WO2023056401A1 - Rna formulations for high volume distribution, and methods of using the same for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus - Google Patents

Rna formulations for high volume distribution, and methods of using the same for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2023056401A1
WO2023056401A1 PCT/US2022/077318 US2022077318W WO2023056401A1 WO 2023056401 A1 WO2023056401 A1 WO 2023056401A1 US 2022077318 W US2022077318 W US 2022077318W WO 2023056401 A1 WO2023056401 A1 WO 2023056401A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
equal
rna
pharmaceutical composition
article
mrna
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US2022/077318
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Philip White
Jack F. KRAMARCZYK
Julia O'NEILL
Nedim Emil ALTARAS
Original Assignee
Modernatx, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Modernatx, Inc. filed Critical Modernatx, Inc.
Publication of WO2023056401A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023056401A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
    • A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
    • A61K9/51—Nanocapsules; Nanoparticles
    • A61K9/5107—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/5123—Organic compounds, e.g. fats, sugars

Definitions

  • the present disclosures relate generally to formulations of nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) formulated in lipid carriers (e.g., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)), and more specifically to articles suitable for high volume distribution that comprise formulations comprising nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) formulated in lipid carriers (e.g., LNPs), and related methods of preparing and using the same (e.g., methods of use for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)).
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • LNPs lipid nanoparticles
  • various LNP formulations have shown promise in a variety of pharmaceutical applications
  • Kowalski et al. “Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery” Molecular Therapy, 27(4):710-728 (2019); Gómez-Aguado, et al., “Nanomedicines to Deliver mRNA: State of the Art and Future Perspectives” Nanomaterials, 10, 264 (2020); Wadhwa et al., “Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines” Pharmaceutics, 12, 102 (2020)).
  • the present invention provides, among other things, articles (e.g., articles suitable for high volume distribution, including, for instance, distribution of vials comprising various amounts of intact, full length RNA, including different amounts at different times during storage, transportation and shelf life and distribution of individual doses comprising various amounts of intact, full length RNA) comprising liquid pharmaceutical compositions comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) formulated in a lipid carrier (e.g., LNP), and methods of preparing and using the same (e.g., methods of use for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)).
  • a nucleic acid e.g., RNA, such as mRNA
  • LNP lipid carrier
  • methods of preparing and using the same e.g., methods of use for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)
  • the invention encompasses, in some aspects, the determination of the degradation rate of RNA (e.g., mRNA) and the determination of the appropriate balance between the degradation rate and other relevant factors (e.g., complexity of manufacturing, cost of manufacturing, volume of manufacturing, and/or usefulness of the product globally) in the context of high volume distribution.
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • other relevant factors e.g., complexity of manufacturing, cost of manufacturing, volume of manufacturing, and/or usefulness of the product globally
  • the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; and a label, suggesting an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article).
  • the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container.
  • the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), such as greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA encoding one or more hCMV antigens formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA and wherein the total amount of RNA includes 40%-95% intact RNA and 5%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA.
  • the percentage of intact RNA is greater than or equal to 15% + the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article.
  • the article comprises at least 5% more intact RNA than an effective dose of the intact RNA.
  • the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; and a label on the container, wherein the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose, wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens.
  • the container comprises a total amount of full length RNA, wherein the total amount of full length RNA is at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of full length RNA within each individual dose.
  • the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C.
  • the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid carrier.
  • the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the RNA comprises mRNA.
  • the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, or 8000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution.
  • the article comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. According to some aspects, pharmaceutical compositions are described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the composition comprises a total amount of intact mRNA that is greater than an effective amount of intact mRNA, wherein the composition comprises at least the effective amount of the intact mRNA after storage of the composition for a period of time; and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • the total amount of intact mRNA decreases in the composition after storage of the composition for the period of time.
  • the total amount of intact mRNA is calculated to account for degradation of the intact mRNA during the storage of the composition for the period of time.
  • the degradation is from transesterification of the intact mRNA. In certain embodiments, the degradation is greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 7%, greater than or equal to 8%, greater than or equal to 9%, greater than or equal to 10%, or greater than or equal to 12% of the total mRNA in the composition per month. In certain embodiments, the period of time is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months. In some embodiments, the storage is at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 10°C, such as at about 5°C.
  • the total amount of intact mRNA is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the total mRNA in the composition.
  • the effective amount of intact mRNA is at least about 15%, such as at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55% of the total mRNA in the composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 50% intact mRNA of the total mRNA in the composition following storage of the composition for 3 months at about 5°C.
  • the effective amount of intact mRNA comprises at least 5 micrograms of the intact mRNA, such as at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of the intact mRNA.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to some aspects, containers are described herein.
  • the container (such as a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container) comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. According to some aspects, methods of filling an article are described herein.
  • the method of filling an article comprises adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article to form an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • the adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article forms an amount of full length RNA in the article, and wherein the amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses in the article).
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the RNA and/or lipid nanoparticle are frozen prior to addition to the article.
  • the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 1 year. In certain embodiments, at least 40% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. According to some aspects, methods of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject are described herein.
  • the method of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject comprises administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier to a subject, wherein a total dose of the RNA is administered to the subject, and wherein the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 5% greater than an effective dose of the RNA; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In certain embodiments, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to some aspects, method of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle are described herein.
  • the method of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle comprises preparing the composition with increased mRNA purity as compared to an mRNA purity that will be present in the composition after storage of the composition, such that the amount of mRNA present in the composition after storage will comprise an effective amount of the mRNA, and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • the composition comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • FIG.1A shows the mechanism of transesterification in RNA (e.g., mRNA).
  • FIG.1B shows the mechanism of hydrolysis in RNA (e.g., mRNA).
  • FIG.2A plots the relative abundance of sequence reads versus the position of RNA 3’- terminal nucleotides for liquid mRNA that encodes a viral antigen at 5 °C, with and without PNK.
  • FIG.2B plots the relative abundance of sequence reads versus the position of RNA 3’- terminal nucleotides for liquid mRNA that encodes a viral antigen at 5 °C, with and without PNK.
  • FIG.4 plots normalized purity versus time (in months) of an LNP formulation comprising an mRNA that encodes for an antigen when stored at -70 °C or 5 °C.
  • FIG.5 plots the geometric mean titer produced in vivo versus the percentage purity of the mRNA administered.
  • FIG.6 shows a model of stability when a product is stored at -70 °C and then transitioned to 5 °C storage, in accordance with certain embodiments. The dotted line indicates a minimum effective dose, in certain instances.
  • FIG.6 demonstrates that if additional product is included above the minimum effective dose, the product may be stored at 5 °C for 3 months while still retaining a minimum effective dose, in some cases.
  • FIG.7 shows the projected mRNA purity at the time of administration of 15,000 doses of a vaccine.
  • LNP Lipid nanoparticle
  • refrigerated liquid products are preferred over reconstituted lyophilized powder or frozen products for widespread use as they are more patient- friendly. Accordingly, alternatives are needed for high volume distribution (e.g., distribution globally and/or high volume distribution locally). Additionally, long term storage can be less important than these other factors when high volume distribution is needed. For example, in a global pandemic, long term storage for a vaccine is less important than the ability to manufacture and distribute large volumes of vaccine. This is because vaccines will not sit on shelves for long periods of time, as vaccines will be needed almost as, or more, quickly than they can be produced. Accordingly, the focus in situations such as this shifts to how rapidly and inexpensively the vaccines can be produced and distributed, rather than on how long they can be stored.
  • the articles and methods disclosed herein provide advantages such as rapid production, simple manufacturing, inexpensive manufacturing, inexpensive storage, and/or accessible storage options, while still ensuring that an effective dose will be delivered to the subject.
  • high volume e.g., production, distribution, and/or administration
  • high volume comprises greater than or equal to 10 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 25 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 50 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 100 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 150 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 200 million articles/month, or greater than or equal to 250 million articles/month.
  • high volume comprises less than or equal to 1 billion articles/month, less than or equal to 500 million articles/month, less than or equal to 250 million articles/month, less than or equal to 200 million articles/month, or less than or equal to 150 million articles/month.
  • articles e.g., vials
  • additional pharmaceutical composition e.g., additional RNA, such as mRNA, i.e., intact (full length) mRNA
  • additional RNA such as mRNA, i.e., intact (full length) mRNA
  • 100% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) in the article need not be intact to deliver a therapeutically effective dose.
  • the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA).
  • nucleic acid refers to multiple nucleotides (i.e., molecules comprising a sugar (e.g., ribose or deoxyribose) linked to a phosphate group and to an exchangeable organic base, which is either a substituted pyrimidine (e.g., cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U)) or a substituted purine (e.g., adenine (A) or guanine (G))).
  • a substituted pyrimidine e.g., cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U)
  • purine e.g., adenine (A) or guanine (G)
  • nucleic acid refers to polyribonucleotides as well as polydeoxyribonucleotides.
  • nucleic acid shall also include polynucleosides (i.e., a polynucleotide minus the phosphate) and any other organic base containing polymer.
  • Non-limiting examples of nucleic acids include chromosomes, genomic loci, genes or gene segments that encode polynucleotides or polypeptides, coding sequences, non-coding sequences (e.g., intron, 5’-UTR, or 3’-UTR) of a gene, pri-mRNA, pre-mRNA, cDNA, mRNA, etc.
  • the nucleic acid is mRNA.
  • a nucleic acid may include a substitution and/or modification.
  • the substitution and/or modification is in one or more bases and/or sugars.
  • a nucleic acid includes nucleic acids having backbone sugars that are covalently attached to low molecular weight organic groups other than a hydroxyl group at the 2' position and other than a phosphate group or hydroxy group at the 5' position.
  • a substituted or modified nucleic acid includes a 2'-O-alkylated ribose group.
  • a modified nucleic acid includes sugars such as hexose, 2’-F hexose, 2’- amino ribose, constrained ethyl (cEt), locked nucleic acid (LNA), arabinose or 2'-fluoroarabinose instead of ribose.
  • a nucleic acid is heterogeneous in backbone composition thereby containing any possible combination of polymer units linked together such as peptide-nucleic acids (which have an amino acid backbone with nucleic acid bases).
  • a nucleic acid is DNA, RNA, PNA, cEt, LNA, ENA or hybrids including any chemical or natural modification thereof.
  • compositions of the present disclosure comprise a RNA having an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide.
  • the RNA is a messenger RNA (mRNA).
  • the RNA (e.g., mRNA) further comprises a 5 ⁇ UTR, 3 ⁇ UTR, a poly(A) tail and/or a 5 ⁇ cap analog.
  • Messenger RNA is any RNA that encodes a (at least one) protein (a naturally- occurring, non-naturally-occurring, or modified polymer of amino acids) and can be translated to produce the encoded protein in vitro, in vivo, in situ, or ex vivo.
  • nucleic acid sequences set forth in the instant application may recite “T”s in a representative DNA sequence but where the sequence represents RNA (e.g., mRNA), the “T”s would be substituted for “U”s.
  • any of the DNAs disclosed and identified by a particular sequence identification number herein also disclose the corresponding RNA (e.g., mRNA) sequence complementary to the DNA, where each “T” of the DNA sequence is substituted with “U.”
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • An open reading frame is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA beginning with a start codon (e.g., methionine (ATG or AUG)) and ending with a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TAG or TGA, or UAA, UAG or UGA).
  • An ORF typically encodes a protein.
  • sequences disclosed herein may further comprise additional elements, e.g., 5′ and 3′ UTRs, but that those elements, unlike the ORF, need not necessarily be present in an RNA polynucleotide of the present disclosure.
  • Naturally-occurring eukaryotic mRNA molecules can contain stabilizing elements, including, but not limited to untranslated regions (UTR) at their 5′-end (5′ UTR) and/or at their 3′-end (3′ UTR), in addition to other structural features, such as a 5′-cap structure or a 3′-poly(A) tail. Both the 5′ UTR and the 3′ UTR are typically transcribed from the genomic DNA and are elements of the premature mRNA.
  • UTR untranslated regions
  • a composition includes an RNA polynucleotide having an open reading frame encoding at least one polypeptide having at least one modification, at least one 5′ terminal cap, and is formulated within a lipid nanoparticle.5′-capping of polynucleotides may be completed concomitantly during the in vitro-transcription reaction using the following chemical RNA cap analogs to generate the 5′-guanosine cap structure according to manufacturer protocols: 3 ⁇ -O-Me-m7G(5')ppp(5') G [the ARCA cap];G(5')ppp(5')A; G(5')ppp(5')G; m7G(5')ppp(5')A; m7G(5')ppp(5')G (New
  • Cap 1 structure may be generated using both Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and a 2′-O methyl-transferase to generate: m7G(5')ppp(5')G-2′-O-methyl.
  • Cap 2 structure may be generated from the Cap 1 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-antepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl- transferase.
  • Cap 3 structure may be generated from the Cap 2 structure followed by the 2′-O- methylation of the 5′-preantepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase.
  • Enzymes may be derived from a recombinant source.
  • the 3′-poly(A) tail is typically a stretch of adenine nucleotides added to the 3′-end of the transcribed mRNA. It can, in some instances, comprise up to about 400 adenine nucleotides. In some embodiments, the length of the 3′-poly(A) tail may be an essential element with respect to the stability of the individual mRNA.
  • a composition comprises an RNA (e.g., mRNA) having an ORF that encodes a signal peptide fused to the expressed polypeptide.
  • Signal peptides comprising the N-terminal 15-60 amino acids of proteins, are typically needed for the translocation across the membrane on the secretory pathway and, thus, universally control the entry of most proteins both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the secretory pathway.
  • a signal peptide may have a length of 15-60 amino acids.
  • an ORF encoding a polypeptide is codon optimized. Codon optimization methods are known in the art. For example, an ORF of any one or more of the sequences provided herein may be codon optimized.
  • Codon optimization may be used to match codon frequencies in target and host organisms to ensure proper folding; bias GC content to increase mRNA stability or reduce secondary structures; minimize tandem repeat codons or base runs that may impair gene construction or expression; customize transcriptional and translational control regions; insert or remove protein trafficking sequences; remove/add post translation modification sites in encoded protein (e.g., glycosylation sites); add, remove or shuffle protein domains; insert or delete restriction sites; modify ribosome binding sites and mRNA degradation sites; adjust translational rates to allow the various domains of the protein to fold properly; or reduce or eliminate problem secondary structures within the polynucleotide.
  • encoded protein e.g., glycosylation sites
  • add, remove or shuffle protein domains add or delete restriction sites
  • modify ribosome binding sites and mRNA degradation sites adjust translational rates to allow the various domains of the protein to fold properly; or reduce or eliminate problem secondary structures within the polynucleotide.
  • Codon optimization tools, algorithms and services are known in the art – non- limiting examples include services from GeneArt (Life Technologies), DNA2.0 (Menlo Park CA) and/or proprietary methods.
  • the open reading frame (ORF) sequence is optimized using optimization algorithms.
  • an RNA e.g., mRNA
  • mRNA is not chemically modified and comprises the standard ribonucleotides consisting of adenosine, guanosine, cytosine and uridine.
  • nucleotides and nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise standard nucleoside residues such as those present in transcribed RNA (e.g. A, G, C, or U).
  • nucleotides and nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise standard deoxyribonucleosides such as those present in DNA (e.g. dA, dG, dC, or dT).
  • the compositions of the present disclosure comprise, in some embodiments, an RNA having an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid comprises nucleotides and/or nucleosides that can be standard (unmodified) or modified as is known in the art.
  • nucleotides and nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise modified nucleotides or nucleosides.
  • modified nucleotides and nucleosides can be naturally-occurring modified nucleotides and nucleosides or non-naturally occurring modified nucleotides and nucleosides. Such modifications can include those at the sugar, backbone, or nucleobase portion of the nucleotide and/or nucleoside as are recognized in the art.
  • a naturally-occurring modified nucleotide or nucleotide of the disclosure is one as is generally known or recognized in the art. Non-limiting examples of such naturally occurring modified nucleotides and nucleotides can be found, inter alia, in the widely recognized MODOMICS database.
  • nucleic acid e.g., RNA nucleic acids, such as mRNA nucleic acids.
  • a “nucleoside” refers to a compound containing a sugar molecule (e.g., a pentose or ribose) or a derivative thereof in combination with an organic base (e.g., a purine or pyrimidine) or a derivative thereof (also referred to herein as “nucleobase”).
  • nucleotide refers to a nucleoside, including a phosphate group.
  • Modified nucleotides may by synthesized by any useful method, such as, for example, chemically, enzymatically, or recombinantly, to include one or more modified or non-natural nucleosides.
  • Nucleic acids can comprise a region or regions of linked nucleosides. Such regions may have variable backbone linkages. The linkages can be standard phosphodiester linkages, in which case the nucleic acids would comprise regions of nucleotides.
