WO2023079341A1

WO2023079341A1 - An ultra-strong propulsion system based on the producing unbalanced magnetic pressure in a rectangular electromagnetic coil

Info

Publication number: WO2023079341A1
Application number: PCT/IB2021/060238
Authority: WO
Inventors: Akbar Rahmani Nejad
Original assignee: Akbar Rahmani Nejad
Priority date: 2021-11-04
Filing date: 2021-11-04
Publication date: 2023-05-11

Abstract

This invention discloses an ultra-strong propulsion system, operating by the implementation of magnetic pressure of a rectangular-shape coil on its wires and support. In the normal cases, the pressure on the wires of electromagnetic coils is equal and uniform on all faces. The thrust force is generated by making the magnetic pressure on opposite faces of the electromagnetic coil support unbalanced, such that, the magnetic force on one face of rectangular coil is much greater than the opposite face. The resultant vector addition of two counter forces on the two counter-faces of the rectangular support acts as the thrust force. The propulsion system consists of a big rectangular electromagnetic coil that is immersed in two different materials with very different relative magnetic permeability such that exactly half of the rectangular electromagnetic coil is immersed in higher relative permeability (ferromagnetic or superparamagnetic) material and the second half is immersed in a low magnetic permeability material such as air. Magnetic materials fill completely inside the rectangular electromagnetic coil, such that there is no gap in the support (figs.1 and 2.). covering-materials have enough thickness to conduct all of the magnetic field inside themselves. Due to the difference in the magnetic permeability of two materials, the magnetic field on the two opposite faces of the rectangular electromagnetic coil are drastically different that make one of counter-forces much greater than the second force on the face of the rectangular electromagnetic coil that is immersed in the material having lower relative magnetic permeability. this leads to a net resultant force exerting on the face and the support of the electromagnetic coil having higher magnetic permeability according to fundamental magnetic pressure formulation (equation 3).

Description

An ultra-strong propulsion system based on the producing unbalanced magnetic pressure in a rectangular electromagnetic coil

An ultra-strong propulsion system based on the producing unbalanced magnetic pressure in a rectangular electromagnetic coil.

The disclosed invention relates to electromagnetic propulsion systems and sustainable energy sources.

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Patent No. WO/2021/094810 issued 12.11.2019 to A.R.Nejad discloses “A Propulsion System based on Lorentz Force, Operating In Superconducting State.

The current invention discloses generating ultra-strong thrust force by making nonuniform mechanical magnetic pressure of a big rectangular electromagnetic coil. The magnetic pressure is exerted on the wires of the electromagnet and on the support of the electromagnetic coil. By making the magnetic field of a face of a rectangular electromagnetic coil to be much more than the magnetic of the opposite face, the magnetic pressure of two opposite faces does not cancel each other and the resultant force acts as pushing force or propulsion force.

Magnetic pressure is an energy density associated with a magnetic field. Any magnetic field has an associated magnetic pressure contained by the boundary conditions on the field. It is identical to any other physical pressure except that it is carried by the magnetic field rather than (in the case of gas) by the kinetic energy of gas molecules. A gradient in field strength causes a force due to the magnetic pressure gradient called the magnetic pressure force. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_pressure).

Another proof and practical evidence of ultra-strength of high magnetic field coils is the magnetic coil pressing: Magneform (electromagnetic assembly and forming). https://www.open.edu/openlearn/science-maths-technology/engineering-technology/manupedia/magneform-electromagnetic-assembly-and-forming.

The magnetic pressure force is readily observed in an unsupported loop of wire. If an electric current passes through the loop, the wire serves as an electromagnet, such that the magnetic field strength inside the loop is much greater than the field strength just outside the loop. This gradient in field strength gives rise to a magnetic pressure force that tends to stretch the wire uniformly outward. If enough current travels through the wire, the loop of the wire will form a circle. At even higher currents, the magnetic pressure can create tensile stress that exceeds the tensile strength of the wire, causing it to fracture, or even explosively fragment. Thus, management of magnetic pressure is a significant challenge in the design of ultra-strong electromagnets.

