or more “drones” (e.g., quadcopters or other automatic or manually controlled flying devices), and/or any other mechanisms for holding the components of the digital X-ray scanning system in the desired arrangement for scanning.
  • a handheld frame e.g., a C-frame or other arrangement
  • robotic manipulators e.g., pipe bugs, or motorized, wheeled buggies that move along a pipe or other structure
  • drones e.g., quadcopters or other automatic or manually controlled flying devices
  • real-time refers to the actual time elapsed in the performance of a computation by a computing device, the result of the computation being required for the continuation of a physical process (i.e., no significant delays are introduced).
  • real-time display of captured images includes processing captured image data and displaying the resulting output images to create the perception to a user that the images are displayed immediately upon capture.
  • the term “portable” includes handheld (e.g., capable of being carried and operated by a single person) and/or wheeled (e.g., capable of being transported and operated while wheels are attached and/or placed on wheels).
  • Disclosed example portable radiography scanning systems include: a radiation detector configured to generate a digital image based on incident radiation; a radiation emitter configured to output the radiation; a frame configured to hold at least one of the radiation emitter or the radiation detector such that the radiation emitter directs the radiation to the radiation detector; a first sensor configured to determine a first distance between the radiation detector and the radiation emitter; and a computing device configured to: determine a second distance between the radiation emitter and an interface between the radiation and the object; determine a magnification correction factor based on the first distance and the second distance; measure a size, in pixels, of a feature of the object in the digital image; and at least one of: calculate an actual size of the feature based on the magnification correction factor and the measured size of the feature, or determine whether the measured size of the feature satisfies a threshold size based on the magnification correction factor.
  • Some example portable radiography scanning systems further include a display configured to display the digital image.
  • the computing device is configured to control the display to overlay an indication of the measured feature in the digital image and the calculated actual size of the feature over the digital image on the display.
  • the computing device is configured to control the display to display an indication of whether the calculated actual size of the feature satisfies a threshold. In some such systems, the threshold size is input by an operator.
  • the computing device is configured to output a notification in response to determining that the size of the feature satisfies the threshold size.
  • the computing device is configured to, in response to determining that the size of the feature satisfies the threshold size, store location information at which the digital image was captured in association with the digital image.
  • the computing device is configured to calculate and overlay a nominal image of the object on the display over the digital image.
  • the first sensor includes at least one of a laser distance sensor, an ultrasonic distance sensor, or a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor.
  • the computing device is configured to determine the second distance by accessing a lookup table based on at least one dimension of the object.
  • the frame holds the radiation detector on a first section of the frame and holds the radiation emitter on a second section of the frame.
  • a center section of the frame is adjustable to adjust a distance between the first section of the frame and the second section of the frame based on the size of the object, so as to adjust a distance between the radiation detector and the radiation emitter.
  • the computing device is configured to perform a computer analysis of the digital image, based on the magnification correction factor and the measured size of the feature, to determine whether the feature is indicative of a flaw in the object.
  • the computing device is configured to receive an input identifying the feature to be measured in the digital image.
  • the computing device is configured to determine the second distance by: measuring a third distance between the radiation emitter and a first location on an outer surface of the object via a second sensor; measuring a fourth distance between the radiation emitter and a second location on the outer surface of the object via a third sensor; and determining the second distance based on the third distance and the fourth distance.
  • the computing device is configured to: update the second distance based on changes in at least one of the third distance or the fourth distance; and update the magnification correction factor based on the updated second distance.
  • Disclosed example methods to calculate a dimension of a feature of an object scanned via an X-ray image involve: positioning an X-ray detector on a first side of an object to be scanned; positioning an X-ray tube on a second side of the object such that the X-ray tube directs X-ray radiation at the X-ray detector through the object; measuring, via a first sensor, a first distance between the X-ray detector and the X-ray tube; determining a second distance between the X-ray emitter and an interface between the X-ray radiation and the object; determining a magnification correction factor based on the first distance and the second distance; capturing, via the X-ray detector, a digital X-ray image of the object; measuring a size, in pixels, of a feature of the object in the digital X-ray image; and at least one of: calculating an actual size of the feature based on the magnification correction factor and the measured size of the feature, or determining whether the measured sized of
  • Some example methods further involve displaying the digital X-ray image on a display. Some example methods further involve overlaying the digital X-ray image on the display with an indication of the measured feature in the digital X-ray image and the calculated actual size of the feature. Some example methods further involve displaying an indication of whether the calculated actual size of the feature satisfies the threshold size.
  • Disclosed example portable radiography scanning systems include: a radiation detector configured to generate digital radiography images based on incident radiation; a radiation emitter configured to output the radiation; and a computing device configured to: receive the digital radiography images from the radiation detector; compensate one or more of the digital radiography images for variations in magnification of the digital radiography images; and store one or more compensated radiography images based on the magnification compensation and associated with physical location information.
  • Some example portable radiography scanning systems further include a frame configured to hold at least one of the radiation emitter or the radiation detector such that the radiation emitter directs the radiation to the radiation detector.
  • the computing device is configured to generate a composite radiography image having at least one dimension larger than the dimensions of the digital radiography images generated by the radiation detector.
  • the composite radiography image has a constant compensated magnification.
  • the composite radiography image includes corresponding magnification information for respective portions of the composite radiography image.
  • the physical location information relates the at least one location in the one or more compensated radiography images with at least one identifiable physical location on an object being scanned to generate the digital radiography images.
  • Some example portable radiography scanning systems further include a display configured to display the digital radiography images.
  • Some example portable radiography scanning systems further include a first sensor configured to determine a first distance between the radiation detector and the radiation emitter, in which the computing device is configured to: determine, for one or more of the digital radiography images, a second distance between the radiation emitter and an interface between the radiation and an object being scanned to generate the digital radiography images; determine magnification correction factors for the one or more of the digital radiography images based on the first distance and the second distance; and compensate the one or more of the digital radiography images based on the magnification correction factors.
  • the computing device is configured to generate a composite radiography image by stitching together the compensated one or more of the digital radiography images based on the magnification correction factors.
  • the computing device is configured to compensate the one or more of the digital radiography images by increasing or decreasing respective scale factors of the one or more of the digital radiography images based on the magnification correction factors.
  • Disclosed example radiography processing systems include: a processor; and a machine readable storage device comprising machine readable instructions which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: access a digital radiography image; compensate at least one of the digital radiography image or a second radiography image based on a difference in magnification between the digital radiography image and the second radiography image; and overlay the compensated at least one of the digital radiography image and the second radiography image via a display.
  • the instructions cause the processor to select the second radiography image as a portion of a composite radiography image having at least one dimension larger than the dimensions of the digital radiography images generated by the radiation detector.
  • the instructions cause the processor to display the compensated digital radiography image or the compensated second radiography image with partial opacity.
  • the location information relates at least one location in the digital radiography image with at least one identifiable physical location on an object being scanned to generate the digital radiography image.
  • the instructions cause the processor to compensate the digital radiography image to have a same magnification as the second radiography image.
  • Some example radiography processing systems further include: a radiation detector configured to generate the digital radiography images based on incident radiation; a radiation emitter configured to output the radiation.
  • Some example radiography processing systems further include a first sensor configured to determine a first distance between the radiation detector and the radiation emitter, in which the instructions cause the processor to: determine, for the digital radiography image, a second distance between the radiation emitter and an interface between the radiation and an object being scanned to generate the digital radiography images; determine a magnification correction factor for the digital radiography image based on the first distance and the second distance; and compensate the at least one of the digital radiography image or the second radiography image based on the magnification correction factor.
  • the instructions cause the processor to automatically determine location information corresponding to the digital radiography image and select the second radiography image corresponding to the same location as the digital radiography image. In some example radiography processing systems, the instructions cause the processor to compensate at least one of the digital radiography image or the second radiography image based on a difference in tilt or orientation between the digital radiography image and the second radiography image.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an example handheld X-ray imaging system 100 to generate and output digital images and/or video based on incident X-rays.
  • the example handheld X-ray imaging system 100 may be used to perform non-destructive testing (NDT), medical scanning, security scanning, and/or any other scanning application.
  • NDT non-destructive testing
  • the system 100 of FIG. 1 includes a frame 102 that holds an X-ray generator 104 and an X-ray detector 106.
  • the frame 102 is C-shaped, such that the X- ray generator 104 directs X-ray radiation toward the X-ray detector 106.
  • the frame 102 is positionable (e.g., held by an operator, supported by an external support structure and/or manipulated by the operator, etc.) around an object to be scanned with X-rays.
  • the example frame 102 is constructed using carbon fiber and/or machined aluminum.
  • the X-ray generator 104 is located on a first section 108 of the C-shaped frame 102 generates and outputs X-ray radiation, which traverses and/or scatters based on the state of the object under test.
  • the X-ray detector 106 is located on a second section 110 of the frame 102 (e.g., opposite the first section 108) and receives incident radiation generated by the X-ray generator 104.
  • the example frame 102 may be manipulated using one or more handles 112, 114.