  • modified nucleobases in nucleic acids comprise 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1 ⁇ ), 1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1 ⁇ ), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U), 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), and/or pseudouridine ( ⁇ ).
  • modified nucleobases in nucleic acids comprise 5-methoxymethyl uridine, 5-methylthio uridine, 1-methoxymethyl pseudouridine, 5-methyl cytidine, and/or 5-methoxy cytidine.
  • the polyribonucleotide includes a combination of at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) of any of the aforementioned modified nucleobases, including but not limited to chemical modifications.
  • a mRNA of the disclosure comprises 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1 ⁇ ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid.
  • a mRNA of the disclosure comprises 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1 ⁇ ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid and 5-methyl cytidine substitutions at one or more or all cytidine positions of the nucleic acid.
  • a mRNA of the disclosure comprises pseudouridine ( ⁇ ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid.
  • a mRNA of the disclosure comprises pseudouridine ( ⁇ ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid and 5-methyl cytidine substitutions at one or more or all cytidine positions of the nucleic acid.
  • a mRNA of the disclosure comprises uridine at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid.
  • mRNAs are uniformly modified (e.g., fully modified, modified throughout the entire sequence) for a particular modification.
  • a nucleic acid can be uniformly modified with 1-methyl-pseudouridine, meaning that all uridine residues in the mRNA sequence are replaced with 1-methyl-pseudouridine.
  • a nucleic acid can be uniformly modified for any type of nucleoside residue present in the sequence by replacement with a modified residue such as those set forth above.
  • the nucleic acids of the present disclosure may be partially or fully modified along the entire length of the molecule.
  • one or more or all or a given type of nucleotide may be uniformly modified in a nucleic acid of the disclosure, or in a predetermined sequence region thereof (e.g., in the mRNA including or excluding the poly(A) tail).
  • nucleotides X in a nucleic acid of the present disclosure are modified nucleotides, wherein X may be any one of nucleotides A, G, U, C, or any one of the combinations A+G, A+U, A+C, G+U, G+C, U+C, A+G+U, A+G+C, G+U+C or A+G+C.
  • the mRNAs of the present disclosure may comprise one or more regions or parts which act or function as an untranslated region. Where mRNAs are designed to encode at least one polypeptide of interest, the nucleic may comprise one or more of these untranslated regions (UTRs).
  • Wild-type untranslated regions of a nucleic acid are transcribed but not translated.
  • the 5′ UTR starts at the transcription start site and continues to the start codon but does not include the start codon; whereas, the 3′ UTR starts immediately following the stop codon and continues until the transcriptional termination signal.
  • the regulatory features of a UTR can be incorporated into the polynucleotides of the present disclosure to, among other things, enhance the stability of the molecule.
  • the specific features can also be incorporated to ensure controlled down-regulation of the transcript in case they are misdirected to undesired organs sites.
  • a variety of 5’UTR and 3’UTR sequences are known and available in the art.
  • the nucleic acid comprises greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 500 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 600 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 800 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 1,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 1,500 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 2,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 3,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 5,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 7,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 8,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 9,000 nucleotides, or greater than or equal to 10,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 11,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 12,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 13,000 nucleotides,
  • the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) comprises less than or equal to 20,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 15,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 14,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 13,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 12,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 11,000 nucleotides, 10,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 9,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 8,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 7,000 nucleotides, or less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides.
  • RNA such as mRNA
  • RNA such as mRNA
  • a trans-esterification reaction at a nucleotide of an mRNA can cleave the mRNA, such that it no longer encodes the desired protein.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to any nucleotide sequence disclosed herein.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA comprises an ORF that comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • identity refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptides (e.g. antigens) or polynucleotides (nucleic acids), as determined by comparing the sequences. Identity also refers to the degree of sequence relatedness between or among sequences as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues.
  • Identity measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (e.g., “algorithms”). Identity of related antigens or nucleic acids can be readily calculated by known methods. “Percent (%) identity” as it applies to polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences is defined as the percentage of residues (amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues) in the candidate amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that are identical with the residues in the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence of a second sequence after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent identity. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art.
  • variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide have at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% but less than 100% sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art.
  • tools for alignment include those of the BLAST suite (Stephen F.
  • FGSAA Fast Optimal Global Sequence Alignment Algorithm
  • Sequence tags can be used for peptide detection, purification or localization.
  • Lysines can be used to increase peptide solubility or to allow for biotinylation.
  • amino acid residues located at the carboxy and amino terminal regions of the amino acid sequence of a peptide or protein may optionally be deleted providing for truncated sequences.
  • Certain amino acids e.g., C-terminal or N-terminal residues may alternatively be deleted depending on the use of the sequence, as for example, expression of the sequence as part of a larger sequence which is soluble or linked to a solid support.
  • sequences for (or encoding) signal sequences, termination sequences, transmembrane domains, linkers, multimerization domains (such as, e.g., foldon regions) and the like may be substituted with alternative sequences that achieve the same or a similar function.
  • cavities in the core of proteins can be filled to improve stability, e.g., by introducing larger amino acids.
  • buried hydrogen bond networks may be replaced with hydrophobic residues to improve stability.
  • glycosylation sites may be removed and replaced with appropriate residues.
  • sequences provided herein contain sequence tags or terminal peptide sequences (e.g., at the N-terminal or C-terminal ends) that may be deleted, for example, prior to use in the preparation of an RNA (e.g., mRNA) vaccine.
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of antigens of interest.
  • any protein fragment meaning a polypeptide sequence at least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference antigen sequence but otherwise identical
  • the fragment is immunogenic and confers a protective immune response to the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV).
  • an antigen includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations, as shown in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein.
  • Antigens/antigenic polypeptides can range in length from about 4, 6, or 8 amino acids to full length proteins.
  • the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises a lipid carrier.
  • lipid carriers include lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and/or lipoplex.
  • the nucleic acid e.g., RNA, such as mRNA
  • the lipid carrier e.g., lipid nanoparticle, liposome, and/or lipoplex.
  • nucleic acids of the nucleic acids of are formulated as a lipid composition, such as a composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle, a liposome, and/or a lipoplex.
  • nucleic acids of the invention are formulated as lipid nanoparticle (LNP) compositions.
  • LNP lipid nanoparticle
  • Lipid nanoparticles typically comprise amino lipid, non-cationic lipid, structural lipid, and PEG lipid components along with the nucleic acid cargo of interest.
  • the lipid nanoparticles of the invention can be generated using components, compositions, and methods as are generally known in the art, see for example PCT/US2016/052352; PCT/US2016/068300; PCT/US2017/037551; PCT/US2015/027400; PCT/US2016/047406; PCT/US2016000129; PCT/US2016/014280; PCT/US2017/038426; PCT/US2014/027077; PCT/US2014/055394; PCT/US2016/52117; PCT/US2012/069610; PCT/US2017/027492; PCT/US2016/059575; PCT/US2016/069491; PCT/US2016/069493; and PCT/US2014/66242, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises at least one ionizable amino lipid, at least one non-cationic lipid, at least one sterol, and/or at least one polyethylene glycol (PEG)- modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 20-60% ionizable amino lipid, 5-25% non-cationic lipid, 25-55% structural lipid, and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 20-60% ionizable amino lipid, 5-30% non-cationic lipid, 10-55% structural lipid, and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 40-50 mol% ionizable lipid, optionally 45-50 mol%, for example, 45-46 mol%, 46-47 mol%, 47-48 mol%, 48-49 mol%, or 49-50 mol% for example about 45 mol%, 45.5 mol%, 46 mol%, 46.5 mol%, 47 mol%, 47.5 mol%, 48 mol%, 48.5 mol%, 49 mol%, or 49.5 mol%.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 20-60 mol% ionizable amino lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 20-50 mol%, 20-40 mol%, 20-30 mol%, 30-60 mol%, 30-50 mol%, 30-40 mol%, 40-60 mol%, 40-50 mol%, or 50-60 mol% ionizable amino lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 20 mol%, 30 mol%, 40 mol%, 50 mol%, or 60 mol% ionizable amino lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 35 mol%, 36 mol%, 37 mol%, 38 mol%, 39 mol%, 40 mol%, 41 mol%, 42 mol%, 43 mol%, 44 mol%, 45 mol%, 46 mol%, 47 mol%, 48 mol%, 49 mol%, 50 mol%, 51 mol%, 52 mol%, 53 mol%, 54 mol%, or 55 mol% ionizable amino lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 45 – 55 mole percent (mol%) ionizable amino lipid.
  • lipid nanoparticle may comprise 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55 mol% ionizable amino lipid.
  • Ionizable amino lipids in some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid of the present disclosure is a compound of Formula (AI): (AI) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched ; wherein R’ branched is: ; wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 2-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )nOH, wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4,
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denot a ⁇ a ⁇ a ⁇ a ⁇ 2 es a point of attachment;
  • R , R , R , and R are each H;
  • R and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH; n is 2;
  • each R 5 is H;
  • each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each - C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7.
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denotes a point of attachment;
  • R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each H;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH; n is 2;
  • each R 5 is H;
  • each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each - C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 3; and
  • m is 7.
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denotes a point of attachment;
  • R a ⁇ is C 2-12 alkyl;
  • R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each H;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is 10 5 R NH(C1-6 alkyl);
  • n2 is 2;
  • R is H; each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each -C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7.
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denotes a point of attachment;
  • R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each H;
  • R a ⁇ is C 2-12 alkyl;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH;
  • n is 2;
  • each R 5 is H; each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each -C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and
  • m is 7.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is selected from: .
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AIa): its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched ; wherein R’ branched i denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 2-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n OH wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R 10 is N(R) 2 ; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2,
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AIb): its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched ; wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 2-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH, wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of -
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denotes a point of attachment;
  • R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each H;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH; n is 2;
  • each R 5 is H;
  • each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each - C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7.
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denotes a point of attachment;
  • R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each H;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n OH; n is 2;
  • each R 5 is H;
  • each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each - C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 3; and
  • m is 7.
  • R’ a is R’ branched ;
  • R’ branched is denotes a point of attachment;
  • R a ⁇ and R a ⁇ are each H;
  • R a ⁇ is C 2-12 alkyl;
  • R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl;
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n OH;
  • n is 2;
  • each R 5 is H;
  • each R 6 is H;
  • M and M’ are each -C(O)O-;
  • R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and
  • m is 7.
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AIc): its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched ; wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 2-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; w point of attachment; wherein R 10 is N(R) 2 ; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R 5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R 6 is independently selected from the group of Formula (AI
  • R a ⁇ , R a ⁇ , and R a ⁇ are each H; R a ⁇ is C 2-12 alkyl; R 2 and R 3 are each C 1-14 alkyl; denotes a point of attachment; R 10 is NH(C 1-6 alkyl); n2 is 2; each R 5 is H; each R 6 is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7.
  • the compound of Formula (AIc) is: .
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII): its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; R a ⁇ and R a ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of R a ⁇ and R a ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of C1- 12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R b ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of R b ⁇ and R b ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of C 1- 12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl;
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-a): wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; R a ⁇ and R a ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of R a ⁇ and R a ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of C 1- 12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R b ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-12 alkyl, and C 2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of R b ⁇ and R b ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of C 1- 12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-b): its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n OH wherein n is selected from the group consisting , wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R 10 is N(R) 2 ; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R’ independently is a
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-c): (AII-c) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein R’ branched is wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting , wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R 10 is N(R) 2 ; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10;
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-d): -oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting , wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R 10 is N(R) 2 ; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R’ independently is a C 1-12 alkyl or C 2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-e): its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of C 1-12 alkyl and C 2-12 alkenyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl and C 2-14 alkenyl; R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl or C 2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
  • R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R a ⁇ is selected from
  • m and l are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), m and l are each 5. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), each R’ independently is a C 1-12 alkyl.
  • each R’ independently is a C 2-5 alkyl.
  • R’ b is: and R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C 1-14 alkyl.
  • R’ b is: and R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C8 alkyl.
  • R 3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl.
  • R’ branched is: b and R’ is: , R a ⁇ is a C2-6 alkyl and R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl.
  • R a ⁇ is a C2-6 alkyl
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl.
  • C8 alkyl is C8 alkyl.
  • R’ branched is: a C 1-12 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’ branched is: is: each a C2-6 alkyl.
  • m and l are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6 and each R’ independently is a C 1-12 alkyl.
  • m and l are each 5 and each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl.
  • R’ branched is: is: independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, each R’ independently is a C 1-12 alkyl, and R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each a C 1-12 alkyl.
  • R’ branched is: each 5, each R’ independently is a C 2-5 alkyl, and R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each a C 2-6 alkyl.
  • R’ branched is: are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl, R a ⁇ is a C 1-12 alkyl and R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C 6-10 alkyl.
  • R’ branched is: are each 5, R’ is a C 2- 5 alkyl, R a ⁇ is a C2-6 alkyl, and R 2 and R 3 are each a C8 alkyl.
  • R 10 is NH(C 1-6 alkyl) and n2 is 2.
  • R 4 wherein R 10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2.
  • R’ branched is: independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, each R’ independently is a C 1-12 alkyl, R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each a C 1-12 alkyl, wherein R 10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is 2.
  • each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl
  • R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each a C2-6 alkyl
  • R 10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2.
  • R’ branched is: are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl, R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl, R a ⁇ is a C 1-12 alkyl, wherein R 10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl) and n2 is 2.
  • R’ branched is: are each 5, R’ is a C 2- 5 alkyl, R a ⁇ is a C2-6 alkyl, R 2 and R 3 are each a C8 alkyl, wherein R 10 is NH(CH 3 ) and n2 is 2.
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n OH and n is 2, 3, or 4.
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH and n is 2.
  • R’ branched is: independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, each R’ independently is a C 1-12 alkyl, R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each a C 1-12 alkyl, R 4 is -(CH 2 )nOH, and n is 2, 3, or 4.
  • R’ branched is: R’ b is: , m and l are each 5, each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl, R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each a C 2-6 alkyl, R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n OH, and n is 2.
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-f): (AII-f) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’ a is R’ branched or R’ cyclic ; wherein wherein denotes a point of attachment; R a ⁇ is a C 1-12 alkyl; R 2 and R 3 are each independently a C 1-14 alkyl; R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n OH wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; R’ is a C 1-12 alkyl; m is selected from 4, 5, and 6; and l is selected from 4, 5, and 6.
  • m and l are each 5, and n is 2, 3, or 4.
  • R’ is a C 2-5 alkyl, R a ⁇ is a C 2-6 alkyl, and R 2 and R 3 are each a C 6-10 alkyl.
  • m and l are each 5, n is 2, 3, or 4, R’ is a C 2-5 alkyl, R a ⁇ is a C 2-6 alkyl, and R 2 and R 3 are each a C 6-10 alkyl.
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-g): R a ⁇ is a C 2-6 alkyl; R’ is a C 2-5 alkyl; and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting , wherein denotes a point of attachment, R 10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3.
  • R a ⁇ is a C 2-6 alkyl
  • R’ is a C 2-5 alkyl
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 )nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting , wherein denotes a point of attachment, R 10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3.
  • the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-h): wherein R a ⁇ and R b ⁇ are each independently a C2-6 alkyl; each R’ independently is a C 2-5 alkyl; and R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n OH wherein n is selected from the group consisting , wherein denotes a point of attachment, R 10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3.
  • R 4 is , wherein R 10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2.
  • R 4 is -(CH 2 ) 2 OH.
  • the ionizable amino lipids of the present disclosure may be one or more of compounds of Formula (VI): , or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein: R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C 3-6 carbocycle, -(CH 2 )nQ, -(CH 2 )nCHQ
  • another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, -(CH 2 ) n Q, -(CH 2 ) n CHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a C 3-6 carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O,
  • another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, -(CH 2 ) n Q, -(CH 2 ) n CHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a C 3-6 carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O,
  • another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of a C 3-6 carbocycle, -(CH 2 ) n Q, -(CH 2 ) n CHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R) 2 , and unsubstituted C 1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a C 3-6 carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N
  • another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which R1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 2-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R 4 is -(CH 2 ) n Q or -(CH 2 ) n CHQR, where Q is -N(R) 2 , and n is selected from 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’
  • another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which R 1 is selected from the group consisting of C 5-30 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-14 alkyl, C 2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R 2 and R 3 , together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R 4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH 2 ) n Q, -(CH 2 ) n CHQR, -CHQR, and -CQ(R) 2 , where Q is -N(R) 2 , and n is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-3 alkyl, C 2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R 6 is independently selected from
  • m is 5, 7, or 9.
  • Q is OH, -NHC(S)N(R) 2 , or -NHC(O)N(R) 2 .
  • Q is -N(R)C(O)R, or -N(R)S(O) 2 R.