The propulsion electromagnet coil is installed firmly on the mainframe (firmly attached to the front wall and floor of the vehicle) that thrust force of the coil can push the moving vehicle and acts as a propulsion system.

Rather a low efficiency of current propulsion systems (the ratio of useful power output to the rate of energy input), for example in modern ships, only 25 to 35 percent of the energy contained in the fuel is effectively used to propel the ship and for Electric efficiency of reciprocating engines ranges from 28% for small engines (less than 100kW) to 40% for large engines (above 3MW).

Low period of operating life, for example, first step engines of space shuttle having 480 seconds burn time and boosters 124 seconds (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle).

Friction among moving parts of propulsion systems that degrades the performance and operational life of propulsion systems.

The heat generated during operation degrades the performance and operational life of propulsion systems.

The two above factors of (0025) and (0026) increase maintenance and associated expenses.

Most of the propulsion systems suffer from complicated internal sub-systems and have a lot of internal parts and elements that make them vulnerable to malfunctioning or collapsing.

Drastically shortage of fuel for space travels that is limited almost to reach spaceship out of earth atmosphere.

The very high cost of the current propulsion systems.

The complicated architecture of the current propulsion systems makes them rather expensive

The magnetic field of a coil is “B” and the magnetic permeability of free space is denoted “

equal to 4π×10^-7. It is proved that there is mechanical pressure of a coil on the walls of its support is calculated according:

For example, a coil having magnetic field B = 2 [T], exerts 159.1 Mega Pascal on the lateral face of the electromagnetic coil support.

A large number of pressure measurements on the electromagnetic coils prove the ultra-high pressure of electromagnetic coils exerted on the support according to equation (1): S. Prestemon, L. Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), P. Ferracin, and E. Todesco, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) is a sample experimental measurement by three creditable organizations.

If the coil is immersed in a material with relative permeability μ_r, then the field is increased by that amount: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid)

that “n” is the number of electromagnetic coil turns, “ ” is the length of the coil, and “I” is the electric current through the coil. is the free space magnetic permeability.

Half of the rectangular electromagnetic coil is immersed in a ferromagnetic material, according to the formula (2) the magnetic field is

times of the half that is not immersed in a ferromagnetic material and according to formulas (1) and (2), the magnetic pressure on the face immersed in the ferromagnetic material is

²times of the opposite side that is not immersed in any ferromagnetic material.

As an example, regarding relative permeability of material table (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)), if the rectangular electromagnetic coil is immersed in the iron (99.95% pure Fe annealed in H), the relative permeability

= 200,000 and total permeability:

The difference pressure on the opposite faces of rectangular electromagnetic coil:

(3)

As a practical example: a rectangular electromagnetic coil having n=500 turns and electrical current of I= 1 Ampere and length l = 1m, then it is easily calculated that magnetic pressure on the face of the rectangular electromagnetic coil which is not immersed in the ferromagnetic material is:

for the half side of the rectangular electromagnetic coil that is immersed in the magnetic material (99.95% pure Fe annealed in H):

Due to the saturation for high permeability iron alloys used in transformers reach magnetic saturation at 1.6–2.2 Tesla and for the above material is 2 [T] (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturation_(magnetic)).

The practical value of 2 Tesla is chosen and according to (3) the thrust force of the rectangular coil-shape propulsion system is (MPa):

In comparison with the propulsion force of each main engine of a space shuttle that each exert the total thrust force of 1.75 MPa at the nozzle exit (2.3 meters in diameter) which results in 420 KPa thrust, the thrust ratio is 1.6MPa / 420 KPa ≈ 4 times stronger than space shuttle thrust pressure. this comparison exhibits that the disclosed propulsion system generates ultra-strong propulsion force. (https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/pdf/100405main_shuttle_prop.pdf).

Each half of each turn (each loop) of the electromagnetic coil is immersed in a high relative magnetic permeability and half of the coil (half of each turn or each loop) in a low magnetic permeability material (or vacuum).

The magnetic materials completely cover the outside surface of the coil and inside of the coil such that there is no gap between the materials and the coil. In the case of vacuum or air, because the intended filling or immersing material is air or vacuum then there is no gap between the material and the coil.