  • a first one of the handles 112 is an operator control handle, and enables an operator to both mechanically manipulate the frame 102 and control the operation of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100.
  • a second one of the handles 114 is adjustable and may be secured to provide the operator with leverage to manipulate the frame 102.
  • the example handle 114 may be oriented with multiple degrees of freedom and/or adjusted along a length of a central section 116 of the frame 102.
  • the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 generates digital images (e.g., digital video and/or digital still images) from the X-ray radiation.
  • the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 may store the digital images on one or more storage devices, display the digital images on a display device 118, and/or transmit the digital images to a remote receiver.
  • the example display device 118 is attachable to the example frame 102 and/or may be oriented for viewing by the operator.
  • the display device 118 may also be detached from the frame 102. When detached, the display device 118 receives the digital images (e.g., still images and/or video) via a wireless data connection.
  • the display device 118 may receive the digital images via a wired connection and/or a wireless connection.
  • a power supply 120 such as a detachable battery, is attached to the frame 102 and provides power to the X-ray generator 104, the X-ray detector 106, and/or other circuitry of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100.
  • An example power supply 120 that may be used is a lithium-ion battery pack.
  • the display device 118 may receive power from the power supply 120 and/or from another power source such as an internal battery of the display device 118.
  • the example central section 116 of the frame 102 is coupled to the first section 108 via a joint 122 and to the second section 110 via a joint 124.
  • the example joints 122, 124 are hollow to facilitate routing of cabling between the sections 108, 110, 116.
  • the joints 122, 124 enable the first section 108 and the second section 110 to be folded toward the center section to further improve the compactness of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 when not in use (e.g., during storage and/or travel).
  • FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an example digital X-ray imaging system 200 that may be used to implement the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 of FIG. 1.
  • the example digital X-ray imaging system 200 of FIG. 2A includes a frame 202 holding an X-ray generator 204, an X-ray detector 206, a computing device 208, a battery 210, one or more display device(s) 212, one or more operator input device(s) 214, and one or more handle(s) 216.
  • the X-ray generator 204 includes an X-ray tube 218, a collimator 220, and a shield switch 222.
  • the X-ray tube 218 generates X-rays when energized.
  • the X- ray tube 218 operates at voltages between 40kV and 120kV.
  • X-ray tube voltages between 70kV and 120kV may be used while staying within acceptable X-ray dosage limits for the operator. Other voltage ranges may also be used.
  • the collimator 220 filters the X-ray radiation output by the X-ray tube 218 to more narrowly direct the X-ray radiation at the X-ray detector 206 and any intervening objects.
  • the collimator 220 reduces the X-ray dose to the operator of the system 200, reduces undesired X- ray energies to the detector 206 resulting from X-ray scattering, and/or improves the resulting digital image generated at the X-ray detector 206.
  • the shield switch 222 selectively enables and/or disables the X-ray tube 218 based on whether a backscatter shielding device 224 is attached to the frame.
  • the backscatter shielding device 224 reduces the dose to the operator holding the frame 202 by providing shielding between the collimator 220 and an object under test.
  • the example backscatter shielding device 224 includes a switch trigger configured to trigger the shield switch 222 when properly installed.
  • the shield switch 222 may be a reed switch or similar magnetically- triggered switch, and the backscatter shielding device 224 includes a magnet.
  • the reed switch and magnet are respectively positioned on the frame 202 and the backscatter shielding device 224 such that the magnet triggers the reed switch when the backscatter shielding device 224 is attached to the frame 202.
  • the shield switch 222 may include any type of a capacitive sensor, an inductive sensor, a magnetic sensor, an optical sensor, and/or any other type of proximity sensor.
  • the shield switch 222 is configured to disable the X-ray tube 218 when the backscatter shielding device 224 is not installed.
  • the shield switch 222 may be implemented using, for example, hardware circuitry and/or via software executed by the computing device 208.
  • the computing device 208 may selectively override the shield switch 222 to permit operation of the X-ray tube 218 when the backscatter shielding device 224 is not installed.
  • the override may be controlled by an administrator or other authorized user.
  • the X-ray detector 206 of FIG. 2A generates digital images based on incident X-ray radiation (e.g., generated by the X-ray tube 218 and directed toward the X-ray detector 206 by the collimator 220).
  • the example X-ray detector 206 includes a detector housing 226, which holds a scintillation screen 228, a reflector 230, and a digital imaging sensor 232.
  • the scintillation screen 228, the reflector 230, and the digital imaging sensor 232 are components of a fluoroscopy detection system 234.
  • the example fluoroscopy detection system 234 is configured so that the digital imaging sensor 232 (e.g., a camera, a sensor chip, etc.) receives the image indirectly via the scintillation screen 228 and the reflector 230.
  • the fluoroscopy detection system 234 includes a sensor panel (e.g., a CCD panel, a CMOS panel, etc.) configured to receive the X-rays directly, and to generate the digital images.
  • a sensor panel e.g., a CCD panel, a CMOS panel, etc.
  • An example implementation of the X-ray detector 206 is described below with reference to FIGS. 5-8.
  • the scintillation screen 228, may be replaced with a solid state panel that is coupled to the scintillation screen 228 and has pixels that correspond to portions of the scintillation screen 228.
  • Example solid state panels may include CMOS X-ray panels and/or CCD X-ray panels.
  • the computing device 208 controls the X-ray tube 218, receives digital images from the X-ray detector 206 (e.g., from the digital imaging sensor 232) and outputs the digital images to the display device 212. Additionally or alternatively, the computing device 208 may store digital images to a storage device. The computing device 208 may output the digital images as digital video to aid in real-time non-destructive testing and/or store digital still images.
  • the computing device 208 may provide the digital images to the display device(s) 212 via a wired connection or a wireless connection.
  • the computing device 208 includes wireless communication circuitry.
  • the display device(s) 212 may be detachable from the frame 202 and held separately from the frame 202 while the computing device 208 wirelessly transmits the digital images to the display device(s) 212.
  • the display device(s) 212 may be implemented using a separate display or computing device.
  • the display device(s) 212 may include a smartphone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a wireless monitoring device, and/or any other type of display device equipped with wired and/or wireless communications circuitry to communicate with (e.g., receive digital images from) the computing device 208.
  • the example display device(s) 212 display the X-ray images with the thermal and/or optical images on a display device in real-time (e.g., as the images are generated).
  • the display device(s) 212 display a first feed (e.g., the X-ray feed of X-ray images, the thermal feed of thermal images, or the optical feed of optical images) as primary images having a first (e.g., largest) size, and display a second feed (e.g., another of the X-ray feed of X-ray images, the thermal feed of thermal images, or the optical feed of optical images) as secondary images having a second (e.g., smaller) size.
  • a first feed e.g., the X-ray feed of X-ray images, the thermal feed of thermal images, or the optical feed of optical images
  • a second feed e.g., another of the X-ray feed of X-ray images, the thermal feed of thermal images, or the optical feed of optical images
  • the primary images may be the main display shown on the display device(s) 212, with the secondary images shown in or near a comer of the main display so as to limit obstruction of the main display.
  • the display device(s) 212 further display another secondary feed (e.g., having the same size as the other secondary feed) or a tertiary feed (e.g., having an even smaller size than the secondary feed).
  • the two or three feeds have equivalent sizes on the display device(s) 212.
  • the operator may be permitted to select a secondary or tertiary feed to change that feed to be the primary feed, in which case the former primary feed may be relegated to be the secondary or tertiary feed.
  • the display device(s) 212 may show two or three feeds in an overlapping manner by controlling an opacity of the image(s) in the feeds.
  • the computing device 208 adds data to the digital images to assist in subsequent analysis of the digital images.
  • Example data includes a timestamp, a date stamp, geographic data, or a scanner inclination.
  • the example computing device 208 adds the data to the images by adding metadata to the digital image file(s) and/or by superimposing a visual representation of the data onto a portion of the digital images.
  • the operator input device(s) 214 enable the operator to configure and/or control the example digital X-ray imaging system 200.
  • the operator input device(s) 214 may provide input to the computing device 208, which controls operation and/or configures the settings of the digital X-ray imaging system 200.
  • Example operator input device(s) 214 include a trigger (e.g., for controlling activation of the X-ray tube 218), buttons, switches, analog joysticks, thumbpads, trackballs, and/or any other type of user input device.
  • the handle(s) 216 are attached to the frame 202 and enable physical control and manipulation of the frame 202, the X-ray generator 204, and the X-ray detector 206.
  • one or more of the operator input device(s) 214 are implemented on the handle(s) 216 to enable a user to both physically manipulate and control operation of the digital X-ray imaging system 200.
  • the example digital X-ray imaging system 200 further includes one or more sensors 236, which may be used to perform measurements used to calculate sizes of one or more features of the captured digital X-ray images and/or video.
  • Example sensors 236 that may be used include distance sensors configured to determine distances between the X-ray generator 204 and the X-ray detector 206, a distance between the X-ray generator 204 and an exterior surface of an object to be scanned, accelerometers and/or gyroscopes to detect an orientation of the digital X-ray imaging system 200, and/or any other sensors.