  • a subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those of Formula (VI-B): or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof in which all variables are as defined herein.
  • m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9;
  • m is 5, 7, or 9.
  • Q is OH, -NHC(S)N(R) 2 , or -NHC(O)N(R) 2 .
  • Q is -N(R)C(O)R, or -N(R)S(O) 2 R.
  • the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIa), , or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein R4 is as described herein.
  • the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIb), , or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein R4 is as described herein.
  • the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIc) or (VIIe): , or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein R 4 is as described herein.
  • the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIf): (VIIf) or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein M is -C(O)O- or –OC(O)-, M” is C 1-6 alkyl or C 2-6 alkenyl, R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl, and n is selected from 2, 3, and 4.
  • the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIId), (VIId), or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein n is 2, 3, or 4; and m, R’, R”, and R 2 through R 6 are as described herein.
  • each of R 2 and R 3 may be independently selected from the group consisting of C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl.
  • an ionizable amino lipid of the disclosure comprises a compound having structure:
  • an ionizable amino lipid of the disclosure comprises a compound having structure:
  • the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIg), (VIIg), or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; M 1 is a bond or M’; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)-M”-C(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and R2 and
  • M is C 1-6 alkyl (e.g., C 1-4 alkyl) or C 2-6 alkenyl (e.g. C 2-4 alkenyl).
  • R 2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl.
  • the ionizable amino lipids are one or more of the compounds described in U.S. Application Nos.
  • the central amine moiety of a lipid according to Formula (VI), (VI-A), (VI-B), (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), (VIIc), (VIId), (VIIe), (VIIf), or (VIIg) may be protonated at a physiological pH.
  • a lipid may have a positive or partial positive charge at physiological pH.
  • Such amino lipids may be referred to as cationic lipids, ionizable lipids, cationic amino lipids, or ionizable amino lipids.
  • Amino lipids may also be zwitterionic, i.e., neutral molecules having both a positive and a negative charge.
  • the ionizable amino lipids of the present disclosure may be one or more of compounds of formula (VIII), or salts or isomers thereof, wherein t is 1 or 2; A 1 and A 2 are each independently selected from CH or N; Z is CH 2 or absent wherein when Z is CH 2 , the dashed lines (1) and (2) each represent a single bond; and when Z is absent, the dashed lines (1) and (2) are both absent; R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are independently selected from the group consisting of C 5-20 alkyl, C 5-20 alkenyl, -R”MR’, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”; RX1 and RX2 are each independently H or C 1-3 alkyl; each M is independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(VIII), or
  • the ionizable amino lipid is salt thereof.
  • the central amine moiety of a lipid according to Formula (VIII), (VIIIa1), (VIIIa2), (VIIIa3), (VIIIa4), (VIIIa5), (VIIIa6), (VIIIa7), or (VIIIa8) may be protonated at a physiological pH.
  • a lipid may have a positive or partial positive charge at physiological pH.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each R la is independently hydrogen, R lc , or R ld ; each R lb is independently R lc or R ld ; each R 1c is independently –[CH 2 ] 2 C(O)X 1 R 3 ; each R ld Is independently -C(O)R 4 ; each R 2 is independently -[C(R 2a ) 2 ]cR 2b ; each R 2a is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R 2b is -N(L 1 -B) 2 ; -(OCH 2 CH 2 ) 6 OH; or -(OCH 2 CH 2 ) b OCH 3 ; each R 3 and R 4 is independently C6-C30 aliphatic; each I.3 is independently C1-C10 alkylene; each B is independently hydrogen or an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; each X
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, each a linear or branched alkyl with 1-9 carbons, or as alkenyl or alkynyl with 2 to 11 carbon atoms, L 1 and L 2 are the same or different, each a linear alkyl having 5 to 18 carbon atoms, or form a heterocycle with N, X 1 is a bond, or is -CG-G- whereby L2-CO-O-R 2 is formed, X 2 is S or O, L3 is a bond or a lower alkyl, or form a heterocycle with N, R3 is a lower alkyl, and R 4 and R 5 are the same or different, each a lower alkyl.
  • R1 and R2 are the same or different, each a linear or branched alkyl with 1-9 carbons, or as alkenyl or alkynyl with 2 to 11 carbon atoms
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable lipid having the structure: (XVII-L), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: (XX- L), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: (XXVI-L), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure: pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Non-cationic lipids In certain embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles described herein comprise one or more non-cationic lipids. Non-cationic lipids may be phospholipids.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 5-25 mol% non-cationic lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 5-20 mol%, 5-15 mol%, 5-10 mol%, 10-25 mol%, 10-20 mol%, 10-25 mol%, 15-25 mol%, 15-20 mol%, or 20-25 mol% non-cationic lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 5 mol%, 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, or 25 mol% non-cationic lipid.
  • a non-cationic lipid of the disclosure comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-gly cero- phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), l,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC), 1- palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 5 – 15 mol%, 5 – 10 mol%, or 10 – 15 mol% DSPC.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 mol% DSPC.
  • the lipid composition of the lipid nanoparticle composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more phospholipids, for example, one or more saturated or (poly)unsaturated phospholipids or a combination thereof.
  • phospholipids comprise a phospholipid moiety and one or more fatty acid moieties.
  • a phospholipid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, 2-lysophosphatidyl choline, and a sphingomyelin.
  • a fatty acid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, erucic acid, phytanoic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid.
  • Particular phospholipids can facilitate fusion to a membrane.
  • a cationic phospholipid can interact with one or more negatively charged phospholipids of a membrane (e.g., a cellular or intracellular membrane). Fusion of a phospholipid to a membrane can allow one or more elements (e.g., a therapeutic agent) of a lipid-containing composition (e.g., LNPs) to pass through the membrane permitting, e.g., delivery of the one or more elements to a target tissue.
  • elements e.g., a therapeutic agent
  • a lipid-containing composition e.g., LNPs
  • Non-natural phospholipid species including natural species with modifications and substitutions including branching, oxidation, cyclization, and alkynes are also contemplated.
  • a phospholipid can be functionalized with or cross-linked to one or more alkynes (e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond).
  • alkynes e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond.
  • an alkyne group can undergo a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition upon exposure to an azide.
  • Such reactions can be useful in functionalizing a lipid bilayer of a nanoparticle composition to facilitate membrane permeation or cellular recognition or in conjugating a nanoparticle composition to a useful component such as a targeting or imaging moiety (e.g., a dye).
  • Phospholipids include, but are not limited to, glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidy glycerols, and phosphatidic acids. Phospholipids also include phosphosphingolipid, such as sphingomyelin.
  • a phospholipid of the invention comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-gly cero-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2- diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (POPC), 1,2-diste
  • a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present invention is an analog or variant of DSPC.
  • a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present invention is a compound of Formula (IX): (IX), or a salt thereof, wherein: each R 1 is independently optionally substituted alkyl; or optionally two R 1 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted monocyclic carbocyclyl or optionally substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl; or optionally three R 1 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted bicyclic carbocyclyl or optionally substitute bicyclic heterocyclyl; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; A is of the formula: each instance of L 2 is independently a bond or optionally substituted C 1-6 alkylene, wherein one methylene unit of the optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene is optionally replaced with O, N(R)
  • the phospholipids may be one or more of the phospholipids described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/037922.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5-25% non- cationic lipid relative to the other lipid components.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 5-30%, 5-15%, 5-10%, 10-25%, 10-20%, 10-25%, 15-25%, 15-20%, 20-25%, or 25-30% non-cationic lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% non-cationic lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5-25% phospholipid relative to the other lipid components.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 5-30%, 5-15%, 5-10%, 10-25%, 10-20%, 10-25%, 15-25%, 15-20%, 20-25%, or 25-30% phospholipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% phospholipid lipid.
  • Structural Lipids The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more structural lipids.
  • structural lipid includes sterols and also to lipids containing sterol moieties. Incorporation of structural lipids in the lipid nanoparticle may help mitigate aggregation of other lipids in the particle.
  • Structural lipids can be selected from the group including but not limited to, cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids, and mixtures thereof.
  • the structural lipid is a sterol.
  • sterols are a subgroup of steroids consisting of steroid alcohols.
  • the structural lipid is a steroid.
  • the structural lipid is cholesterol.
  • the structural lipid is an analog of cholesterol.
  • the structural lipid is alpha-tocopherol.
  • the structural lipids may be one or more of the structural lipids described in U.S. Application No.16/493,814.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 25-55% structural lipid relative to the other lipid components.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 10- 55%, 25-50%, 25-45%, 25-40%, 25-35%, 25-30%, 30-55%, 30-50%, 30-45%, 30-40%, 30-35%, 35-55%, 35-50%, 35-45%, 35-40%, 40-55%, 40-50%, 40-45%, 45-55%, 45- 50%, or 50-55% structural lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or 55% structural lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 30-45 mol% sterol, optionally 35- 40 mol%, for example, 30-31 mol%, 31-32 mol%, 32-33 mol%, 33-34 mol%, 35-35 mol%, 35- 36 mol%, 36-37 mol%, 38-38 mol%, 38-39 mol%, or 39-40 mol%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 25-55 mol% sterol.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 25-50 mol%, 25-45 mol%, 25-40 mol%, 25-35 mol%, 25-30 mol%, 30-55 mol%, 30- 50 mol%, 30-45 mol%, 30-40 mol%, 30-35 mol%, 35-55 mol%, 35-50 mol%, 35-45 mol%, 35- 40 mol%, 40-55 mol%, 40-50 mol%, 40-45 mol%, 45-55 mol%, 45-50 mol%, or 50-55 mol% sterol.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, 50 mol%, or 55 mol% sterol. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 35 – 40 mol% cholesterol. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5, 39, 39.5, or 40 mol% cholesterol.
  • Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Lipids The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids.
  • PEG-lipid or “PEG-modified lipid” refers to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lipids.
  • PEG-lipids include PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerC14 or PEG-CerC20), PEG-modified dialkylamines, and PEG-modified 1,2-diacyloxypropan-3- amines.
  • PEG-lipids include PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerC14 or PEG-CerC20), PEG-modified dialkylamines, and PEG-modified 1,2-diacyloxypropan-3- amines.
  • PEGylated lipids PEGylated lipids.
  • a PEG lipid can be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid.
  • the PEG-lipid includes, but not limited to 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn- glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)] (PEG-DSPE), PEG-disteryl glycerol (PEG-DSG), PEG-dipalmetoleyl, PEG-dioleyl, PEG-distearyl, PEG-diacylglycamide (PEG- DAG), PEG-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE), or PEG-l,2- dimyristyloxlpropyl-3-amine
  • the PEG-lipid is selected from the group consisting of a PEG- modified phosphatidylethanolamine, a PEG-modified phosphatidic acid, a PEG-modified ceramide, a PEG-modified dialkylamine, a PEG-modified diacylglycerol, a PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, and mixtures thereof.
  • the PEG-modified lipid is PEG- DMG, PEG-c-DOMG (also referred to as PEG-DOMG), PEG-DSG, and/or PEG-DPG.
  • the lipid moiety of the PEG-lipids includes those having lengths of from about C14 to about C22, preferably from about C14 to about C16.
  • a PEG moiety for example an mPEG-NH2
  • the PEG-lipid is PEG 2k -DMG.
  • the lipid nanoparticles described herein can comprise a PEG lipid which is a non-diffusible PEG.
  • Non-limiting examples of non-diffusible PEGs include PEG-DSG and PEG-DSPE.
  • PEG-lipids are known in the art, such as those described in U.S.
  • lipid component of a lipid nanoparticle composition may include one or more molecules comprising polyethylene glycol, such as PEG or PEG-modified lipids. Such species may be alternately referred to as PEGylated lipids.
  • a PEG lipid is a lipid modified with polyethylene glycol.
  • a PEG lipid may be selected from the non-limiting group including PEG- modified phosphatidylethanolamines, PEG-modified phosphatidic acids, PEG-modified ceramides, PEG-modified dialkylamines, PEG-modified diacylglycerols, PEG-modified dialkylglycerols, and mixtures thereof.
  • a PEG lipid may be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG- DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid.
  • the PEG-modified lipids are a modified form of PEG DMG.
  • PEG- DMG has the following structure:
  • PEG lipids useful in the present invention can be PEGylated lipids described in International Publication No. WO2012099755, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any of these exemplary PEG lipids described herein may be modified to comprise a hydroxyl group on the PEG chain.
  • the PEG lipid is a PEG-OH lipid.
  • a “PEG-OH lipid” (also referred to herein as “hydroxy-PEGylated lipid”) is a PEGylated lipid having one or more hydroxyl (–OH) groups on the lipid.
  • the PEG-OH lipid includes one or more hydroxyl groups on the PEG chain.
  • a PEG-OH or hydroxy-PEGylated lipid comprises an –OH group at the terminus of the PEG chain.
  • a PEG lipid useful in the present invention is a compound of Formula (X): (X), or salts thereof, wherein: R 3 is –OR O ; R O is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group; r is an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive; L 1 is optionally substituted C 1-10 alkylene, wherein at least one methylene of the optionally substituted C1-10 alkylene is independently replaced with optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, O, N(R N ), S, C(O), C(O)N(R N ), NR N C(O), C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, OC(O)N(R N ), NR N C(O)O, or NR N C(O)N(R N ); D is a moiety obtained by click chemistry or a moiety cleavable under
  • the compound of Formula (X) is a PEG-OH lipid (i.e., R 3 is – OR O , and R O is hydrogen).
  • the compound of Formula (X) is of Formula (X-OH): (X-OH), or a salt thereof.
  • a PEG lipid useful in the present invention is a PEGylated fatty acid.
  • a PEG lipid useful in the present invention is a compound of Formula (XI).
  • R 3 is–OR O ;
  • R O is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl or an oxygen protecting group;
  • r is an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive;
  • the compound of Formula (XI) is of Formula (XI-OH): or a salt thereof.
  • r is 40-50.
  • the compound of Formula (XI) is: . or a salt thereof.
  • the compound of Formula (XI) is .
  • the lipid composition of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein does not comprise a PEG-lipid.
  • the PEG-lipids may be one or more of the PEG lipids described in U.S. Application No. US15/674,872.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 0.5-15% PEG lipid relative to the other lipid components.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 0.5-10%, 0.5-5%, 1-15%, 1-10%, 1-5%, 2-15%, 2-10%, 2-5%, 5-15%, 5-10%, or 10-15% PEG lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% PEG- lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 1-5% PEG-modified lipid, optionally 1-3 mol%, for example 1.5 to 2.5 mol%, 1-2 mol%, 2-3 mol%, 3-4 mol%, or 4-5 mol%.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 0.5-15 mol% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 0.5-10 mol%, 0.5-5 mol%, 1-15 mol%, 1-10 mol%, 1-5 mol%, 2-15 mol%, 2-10 mol%, 2-5 mol%, 5-15 mol%, 5-10 mol%, or 10-15 mol%.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 0.5 mol%, 1 mol%, 2 mol%, 3 mol%, 4 mol%, 5 mol%, 6 mol%, 7 mol%, 8 mol%, 9 mol%, 10 mol%, 11 mol%, 12 mol%, 13 mol%, 14 mol%, or 15 mol% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 20-60 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 5-25 mol% non-cationic lipid, 25-55 mol% sterol, and 0.5-15 mol% PEG-modified lipid.
  • a LNP of the disclosure comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Compound 1, wherein the non-cationic lipid is DSPC, the structural lipid that is cholesterol, and the PEG lipid is DMG-PEG.
  • a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of any of Formula VI, VII or VIIII, a phospholipid comprising DSPC, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising PEG-DMG.
  • a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of any of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid comprising DSPC, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula XI.
  • a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid comprising a compound having Formula VIII, a structural lipid, and the PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula X or XI.
  • a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid comprising a compound having Formula IX, a structural lipid, and the PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula X or XI.
  • a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid having Formula IX, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula XI.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 49 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 10 mol% DSPC, 38.5 mol% cholesterol, and 2.5 mol% DMG-PEG.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises 49 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 11 mol% DSPC, 38.5 mol% cholesterol, and 1.5 mol% DMG-PEG. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 48 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 11 mol% DSPC, 38.5 mol% cholesterol, and 2.5 mol% DMG-PEG. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an N:P ratio of from about 2:1 to about 30:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an N:P ratio of about 6:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an N:P ratio of about 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1.
  • a LNP of the invention comprises a wt/wt ratio of the ionizable amino lipid component to the RNA of from about 10:1 to about 100:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises a wt/wt ratio of the ionizable amino lipid component to the RNA of about 20:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises a wt/wt ratio of the ionizable amino lipid component to the RNA of about 10:1.
  • Some embodiments comprise a composition having one or more LNPs having a diameter of about 150 nm or less, such as about 140 nm, 130 nm, 120 nm, 110 nm, 100 nm, 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, or 20 nm or less.