Another version of the current invention is immersing half of a superconducting electromagnetic coil by a ferromagnetic material having low saturation magnetic permeability (magnetic saturation, Wikipedia). For example, if half of a 4 Tesla superconducting electromagnetic coil is filled with a ferromagnetic material such as ferrite having 0.2 Tesla saturation. The pressure on the side that is not filled with ferromagnetic material is:

For moving vehicles like buses that need high speed of negative acceleration to avoid a collision, instead of a ferromagnetic material, a super-ferromagnetic material is used. Superparamagnetic materials of high saturation magnetic flux density such as Nanoperm is used, because of having the hysteresis characteristics such as low remanence and low coercivity that allows rapid change of magnetization when the current of coil or magnetic intensity is changed and having saturation magnetic field that is about 1.5 T. that is equal to about 0.89 MPa. (Equation 3).

The disclosed invention provides a very high strong thrust force in comparison with other propulsion systems.

The disclosed invention generates low heat in comparison with other propulsion systems.

The disclosed invention generates thrust having high energy efficiency.

The disclosed propulsion system has no moving part.

The disclosed invention provides a very long operational life

[Fig.1] Illustrates a rectangular electromagnetic coil propulsion system.

[Fig 2.] Depicts the side view of the rectangular electromagnetic coil propulsion system.

[Fig 3.] Is a depiction of the propulsion system on a space shuttle as an example of application.

[Fig.1]. Depicts the rectangular electromagnetic coil propulsions system. Half of the coil is immersed in the low relative magnetic permeability material 1, and another half is immersed in a high relative magnetic permeability 2 material that saturates about at 2 Tesla. The rectangular coil 3 is filled with low and high permeability material inside the coil 5,4 respectively. The arrow shows the net thrust force. Number of layers of the support can vary depending on generating thrust force and application.

[Fig 2.]. shows a side view illustration of the rectangular electromagnetic coil propulsion system. A rectangular electromagnetic coil 3, a high magnetic permeability inside half of the coil 6 and outside of coil 1, and low magnetic permeability material in the second half internal side 5, and outside of the coil 4. Internal support layer 2, middle support layer 8, and outer support layer 7. F₃₂ and F₄₂ are equal and counter directions that neutralize each other as well. the net thrust force is F₁ minus F₂. Number of layers of the support can vary depending on generating thrust force and application.

[Fig 3.]. Is an illustration of a rectangular electromagnetic coil propulsion system on a hypothetical moving vehicle such as a space shuttle. High-pressure resistant support acts as a buffer between the propulsion system and the vehicle 6. Rectangular electromagnetic coil 1, high permeability ferromagnetic material inside the coil 5, low magnetic permeability material 4, high permeability ferromagnetic material covering half of the coil 2, low magnetic permeability material 3, Dc power supply 8, connecting wires 9,10, and electromagnetic coil support 7. Quality, type of material and number of the layers of the support and the buffer can vary depending on the amount of generating thrust force and the moving vehicle in order to transfer the thrust force efficiently.

Examples

Examples of the disclosed system are propulsion system for spacecrafts, trains and big ships.

Industrial applicability can be a propulsion system for moving vehicles.

Claims

An ultra-strong propulsion system comprising of:
a very big and strong electromagnetic rectangular coil that half of it is immersed in a material having very high magnetic permeability and high magnetic field saturation (about 2-2.2 Tesla) and another half of the rectangular electromagnetic coil in a low permeability magnetic material such as air or vacuum; or
Another version of the propulsion system is a rectangular superconducting electromagnetic coil half of it is immersed in a high magnetic saturation superparamagnetic material such as Nanoperms that have saturation magnetic field of about 1.2-1.5 T for implementation in a moving vehicles which need to decrease their speed fast instead of ferromagnetic materials; or
immersing half of a strong superconducting electromagnetic coil having magnetic field more than 2 T, in a low magnetic field saturation material such as ferrites (saturated at about 1 mT) as low magnetic field side and vacuum or air as high magnetic field side (B >> 2 T);
The rectangular electromagnetic coil and surrounding materials located in multilayer support that may vary depending on the magnitude thrust force;
The support is attached firmly to the frame of the moving vehicle to push it and make thrust force.