  • the sensors 236 may be placed on any appropriate portion of the frame 202 to perform the desired measurements. For example, one or more distance sensors may be placed on a same side of the frame 202 as the X-ray generator 204 to measure distances from the X-ray generator 204 to other objects or locations.
  • the example frame 202 includes features to enable the digital X-ray imaging system 200 to be held and manipulated by an operator during output of the X-rays
  • the frame 202 includes one or more sections or portions, and/or may be implemented and/or held by one or more robotic device(s), drone aircraft (e.g., quadcopters or other remote- controlled and stable aircraft), and/or other movable support structures.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates another example digital X-ray imaging system 250 having multiple frame sections 252, 254.
  • a first frame section 252 may hold the X-ray generator 204
  • the sensor(s) 236, and a second, separate frame section 254 may hold the X-ray detector 206.
  • the frame sections 252, 254 can be separately maneuvered and positioned so that the X-ray radiation is directed from the X-ray generator 204 at the X-ray detector 206 at the time of operation. Additionally, the frame sections 252, 254 may include corresponding power sources (e.g., batteries 210a, 210b), separate computing devices 208a, 208b or other processing and/or communication circuitry, and/or separate operator input device(s) 214a, 214b.
  • power sources e.g., batteries 210a, 210b
  • all or some of the processing performed by the computing device 208 may be performed by an external computing device.
  • images, metadata, location information, and/or other data may be transmitted to an external computing device, computing network, cloud computing system, and/or any other computing device external to the frame 202 or the frame sections 252, 254.
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the first section 108 of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 of FIG. 1, including the X-ray generator 104, the power supply 120, and the operator control handle 112.
  • FIG. 3 is illustrated with a portion of a housing 302, while a second portion of the housing (shown in FIG. 1) is omitted for visibility of other components.
  • the example first section 108 is further coupled to a computing device 304, such as the computing device 208 of FIG. 2A.
  • the computing device 304 is attached to the frame 102 via a printed circuit board 306.
  • An X-ray tube 308 (e.g., the X-ray tube 218 of FIG. 2A) is coupled to a collimator 310 (e.g., the collimator 220 of FIG. 2A) and controlled by the computing device 304 and/or by an operator input device on the handle 112.
  • the handle 112 may include an X-ray trigger 312 (e.g., one of the operator input device(s) 214 of FIG. 2A).
  • the X-ray trigger 312 When actuated (e.g., by the operator of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100), the X-ray trigger 312 activates the X-ray tube 308 to generate X-ray radiation.
  • the X-ray trigger 312 may activate the X-ray tube 308 directly and/or via the computing device 304.
  • the collimator 310 filters X-ray radiation generated by the X-ray tube 308 to reduce the X-ray radiation that is not directed at the X-ray detector 106 and/or to increase the proportion of X-ray radiation that is directed at the X-ray detector 106 (e.g., radiation that ends up being incident on a scintillator of the X-ray detector 106) relative to radiation not directed at the X-ray detector 106.
  • a targeting camera 314 (e.g., the optical sensor(s) 238 of FIG. 2A) is coupled to the computing device 304 to enable an operator of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 to determine a target of generated X-rays.
  • the example targeting camera 314 generates and outputs digital images (e.g., digital video, digital still images, etc.) to the computing device 304 for display to the operator via the display device 118.
  • the digital images of the target e.g., an exterior of the target
  • a laser may be projected from the location of the targeting camera 314 toward the X-ray detector 106.
  • the laser illuminates an approximate location on a workpiece that is being scanned by the digital X-ray imaging system 100 and/or output to the display device 118.
  • FIG. 4 is a more detailed view of the first section 108 of the handheld X-ray imaging system of FIG. 3 including the example handle 112.
  • the handle 112 is capable of attachment to multiple locations on the frame 102.
  • the handle 112 is illustrated at a first location 402 on the frame 102 in FIG. 4.
  • the handle 112 is secured to the housing 302 via multiple screws.
  • the handle 112 may be detached from the first location 402 and attached at a second location 404.
  • the second location 404 on the housing 302 includes multiple screw nuts 406a-406c and a data connector 408, which match screw nuts and a data connector at the first location 402.
  • the example handle 112 may be attached to the second location 404 by connecting a corresponding connector on the handle 112 to the data connector 408 and screwing the handle into the screw nuts 406a-406c.
  • FIGS. 5 A and 5B illustrate perspective views of the example handle 112 of FIGS. 1 and 3.
  • the handle 112 includes the trigger 312, which enables and/or activates the X-ray tube 308 to output the X-ray radiation.
  • the handle 112 includes additional input devices 502, 504 (e.g., operator input devices 214 of FIG. 2A).
  • the input device 502 is a thumbstick, which can be used to input commands to the computing device 304, such as navigating menus, confirming selections, configuring the X-ray tube 308 and/or the X-ray generator 104, changing views and/or any other type of operator input.
  • the input device 504 is a push button that may be used by an operator to confirm and/or cancel a selection.
  • the computing device 304 controls the X-ray tube 308, the X-ray detector 106 (e.g., the X-ray generator 204 and/or the digital imaging sensor 232 of FIG. 2A), the display device 118, and/or any other aspect of the digital X-ray imaging system 100 based on input from the trigger 312, the input devices 502, 504, and/or any other input devices.
  • the handle 112 includes a data connector 506, which mates to the data connector(s) 408 on the housing 302.
  • the data connectors 408, 506 establish a hard-wired connection between the trigger 312 and/or the input devices 502, 504 and the computing device 304 and/or other circuitry.
  • the handle 112 includes input guards 508, which protect the input devices 502, 504 from accidental damage.
  • the input guards 508 extend from the handle 112 adjacent the input devices 502, 504 and farther than the input devices 502, 504.
  • the example handle 112 further includes a trigger lock 510.
  • the trigger lock 510 is a mechanical lock that, when activated, mechanically prevents activation of the trigger 312.
  • the example trigger lock 510 is a push-button safety that locks the trigger 312 against depression by the operator.
  • FIG. 6 is a partially exploded view of the example digital X-ray detector 106 of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the example digital X-ray detector 106 of FIG. 1.
  • the X-ray detector 106 includes a detector housing 602, a scintillation screen 604, and a reflector 606.
  • the scintillation screen 604 and the reflector 606 are held within the housing 602 and are illustrated in FIG. 6 to show the relationship between the shape of the housing 602 and the geometries of the scintillation screen 604 and the reflector 606.
  • the detector housing 602 may be constructed using carbon fiber, aluminum, and/or any other material and/or combination of materials.
  • the example detector housing 602 may function as a soft X-ray filter to reduce undesired X-ray radiation at the scintillation screen 604, thereby reducing noise in the resulting digital image.
  • the scintillation screen 604 and/or the reflector 606 may be attached to the detector housing 602 using adhesive (e.g., epoxy, glue, etc.) and/or any other attachment technique.
  • the detector housing 602 is lined with a layer of lead or another backscatter shielding material to lower the dose to the operator in a handheld system.
  • FIG. 8 is a side view of the example digital detector housing, the scintillator, and the reflector.
  • FIG. 9 is a side view of the example digital X-ray detector 106 of FIG. 1, illustrating imaging of incident X-rays by the digital X-ray detector. As illustrated in FIG. 9, a digital imaging sensor 612 is oriented to capture light generated by the scintillation screen 604 in response to incident X-ray radiation.
  • the scintillation screen 604 converts incident X-rays 608 to visible light 610.
  • An example scintillation screen 604 that may be used in a handheld X-ray scanner has a surface area of 4 inches by 6 inches.
  • the size and material of the scintillation screen 604 at least partially determines the size, brightness, and/or resolution of the resulting digital images.
  • the example scintillation screen is Gadox (Gadolinium oxysulphide) doped with Terbium, which emits a peak visible light at a wavelength of substantially 560nm.
  • the example reflector 606 is a mirror that reflects visible light generated by the scintillation screen 604 to the digital imaging sensor 612 (e.g., via a lens 614).
  • the example reflector 606 has the same surface area (e.g., 4 inches by 6 inches) as the scintillation screen 604, and is oriented at an angle 616 to direct the visible light 610 to the digital imaging sensor 612 and/or the lens 614.
  • An example angle 616 is 30 degrees, which enables a 4 inch by 6 inch scintillation screen and a 4 inch by 6 inch reflector 606 to fit within a housing having a thickness 618 of less than 2.5 inches. In other examples, the angle 616 is an angle less than 45 degrees.
  • the digital X-ray detector 106 may include optics such as prisms to direct the visible light 610 to the digital imaging sensor 612.
  • the example digital imaging sensor 612 is a solid state sensor such as a CMOS camera. In the illustrated example using the scintillation screen 604 and the reflector 606, and a 6mm lens 614, the digital imaging sensor 612 has a field of view of 143 degrees to capture light from substantially the entirety of the reflector 606.