  • Some embodiments comprise a composition having a mean LNP diameter of about 150 nm or less, such as about 140 nm, 130 nm, 120 nm, 110 nm, 100 nm, 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, or 20 nm or less.
  • the composition has a mean LNP diameter from about 30nm to about 150nm, or a mean diameter from about 60nm to about 120nm.
  • a LNP may comprise or one or more types of lipids, including but not limited to amino lipids (e.g., ionizable amino lipids), neutral lipids, non-cationic lipids, charged lipids, PEG- modified lipids, phospholipids, structural lipids and sterols.
  • a LNP may further comprise one or more cargo molecules, including but not limited to nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA, plasmid DNA, DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, siRNA, shRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, lncRNA, etc.), small molecules, proteins and peptides.
  • the composition comprises a liposome.
  • a liposome is a lipid particle comprising lipids arranged into one or more concentric lipid bilayers around a central region. The central region of a liposome may comprise an aqueous solution, suspension, or other aqueous composition.
  • a lipid nanoparticle may comprise two or more components (e.g., amino lipid and nucleic acid, PEG-lipid, phospholipid, structural lipid).
  • a lipid nanoparticle may comprise an amino lipid and a nucleic acid.
  • Compositions comprising the lipid nanoparticles, such as those described herein, may be used for a wide variety of applications, including the stealth delivery of therapeutic payloads with minimal adverse innate immune response. Effective in vivo delivery of nucleic acids represents a continuing medical challenge. Exogenous nucleic acids (i.e., originating from outside of a cell or organism) are readily degraded in the body, e.g., by the immune system.
  • a particulate carrier e.g., lipid nanoparticles
  • the particulate carrier should be formulated to have minimal particle aggregation, be relatively stable prior to intracellular delivery, effectively deliver nucleic acids intracellularly, and illicit no or minimal immune response.
  • many conventional particulate carriers have relied on the presence and/or concentration of certain components (e.g., PEG-lipid).
  • certain components e.g., PEG-lipid
  • certain components may decrease the stability of encapsulated nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA molecules). The reduced stability may limit the broad applicability of the particulate carriers.
  • the lipid nanoparticles comprise one or more of ionizable molecules, polynucleotides, and optional components, such as structural lipids, sterols, neutral lipids, phospholipids and a molecule capable of reducing particle aggregation (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG-modified lipid), such as those described above.
  • a LNP described herein may include one or more ionizable molecules (e.g., amino lipids or ionizable lipids).
  • the ionizable molecule may comprise a charged group and may have a certain pKa.
  • the pKa of the ionizable molecule may be greater than or equal to about 6, greater than or equal to about 6.2, greater than or equal to about 6.5, greater than or equal to about 6.8, greater than or equal to about 7, greater than or equal to about 7.2, greater than or equal to about 7.5, greater than or equal to about 7.8, greater than or equal to about 8.
  • the pKa of the ionizable molecule may be less than or equal to about 10, less than or equal to about 9.8, less than or equal to about 9.5, less than or equal to about 9.2, less than or equal to about 9.0, less than or equal to about 8.8, or less than or equal to about 8.5. Combinations of the above referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 6 and less than or equal to about 8.5). Other ranges are also possible. In embodiments in which more than one type of ionizable molecule are present in a particle, each type of ionizable molecule may independently have a pKa in one or more of the ranges described above.
  • an ionizable molecule comprises one or more charged groups.
  • an ionizable molecule may be positively charged or negatively charged.
  • an ionizable molecule may be positively charged.
  • an ionizable molecule may comprise an amine group.
  • the term “ionizable molecule” has its ordinary meaning in the art and may refer to a molecule or matrix comprising one or more charged moiety.
  • a “charged moiety” is a chemical moiety that carries a formal electronic charge, e.g., monovalent (+1, or -1), divalent (+2, or -2), trivalent (+3, or -3), etc.
  • the charged moiety may be anionic (i.e., negatively charged) or cationic (i.e., positively charged).
  • positively-charged moieties include amine groups (e.g., primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amines), ammonium groups, pyridinium group, guanidine groups, and imidizolium groups.
  • the charged moieties comprise amine groups.
  • negatively- charged groups or precursors thereof include carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfate groups, phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, hydroxyl groups, and the like.
  • the charge of the charged moiety may vary, in some cases, with the environmental conditions, for example, changes in pH may alter the charge of the moiety, and/or cause the moiety to become charged or uncharged.
  • the charge density of the molecule and/or matrix may be selected as desired.
  • an ionizable molecule e.g., an amino lipid or ionizable lipid
  • the ionizable molecule may include a neutral moiety that can be hydrolyzed to form a charged moiety, such as those described above.
  • the molecule or matrix may include an amide, which can be hydrolyzed to form an amine, respectively.
  • an amide which can be hydrolyzed to form an amine, respectively.
  • Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine whether a given chemical moiety carries a formal electronic charge (for example, by inspection, pH titration, ionic conductivity measurements, etc.), and/or whether a given chemical moiety can be reacted (e.g., hydrolyzed) to form a chemical moiety that carries a formal electronic charge.
  • the ionizable molecule e.g., amino lipid or ionizable lipid
  • the molecular weight of an ionizable molecule is less than or equal to about 2,500 g/mol, less than or equal to about 2,000 g/mol, less than or equal to about 1,500 g/mol, less than or equal to about 1,250 g/mol, less than or equal to about 1,000 g/mol, less than or equal to about 900 g/mol, less than or equal to about 800 g/mol, less than or equal to about 700 g/mol, less than or equal to about 600 g/mol, less than or equal to about 500 g/mol, less than or equal to about 400 g/mol, less than or equal to about 300 g/mol, less than or equal to about 200 g/mol, or less than or equal to about 100 g/mol.
  • the molecular weight of an ionizable molecule is greater than or equal to about 100 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 200 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 300 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 400 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 500 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 600 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 700 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1000 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1,250 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1,500 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1,750 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 2,000 g/mol, or greater than or equal to about 2,250 g/mol.
  • each type of ionizable molecule may independently have a molecular weight in one or more of the ranges described above.
  • the percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) of a single type of ionizable molecule (e.g., amino lipid or ionizable lipid) and/or of all the ionizable molecules within a particle may be greater than or equal to about 15%, greater than or equal to about 16%, greater than or equal to about 17%, greater than or equal to about 18%, greater than or equal to about 19%, greater than or equal to about 20%, greater than or equal to about 21%, greater than or equal to about 22%, greater than or equal to about 23%, greater than or equal to about 24%, greater than or equal to about 25%, greater than or equal to about 30%, greater than or equal to about 35%, greater than or equal to about 40%, greater than or equal to about 42%, greater than or equal to about 45%, greater than or equal to about 48%, greater than or equal to about 50%, greater than or equal to about 52%, greater than or equal to about 55%, greater than or equal to about 58%, greater than
  • the percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) may be less than or equal to about 70%, less than or equal to about 68%, less than or equal to about 65%, less than or equal to about 62%, less than or equal to about 60%, less than or equal to about 58%, less than or equal to about 55%, less than or equal to about 52%, less than or equal to about 50%, or less than or equal to about 48%. Combinations of the above referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to about 60%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to about 55%, etc.).
  • each type of ionizable molecule may independently have a percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) in one or more of the ranges described above.
  • the percentage e.g., by weight, or by mole
  • the percentage may be determined by extracting the ionizable molecule(s) from the dried particles using, e.g., organic solvents, and measuring the quantity of the agent using high pressure liquid chromatography (i.e., HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or mass spectrometry (MS).
  • HPLC may be used to quantify the amount of a component, by, e.g., comparing the area under the curve of a HPLC chromatogram to a standard curve.
  • charge or “charged moiety” does not refer to a “partial negative charge” or “partial positive charge” on a molecule.
  • partial negative charge and “partial positive charge” are given their ordinary meaning in the art.
  • a “partial negative charge” may result when a functional group comprises a bond that becomes polarized such that electron density is pulled toward one atom of the bond, creating a partial negative charge on the atom.
  • a lipid composition may comprise one or more lipids as described herein.
  • Such lipids may include those useful in the preparation of lipid nanoparticle formulations as described above or as known in the art.
  • the term "pure” as used herein refers to material that has only the target nucleic acid active agents such that the presence of unrelated nucleic acids is reduced or eliminated, i.e., impurities or contaminants, including RNA fragments, double stranded RNA, and reverse complement impurities.
  • a purified RNA sample includes one or more target or test nucleic acids but is preferably substantially free of other nucleic acids detectable by methods described herein.
  • the term "substantially free” is used operationally, in the context of analytical testing of the material.
  • purified material is substantially free of one or more impurities or contaminants including the reverse complement transcription products and/or cytokine-inducing RNA contaminant described herein and for instance is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 63%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, or 97% pure; more preferably, at least 98% pure, and more preferably still at least 99% pure.
  • a pure RNA (e.g., mRNA) sample is comprised of 100% of the target or test RNAs and includes no other RNA.
  • the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) is not self- replicating RNA.
  • the term “intact” refers to material (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) that is full length (i.e., does not include fragments).
  • the intact material e.g., RNA, such as mRNA
  • the purity of a composition may be characterized based on the presence of impurities in the composition at any particular point in time.
  • Impurities include, for instance, lipid-RNA adducts, which are typical degradation products of mRNA-LNPs or elemental metals.
  • a composition is considered to have an adequate purity if less than 10% of the RNA in a composition is in the form of a lipid-RNA adduct.
  • a composition is considered to have an adequate purity if less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% of the RNA in a composition is in the form of a lipid-RNA adduct.
  • the term “elemental metal” is given its ordinary meaning in the art.
  • a metal is an element that readily forms positive ions (i.e., cations) and forms metallic bonds.
  • An elemental metal refers to a metal which is not present in a salt form or otherwise within a compound. Those of ordinary skill in the art will, in general, recognize elemental metals. Purity can be determined by any suitable method known in the art.
  • Non-limiting examples of methods to determine the purity of a compound include melting point determination, boiling point determination, spectroscopy (e.g., UV-VIS spectroscopy), titration, chromatography (e.g., liquid chromatography or gas chromatography, such as anion exchange chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or reversed-phase ultra high- performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC)), mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and optical rotation.
  • spectroscopy e.g., UV-VIS spectroscopy
  • chromatography e.g., liquid chromatography or gas chromatography, such as anion exchange chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or reversed-phase ultra high- performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC)
  • mass spectrometry e.g., capillary electrophoresis, and optical rotation.
  • the percentage of intact RNA is determined by performing HPLC or RP-UHPLC and integrating the area under the curve (AUC) of all RNA peaks (including products shorter than the full-length product and the full-length product) and taking the main peak (representative of full length RNA) as an area percent of the total peak area.
  • compositions e.g., liquid pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are formulated in aqueous solutions.
  • An aqueous solution is a solution in which components are dissolved or otherwise dispersed within water or an aqueous buffer solution.
  • an aqueous solution disclosed herein has a given pH value.
  • the pH of an aqueous solution disclosed herein is within the range of about 4.5 to about 8.5. In some embodiments, the pH of an aqueous solution is within the range of about 5 to about 8, about 6 to about 8, about 7 to about 8, about 6.5 to about 8, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7, about 7.5 to about 8.5, or any range or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pH of an aqueous solution is or is about 5, is or is about 5.5, is or is about 6, is or is about 6.5, is or is about 7, is or is about 7.4, is or is about 7.5, or is or is about 8.
  • an aqueous solution disclosed herein comprises a pH buffer component, such as a phosphate buffer, a tris buffer, an acetate buffer, a histidine buffer or a citrate buffer, among others.
  • a buffer acts to modulate the pH of an aqueous solution, such as an aqueous solution having a pH of 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.4, 7.5 or 8.
  • Aqueous solutions may comprise various concentrations of salts (e.g., buffer salts, sucrose, NaCl, etc.).
  • an aqueous solution may comprise a salt (e.g., NaCl) in a concentration of or about 50 mM, of or about 60 mM, of or about 70 mM, of or about 80 mM, of or about 90 mM, of or about 100 mM, of or about 110 mM, of or about 120 mM, of or about 130 mM, of or about 140 mM, of or about 150 mM, of or about 160 mM, of or about 170 mM, of or about 180 mM, of or about 190 mM, of or about 200 mM, or any intermediate concentration therein.
  • a salt e.g., NaCl
  • each salt may independently have a concentration of one or more of the values described above.
  • the article comprises a container.
  • the container houses the liquid pharmaceutical composition.
  • the article and/or the container comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container.
  • the article and/or the container comprises a label (e.g., a label on the container).
  • the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and/or an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose.
  • the label indicates appropriate storage conditions for the article and/or container. For example, in some cases, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at the glass transition temperature of the composition (e.g., liquid pharmaceutical composition). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the stability of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is lowest at the glass transition temperature.
  • the glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous substance transitions from a hard and relatively brittle (“glassy”) state into a rubbery or viscous state.
  • the glass transition temperature of the composition is greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C.
  • the glass transition temperature of the composition is less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -25 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to -35 °C, or less than or equal to -40 °C.
  • the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a particular temperature.
  • the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of greater than or equal to -70 °C, greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C.
  • the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -25 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to -35 °C, or less than or equal to -40 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to -50 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, greater than or equal to -35 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, or greater than or equal to -40 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C).
  • the label suggests an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject.
  • the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). For example, if the shelf-life of the article were 3 months at 5 °C, and if 10% (or 0.1) of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition would degrade after 3 months stored at 5 °C, then the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + 0.1) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). For example, if the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition was 100 micrograms, then the amount would be greater than or equal to 110 micrograms.
  • the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would have degraded in the liquid pharmaceutical composition at the time of administration) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the label would suggest administering greater than or equal to (1+0.1) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) after 1 month of storage at 5 °C, greater than or equal to (1+0.2) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) after 2 months of storage at 5 °C, and/or greater than or equal to (1+0.3) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) after 3 months of storage at 5 °C.
  • the fraction of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is determined by the rate of decay (wherein the rate of decay is degradation over time) of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) in given conditions (e.g., at a particular temperature, such as 5 °C) and the amount of time.
  • the rate of decay and/or the fraction of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that degrades may be measured as a decrease in purity over time (e.g., an increase in mRNA fragments or a decrease in intact mRNA). Purity may be measured by reverse phase HPLC.
  • the rate of decay of the RNA is greater than or equal to 0.1%/month, greater than or equal to 0.5%/month, greater than or equal to 1%/month, greater than or equal to 3%/month, greater than or equal to 5%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month, greater than or equal to 8%/month, greater than or equal to 9%/month, greater than or equal to 10%/month, greater than or equal to 12%/month, greater than or equal to 20%/month, greater than or equal to 30%/month, greater than or equal to 40%/month, or greater than or equal to 50%/month.
  • a given temperature e.g., any temperature disclosed herein
  • the rate of decay of the RNA is less than or equal to 60%/month, less than or equal to 50%/month, less than or equal to 40%/month, less than or equal to 30%/month, less than or equal to 20%/month, less than or equal to 15%/month, less than or equal to 12%/month, less than or equal to 11%/month, less than or equal to 10%/month, less than or equal to 9%/month, less than or equal to 8%/month, less than or equal to 5%/month, less than or equal to 3%/month, less than or equal to 2%/month, or less than or equal to 1%/month.
  • a given temperature e.g., any temperature disclosed herein
  • the rate of decay of the RNA is less than or equal to 60%/month, less than or equal to 50%/month, less than or equal to 40%/month, less than or equal to 30%/month, less than or equal to 20%/month, less than or equal to 15%/month, less than or equal to 12%/month, less than or equal to 11%/month
  • the rate of decay of the RNA at -70 °C and/or -40 °C is greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 5%/month or greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 1%/month.
  • the rate of decay of the RNA at -20 °C is greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 8%/month, greater than or equal to 0.5%/month and less than or equal to 5%/month, or greater than or equal to 1%/month and less than or equal to 3%/month.
  • the rate of decay of the RNA at 25 °C is greater than or equal to 10%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month, greater than or equal to 30%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month, or greater than or equal to 50%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month).
  • the rate of decay of the RNA is greater than or equal to 1%/month, greater than or equal to 3%/month, greater than or equal to 5%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month, greater than or equal to 8%/month, greater than or equal to 9%/month, greater than or equal to 10%/month, or greater than or equal to 12%/month.
  • the rate of decay of the RNA is less than or equal to 15%/month, less than or equal to 12%/month, less than or equal to 11%/month, less than or equal to 10%/month, less than or equal to 9%/month, less than or equal to 8%/month, less than or equal to 5%/month, or less than or equal to 3%/month.
  • Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 1%/month and less than or equal to 15%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month and less than or equal to 11%/month, or greater than or equal to 8%/month and less than or equal to 10%/month).
  • the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.07 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.08 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.10 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.15 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or greater than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the amount is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.8 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.6 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.4 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or less than or equal to 1.1 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the container comprises a total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA).
  • the total amount of RNA comprises greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 75%, greater than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 85%, greater than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 95% intact RNA (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life).
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the total amount of RNA comprises less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, or less than or equal to 50% intact RNA (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life).
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the total amount of RNA comprises less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, or less than or equal to 50% intact RNA (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf
  • Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 80%).
  • the percentage of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., in the container) comprises the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, or greater than or equal to 75% of the total RNA.
  • mRNA e.g., mRNA
  • the percentage of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., in the container) comprises the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 45%, or less than or equal to 40% of the total RNA.
  • mRNA e.g., mRNA
  • Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 15% and less than or equal to 80% of the total RNA, the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 25% and less than or equal to 70%, or the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 60%).
  • the total amount of RNA comprises greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 10%, greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, or greater than or equal to 55% RNA that is less than full length RNA (e.g., fragmented RNA) (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life).
  • full length RNA e.g., fragmented RNA
  • the total amount of RNA comprises less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 45%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 35%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 25%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 15%, or less than or equal to 10% RNA that is less than full length RNA (e.g., fragmented RNA) (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life).
  • full length RNA e.g., fragmented RNA
  • the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) in the container has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater (e.g., at least 10% greater, 15% greater, 20% greater, 25% greater, 30% greater, 35% greater, 40% greater, 45% greater, or 50% greater) than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose.
  • the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) in the container has a value of less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 100% greater (e.g., less than or equal to 80% greater, 60% greater, 50% greater, 40% greater, 30% greater, 25% greater, 20% greater, or 10% greater) than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose.
  • Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose and less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 100% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose, at least the number of individual doses in the container times 20% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose and less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 50% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose).
  • an individual dose is the individual dose needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject.
  • the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition needed at the time of manufacturing to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject.
  • an individual dose is the individual dose approved by a regulatory agency (such as the FDA) to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject.
  • an effective dose and/or effective amount of RNA e.g., mRNA
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • an effective dose and/or effective amount of RNA is the amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., intact RNA) needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject.
  • an effective dose and/or effective amount of RNA is the amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., intact RNA) approved by a regulatory agency (such as the FDA) to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject.
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • a regulatory agency such as the FDA
  • the term “amount” refers to total mass (e.g., mg).
  • the total mass of a component e.g., RNA may be adjusted in multiple ways.
  • the total mass of the RNA in the article could be increased in multiple ways, such as adding more of the RNA to the article (e.g., by increasing the concentration of the RNA in the solution) and/or increasing the volume of the solution (e.g., a solution with a constant concentration).
  • the amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition is an amount comprising a total mass of RNA.
  • An amount of RNA is a mass of RNA.
  • An amount of intact RNA is a mass of full length RNA.
  • dose or “individual dose” refers to total mass (e.g., mg).
  • a dose of full length RNA is 50 mg of full length RNA in some embodiments.
  • a dose may be referred to in units other than mass (e.g., 1 pill, 2 capsules, 1 tube of ointment, 2 drops, 1 mL of solution, etc.), the dose may always be translated into mass.
  • the dose is 1 mL of a liquid pharmaceutical composition, and the liquid pharmaceutical composition has a density of 10 mg/mL, and the concentration of full length RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical is 1 mg/mL, then the dose of liquid pharmaceutical composition is 10 mg of liquid pharmaceutical composition and the dose of full length RNA is 1 mg.
  • a baseline dose is a dose having a specific mass of RNA prior to storage of a composition.
  • an individual dose and/or effective amount is at least 5 micrograms, at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of intact mRNA.
  • an individual dose and/or effective amount is less than or equal to 200 micrograms, less than or equal to 175 micrograms, less than or equal to 150 micrograms, less than or equal to 125 micrograms, less than or equal to 100 micrograms, less than or equal to 90 micrograms, less than or equal to 80 micrograms, less than or equal to 70 micrograms, less than or equal to 60 micrograms, less than or equal to 50 micrograms, or less than or equal to 40 micrograms.
  • a composition and/or an article comprises at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% more intact RNA than an individual dose and/or effective amount of the intact RNA.
  • a composition and/or an article comprises less than or equal to 200%, less than or equal to 150%, less than or equal to 100%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, or less than or equal to 20% more intact RNA than an individual dose and/or effective amount of the intact RNA. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 5% and less than or equal to 20, at least 20% and less than or equal to 100%, or at least 20% and less than or equal to 50%).
  • the article has a particular shelf-life at a particular temperature.
  • the shelf-life is the amount of time for which the article can be stored in a particular set of conditions and still be used safely and effectively (e.g., the amount of time for which the article can be stored in a particular set of conditions and still be used according to FDA guidelines).
  • the article has a shelf-life of and/or can be stored (or is stored) for greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months.
  • the article has a shelf-life of and/or can be stored (or is stored) for less than or equal to 1 year, less than or equal to 9 months, or less than or equal to 6 months.
  • the shelf-life is determined when stored at a temperature of (and/or the composition and/or article can be stored (or is stored) at a temperature of) greater than 0 °C, greater than or equal to 1 °C, greater than or equal to 2 °C, greater than or equal to 3 °C, greater than or equal to 4 °C, or greater than or equal to 5 °C.
  • the shelf-life is determined when stored at a temperature of (and/or the composition and/or article can be stored (or is stored) at a temperature of) less than or equal to 10 °C, less than or equal to 9 °C, less than or equal to 8 °C, less than or equal to 7 °C, less than or equal to 6 °C, or less than or equal to 5 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C, or 5°C).
  • the shelf-life is determined at standard pressure and in the absence of any additional components (e.g., contaminations or stabilizers) that do not form part of the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition (e.g., do not form part of the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition as approved by the FDA).
  • the shelf-life comprises a first period of time at a first temperature followed by a second period of time at a second temperature. In some instances, the first period of time is greater than the second period of time. In certain embodiments, the second temperature is higher than the first temperature.
  • the article e.g., liquid pharmaceutical composition
  • the article may be stored frozen (e.g., at -70 °C) for a period of time (such as greater than or equal to 1 year after it is filled).
  • the first period of time can be at multiple frozen temperatures (e.g., -70°C and then -20°C).
  • it may then be transported to a consumer, where it may be stored as a liquid (e.g., at 5 °C) for greater than or equal to 3 months.
  • the first period of time is greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, greater than or equal to 9 months, greater than or equal to 1 year, greater than or equal to 15 months, or greater than or equal to 18 months. In some instances, the first period of time is less than or equal to 2 years, less than or equal to 18 months, less than or equal to 1 year, or less than or equal to 6 months. Combinations of these range are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 3 months and less than or equal to 2 years).
  • the first temperature is less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to -40 °C, less than or equal to -50 °C, less than or equal to -60 °C, or less than or equal to -70 °C. In certain embodiments, the first temperature is greater than or equal to -90 °C, greater than or equal to -80 °C, greater than or equal to -70 °C, greater than or equal to -60 °C, greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -30 °C.
  • the second period is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months. In some embodiments, the second period is less than or equal to 1 year, less than or equal to 9 months, or less than or equal to 6 months. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 3 months and less than or equal to 1 year).
  • the second temperature is greater than 0 °C, greater than or equal to 1 °C, greater than or equal to 2 °C, greater than or equal to 3 °C, greater than or equal to 4 °C, or greater than or equal to 5 °C. In certain embodiments, the second temperature is less than or equal to 10 °C, less than or equal to 9 °C, less than or equal to 8 °C, less than or equal to 7 °C, less than or equal to 6 °C, or less than or equal to 5 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C, or 5°C).
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • a particular percentage of the RNA is intact at the end of the shelf-life and/or after storage (e.g., after 3 months at 5°C). For example, in certain cases, greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 18%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 75%, greater than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 85%, greater than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 95% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact at the end of the shelf-life and/or after storage.
  • the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • RNA nucleic acid
  • the method comprises adding a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) to the article.
  • a nucleic acid e.g., RNA, such as mRNA
  • the method comprises adding a lipid carrier (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, and/or lipoplex) to the article.
  • a lipid carrier e.g., a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, and/or lipoplex
  • the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) and lipid carrier (e.g., LNP) may be added separately or in combination (e.g., in the form of a liquid pharmaceutical composition, for example, where the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) is formulated in the lipid carrier (e.g., LNP)).
  • the method comprises freezing the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) and/or lipid carrier (e.g., LNP) (individually or in combination as a pharmaceutical composition) prior to addition to the article.
  • the addition of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) and/or the lipid carrier (or the liquid pharmaceutical composition) forms an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article.
  • the amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition formed in the article is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.07 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.08 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.10 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.15 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or greater than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the amount is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.8 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.6 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.4 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or less than or equal to 1.1 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the method comprises storing the article for a duration of time (e.g., up to 1 year or up to 3 years) at a temperature (e.g., greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C, or 5 °C).
  • the method comprises storing the article for a duration of time up to the shelf-life of the article (e.g., any shelf-life described herein).
  • a particular percentage of the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • a particular percentage of the RNA is intact after the storing step (e.g., a particular percentage of the RNA is intact if stored for the shelf-life of the article).
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • RNA e.g., mRNA
  • RNA e.g., greater than or equal to 15% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 80%).
  • the percentage of the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the percentage of the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the percentage of the RNA e.g., mRNA
  • the percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that is intact prior to the storing step is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%.
  • the percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that is intact prior to the storing step is less than or equal to 100%, less than or equal to 99%, less than or equal to 98%, less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 3%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, or less than or equal to 55%. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 40% and less than or equal to 100%, at least 40% and less than or equal to 90%, or at least 50% and less than or equal to 80%).
  • the total amount of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) prior to storage and/or the total amount of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) after storage is greater than or equal to an effective amount of intact RNA.
  • the storing step does not include storing at the glass transition temperature of the composition (e.g., liquid pharmaceutical composition). In certain embodiments, the storing step does not include storing at a temperature of greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C.
  • the storing step does not include storing at a temperature of less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -25 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to - 35 °C, or less than or equal to -40 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to -50 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C).
  • the method mitigates and/or accounts for degradation (e.g., from transesterification) of RNA (e.g., mRNA, such as any mRNA disclosed herein).
  • RNA e.g., mRNA, such as any mRNA disclosed herein.
  • the method and/or composition and/or article mitigates and/or accounts for degradation of RNA at certain conditions (e.g., any conditions disclosed herein, such as the shelf-life conditions and/or storage conditions disclosed herein, such as in a refrigerator, such as at 5 °C).
  • the method and/or composition and/or article mitigates and/or accounts for degradation of RNA (e.g., at certain conditions) by ensuring that a sufficient amount of intact RNA is provided at the time of administration and/or throughout the shelf-life of the article.
  • ensuring that a sufficient amount of intact RNA is provided at the time of administration and/or throughout the shelf-life of the article comprises providing a sufficient amount of intact RNA at the time of manufacture and/or sale (e.g., providing a sufficient amount of intact RNA at the time of manufacture and/or sale taking into account the amount of RNA that will degrade until the time of administration and/or throughout the shelf-life).
  • the total amount of intact RNA prior to storage of the composition for a period of time is calculated to account for degradation of the mRNA (e.g., from transesterification of the mRNA) during the storage of the composition for the period of time and/or to ensure at least an effective amount of intact RNA is present throughout the storage and/or shelf-life (and/or at the time of administration).
  • methods of delivering an effective dose of a nucleic acid e.g., RNA, such as mRNA
  • the method comprises administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any composition or liquid pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein) to a subject.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid (e.g., any nucleic acid disclosed herein, such as an RNA or mRNA encoding a protein) and a lipid carrier (e.g., any lipid carrier disclosed herein, such as an LNP).
  • a nucleic acid e.g., any nucleic acid disclosed herein, such as an RNA or mRNA encoding a protein
  • a lipid carrier e.g., any lipid carrier disclosed herein, such as an LNP
  • a total dose of nucleic acid is administered to the subject that is at least 5% (e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%; less than or equal to 100%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 25%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 15%, or less than or equal to 10%; combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 5% and less than or equal to 100% or at least 20% and less than or equal to 50%) greater than an effective dose of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA).
  • nucleic acid e.g., mRNA
  • a subject to which a composition comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) formulated in a lipid (e.g., LNP) is administered is a subject that suffers from or is at risk of suffering from a disease, disorder or condition, including a communicable or non- communicable disease, disorder or condition.
  • a nucleic acid e.g., mRNA
  • a lipid e.g., LNP
  • “treating” a subject can include either therapeutic use or prophylactic use relating to a disease, disorder or condition, and may be used to describe uses for the alleviation of symptoms of a disease, disorder or condition, uses for vaccination against a disease, disorder or condition, and uses for decreasing the contagiousness of a disease, disorder or condition, among other uses.
  • the nucleic acid e.g., RNA, such as mRNA
  • RNA such as mRNA
  • exemplary vaccines of the invention feature mRNAs encoding a particular antigen of interest (or an mRNA or mRNAs encoding antigens of interest).
  • the vaccines of the invention feature an mRNA or mRNAs encoding antigen(s) derived from infectious diseases.
  • the article comprises a vaccine (e.g., an infectious disease vaccine, such as a human cytomegalovirus vaccine).
  • the antigen comprises an infectious disease antigen.
  • the antigen of the infectious disease vaccine is a viral antigen.
  • the infectious agent is a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV).
  • a disease, disorder or condition is caused by or associated with a member of the herpes virus family, human cytomegalovirus (hCMV).
  • the virus is a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV).
  • the antigen is a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigen.
  • the article and/or pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more (e.g., greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 3, greater than or equal to 4, or greater than or equal to 5; less than or equal to 10, less than or equal to 8, less than or equal to 6, less than or equal to 4, or less than or equal to 2; combinations of these ranges are also possible, such as greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6) hCMV antigens.
  • the disease, disorder or condition is a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV).
  • HCMV includes several surface glycoproteins that are involved in viral attachment and entry into different cell types.
  • the pentameric complex composed of gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A, mediates entry into endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and myeloid cells.
  • HCMV proteins UL128, UL130, and UL131A assemble with gH and gL proteins to form a heterologous pentameric complex, designated gH/gL/UL128-131A, found on the surface of the HCMV.
  • Natural variants and deletion and mutational analyses have implicated proteins of the gH/gL/UL128-131A complex with the ability to infect certain cell types, including for example, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes.
  • HCMV enters cells by fusing its envelope with either the plasma membrane (fibroblasts) or the endosomal membrane (epithelial and endothelial cells).
  • HCMV initiates cell entry by attaching to the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans using envelope glycoprotein M (gM) or gB. This step is followed by interaction with cell surface receptors that trigger entry or initiate intracellular signaling.
  • the entry receptor function is provided by gH/gL glycoprotein complexes. Different gH/gL complexes are known to facilitate entry into different cell types including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, or fibroblasts.
  • gH/gL heterodimer entry into epithelial and endothelial cells requires the pentameric complex gH/gL/UL128/UL130/ UL131 in addition to gH/gL.
  • different gH/gL complexes engage distinct entry receptors on epithelial/endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Receptor engagement is followed by membrane fusion, a process mediated by gB and gH/ gL.
  • gB is essential for entry and cell spread.
  • gB and gH/gL are necessary and sufficient for cell fusion and thus constitute the “core fusion machinery” of HCMV, which is conserved among other herpesviruses.
  • the four glycoprotein complexes play a crucial role in viral attachment, binding, fusion and entry into the host cell.
  • the disclosure provides HCMV mRNA vaccines containing mRNAs encoding the hCMV pentamer (gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A) and gB in lipid nanoparticle.
  • the hCMV immunogenic compositions may comprise (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide; (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide; (c) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide; (d) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide; (e) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide; and (f) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gB polypeptide
  • an approximately equal molar ratio of gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, and increased molar ratios of gB and/or gH relative to the other mRNA components within an hCMV immunogenic composition is provided.
  • the molar ratio of (a):(f) within the immunogenic composition is about 1:1; the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1:1:1:1; and the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1.
  • the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1).
  • the molar ratio of (a) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1).
  • the molar ratio of (a) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1), and the molar ratio of (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1).
  • the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1.5:1:1:1:1:1.5.
  • the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2
  • the hCMV vaccine components comprise the sequences provided in Table 1.
  • the mRNA encoding hCMV gH protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the mRNA encoding hCMV gL protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the mRNA encoding hCMV UL128 protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the mRNA encoding hCMV UL130 protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the mRNA encoding hCMV UL131A protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the mRNA encoding hCMV gB protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the open reading frame encoding the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the open reading frame encoding the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the open reading frame encoding the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the open reading frame encoding the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the open reading frame encoding the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the open reading frame encoding the gB polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the mRNA encoding the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
  • the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA components of a hCMV immunogenic composition (e.g., mRNA vaccine) are present in equal masses. In other embodiments, the mRNA components of a hCMV immunogenic composition (e.g., mRNA vaccine) are not present in equal masses.