  • the digital imaging sensor 612 is coupled to an imager bracket 620 via a mounting brackets 622.
  • the detector housing 602 is also coupled to the imager bracket 620.
  • the imager bracket 620 couples both the detector housing 602 and the digital imaging sensor 612 to the frame 102 of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100.
  • the mounting brackets 622 includes slots 624 to which an imaging bracket 626 is adjustably coupled.
  • the digital imaging sensor 612 is attached to the imaging bracket 626 (e.g., via a printed circuit board).
  • the imaging bracket 626 may be adjusted and secured along the length of the slots 624 to adjust an angle of the digital imaging sensor 612 relative to the reflector 606.
  • the field of view of the digital imaging sensor 612 is oriented substantially perpendicularly to the scintillation screen, within the angular limits permitted using the slots 624 and the imaging bracket 626.
  • the example imager bracket 620 may include a data connector 628 (FIG. 8) to enable sufficient data throughput from the digital imaging sensor 612 to a computing device or other image display and/or image storage devices.
  • An example data connector 628 may be a USB 3.0 connector to connect a USB 3.0 bus between the digital imaging sensor 612 and the receiving device.
  • the USB 3.0 bus provides sufficient bandwidth between the digital imaging sensor 612 and the receiving device for high-definition video or better resolution.
  • CMOS panel produces digital images based on visible light generated by the scintillator, and outputs the digital images to the computing device 304.
  • FIG. 10 is a side view of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100 of FIG. 1, illustrating scanning of an object 1002 under test by directing X-rays from the X-ray tube 308 to the X-ray detector 106.
  • the collimator 310 reduces X-ray radiation that is not directed at the X-ray detector 106, so the concentration of the X-ray radiation that is not scattered by the object 1002 is incident on the X-ray detector 106.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an example set of measurements that may be performed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system 100 of FIG. 1 to determine a magnification correction factor.
  • the magnification correction factor may be used by the example computing device 208 of FIG. 2A to determine, in real-time or subsequently, a size of features identified in digital X- ray images captured via the handheld X-ray imaging system 100.
  • the example of FIG. 11 is described below with reference to the example handheld X-ray imaging system 200 of FIG. 2A, but may be implemented using the example system 250 of FIG. 2B and/or any other implementation of the handheld X-ray imaging system 100.
  • the example handheld X-ray imaging system 100 determines a first distance A between the X-ray generator 104 and the X- ray detector 106, and a second distance B between the X-ray generator 104 and an interface 1102 between the object (e.g., a pipe) being scanned and the X-ray radiation. While the entirety of the object 1002 may contribute to the resulting digital X-ray image generated via the X-ray detector 106, the interface 1102 may be an observed and/or designated position at which features of interest are present, and/or a location of a focus of the digital image. For example, when scanning pipe under insulation, the locations of potential corrosion in the pipe may be determined as the interface 1102.
  • the example handheld X-ray imaging system 100 may include a first distance sensor, such as a laser distance sensor, an ultrasonic distance sensor, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor, and/or any other type of distance sensor.
  • the frame 202 has a center section which is extendable and retractable to change the distance between the X-ray generator 204 and the X-ray detector 206.
  • the first distance sensor may be positioned on a first side of the frame 202 to measure a distance to the second side of the frame 202.
  • the center section of the frame 202 may include a wire, spring, or other mechanism that extends or retracts based on the distance between the X-ray generator 204 and the X-ray detector 206.
  • the length of extension or retraction of the wire or spring in the center section can be measured by a calibrated sensor to determine the distance between X-ray generator 204 and the X-ray detector 206.
  • the computing device 208 may receive an input describing the object, which can then be used to determine a distance C between an outer surface of the object 1002 and the interface 1102. Based on the input, for example, the computing device 208 may use a lookup table to determine one or more other dimensions of the object 1002. For example, in the case of an insulated pipe as illustrated in FIG. 11, the outermost diameter of the pipe 1002 (e.g., the outer pipe insulation) may be associated with a certain thickness of insulation and/or a certain outer diameter of the interior pipe.
  • the computing device 208 Based on input (e.g., by the operator) of the outer diameter of the pipe 1002, an identifier of the pipe 1002, and/or any other identifying or descriptive information, the computing device 208 looks up one or more additional dimensions and/or factors to be used in calculating a distance between the X-ray generator 204 and the interface 1102.
  • the example system 200 of FIG. 11 includes one or more additional distance sensors 1104, 1106 to determine a distance D between the X-ray generator 204 and the outer surface of the object 1002, which is then combined with the dimension(s) of the object 1002 to determine the second distance B.
  • the example distance sensors 1104, 1106 have a predetermined geometric relationship with each other and with the x-ray generator 204, which permits the computing device 208 to perform real-time geometric calculations of the distances C and D to determine the distance B.
  • multiple distance sensors 1104, 1106 are used to both determine the distance between the X-ray generator 204 and the outer surface of the object 1002, and determine a vertical position of the system 200 with respect to the object 1002. For example, as the system 200 is vertically adjusted by the operator, intentionally or unintentionally, the distances measured by the sensors 1104, 1106 also change.
  • the example computing device 208 may determine a vertical position of the sensors 1104, 1106 and/or the X-ray generator 204, which determines a distance to be combined with the dimensions of the object 1002 to determine the second distance B.
  • a third sensor 1108 or additional sensor(s) may be added to the sensors 1104, 1106 to further enable the computing device 208 to automatically determine the outer diameter of the object 1002. For example, by determine three distances between the sensors and the object 1002, the computing device 208 may calculate the radius of a pipe using the calculated chord lengths and heights determined using the measured distances to the outer surface and the known vertical relationships between the sensors 1104-1108, which can then be used to look up the thickness of insulation, diameter of the inner pipe, and/or any other geometric information.
  • the sensor(s) 1104-1108 may implement the sensor(s) 236 of FIGS. 2A-2B.
  • the example sensors 1104-1108 may be any type of distance sensor, such as a laser distance sensor, an ultrasonic distance sensor, a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) sensor, and/or any other type of distance sensor.
  • LIDAR light detection and ranging
  • one or more of the sensors 1104-1108 may be used to measure the distance A when there are no obstructions between the different sections of the frame 202 (or different frame sections 252, 254.
  • the positions of the sensor 1104 and the frame 202 with respect to the X-ray tube 218 and/or the X-ray detector 206 may be calibrated to determine any offsets for determining the distance A.
  • the example computing device 208 calculates a magnification correction factor.
  • the magnification may be determined as the ratio of the first distance A to the second distance B.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an example display device 1200 configured to display digital X-ray images 1202 and including features 1204, 1206, showing indications of feature sizes detected by the handheld X-ray imaging system 200 using the magnification correction factor.
  • the display device 1200 of FIG. 12 shows an example image 1202 captured by the X-ray detector 206.
  • the image 1202 may be captured, for example, while scanning a pipe under insulation for internal corrosion using the system 200.
  • the computing device 208 controls the X-ray generator 204 to output the X-ray radiation directed at the X-ray detector 206 (e.g., in response to an operator input device 214 such as a trigger, button, or other input).
  • the X-ray detector 206 outputs to the computing device 208, in real-time, a digital image representative of the incident X-ray radiation.
  • the digital X-ray detector 206 may continue outputting digital X-ray images and/or video to the computing device 208, which displays the images via the display device 1200 (e.g., the display device(s) 212 of FIG. 2A).
  • the computing device 208 determines a magnification correction factor based on a first distance (e.g., the distance A of FIG. 11) between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 and based on a second distance (e.g., the distance B) between the X-ray generator 204 and the interface (e.g., the interface 1102 of FIG. 11) between the X-ray radiation and the object 1002.
  • the computing device 208 may determine the magnification correction factor based on any of the example techniques discussed above with reference to FIG. 11.
  • the computing device 208 may monitor and update the magnification correction factor (e.g., in real-time) based on monitoring changes in the measurements by one or more of the sensor(s) 1104-1108 and/or based on orientation sensors such as gyroscopes and/or accelerometers in the system 200.
  • the computing device 208 may analyze the captured digital X-ray images using one or more machine vision techniques to identify features of interest in the digital X-ray images.
  • the computing device 208 may be configured to identify features based on the particular applications for which the system 200 is being used. In the example of FIG. 12, the computing device 208 is configured to identify peaks and valleys in the digital image that could indicate the presence of corrosion within pipe under insulation.
  • the example computing device 208 measures a size, in pixels, of the identified feature(s) in the digital X-ray image 1202 using appropriate machine vision techniques.
  • the example features 1204, 1206 may be analyzed by the computing device 208 to determine respective heights, in pixels, of the features 1204, 1206.
  • the features 1204, 1206 are selected by the operator by, for example, defining the feature using a touchscreen or other input device.
  • the computing device 208 converts the pixel sizes to an actual size (e.g., in millimeters or other unit). For example, using the predetermined and fixed pixel pitch of the X-ray detector 206, the computing device 208 may scale the number of pixels to an actual size using the pixel pitch and the magnification correction factor to calculate one or more actual dimensions of the features 1204, 1206.