  • the hCMV immunogenic compositions may comprise a signal sequence.
  • the hCMV mRNA vaccines of the present disclosure may include any 5’ untranslated region (UTR) and/or any 3’ UTR. Exemplary UTR sequences are provided in Table 1; however, other UTR sequences may be used or exchanged for any of the UTR sequences described herein. UTRs may also be omitted from the vaccine constructs provided herein.
  • “administering” or “administration” means providing a material to a subject in a manner that is pharmacologically useful.
  • a composition disclosed herein is administered to a subject enterally.
  • an enteral administration of the composition is oral.
  • a composition disclosed herein is administered to the subject parenterally.
  • a composition disclosed herein is administered to a subject subcutaneously, intraocularly, intravitreally, subretinally, intravenously (IV), intracerebro-ventricularly, intramuscularly, intrathecally (IT), intracisternally, intraperitoneally, via inhalation, topically, or by direct injection to one or more cells, tissues, or organs.
  • To "treat" a disease as the term is used herein means to reduce the frequency or severity of at least one sign or symptom of a disease, disorder or condition experienced by a subject.
  • compositions described above or elsewhere herein are typically administered to a subject in an effective amount, that is, an amount capable of producing a desirable result.
  • the desirable result will depend upon the active agent being administered.
  • an effective amount of a composition comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) formulated in a lipid (e.g., LNP) may be an amount of the composition that is capable of increasing expression of a protein in the subject.
  • a therapeutically acceptable amount may be an amount that is capable of treating a disease or condition, e.g., a disease or condition that that can be relieved by increasing expression of a protein in a subject.
  • a subject is administered a composition comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) formulated in a lipid (e.g., LNP) in an amount sufficient to increase expression of a protein in the subject.
  • a nucleic acid e.g., mRNA
  • a lipid e.g., LNP
  • LNP preparations are analyzed for polydispersity in size (e.g., particle diameter) and/or composition (e.g., amino lipid amount or concentration, phospholipid amount or concentration, structural lipid amount or concentration, PEG-lipid amount or concentration, mRNA amount (e.g., mass) or concentration) and, optionally, further assayed for in vitro and/or in vivo activity.
  • Fractions or pools thereof can also be analyzed for accessible mRNA and/or purity (e.g., purity as determined by reverse-phase (RP) chromatography).
  • Particle size e.g., particle diameter
  • DLS Dynamic Light Scattering
  • mRNA purity can be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) or reverse phase high- performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) size based separation) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) (e.g., frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FA-CE)).
  • HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography
  • RP-HPLC reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography
  • RP-HPLC reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography
  • CE capillary electrophoresis
  • FA-CE frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis
  • Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) size based separation can be used to assess mRNA integrity by a length-based gradient RP separation and UV detection of RNA at 260 nm.
  • main peak or “main peak purity” refers to the RP-HPLC signal detected from mRNA that corresponds to the full size mRNA molecule loaded within a given LNP formulation. mRNA purity can also be assessed by fragmentation analysis. Fragmentation analysis (FA) is a method by which nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) fragments can be analyzed by capillary electrophoresis.
  • FA fragmentation analysis
  • Fragmentation analysis involves sizing and quantifying nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA), for example by using an intercalating dye coupled with an LED light source. Such analysis may be completed, for example, with a Fragment Analyzer from Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc.
  • Compositions formed via the methods described herein may be particularly useful for administering an agent to a subject in need thereof.
  • the compositions are used to deliver a pharmaceutically active agent.
  • the compositions are used to deliver a prophylactic agent.
  • compositions may be administered in any way known in the art of drug delivery, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, transdermally, intrathecally, submucosally, sublingually, rectally, vaginally, etc.
  • parenterally intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, transdermally, intrathecally, submucosally, sublingually, rectally, vaginally, etc.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be chosen based on the route of administration as described below, the agent being delivered, and the time course of delivery of the agent.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions described herein and for use in accordance with the embodiments described herein may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi- solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are sugars such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; detergents such as Tween
  • compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and/or to animals, orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, creams, ointments, or drops), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3 butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl
  • sterile injectable preparations for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol.
  • acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, ethanol, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono or diglycerides.
  • fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.
  • the injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.
  • compositions for rectal or vaginal administration may be suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the particles with suitable non irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the particles.
  • suitable non irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the particles.
  • Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
  • the particles are mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i
  • the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • the solid dosage forms of tablets, dragées, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a pharmaceutical composition include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, or patches.
  • the particles are admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also possible.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may contain, in addition to the compositions of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compositions of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
  • Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons.
  • Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body.
  • dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compositions in a proper medium.
  • Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin.
  • the rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compositions in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • the stabilized compositions of the invention are loaded and stored in prefilled syringes and cartridges for patient-friendly autoinjector and infusion pump devices. Kits for use in preparing or administering the compositions are also provided.
  • Kits for use in preparing or administering the compositions are also provided.
  • a kit for forming compositions may include any solvents, solutions, buffer agents, acids, bases, salts, targeting agent, etc. needed in the composition formation process.
  • the kit includes materials or reagents for purifying, sizing, and/or characterizing the resulting compositions.
  • the kit may also include instructions on how to use the materials in the kit.
  • the one or more agents (e.g., pharmaceutically active agent) to be contained within the composition are typically provided by the user of the kit.
  • Kits are also provided for using or administering the compositions.
  • the compositions may be provided in convenient dosage units for administration to a subject.
  • the kit may include multiple dosage units.
  • the kit may include 1-100 dosage units.
  • the kit includes a week supply of dosage units, or a month supply of dosage units.
  • the kit includes an even longer supply of dosage units.
  • kits may also include devices for administering the compositions.
  • Exemplary devices include syringes, spoons, measuring devices, etc.
  • the kit may optionally include instructions for administering the compositions (e.g., prescribing information).
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange.
  • salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy- ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate
  • Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N + (C 1-4 alkyl) 4 ⁇ salts.
  • Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like.
  • Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate.
  • composition and “formulation” are used interchangeably.
  • article A comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article).
  • article AA comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • the article further comprises a label, suggesting an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject.
  • the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container.
  • the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) and/or greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In some embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the amount is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
  • the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a liposome.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipoplex.
  • article B comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA encoding one or more hCMV antigens formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA and wherein the total amount of RNA includes 40%-95% intact RNA and 5%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA.
  • the composition comprises 40%-95% pure RNA.
  • the percentage of intact RNA is greater than or equal to 15% + the percentage of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article.
  • the article comprises at least 5% more intact RNA than a minimum therapeutically effective dose of the intact RNA.
  • the total amount of RNA includes 40%-80% intact RNA and 20%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In certain embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 40%-70% intact RNA and 30%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In accordance with some embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 60%-80% intact RNA and 20%-40% RNA that is less than full length RNA. According to certain embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 70%-95% intact RNA and 5%-30% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In some embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 75-90% intact RNA and 10%-25% RNA that is less than full length RNA.
  • the total amount of RNA includes 75-80% intact RNA and 20%-25% RNA that is less than full length RNA.
  • the article further comprises a label on the container, wherein the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose, wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose.
  • article C comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition
  • a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least a number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • the container comprises a total amount of full length RNA, wherein the total amount of full length RNA is at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of full length RNA within each individual dose.
  • the article further comprises a label on the container, wherein the label identifies the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose.
  • the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 20% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose.
  • the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 30% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose.
  • the total amount of RNA has a value of less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 100% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose.
  • the article has a shelf-life of at least one month when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C.
  • the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C.
  • the article has a shelf-life of at least one month when stored at a temperature of 5 °C. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B, and/or C, the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of 5 °C. According to some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, at least 40% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C. In accordance with certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C at least 50% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C.
  • At least 60% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C.
  • at least 70% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C.
  • at least 90% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5°C.
  • the container comprises a light protective container.
  • the container comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, and/or an infusion pump.
  • the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid carrier.
  • the label indicates that the article should not be stored at the glass transition temperature of the liquid pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of less than or equal to -20 °C and greater than or equal to -50 °C.
  • the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of less than or equal to -30 °C and greater than or equal to - 35 °C.
  • the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the lipid carrier comprises a liposome.
  • the lipid carrier comprises a lipoplex.
  • the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject.
  • the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose approved by the FDA to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-30% phospholipid, 10-55% structural lipid, and 0.5- 15% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-25% phospholipid, 25-55% structural lipid, and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the RNA comprises mRNA. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or 10,000 nucleotides. For example, in some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides. According to certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises less than or equal to 20,000, 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises less than or equal to 10,000 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution.
  • the mRNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the article comprises a total amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition, wherein the total amount is 1.25 x 10 individual doses x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), and wherein the RNA is an mRNA that encodes a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigen.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 5 and/or 11); (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID.
  • mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 2 and/or 8
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 3 and/or 9
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID.
  • RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1: .
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f)
  • the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) is about 1:1:1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f)
  • the molar ratio of (a):(f) is about 1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to one or more (e.g., all) of (b), (c), (d), and/or (e) is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2.
  • composition A comprises mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the composition comprises a total amount of intact mRNA that is greater than an effective amount of intact mRNA, and wherein the composition comprises at least the effective amount of the intact mRNA after storage of the composition for a period of time; and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • the total amount of intact mRNA decreases in the composition after storage of the composition for the period of time.
  • the total amount of intact mRNA is calculated to account for degradation of the mRNA during the storage of the composition for the period of time.
  • the degradation is from transesterification of the intact mRNA.
  • the degradation is greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 7%, greater than or equal to 8%, greater than or equal to 9%, greater than or equal to 10%, or greater than or equal to 12% of the total mRNA in the composition per month.
  • the period of time is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months.
  • the storage is at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 10°C, such as at about 5°C.
  • the total amount of intact mRNA is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the total mRNA in the composition.
  • the effective amount of intact mRNA is at least about 15%, such as at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55% of the total mRNA in the composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 50% intact mRNA of the total mRNA in the composition following storage of the composition for 3 months at about 5°C.
  • the effective amount comprises at least 5 micrograms of the intact mRNA, such as at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of the intact mRNA.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 5 and/or 11); (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID.
  • mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 2 and/or 8
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 3 and/or 9
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID.
  • RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1:1:1:1:1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f)
  • the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) is about 1:1:1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f)
  • the molar ratio of (a):(f) is about 1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to one or more (e.g., all) of (b), (c), (d), and/or (e) is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2.
  • a container (such as a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container) comprises pharmaceutical composition A.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A.
  • method A of filling an article comprises adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article to form an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; wherein the amount of RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • hCMV human cytomegalovirus
  • RNA and/or lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex are frozen prior to addition to the article.
  • the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 1 year. According to some embodiments of method A, the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 3 months. In some embodiments of method A, at least 40% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. In certain embodiments of method A, at least 50% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A.
  • at least 60% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C.
  • at least 70% of the amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C.
  • at least 75% of the amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C.
  • the temperature is 5 °C.
  • the article is not stored at the glass transition temperature of the liquid pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments of method A, the article is not stored at less than or equal to -20 °C and greater than or equal to -50 °C. In accordance with certain embodiments of method A, the article is not stored at less than or equal to -30 °C and greater than or equal to -35 °C. According to certain embodiments of method A, the amount of RNA is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article).
  • the amount of RNA is greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article). In certain embodiments of method A, the amount of RNA is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article).
  • the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container.
  • method B of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject comprises administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier to a subject, wherein a total dose of the RNA is administered to the subject, and wherein the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 5% greater than the effective dose of the RNA; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier to a subject, wherein a total dose of the RNA is administered to the subject, and wherein the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 5% greater than the effective dose of the RNA; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A.
  • the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 20% greater than the effective dose of the RNA.
  • the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 30% greater than the effective dose of the RNA.
  • the total dose of the RNA administered to the subjected is less than or equal to 100% greater than the effective dose of the RNA.
  • the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex.
  • the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex in the liquid pharmaceutical composition.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a liposome.
  • the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipoplex.
  • the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject.
  • the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose approved by the FDA to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-30% phospholipid, 10-55% structural lipid, and 0.5- 15% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-25% phospholipid, 25-55% structural lipid, and 0.5- 15% PEG-modified lipid.
  • the RNA comprises mRNA.
  • the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or 10,000 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises less than or equal to 20,000, 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides.
  • the RNA comprises less than or equal to 10,000 nucleotides. In accordance with some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides. In certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution. In accordance with some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the mRNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens. In some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • method C of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle comprises preparing the composition with increased mRNA purity as compared to an mRNA purity that will be present in the composition after storage of the composition, such that the amount of mRNA present in the composition after storage will comprise an effective amount of the mRNA, and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens.
  • the composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A.
  • the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 5 and/or 11); (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID.
  • mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 2 and/or 8
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 3 and/or 9
  • a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID.
  • RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1:1:1:1:1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f)
  • the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) is about 1:1:1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f)
  • the molar ratio of (a):(f) is about 1:1.
  • the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to one or more (e.g., all) of (b), (c), (d), and/or (e) is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2.
  • any of the mRNA sequences described herein may include a 5′ UTR and/or a 3′ UTR.
  • the UTR sequences may be selected from the following sequences, or other known UTR sequences may be used.
  • any of the mRNA constructs described herein may further comprise a polyA tail and/or cap (e.g., 7mG(5’)ppp(5’)NlmpNp).
  • a signal peptide and/or a peptide tag e.g., C-terminal His tag
  • the indicated signal peptide and/or peptide tag may be substituted for a different signal peptide and/or peptide tag, or the signal peptide and/or peptide tag may be omitted.
  • EXAMPLE 1 This example describes the degradation of mRNA in lipid nanoparticle formulations when stored for 3 months at 5 °C. This example demonstrates that the main mechanism of degradation of mRNA in lipid nanoparticle formulations at these conditions is trans-esterification (rather than hydrolysis).
  • the degradation of mRNA was studied for LNP formulations with two different types of mRNA (one that encodes a first viral antigen and one that encodes for a second different viral antigen), to demonstrate that the mechanism of degradation is independent of sequence. This was studied using a 3 ⁇ -RACE +/- PNK workflow (3 ⁇ -rapid amplification of cDNA ends +/- polynucleotide kinase), which allowed for rapid profiling of the 3 ⁇ -end sites.
  • mRNA fragments were ligated with a sequence-defined, 5 ⁇ -adenylated DNA adaptor oligonucleotide at their 3 ⁇ - ends using thermostable T4 ligase; the ligated DNA-RNA hybrid strands were then subjected to library prep and NGS sequencing on a MiSeq (Illumina). It should be noted that this workflow only applies to mRNA fragments that are 3 ⁇ - terminated as hydroxyl groups. If the mRNA fragments are 3 ⁇ -phosphate protected – as in the case of transesterification-derived fragments – these phosphates must be cleaved prior to sequencing.
  • PNK polynucleotide kinase
  • the X-axis denotes the position at which RNA fragment ligation to the sequence-defined DNA adaptor occurred, which is in turn indicative of the 3 ⁇ -ends of the RNA fragments.
  • the Y-axis corresponds to the number of detected sequence reads that have 3 ⁇ -ends corresponding to the respective nucleotide. In both FIG.2A and 2B, which show with PNK and without PNK, sequence reads were detected almost exclusively in the PNK-treated samples, and very little sequence reads were detected in the non- PNK-treated samples except for the full-length product (which is hydroxyl-terminated).
  • Transesterification is a random event and can occur at any site along the mRNA backbone. Therefore, relative to shorter mRNAs, longer mRNAs have a higher probability of incurring strand breakage and are mechanistically predicted to degrade faster.
  • Six formulations with mRNAs with different numbers of nucleotides i.e., 659, 785, 914, 1,106, 2,498, and 2,993 nucleotides) were monitored by a size-based RP-HPLC purity method over 14 days stored at 40 °C (see FIG.3).
  • FIG.3 demonstrates that the percentage of degraded mRNA generally increased as the number of nucleotides in the mRNA increased.
  • EXAMPLE 3 This example describes the amount of degradation observed when an LNP formulation comprising mRNA (that has over 4,000 nucleotides) is stored at 5 °C and -70 °C. As shown in FIG.4, the degradation of the mRNA was higher at 5 °C than at -70 °C.