  • the term “pixel pitch” refers to the physical distance separating the center of the physical area (e.g., on the scintillation screen) captured by adjacent pixels in an image sensor or camera.
  • a smaller pixel pitch (e.g., higher resolution, smaller distance between portions of the image captured by adjacent pixels) may result in improved measurements, but may require enhanced bandwidth between the X-ray detector 206 and the computing device 208, and/or enhanced processing power at the computing device 208.
  • the computing device 208 may compare the sizes of the features, in pixels or millimeters (or other unit), with a corresponding threshold size.
  • a threshold feature size may be input by the operator and/or automatically determined based on one or more factors (e.g., object size, object type, feature type, etc.).
  • the threshold feature size may be specified in actual units (e.g., millimeters or other unit), which may be converted to a pixel size based on the pixel pitch and the magnification correction factor.
  • the feature 1204 has a dimension that is greater than the threshold size, and the feature 1206 has a dimension that is less than the threshold size.
  • the threshold size is selected or input to indicate a potential flaw in the object.
  • the computing device 208 overlays the calculated sizes of the features 1204, 1206 over the digital X-ray image 1202 on the display 1200, as well as a visual indication of the comparison between the feature size and the threshold size.
  • the visual indication may be a color coding scheme, further overlay (e.g., a circle or other shape overlaid over the feature), modification to the font of the size overlay, and/or any other visual technique.
  • the feature 1204 is highlighted as a different color than the feature 1206.
  • the computing device 208 calculates and overlays a nominal image of the object over the digital image 1202. For example, the computing device 208 may identify a prior scan or other representation of the object 1002 as a “digital twin” of the object for visual comparison in real-time by the operator during the scanning operation. The computing device 208 may use the magnification correction factor and/or other sensor data (e.g., accelerometer and/or gyroscope data related to orientation of the scanning system 200) to calculate an overlay location of the digital twin on the display 1200 to align with the captured digital image 1202. [00115] FIG.
  • sensor data e.g., accelerometer and/or gyroscope data related to orientation of the scanning system 200
  • FIG. 13 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions 1300 which may be executed by the example handheld X-ray imaging systems 100, 200, 250 of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B to determine and display, on a display device, size(s) of features in digital X-ray images captured by the handheld X-ray imaging system.
  • the example instructions 1300 are described below with reference to the example system 200 of FIG. 2 A and the examples of FIGS. 11 and 12.
  • the computing device 208 measures a first distance A between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 using a sensor (e.g., the sensors 1104-1108 or other sensor).
  • a sensor e.g., the sensors 1104-1108 or other sensor.
  • an operator of the system 200 positions the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 on opposing sides of an object to be scanned (e.g., the object 1002). The operator further positions the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 such that the X-ray generator 204 directs X-ray radiation at the X-ray detector 206.
  • the computing device 208 determines whether the trigger is activated. For example, the operator may actuate the X-ray trigger 312 of FIG. 3 to activate output of X- rays. If the trigger is not activated (block 1306), control returns to block 1302 to continue to monitor the distance A between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 and/or position the system 200.
  • the computing device 208 controls the X-ray generator 204 to output X-ray radiation.
  • the X-ray detector 206 generates one or more digital X-ray image(s) based on the X-ray radiation, which has traversed the object 1002, and the computing device 208 outputs the digital X-ray image(s) via the display device 1200.
  • the computing device 208 determines a second distance B between the X-ray generator 204 and an interface (e.g., the interface 1102) between the output radiation and the object being scanned.
  • the computing device 208 may use an input dimension and/or identifier of the object to determine one or more internal dimensions (e.g., the distance C of FIG. 11) of the object 1002, and/or use one or more sensor(s) 1104-1108 to determine a distance (e.g., the distance D of FIG. 11) between the X-ray generator 204 and an exterior surface of the object 1002.
  • any of the example techniques disclosed herein, or any other technique may be used to determine the second distance B.
  • the computing device 208 calculates a magnification correction factor.
  • the magnification correction factor may be based on the first distance A and the second distance B.
  • the magnification correction factor may further take into account the pixel pitch of the X-ray detector 206 to reduce subsequent calculation.
  • the computing device 208 identifies feature(s) in the digital X-ray image(s). For example, the computing device 208 may use one or more machine vision techniques to identify features of interest based on the scanning application.
  • the computing device 208 measures the size(s) of the identified feature(s) in pixels. For example, the computing device 208 may measure one or more dimensions of the identified feature(s) in pixels.
  • the computing device 208 calculates actual or physical size(s) of the feature(s) using the magnification correction factor and the measured sizes of the feature(s) in pixels.
  • the computing device 208 determines whether the size(s) of the feature(s) satisfy a size threshold.
  • the size threshold may be in physical units (e.g., millimeters, etc.), or the computing device 208 may convert the size threshold to a pixelbased threshold based on the magnification correction factor, to reduce the number of feature sizes and/or dimensions that are converted to physical or actual sizes.
  • the computing device 208 If the size(s) of one or more of the feature(s) satisfy the size threshold (block 1322), at block 1324 the computing device 208 outputs a notification and/or stores the identifying information of the feature(s). For example, the computing device 208 may overlay the feature(s) on the display device 1200 over the digital X-ray image 1202, output an audible and/or visual notification of the identified feature, transmit a notification to one or more external computing device, and/or store the identification and/or location of the feature(s) in association with the digital X-ray image(s) and/or video(s) in which the feature was identified. For example, in a real-time scanning application, the same feature(s) that satisfy the size threshold may be present in multiple image(s) and/or frame(s) of a video.
  • control After outputting and/or storing the notification (block 1324), or if the size(s) of one or more of the feature(s) do not satisfy the size threshold (block 1322), control returns to block 1306 to continue the scanning operation while the trigger is activated.
  • one or more blocks performed by the computing device 208 may be performed by an external computing device, such as a cloud computing system, by communicating the associated data to the external computing system using communications circuitry of the computing device 208.
  • the computing device 208 receives a result of the processing (e.g., identification and location of features, whether the features satisfy a size threshold, etc.) from the external computing system.
  • a result of the processing e.g., identification and location of features, whether the features satisfy a size threshold, etc.
  • the example digital X-ray imaging systems disclosed herein may further aid operators in evaluating the results of digital X-ray (and/or other radiography) scanning, to reduce the subjectivity of scan results.
  • digital X-ray imaging systems may allow for comparison captured images with historical image data to more readily determine differences in a scanned object over time, such as monitoring corrosion in a pipe under insulation.
  • digital X-ray imaging systems may adjust magnification of captured images and/or historical images to compensate for differences in magnification and/or orientation between the images.
  • the comparable images are identified using physical location information stored with the historical image data and determined by the digital X-ray imaging system.
  • the captured and historical images may be overlaid (e.g., as a digital twin) to allow the operator to more clearly identify evaluate captured images with respect to historical images.
  • Examples of capturing, compensating, and/or overlaying digital images on a display device are disclosed below with reference to the handheld X-ray imaging system 200 of FIG. 2 A. However, these examples are applicable to any of the systems 100, 200, 250 disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates an example generation, compensation, and stitching of digital X- ray images 1402a-1402c by the example handheld X-ray imaging systems 100, 200, 250 of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B based on magnification correction to generate a composite X-ray image 1404 corresponding to a respective location.
  • a display 212 of a handheld X-ray imaging system displays a first digital X-ray image 1402a at a first time, a second digital X-ray image 1402b at a second time, and a third digital X-ray image 1402c at a third time.
  • the example images 1402a-1402c are displayed on the display device 212 in real-time, or substantially real-time, as an operator moves the system 200 along different portions of an object (e.g., the object 1002 of FIG. 10) being scanned.
  • the example computing device 208 determines a magnification correction factor based on the first distance between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 (e.g., measured by the sensors 1104-1108 of FIG. 11, and/or other sensors), and based on the second distance between the X-ray detector 206 and/or the X-ray tube and the interface between the object and the X-ray radiation.
  • the computing device 208 may determine magnification correction factor as described above with reference to blocks 1302-1314 of FIG. 13.
  • the example computing device 208 further determines physical location information for each of the example images 1402a- 1402c.
  • the computing device 208 may use one or more sensors to determine the physical information location, such as: using a global positioning system (GPS) sensor; using a radiofrequency or other transceiver to triangulate a position of the system 200 based on the known locations of external transmitters; by recognizing barcodes, QR codes, and/or other markings on a stationary object being scanned, the codes or markings including location information; receiving location information from a smartphone or other connected device; using image processing techniques to determine a distance traveled from a known point (e.g., via the X-ray or other radiography images, via visible light camera images, etc.); and/or any other techniques or combination of techniques for determining a location at which the system 200 captures each of the digital X-ray images.
  • the system 200 may collect data, metadata, codes, and/or other information for post-processing to determine the physical locations of the digital X
  • the computing device 208 determines a location of a given position in the images 1402a-1402c by tracking distances based on the magnification compensation factor in a similar manner as disclosed above for measuring feature sizes. Specifically, the computing device 208 may track numbers of pixels and determine a relationship between pixels and physical distances based on the magnification. The computing device 208 may track distances over multiple captured digital X-ray images 1402a-1402c to determine a total distance of a given point in one of the digital X-ray images 1402a-1402c from a reference location, which may occur within the same image or in a different image provided that there are intervening images depicting the portions of the object between the reference location and a location to be measured.
  • the computing device 208 compensates the images 1402a- 1402c based on the determined magnification correction factor. For example, the computing device 208 may scale, or adjust a scaling factor, for each image 1402a- 1402c to output compensated images having a constant magnification. Additionally or alternatively, the computing device 208 may store the determined magnification information (e.g., magnification relative to a normalized magnification, the magnification compensation factor, etc.) as metadata corresponding to the corresponding image 1402a-1402c.
  • the determined magnification information e.g., magnification relative to a normalized magnification, the magnification compensation factor, etc.
  • the computing device 208 stitches the digital X-ray images 1402a- 1402c (and intervening images) into a composite image 1404 having a constant, compensated magnification, or a normalized magnification factor.
  • the composite image 1404 has one or more dimensions which are larger than the dimensions of the captured digital X-ray images 1402a-1402c.
  • the example computing device 208 may scale individual images based on respective magnification correction factors and combine images by aligning overlapping portions of the images.
  • the computing device 208 may use digital X-ray images (e.g., frames) that overlap by a threshold range (e.g., 10-20%, 20-30%, etc.), and use intervening images or frames to perform error correction and/or check consistency of the stitching.
  • a threshold range e.g. 10-20%, 20-30%, etc.
  • the example computing device 208 stores and/or transmits the composite image 1404 with associated metadata.
  • the computing device 208 may store the store and/or transmit the composite image 1404 including physical location information representative of a location at which one or more points in the composite image were captured, magnification and/or compensation data, object identification data, operator data, feature measurement data (e.g., measurements of features 1204, 1206, indications of feature sizes detected by the handheld X-ray imaging system 200 using the magnification correction factor, etc.), and/or any other metadata or information.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates an example generation and compensation of digital X-ray images 1402a-1402c by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B based on magnification correction to generate X-ray images 1502a-l 502c corresponding to respective locations.
  • the example X-ray images 1402a-1402c may be captured and compensated in the example of FIG. 15 in a similar manner as disclosed above with reference to FIG. 14. However, instead of stitching the compensated images into a composite image 1404, the example computing device 208 of FIG. 15 stores the compensated images as separate images 1502a- 1502c. Like the composite image 1404, the images 1502a-1502c are stored and/or transmitted with metadata such as physical location information, magnification and/or compensation data, object identification data, operator data, feature measurement data (e.g., measurements of features 1204, 1206, indications of feature sizes detected by the handheld X-ray imaging system 200 using the magnification correction factor, etc.), and/or any other metadata or information.
  • metadata such as physical location information, magnification and/or compensation data, object identification data, operator data, feature measurement data (e.g., measurements of features 1204, 1206, indications of feature sizes detected by the handheld X-ray imaging system 200 using the magnification correction factor, etc.), and/or any other metadata or
  • the example computing device 208 may further correct for different tilts or rotation between different ones of the images 1402a- 1402c. For example, when the frame 202 of FIG. 2A is oriented non-perpendicularly to the object being scanned, different portions of the resulting digital X-ray image have different levels of magnification due to different distances between the X-ray/object interface and the X-ray generator 204 or the X-ray detector 206.
  • the example system 200 may include one or more sensors (e.g., gyroscopes, distance sensors, etc.) configured to detect more than a threshold nonperpendicularity (e.g., more than a threshold angle from perpendicular) between the frame 202 and the object 1002 being scanned.
  • sensors e.g., gyroscopes, distance sensors, etc.
  • a threshold nonperpendicularity e.g., more than a threshold angle from perpendicular
  • the example computing device 208 In response to detecting more than a threshold non-perpendicularity, the example computing device 208 emits an alarm or warning to the operator (e.g., an audible and/or visual alarm) instructing the operator to correct the scanning angle, and/or may correct the resulting digital X-ray images to account for the differences in magnification between different portions of the digital X-ray images.
  • an alarm or warning e.g., an audible and/or visual alarm
  • the composite image 1404 and/or the stored images 1502a-1502c of FIGS. 14 and 15 may be used to determine or generate trend data, by providing an easier comparison between historical scan data (e.g., the stored composite image 1404 and/or the stored images 1502a- 1502c) captured at earlier times and current scan data captured at later times.
  • the digital X-ray imaging systems 100, 200, 250 of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B may retrieve the composite image 1404 and/or the stored images 1502a-1502c as historical scan imaging based on physical location information (e.g., automatically detected and/or input via an operator), and display the historical scan imaging during a subsequent scan.
  • the displaying of the historical scan imaging and current scan imaging may involve displaying the historical scan imaging with partial opacity as a digital twin of the current scan imaging, which enables the operator to easily determine differences between the historical state of the obj ect and the current state of the object based on the scans.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates an example retrieval and display of a digital twin image on the example display device 212 of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B, based on magnification correction of a digital X-ray image 1604, to assist an operator in evaluating digital X-ray images of an object.
  • the handheld X-ray imaging system 200 of FIG. 2 A captures a digital X-ray image 1604 via the X-ray detector 206.
  • the computing device 208 receives the digital X-ray image 1604 and determines physical location information for the digital X-ray image 1604.
  • the computing device 208 may use one or more sensors to determine the physical information location, such as: using a GPS sensor; using a radiofrequency or other transceiver to triangulate a position of the system 200 based on the known locations of external transmitters; by recognizing barcodes, QR codes, and/or other markings on a stationary object being scanned, the codes or markings including location information; receiving location information from a smartphone or other connected device; using image processing techniques to determine a distance traveled from a known point (e.g., via the X-ray or other radiography images, via visible light camera images, etc.); and/or any other techniques or combination of techniques for determining a location at which the system 200 captures the digital X-ray image 1604.
  • the system 200 may collect data, metadata, codes, and/or other information for post-processing to determine the physical location of the digital X-ray image 1604.
  • the operator may manually enter the physical location information associated with the object to be scanned.
  • the computing device 208 accesses (e.g., requests from an external device, retrieves from memory or storage, etc.) a corresponding image.
  • the retrieved image may be a composite image 1602 having at least one dimension larger than the captured image 1604, or one or more individual images 1606a- 1606c. If the composite image 1602 is retrieved, the example computing device 208 may select a portion 1608 of the composite image 1602 as corresponding to the physical location information of the captured image 1604.
  • the computing device 208 determines, for the captured image 1604, a magnification correction factor based on the first distance between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 (e.g., measured by the sensors 1104-1108 of FIG. 11, and/or other sensors), and based on the second distance between the X-ray detector 206 and/or the X-ray tube and the interface between the object and the X-ray radiation.
  • the computing device 208 may determine magnification correction factor as described above with reference to blocks 1302-1314 of FIG. 13.
  • the computing device 208 further determines the magnification information for the retrieved image 1606a- 1606c or 1608.
  • the computing device 208 uses the relative magnification information between the historical image (e.g., the retrieved image 1606a- 1606c or 1608) and the current image (e.g., the captured image 1604) to compensate one or both of the historical image and the current image for the different in magnification. For example, the computing device 208 may adjust the scaling of one or both of the historical image and the current image to have a same magnification. [00149] The computing device 208 outputs the compensated version(s) 1610a, 1610b of the historical image (e.g., the retrieved image 1606a-1606c or 1608) and the current image (e.g., the captured image 1604) to the display device 212 for display to the operator. In the example of FIG.
  • the images are overlaid such that the same locations on the object being scanned are aligned on the display device 212 in one or both dimensions of the display device 212.
  • one of the images is adjusted to have partial opacity, such that the operator can view the same location on both images to easily identify changes in the object between the two scans.
  • the images are aligned in a first direction and offset in a second direction, and/or the offset may be adjustable by the operator (e.g., via the input devices 214 of FIG. 2 A, such as a knob or button).
  • the example system 200 repeatedly captures images during a scan, identifies a corresponding historical image for the same location, compensates or normalizes the captured and/or historical images for magnification and orientation, and displays the compensated (e.g., magnification-normalized) images via the display device 212 in real-time or near real-time.
  • the operator may be supplied with different historical images of the object captured at different times, from which the operator may choose.
  • the operator may adjust an input device (e.g., the input devices 214 of FIG. 2A, such as a knob or button) to change the selected historical image prior to the scan and/or in real-time during the scan.
  • an input device e.g., the input devices 214 of FIG. 2A, such as a knob or button
  • the example computing device 208 may calculate and display the measurements of identified features as described above with reference to FIGS. 11-13. In some examples, the computing device 208 outputs differences between the measurements in a generated report of the scan procedure, which may include the object, the physical location, the operator, the feature measurement from the historical image, the feature measurement in the captured image of the subject scan, and any other report information.
  • FIG. 17 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions 1700 which may be executed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system 100, 200, 250 of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B to generate, compensate, and store digital X-ray images based on magnification correction.
  • the computing device 208 measures a first distance A between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 using a sensor (e.g., the sensors 1104-1108 or other sensor).
  • a sensor e.g., the sensors 1104-1108 or other sensor.
  • an operator of the system 200 positions the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 on opposing sides of an object to be scanned (e.g., the object 1002). The operator further positions the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 such that the X-ray generator 204 directs X-ray radiation at the X-ray detector 206.
  • the computing device 208 determines whether the trigger is activated. For example, the operator may actuate the X-ray trigger 312 of FIG. 3 to activate output of X- rays. If the trigger is not activated (block 1706), control returns to block 1702 to continue to monitor the distance A between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 and/or position the system 200.
  • the computing device 208 controls the X-ray generator 204 to output X-ray radiation.
  • the X-ray detector 206 generates one or more digital X-ray image(s) (e.g., the digital X-ray images 1402a-1402c) based on the X-ray radiation, which has traversed the object 1002, and the computing device 208 outputs the digital X-ray image(s) via the display device 1200.
  • the computing device 208 determines a physical location for the digital X-ray image(s) 1402a-1402c. For example, the computing device 208 may determine the physical location based on manual entry, based on sensor data (e.g., using a GPS sensor; using a radiofrequency or other transceiver to triangulate a position of the system 200 based on the known locations of external transmitters; by recognizing barcodes, QR codes, and/or other markings on a stationary object being scanned, the codes or markings including location information; receiving location information from a smartphone or other connected device; using image processing techniques to determine a distance traveled from a known point (e.g., via the X-ray or other radiography images, via visible light camera images, etc.), and/or based on magnification-based measurement using one or more images.
  • sensor data e.g., using a GPS sensor; using a radiofrequency or other transceiver to triangulate a position of the system 200 based on the known locations of external transmitters; by
  • the computing device 208 determines a second distance B between the X-ray generator 204 and an interface (e.g., the interface 1102) between the output radiation and the object being scanned.
  • the computing device 208 may use an input dimension and/or identifier of the object to determine one or more internal dimensions (e.g., the distance C of FIG. 11) of the object 1002, and/or use one or more sensor(s) 1104-1108 to determine a distance (e.g., the distance D of FIG. 11) between the X-ray generator 204 and an exterior surface of the object 1002.
  • any of the example techniques disclosed herein, or any other technique may be used to determine the second distance B.
  • the computing device 208 calculates a magnification correction factor.
  • the magnification correction factor may be based on the first distance A and the second distance B.
  • the magnification correction factor may further take into account the pixel pitch of the X-ray detector 206 to reduce subsequent calculation.
  • the computing device 208 compensates the digital X-ray image(s) 1402a-1402c to normalize the magnification of the image(s) 1402a-1402c.
  • the computing device 208 may apply scaling factors to one or more of the image(s) 1402a- 1402c based on respective magnification correction factors, to produce a set of digital X-ray images having normalized magnification.
  • the computing device 208 determines whether the scan is completed. For example, the computing device 208 may determine whether the trigger 312 is still actuated. If the scan is not completed (block 1720), control returns to block 1708 to continue generating digital X-ray images.
  • the computing device 208 When the scan is completed (block 1720), at block 1722 the computing device 208 generates one or more compensated radiography images.
  • the computing device 208 may output a composite image, such as the composite image 1404 of FIG. 14, having a constant, normalized magnification or scaling.
  • the computing device 208 may output individual images (e.g., images 1502a-1502c of FIG. 15) including corresponding physical location information.
  • the images 1502a-1502c may be compensated (e.g., normalized) for magnification and/or include magnification information (e.g., respective measured magnification compensation factors).
  • the computing device 208 stores compensated image(s) with associated physical location information.
  • the computing device 208 may store the compensated image(s) in local volatile and/or non-volatile memory or storage, in removable storage, in remote storage via communications circuitry, and/or in any other desired location.
  • the example instructions 1700 may then end.
  • FIG. 18 is a flowchart representative of example machine readable instructions which may be executed by the example handheld X-ray imaging system of FIGS. 1, 2A, and/or 2B to generate, compensate, and store digital X-ray images based on magnification correction.
  • the computing device 208 measures a first distance A between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 using a sensor (e.g., the sensors 1104-1108 or other sensor).
  • an operator of the system 200 positions the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 on opposing sides of an object to be scanned (e.g., the object 1002). The operator further positions the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 such that the X-ray generator 204 directs X-ray radiation at the X-ray detector 206.
  • the computing device 208 determines whether the trigger is activated. For example, the operator may actuate the X-ray trigger 312 of FIG. 3 to activate output of X- rays. If the trigger is not activated (block 1806), control returns to block 1802 to continue to monitor the distance A between the X-ray detector 206 and the X-ray generator 204 and/or position the system 200.
  • the computing device 208 controls the X-ray generator 204 to output X-ray radiation.
  • the X-ray detector 206 generates one or more digital X-ray image(s) (e.g., the image 1604 of FIG. 16) based on the X-ray radiation, which has traversed the object 1002, and the computing device 208 outputs the digital X-ray image 1604 via the display device 212.
  • the computing device 208 determines a second distance B between the X-ray generator 204 and an interface (e.g., the interface 1102) between the output radiation and the object being scanned.
  • the computing device 208 may use an input dimension and/or identifier of the object to determine one or more internal dimensions (e.g., the distance C of FIG. 11) of the object 1002, and/or use one or more sensor(s) 1104-1108 to determine a distance (e.g., the distance D of FIG. 11) between the X-ray generator 204 and an exterior surface of the object 1002.
  • any of the example techniques disclosed herein, or any other technique may be used to determine the second distance B.
  • the computing device 208 calculates a magnification correction factor.
  • the magnification correction factor may be based on the first distance A and the second distance B.
  • the magnification correction factor may further take into account the pixel pitch of the X-ray detector 206 to reduce subsequent calculation.
  • the computing device 208 determines a physical location for the digital X-ray image 1604. For example, the computing device 208 may determine the physical location based on manual entry, based on sensor data (e.g., using a GPS sensor; using a radiofrequency or other transceiver to triangulate a position of the system 200 based on the known locations of external transmitters; by recognizing barcodes, QR codes, and/or other markings on a stationary object being scanned, the codes or markings including location information; receiving location information from a smartphone or other connected device; using image processing techniques to determine a distance traveled from a known point (e.g., via the X-ray or other radiography images, via visible light camera images, etc.), and/or based on magnification-based measurement using one or more images.
  • sensor data e.g., using a GPS sensor; using a radiofrequency or other transceiver to triangulate a position of the system 200 based on the known locations of external transmitters; by recognizing barcodes, QR codes
  • the computing device 208 accesses stored image(s) corresponding the physical location.
  • the computing device 208 may request, retrieve, or otherwise access a composite image encompassing the location (e.g., the composite image 1602 of FIG. 16), a portion 1608 of the composite image 1602, or one or more images 1606a- 1606c associated with the same location or location range as the determined physical location.
  • the stored image(s) may be stored locally (e.g., in volatile memory and/or non-volatile memory or storage) and/or stored remotely (e.g., in a remote storage, in the cloud, etc.).
  • the computing device 208 compensates the captured digital X-ray image 1604 and/or the stored image(s) 1602, 1606a- 1606c, 1608 based on the magnification correction factor.
  • the computing device 208 may apply scaling factors to the captured image 1604 and/or to one or more of the retrieved image(s) 1604, 1606a- 1606c, 1608 based on respective magnification correction factors, to produce digital X-ray image having normalized magnification.
  • the computing device 208 overlays the digital X-ray image 1610a and the stored image 1610b, as compensated for magnification, on the display device 212 to illustrate the difference between the images.
  • the example overlaid images 1610a, 1610b may be aligned in one or more directions to enable the operator to observe changes in the object between the two images 1610a, 1610b.
  • Control then returns to block 1806 to continue generating X-ray images while the trigger is activated.
  • blocks 1814-1822 maybe performed using an external computing system.
  • the captured digital X-ray images, the measured second distances, and/or other data may be transmitted from the computing device 208 to an external computing device (e.g., via communication circuitry, via transfer via a portable storage device, etc.).
  • FIG. 19 is a block diagram of an example computing system 1900 that may be used to implement either or both of the computing devices 208, 208a, 208b and/or the display device(s) 212 of FIGS. 2A and/or 2B.
  • the example computing system 1900 may be implemented using a personal computer, a server, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a workstation, a tablet computer, and/or any other type of computing device.
  • the example computing system 1900 of FIG. 19 includes a processor 1902.
  • the example processor 1902 may be any general purpose central processing unit (CPU) from any manufacturer.
  • the processor 1902 may include one or more specialized processing units, such as RISC processors with an ARM core, graphic processing units, digital signal processors, and/or system-on-chips (SoC).
  • the processor 1902 executes machine readable instructions 1904 that may be stored locally at the processor (e.g., in an included cache or SoC), in a random access memory 1906 (or other volatile memory), in a read only memory 1908 (or other non-volatile memory such as FLASH memory), and/or in a mass storage device 1910.
  • the example mass storage device 1910 may be a hard drive, a solid state storage drive, a hybrid drive, a RAID array, and/or any other mass data storage device.
  • a bus 1912 enables communications between the processor 1902, the RAM 1906, the ROM 1908, the mass storage device 1910, a network interface 1914, and/or an input/output interface 1916.
  • the example network interface 1914 includes hardware, firmware, and/or software to connect the computing system 1900 to a communications network 1918 such as the Internet.
  • the network interface 1914 may include IEEE 802.X-compliant wireless and/or wired communications hardware for transmitting and/or receiving communications.
  • the example FO interface 1916 of FIG. 19 includes hardware, firmware, and/or software to connect one or more input/output devices 1920 to the processor 1902 for providing input to the processor 1902 and/or providing output from the processor 1902.
  • the FO interface 1916 may include a graphics processing unit for interfacing with a display device, a universal serial bus port for interfacing with one or more USB-compliant devices, a FireWire, a field bus, and/or any other type of interface.
  • Example FO device(s) 1920 may include a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a trackball, a pointing device, a microphone, an audio speaker, an optical media drive, a multi-touch touch screen, a gesture recognition interface, a display device (e.g., the display device(s) 118, 212, 1200) a magnetic media drive, and/or any other type of input and/or output device.
  • a keyboard e.g., a keypad, a mouse, a trackball, a pointing device, a microphone, an audio speaker, an optical media drive, a multi-touch touch screen, a gesture recognition interface, a display device (e.g., the display device(s) 118, 212, 1200) a magnetic media drive, and/or any other type of input and/or output device.
  • the example computing system 1900 may access a non-transitory machine readable medium 1922 via the FO interface 1916 and/or the FO device(s) 1920.
  • machine readable medium 1922 of FIG. 19 include optical discs (e.g., compact discs (CDs), digital versatile/video discs (DVDs), Blu-ray discs, etc.), magnetic media (e.g., floppy disks), portable storage media (e.g., portable flash drives, secure digital (SD) cards, etc.), and/or any other type of removable and/or installed machine readable media.
  • Example wireless interfaces, protocols, and/or standards that may be supported and/or used by the network interface(s) 1914 and/or the FO interface(s) 1916, such as to communicate with the display device(s) 118, 212, 1200 include wireless personal area network (WPAN) protocols, such as Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15); near field communication (NFC) standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) protocols, such as WiFi (IEEE 802.11); cellular standards, such as 2G/2G+ (e.g., GSM/GPRS/EDGE, and IS-95 or cdmaOne) and/or 2G/2G+ (e.g., CDMA2000, UMTS, and HSPA); 4G standards, such as WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) and LTE; Ultra-Wideband (UWB); etc.
  • WPAN wireless personal area network
  • NFC near field communication
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • WiFi IEEE 802.11
  • cellular standards such as 2G/2G+ (e.g., GSM/
  • Example wired interfaces, protocols, and/or standards that may be supported and/or used by the network interface(s) 1914 and/or the I/O interface(s) 1916, such as to communicate with the display device(s) 212 include comprise Ethernet (IEEE 802.3), Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), cable television and/or internet (ATSC, DVB-C, DOCSIS), Universal Serial Bus (USB) based interfaces, etc.
  • the processor 1902, the network interface(s) 1914, and/or the VO interface(s) 1916, and/or the display device 212 may perform signal processing operations such as, for example, filtering, amplification, analog-to-digital conversion and/or digital-to-analog conversion, up- conversion/down-conversion of baseband signals, encoding/decoding, encryption/decryption, modulation/demodulation, and/or any other appropriate signal processing.
  • signal processing operations such as, for example, filtering, amplification, analog-to-digital conversion and/or digital-to-analog conversion, up- conversion/down-conversion of baseband signals, encoding/decoding, encryption/decryption, modulation/demodulation, and/or any other appropriate signal processing.
  • the computing device 208 and/or the display device 212 may use one or more antennas for wireless communications and/or one or more wired port(s) for wired communications.
  • the antenna(s) may be any type of antenna (e.g., directional antennas, omnidirectional antennas, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antennas, etc.) suited for the frequencies, power levels, diversity, and/or other parameters required for the wireless interfaces and/or protocols used to communicate.
  • the port(s) may include any type of connectors suited for the communications over wired interfaces/protocols supported by the computing device 208 and/or the display device 212.
  • the port(s) may include an Ethernet over twisted pair port, a USB port, an HDMI port, a passive optical network (PON) port, and/or any other suitable port for interfacing with a wired or optical cable.
  • PON passive optical network
  • the present methods and systems may be realized in hardware, software, and/or a combination of hardware and software.
  • the present methods and/or systems may be realized in a centralized fashion in at least one computing system, or in a distributed fashion where different elements are spread across several interconnected computing systems. Any kind of computing system or other apparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein is suited.
  • a typical combination of hardware and software may include a general-purpose computing system with a program or other code that, when being loaded and executed, controls the computing system such that it carries out the methods described herein.
  • Another typical implementation may comprise an application specific integrated circuit or chip.
  • Some implementations may comprise a non-transitory machine-readable (e.g., computer readable) medium (e.g., FLASH drive, optical disk, magnetic storage disk, or the like) having stored thereon one or more lines of code executable by a machine, thereby causing the machine to perform processes as described herein.
  • a non-transitory machine-readable medium e.g., FLASH drive, optical disk, magnetic storage disk, or the like
  • the term “non-transitory machine- readable medium” is defined to include all types of machine readable storage media and to exclude propagating signals.
  • circuits and circuitry refer to physical electronic components (i.e. hardware) and any software and/or firmware (“code”) which may configure the hardware, be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware.
  • code software and/or firmware
  • a particular processor and memory may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more lines of code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second one or more lines of code.
  • and/or means any one or more of the items in the list joined by “and/or”.
  • x and/or y means any element of the three-element set ⁇ (x), (y), (x, y) ⁇ .
  • x and/or y means “one or both of x and y”.
  • x, y, and/or z means any element of the seven-element set ⁇ (x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x, z), (y, z), (x, y, z) ⁇ .
  • x, y and/or z means “one or more of x, y and z”.
  • the term “exemplary” means serving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration.
  • the terms “e.g.,” and “for example” set off lists of one or more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations.
  • circuitry is “operable” to perform a function whenever the circuitry comprises the necessary hardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function, regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled or not enabled (e.g., by a user-configurable setting, factory trim, etc.).

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Abstract

Un exemple de système de balayage radiographique portatif comprend : un détecteur de rayonnement configuré pour générer des images radiographiques numériques sur la base d'un rayonnement incident ; un émetteur de rayonnement configuré pour émettre le rayonnement ; et un dispositif informatique configuré pour : recevoir les images radiographiques numériques du détecteur de rayonnement ; compenser les variations d'agrandissement des images radiographiques numériques pour une ou plusieurs images radiographiques numériques ; et stocker une ou plusieurs images radiographiques compensées sur la base de la compensation d'agrandissement et associées à des informations sur l'emplacement physique.
PCT/US2022/051273 2021-11-30 2022-11-29 Systèmes et procédés de compensation d'agrandissement et de superposition d'images dans une imagerie radiographique numérique WO2023101980A1 (fr)

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US17/994,587 US20230165545A1 (en) 2021-11-30 2022-11-28 Systems and methods for compensating magnification and overlaying images in digital radiographic imaging
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6196715B1 (en) * 1959-04-28 2001-03-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray diagnostic system preferable to two dimensional x-ray detection
EP1059877B1 (fr) * 1998-03-05 2011-02-23 Wake Forest University Appareil permettant la formation d'images tridimensionnelles tomographiques par tomosynthese assistee par ordinateur
US20190139244A1 (en) * 2017-11-09 2019-05-09 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Apparatus and method for three-dimensional inspection of an objet by x-rays
US20190239834A1 (en) * 2018-02-07 2019-08-08 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Systems and methods for digital x-ray imaging
CN110231353A (zh) * 2019-05-17 2019-09-13 中国石油化工股份有限公司 基于x射线数字成像技术的翅片管检测方法

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6196715B1 (en) * 1959-04-28 2001-03-06 Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba X-ray diagnostic system preferable to two dimensional x-ray detection
EP1059877B1 (fr) * 1998-03-05 2011-02-23 Wake Forest University Appareil permettant la formation d'images tridimensionnelles tomographiques par tomosynthese assistee par ordinateur
US20190139244A1 (en) * 2017-11-09 2019-05-09 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Apparatus and method for three-dimensional inspection of an objet by x-rays
US20190239834A1 (en) * 2018-02-07 2019-08-08 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Systems and methods for digital x-ray imaging
CN110231353A (zh) * 2019-05-17 2019-09-13 中国石油化工股份有限公司 基于x射线数字成像技术的翅片管检测方法

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