  • EXAMPLE 4 This example evaluates the in vivo response of an LNP formulation comprising mRNA (that encodes a viral antigen) after partial degradation due to simulation of long term storage via application of heat. 12 female 8-week old BALB/C mice were injected on day 1 and day 22 with 2 ⁇ g of the same LNP formulations with various amounts of degradation. The formulations had been treated with heat to simulate various amounts of time stored at 5 °C: 0 months (76% mRNA purity), 4 months (71% mRNA purity), 14 months (61% mRNA purity), and 26 months (49% mRNA purity).
  • a driver towards a commercially acceptable vaccine product is the alignment of the overall product stability and shelf-life at the intended storage condition with the requirements of manufacturing, distribution and administration of the product.
  • degradation of the product upon storage is expected, even when stored frozen.
  • nucleic-acid based vaccines some degradation of the product during storage is expected, particularly at elevated temperatures. This degradation however is not expected to be limiting to the commercial suitability or utility of the proposed vaccine.
  • Fundamental characterization of product degradation, as described in Example 1 has driven a mechanistic understanding which has ultimately led to process improvements and tighter product control.
  • the mechanisms of degradation in the lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA products can be categorized as either being driven by physical (e.g. particle integrity) or chemical (mRNA strand integrity or lipid degradation) processes.
  • physical e.g. particle integrity
  • chemical mRNA strand integrity or lipid degradation
  • critical quality attributes for the product, and by extension a number of these are considered to be limiting for the product if they drop below a specified threshold.
  • the advances in process and storage understanding resulted in a particle that is generally physically stable, however storage around the glass transition (e.g., - 20°C to -40°C) of the product may increase physical instability.
  • the main limiting factor for stability of the vaccine has been determined to be due to chemical degradation, specifically breakage of the mRNA strands in an aqueous environment. Through a series of detailed studies (see Example 1), it was determined that this degradation is driven by a transesterification reaction. The approach to determining shelf-life of the product was therefore based on the mRNA construct purity. As full-length mRNA is required for activity, degradation/breakage of the mRNA strand will render it inactive. The rate of mRNA degradation was dependent upon temperature, as shown in FIG.4, the vaccine product showed negligible product degradation at -70°C, which provides flexibility in manufacturing. This allows for use of bulk freezing technology, for example, for storage of materials prior to vial filling.
  • mRNA degradation was observed as shown in FIG.4.
  • -70°C may not be preferred as a commercial storage or distribution condition, particularly in regions with limited cold-chain (frozen) infrastructure and depot storage, refrigerated (5°C) cold-chain supply is likely to be preferred.
  • the rate of degradation of mRNA will be used to determine the effective amount of vaccine required in the product. This will be achieved in clinical studies in which both the dose required to engender the desired immunological response, and the overall safety profile will be assessed.
  • the approach therefore is to provide additional material in the vials by increasing vial mRNA content ( ⁇ g) to account for degradation.
  • a schematic of the product degradation/shelf life and additional content considerations is shown in FIG.6.
  • the vaccine product will require a dose below 200 micrograms, permitting additional material to be included without significantly impacting the commercial suitability of the product.
  • the upper dose that can be selected will be determined from the safety data obtained during ongoing clinical studies.
  • the non-lyophilized product and mRNA-LNP platform are suitable for commercialization and supply in real-world situations, particularly in lower middle, or lower income countries where cold-chain storage and supply (including at health care provider premises) may not be robust.
  • the minimum effective dose will be less than 200 ⁇ g and possibly less than 100 ⁇ g (data pending), additional material included in the drug product vial will be possible and will permit flexibility in supply, an appropriate shelf-life, and last-mile storage and supply of the product.
  • This product has significant supply chain and storage flexibility, namely a stable product at -70°C combined with the opportunity to include additional material to permit storage at 5°C , nominally for 3 months, which is consistent with industry expectations for vaccines.
  • EXAMPLE 6 This example demonstrates the determination of the glass transition temperature of several compositions comprising mRNA in lipid nanoparticles with varying levels of Tris and sucrose. As described above, the glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous substance (e.g., sucrose) transitions from a hard and relatively brittle (“glassy”) state into a rubbery or viscous state.
  • an amorphous substance e.g., sucrose
  • Tg glass transition temperature
  • mDSC modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry
  • a nucleic acid e.g., mRNA
  • a lipid carrier e.g., LNP
  • the amount of liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article is demonstrated in Table 3.
  • the fourth and fifth columns of Table 3 are appropriate for various combinations of shelf- life and degradation rate.
  • the fourth column of Table 3 is appropriate for an article with a 3 month shelf-life (e.g., at 5 °C) and a degradation rate of ⁇ 8.3% per month.
  • the fourth column of Table 3 would also be appropriate for an article with a 2 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of 12.5% per month, or an article with a 6 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of ⁇ 4.1% per month.
  • the fifth column of Table 3 is appropriate for an article with a 3 month shelf- life (e.g., at 5 °C) and a degradation rate of 10% per month, as well as an article with a 2 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of 15% per month, or an article with a 6 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of 5% per month.
  • Table 3 Liquid Pharmaceutical Composition Amounts in Articles
  • EXAMPLE 8 This example demonstrates that, in some instances, mRNA vaccines are effective at low purity levels.
  • the purity of mRNA i.e., that has over 4,000 nucleotides
  • 15,000 vaccine doses each with 100 micrograms of mRNA
  • the 15,000 doses were kept in the refrigerator (approximately 5 °C) for various periods of time (up to approximately 85 days) before administration to human subjects.
  • the rate of degradation for this mRNA under these conditions was determined.
  • the percentage purity of the mRNA at the time of administration was calculated based on the initial measured purity, the amount of time each dose was kept in the refrigerator, and the determined rate of degradation under those conditions.
  • the y-axis of FIG.7 shows the calculated purity when removed from the refrigerator (which, in this case, was also the time of administration).
  • doses ranging from under 55% projected purity to over 77% projected purity were administered to human subjects on day 1, and then doses that again ranged from under 55% projected purity to 77% or higher projected purity were administered to the same human subjects on day 29. Further, it was determined that the efficacy of the vaccine was not directly related to purity alone, but instead was directly related to the amount of intact mRNA administered.
  • a 50 microgram dose of mRNA with 100% intact mRNA would provide 50 micrograms of intact mRNA while a 100 microgram dose of mRNA with 50% intact mRNA (or 50% purity) would also provide 50 micrograms of intact mRNA, and both would provide a similar immune response since they have the same amount of intact mRNA.
  • This relationship was further explored by increasing the total amount of mRNA administered and decreasing the purity (e.g., to 46%, 30%, and 18% purity). It was determined that equivalent immune responses could be achieved with vaccines with these lower purities when the total amount of mRNA was increased, such that the total amount of intact mRNA delivered was equivalent.
  • this example demonstrates that it is the amount of intact mRNA administered that affected the efficacy of the studied mRNA vaccine rather than the purity of the mRNA.
  • EXAMPLE 9 This example studied the minimum amount of intact mRNA needed to ensure effective vaccination of human subjects in order to determine the shelf-life of the vaccine and/or the starting mRNA purity needed to ensure that at least the minimum amount of intact mRNA would be administered throughout the shelf-life of the vaccine. Multiple amounts of intact mRNA were administered to human subjects and the efficacy of the vaccine was studied. It was determined that the efficacy of the vaccine plateaued as the amount of intact mRNA increased, such that there was no observed benefit for efficacy of increasing the amount of intact mRNA beyond the plateau amount.
  • the shelf-life of the vaccine was determined for individual samples taking into consideration the starting mRNA purity, the rate of degradation of the mRNA in specific storage conditions, and the plateau amount of intact mRNA. From this, a general shelf-life for the vaccine was established. Once the general shelf-life was established, the minimum starting mRNA purity needed in the vaccine was determined by taking into consideration the shelf-life, the rate of degradation of the mRNA in specific storage conditions, and the plateau amount of intact mRNA. It was determined that the presence of degraded mRNA did not affect safety or efficacy of the vaccine.
  • this example demonstrates how the starting mRNA purity, the shelf-life of the vaccine, and the final amount of intact mRNA (e.g., the plateau amount) interact with one another. For example, it was determined that to extend the shelf-life (or include storage conditions where degradation is accelerated), the plateau amount of intact mRNA could still be administered at any point throughout the shelf-life if the mRNA purity in the starting product was increased.
  • the plateau amount of intact mRNA could still be administered at any point throughout the shelf-life if the mRNA purity in the starting product was increased.
  • any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.
  • All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. All references, patents and patent applications disclosed herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document.
  • a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
  • “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above.
  • At least one of A and B can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

Abstract

Stabilized formulations of nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) formulated in lipids (e.g., lipid nanoparticles). Methods of making and of use of the formulations (e.g., methods of use for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)) are also provided.

Description

RNA FORMULATIONS FOR HIGH VOLUME DISTRIBUTION, AND METHODS OF USING THE SAME FOR TREATING A DISEASE OR CONDITION CAUSED BY OR ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63/251,162, filed October 1, 2021, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING The contents of the electronic sequence listing (M137870209WO00-SEQ-LBS.xml; Size: 44,085 bytes; and Date of Creation: September 28, 2022) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION The present disclosures relate generally to formulations of nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) formulated in lipid carriers (e.g., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs)), and more specifically to articles suitable for high volume distribution that comprise formulations comprising nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) formulated in lipid carriers (e.g., LNPs), and related methods of preparing and using the same (e.g., methods of use for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)). BACKGROUND The use of messenger RNA as a pharmaceutical agent is of great interest for a variety of applications, including in therapeutics, vaccines and diagnostics. Effective in vivo delivery of mRNA formulations represents a continuing challenge, as many such formulations are inherently unstable, activate an immune response, are susceptible to degradation by nucleases, or fail to reach their target organs or cells within the body due to issues with biodistribution. Each of these challenges results in loss of translational potency and therefore hinders efficacy of conventional mRNA pharmaceutical agents. Various non-viral delivery systems, including nanoparticle formulations, present attractive opportunities to overcome many challenges associated with mRNA delivery. In particular, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have drawn particular attention in recent years as various LNP formulations have shown promise in a variety of pharmaceutical applications (Kowalski et al., “Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery” Molecular Therapy, 27(4):710-728 (2019); Gómez-Aguado, et al., “Nanomedicines to Deliver mRNA: State of the Art and Future Perspectives” Nanomaterials, 10, 264 (2020); Wadhwa et al., “Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines” Pharmaceutics, 12, 102 (2020)). SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides, among other things, articles (e.g., articles suitable for high volume distribution, including, for instance, distribution of vials comprising various amounts of intact, full length RNA, including different amounts at different times during storage, transportation and shelf life and distribution of individual doses comprising various amounts of intact, full length RNA) comprising liquid pharmaceutical compositions comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) formulated in a lipid carrier (e.g., LNP), and methods of preparing and using the same (e.g., methods of use for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV)). The invention encompasses, in some aspects, the determination of the degradation rate of RNA (e.g., mRNA) and the determination of the appropriate balance between the degradation rate and other relevant factors (e.g., complexity of manufacturing, cost of manufacturing, volume of manufacturing, and/or usefulness of the product globally) in the context of high volume distribution. According to some aspects, articles are provided herein. In some embodiments, the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; and a label, suggesting an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In certain embodiments, the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article). In some embodiments, the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In certain embodiments, the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container. In some embodiments, the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), such as greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In certain embodiments, the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA encoding one or more hCMV antigens formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA and wherein the total amount of RNA includes 40%-95% intact RNA and 5%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In certain embodiments, the percentage of intact RNA is greater than or equal to 15% + the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article. In some embodiments, the article comprises at least 5% more intact RNA than an effective dose of the intact RNA. In some embodiments, the article comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; and a label on the container, wherein the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose, wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens. In certain embodiments, the container comprises a total amount of full length RNA, wherein the total amount of full length RNA is at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of full length RNA within each individual dose. In some embodiments, the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C. In certain embodiments, the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid carrier. In some embodiments, the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises mRNA. In certain embodiments, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, or 8000 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In certain embodiments, the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the article comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. According to some aspects, pharmaceutical compositions are described herein. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the composition comprises a total amount of intact mRNA that is greater than an effective amount of intact mRNA, wherein the composition comprises at least the effective amount of the intact mRNA after storage of the composition for a period of time; and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In some embodiments, the total amount of intact mRNA decreases in the composition after storage of the composition for the period of time. In certain embodiments, the total amount of intact mRNA is calculated to account for degradation of the intact mRNA during the storage of the composition for the period of time. In some embodiments, the degradation is from transesterification of the intact mRNA. In certain embodiments, the degradation is greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 7%, greater than or equal to 8%, greater than or equal to 9%, greater than or equal to 10%, or greater than or equal to 12% of the total mRNA in the composition per month. In certain embodiments, the period of time is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months. In some embodiments, the storage is at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 10°C, such as at about 5°C. In certain embodiments, the total amount of intact mRNA is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the total mRNA in the composition. In some embodiments, the effective amount of intact mRNA is at least about 15%, such as at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55% of the total mRNA in the composition. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 50% intact mRNA of the total mRNA in the composition following storage of the composition for 3 months at about 5°C. In some embodiments, the effective amount of intact mRNA comprises at least 5 micrograms of the intact mRNA, such as at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of the intact mRNA. In some embodiments, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to some aspects, containers are described herein. In some embodiments, the container (such as a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container) comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. According to some aspects, methods of filling an article are described herein. In certain embodiments, the method of filling an article comprises adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article to form an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In some embodiments, the adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article forms an amount of full length RNA in the article, and wherein the amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses in the article). In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In certain embodiment, the RNA and/or lipid nanoparticle are frozen prior to addition to the article. In some embodiments, the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 1 year. In certain embodiments, at least 40% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. In some embodiments, the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. According to some aspects, methods of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject are described herein. In certain embodiments, the method of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject comprises administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier to a subject, wherein a total dose of the RNA is administered to the subject, and wherein the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 5% greater than an effective dose of the RNA; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In some embodiments, the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In certain embodiments, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In some embodiments, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In certain embodiments, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to some aspects, method of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle are described herein. In certain embodiments, the method of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle comprises preparing the composition with increased mRNA purity as compared to an mRNA purity that will be present in the composition after storage of the composition, such that the amount of mRNA present in the composition after storage will comprise an effective amount of the mRNA, and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In some embodiments, the composition comprises any pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In certain embodiments, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In some embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In certain embodiments, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. Other advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. In cases where the present specification and a document incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure, the present specification shall control. If two or more documents incorporated by reference include conflicting and/or inconsistent disclosure with respect to each other, then the document having the later effective date shall control. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component illustrated is typically represented by a single numeral. For purposes of clarity, not every component is labeled in every figure, nor is every component of each embodiment of the invention shown where illustration is not necessary to allow those of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention. In the figures: FIG.1A shows the mechanism of transesterification in RNA (e.g., mRNA). FIG.1B shows the mechanism of hydrolysis in RNA (e.g., mRNA). FIG.2A plots the relative abundance of sequence reads versus the position of RNA 3’- terminal nucleotides for liquid mRNA that encodes a viral antigen at 5 °C, with and without PNK. FIG.2B plots the relative abundance of sequence reads versus the position of RNA 3’- terminal nucleotides for liquid mRNA that encodes a viral antigen at 5 °C, with and without PNK. FIG.3 plots the % main peak area (normalized to T=0) versus the number of days stored at 40 °C as determined by a size-based RP-HPLC purity method for mRNAs of different lengths. FIG.4 plots normalized purity versus time (in months) of an LNP formulation comprising an mRNA that encodes for an antigen when stored at -70 °C or 5 °C. FIG.5 plots the geometric mean titer produced in vivo versus the percentage purity of the mRNA administered. FIG.6 shows a model of stability when a product is stored at -70 °C and then transitioned to 5 °C storage, in accordance with certain embodiments. The dotted line indicates a minimum effective dose, in certain instances. FIG.6 demonstrates that if additional product is included above the minimum effective dose, the product may be stored at 5 °C for 3 months while still retaining a minimum effective dose, in some cases. FIG.7 shows the projected mRNA purity at the time of administration of 15,000 doses of a vaccine. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) formulations offer the opportunity to deliver various nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) in vivo for applications in which unencapsulated nucleic acids would be ineffective. However, nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA) within LNP formulations typically degrade over time (e.g., from trans-esterification). This can be problematic for many applications. For example, in the case of vaccines, if the active agent degrades, an insufficient dose may be administered to a subject, such that the subject may not actually be protected by the vaccine. Although this degradation may be reduced, in some cases, by lyophilization of the formulation, or by freezing (e.g., at -20 °C or -70 °C), such that the formulations may be stored longer term, these options are not always feasible. For example, not all countries have sufficient cold-chain storage and supply. Accordingly, if a drug is needed throughout the world, freezing the formulations may not be an option for these countries. In fact, even in countries where cold- chain storage and supply is not typically an issue, it might be difficult to have sufficient cold- chain storage and supply if a large volume of formulations are needed. Similarly, the use of lyophilization may complicate manufacturing, increase cost of manufacturing, and/or cause a bottleneck in the supply chain. Still further, refrigerated liquid products are preferred over reconstituted lyophilized powder or frozen products for widespread use as they are more patient- friendly. Accordingly, alternatives are needed for high volume distribution (e.g., distribution globally and/or high volume distribution locally). Additionally, long term storage can be less important than these other factors when high volume distribution is needed. For example, in a global pandemic, long term storage for a vaccine is less important than the ability to manufacture and distribute large volumes of vaccine. This is because vaccines will not sit on shelves for long periods of time, as vaccines will be needed almost as, or more, quickly than they can be produced. Accordingly, the focus in situations such as this shifts to how rapidly and inexpensively the vaccines can be produced and distributed, rather than on how long they can be stored. Thus, factors such as simplifying manufacturing, decreasing cost, and preventing a bottleneck in the supply chain, as well as the ability to distribute the vaccine globally, become increasingly important. Nevertheless, the focus cannot exclusively be on rapid production, and long term storage of a formulation cannot be ignored entirely, as it is not always practically feasible for a vaccine to be distributed and used immediately after production. Accordingly, even in times of high volume distribution, a vaccine still must have at least a minimum shelf-life (e.g., three months). The inventors of the present application were able to develop articles and methods that appropriately balance these factors. In some embodiments, the articles and methods disclosed herein provide advantages such as rapid production, simple manufacturing, inexpensive manufacturing, inexpensive storage, and/or accessible storage options, while still ensuring that an effective dose will be delivered to the subject. In certain embodiments, the articles and methods disclosed herein provide advantages such as the capability of high volume production and/or distribution. In some embodiments, high volume (e.g., production, distribution, and/or administration) comprises greater than or equal to 10 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 25 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 50 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 100 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 150 million articles/month, greater than or equal to 200 million articles/month, or greater than or equal to 250 million articles/month. In certain embodiments, high volume comprises less than or equal to 1 billion articles/month, less than or equal to 500 million articles/month, less than or equal to 250 million articles/month, less than or equal to 200 million articles/month, or less than or equal to 150 million articles/month. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 10 million articles/month and less than or equal to 1 billion articles/month). In some embodiments, articles (e.g., vials) comprise additional pharmaceutical composition (e.g., additional RNA, such as mRNA, i.e., intact (full length) mRNA) than that required for the number of individual doses contained therein, providing more flexibility in storage conditions (e.g., allowing storing of a liquid pharmaceutical composition at 5 °C for 3 months), as 100% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) in the article need not be intact to deliver a therapeutically effective dose. In some instances, this flexibility in storage conditions provides advantages such as rapid production, simple manufacturing, inexpensive manufacturing, inexpensive storage, and/or accessible storage options. Accordingly, provided herein are articles (e.g., articles comprising liquid pharmaceutical compositions) and methods for their preparation and use. In some embodiments, the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA). As disclosed herein, the term “nucleic acid” refers to multiple nucleotides (i.e., molecules comprising a sugar (e.g., ribose or deoxyribose) linked to a phosphate group and to an exchangeable organic base, which is either a substituted pyrimidine (e.g., cytosine (C), thymine (T) or uracil (U)) or a substituted purine (e.g., adenine (A) or guanine (G))). As used herein, the term nucleic acid refers to polyribonucleotides as well as polydeoxyribonucleotides. The term nucleic acid shall also include polynucleosides (i.e., a polynucleotide minus the phosphate) and any other organic base containing polymer. Non-limiting examples of nucleic acids include chromosomes, genomic loci, genes or gene segments that encode polynucleotides or polypeptides, coding sequences, non-coding sequences (e.g., intron, 5’-UTR, or 3’-UTR) of a gene, pri-mRNA, pre-mRNA, cDNA, mRNA, etc. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is mRNA. A nucleic acid may include a substitution and/or modification. In some embodiments, the substitution and/or modification is in one or more bases and/or sugars. For example, in some embodiments a nucleic acid includes nucleic acids having backbone sugars that are covalently attached to low molecular weight organic groups other than a hydroxyl group at the 2' position and other than a phosphate group or hydroxy group at the 5' position. Thus, in some embodiments, a substituted or modified nucleic acid includes a 2'-O-alkylated ribose group. In some embodiments, a modified nucleic acid includes sugars such as hexose, 2’-F hexose, 2’- amino ribose, constrained ethyl (cEt), locked nucleic acid (LNA), arabinose or 2'-fluoroarabinose instead of ribose. Thus, in some embodiments, a nucleic acid is heterogeneous in backbone composition thereby containing any possible combination of polymer units linked together such as peptide-nucleic acids (which have an amino acid backbone with nucleic acid bases). In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is DNA, RNA, PNA, cEt, LNA, ENA or hybrids including any chemical or natural modification thereof. Chemical and natural modifications are well known in the art. Non-limiting examples of modifications include modifications designed to increase translation of the nucleic acid, to increase cell penetration or sub-cellular distribution of the nucleic acid, to stabilize the nucleic acid against nucleases and other enzymes that degrade or interfere with the structure or activity of the nucleic acid, and to improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure comprise a RNA having an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide. In some embodiments, the RNA is a messenger RNA (mRNA). In some embodiments, the RNA (e.g., mRNA) further comprises a 5 ^ UTR, 3 ^ UTR, a poly(A) tail and/or a 5 ^ cap analog. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is any RNA that encodes a (at least one) protein (a naturally- occurring, non-naturally-occurring, or modified polymer of amino acids) and can be translated to produce the encoded protein in vitro, in vivo, in situ, or ex vivo. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, except where otherwise noted, nucleic acid sequences set forth in the instant application may recite “T”s in a representative DNA sequence but where the sequence represents RNA (e.g., mRNA), the “T”s would be substituted for “U”s. Thus, any of the DNAs disclosed and identified by a particular sequence identification number herein also disclose the corresponding RNA (e.g., mRNA) sequence complementary to the DNA, where each “T” of the DNA sequence is substituted with “U.” An open reading frame (ORF) is a continuous stretch of DNA or RNA beginning with a start codon (e.g., methionine (ATG or AUG)) and ending with a stop codon (e.g., TAA, TAG or TGA, or UAA, UAG or UGA). An ORF typically encodes a protein. It will be understood that the sequences disclosed herein may further comprise additional elements, e.g., 5′ and 3′ UTRs, but that those elements, unlike the ORF, need not necessarily be present in an RNA polynucleotide of the present disclosure. Naturally-occurring eukaryotic mRNA molecules can contain stabilizing elements, including, but not limited to untranslated regions (UTR) at their 5′-end (5′ UTR) and/or at their 3′-end (3′ UTR), in addition to other structural features, such as a 5′-cap structure or a 3′-poly(A) tail. Both the 5′ UTR and the 3′ UTR are typically transcribed from the genomic DNA and are elements of the premature mRNA. Characteristic structural features of mature mRNA, such as the 5′-cap and the 3′-poly(A) tail are usually added to the transcribed (premature) mRNA during mRNA processing. In some embodiments, a composition includes an RNA polynucleotide having an open reading frame encoding at least one polypeptide having at least one modification, at least one 5′ terminal cap, and is formulated within a lipid nanoparticle.5′-capping of polynucleotides may be completed concomitantly during the in vitro-transcription reaction using the following chemical RNA cap analogs to generate the 5′-guanosine cap structure according to manufacturer protocols: 3´-O-Me-m7G(5')ppp(5') G [the ARCA cap];G(5')ppp(5')A; G(5')ppp(5')G; m7G(5')ppp(5')A; m7G(5')ppp(5')G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA).5′-capping of modified RNA may be completed post-transcriptionally using a Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme to generate the “Cap 0” structure: m7G(5')ppp(5')G (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA). Cap 1 structure may be generated using both Vaccinia Virus Capping Enzyme and a 2′-O methyl-transferase to generate: m7G(5')ppp(5')G-2′-O-methyl. Cap 2 structure may be generated from the Cap 1 structure followed by the 2′-O-methylation of the 5′-antepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl- transferase. Cap 3 structure may be generated from the Cap 2 structure followed by the 2′-O- methylation of the 5′-preantepenultimate nucleotide using a 2′-O methyl-transferase. Enzymes may be derived from a recombinant source. The 3′-poly(A) tail is typically a stretch of adenine nucleotides added to the 3′-end of the transcribed mRNA. It can, in some instances, comprise up to about 400 adenine nucleotides. In some embodiments, the length of the 3′-poly(A) tail may be an essential element with respect to the stability of the individual mRNA. In some embodiments, a composition comprises an RNA (e.g., mRNA) having an ORF that encodes a signal peptide fused to the expressed polypeptide. Signal peptides, comprising the N-terminal 15-60 amino acids of proteins, are typically needed for the translocation across the membrane on the secretory pathway and, thus, universally control the entry of most proteins both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes to the secretory pathway. A signal peptide may have a length of 15-60 amino acids. In some embodiments, an ORF encoding a polypeptide is codon optimized. Codon optimization methods are known in the art. For example, an ORF of any one or more of the sequences provided herein may be codon optimized. Codon optimization, in some embodiments, may be used to match codon frequencies in target and host organisms to ensure proper folding; bias GC content to increase mRNA stability or reduce secondary structures; minimize tandem repeat codons or base runs that may impair gene construction or expression; customize transcriptional and translational control regions; insert or remove protein trafficking sequences; remove/add post translation modification sites in encoded protein (e.g., glycosylation sites); add, remove or shuffle protein domains; insert or delete restriction sites; modify ribosome binding sites and mRNA degradation sites; adjust translational rates to allow the various domains of the protein to fold properly; or reduce or eliminate problem secondary structures within the polynucleotide. Codon optimization tools, algorithms and services are known in the art – non- limiting examples include services from GeneArt (Life Technologies), DNA2.0 (Menlo Park CA) and/or proprietary methods. In some embodiments, the open reading frame (ORF) sequence is optimized using optimization algorithms. In some embodiments, an RNA (e.g., mRNA) is not chemically modified and comprises the standard ribonucleotides consisting of adenosine, guanosine, cytosine and uridine. In some embodiments, nucleotides and nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise standard nucleoside residues such as those present in transcribed RNA (e.g. A, G, C, or U). In some embodiments, nucleotides and nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise standard deoxyribonucleosides such as those present in DNA (e.g. dA, dG, dC, or dT). The compositions of the present disclosure comprise, in some embodiments, an RNA having an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide, wherein the nucleic acid comprises nucleotides and/or nucleosides that can be standard (unmodified) or modified as is known in the art. In some embodiments, nucleotides and nucleosides of the present disclosure comprise modified nucleotides or nucleosides. Such modified nucleotides and nucleosides can be naturally-occurring modified nucleotides and nucleosides or non-naturally occurring modified nucleotides and nucleosides. Such modifications can include those at the sugar, backbone, or nucleobase portion of the nucleotide and/or nucleoside as are recognized in the art. In some embodiments, a naturally-occurring modified nucleotide or nucleotide of the disclosure is one as is generally known or recognized in the art. Non-limiting examples of such naturally occurring modified nucleotides and nucleotides can be found, inter alia, in the widely recognized MODOMICS database. The present disclosure provides for modified nucleosides and nucleotides of a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA nucleic acids, such as mRNA nucleic acids). A “nucleoside” refers to a compound containing a sugar molecule (e.g., a pentose or ribose) or a derivative thereof in combination with an organic base (e.g., a purine or pyrimidine) or a derivative thereof (also referred to herein as “nucleobase”). A “nucleotide” refers to a nucleoside, including a phosphate group. Modified nucleotides may by synthesized by any useful method, such as, for example, chemically, enzymatically, or recombinantly, to include one or more modified or non-natural nucleosides. Nucleic acids can comprise a region or regions of linked nucleosides. Such regions may have variable backbone linkages. The linkages can be standard phosphodiester linkages, in which case the nucleic acids would comprise regions of nucleotides. In some embodiments, modified nucleobases in nucleic acids (e.g., RNA nucleic acids, such as mRNA nucleic acids) comprise 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ), 1-ethyl-pseudouridine (e1ψ), 5-methoxy-uridine (mo5U), 5-methyl-cytidine (m5C), and/or pseudouridine (ψ). In some embodiments, modified nucleobases in nucleic acids (e.g., RNA nucleic acids, such as mRNA nucleic acids) comprise 5-methoxymethyl uridine, 5-methylthio uridine, 1-methoxymethyl pseudouridine, 5-methyl cytidine, and/or 5-methoxy cytidine. In some embodiments, the polyribonucleotide includes a combination of at least two (e.g., 2, 3, 4 or more) of any of the aforementioned modified nucleobases, including but not limited to chemical modifications. In some embodiments, a mRNA of the disclosure comprises 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a mRNA of the disclosure comprises 1-methyl-pseudouridine (m1ψ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid and 5-methyl cytidine substitutions at one or more or all cytidine positions of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a mRNA of the disclosure comprises pseudouridine (ψ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a mRNA of the disclosure comprises pseudouridine (ψ) substitutions at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid and 5-methyl cytidine substitutions at one or more or all cytidine positions of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a mRNA of the disclosure comprises uridine at one or more or all uridine positions of the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, mRNAs are uniformly modified (e.g., fully modified, modified throughout the entire sequence) for a particular modification. For example, a nucleic acid can be uniformly modified with 1-methyl-pseudouridine, meaning that all uridine residues in the mRNA sequence are replaced with 1-methyl-pseudouridine. Similarly, a nucleic acid can be uniformly modified for any type of nucleoside residue present in the sequence by replacement with a modified residue such as those set forth above. The nucleic acids of the present disclosure may be partially or fully modified along the entire length of the molecule. For example, one or more or all or a given type of nucleotide (e.g., purine or pyrimidine, or any one or more or all of A, G, U, C) may be uniformly modified in a nucleic acid of the disclosure, or in a predetermined sequence region thereof (e.g., in the mRNA including or excluding the poly(A) tail). In some embodiments, all nucleotides X in a nucleic acid of the present disclosure (or in a sequence region thereof) are modified nucleotides, wherein X may be any one of nucleotides A, G, U, C, or any one of the combinations A+G, A+U, A+C, G+U, G+C, U+C, A+G+U, A+G+C, G+U+C or A+G+C. The mRNAs of the present disclosure may comprise one or more regions or parts which act or function as an untranslated region. Where mRNAs are designed to encode at least one polypeptide of interest, the nucleic may comprise one or more of these untranslated regions (UTRs). Wild-type untranslated regions of a nucleic acid are transcribed but not translated. In mRNA, the 5′ UTR starts at the transcription start site and continues to the start codon but does not include the start codon; whereas, the 3′ UTR starts immediately following the stop codon and continues until the transcriptional termination signal. The regulatory features of a UTR can be incorporated into the polynucleotides of the present disclosure to, among other things, enhance the stability of the molecule. The specific features can also be incorporated to ensure controlled down-regulation of the transcript in case they are misdirected to undesired organs sites. A variety of 5’UTR and 3’UTR sequences are known and available in the art. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) comprises greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 500 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 600 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 800 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 1,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 1,500 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 2,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 3,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 5,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 7,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 8,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 9,000 nucleotides, or greater than or equal to 10,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 11,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 12,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 13,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 14,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 15,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 16,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 17,000 nucleotides, or greater than or equal to 18,000 nucleotides. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) comprises less than or equal to 20,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 15,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 14,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 13,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 12,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 11,000 nucleotides, 10,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 9,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 8,000 nucleotides, less than or equal to 7,000 nucleotides, or less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides and less than or equal to 20,000 nucleotides, greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides and less than or equal to 15,000 nucleotides, or greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides and less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that it is more difficult to achieve sufficient stability in nucleic acids (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) the more nucleotides it has. For example, in some cases, a trans-esterification reaction at a nucleotide of an mRNA can cleave the mRNA, such that it no longer encodes the desired protein. The more nucleotides there are in an mRNA strand, the higher the statistical likelihood that one of the nucleotides will be cleaved. In some embodiments, the RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to any nucleotide sequence disclosed herein. For example, in certain embodiments, the RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOs.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to certain embodiments, the RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises an ORF that comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to the nucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. The term “identity” refers to a relationship between the sequences of two or more polypeptides (e.g. antigens) or polynucleotides (nucleic acids), as determined by comparing the sequences. Identity also refers to the degree of sequence relatedness between or among sequences as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues. Identity measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (e.g., “algorithms”). Identity of related antigens or nucleic acids can be readily calculated by known methods. “Percent (%) identity” as it applies to polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences is defined as the percentage of residues (amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues) in the candidate amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that are identical with the residues in the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence of a second sequence after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent identity. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art. It is understood that identity depends on a calculation of percent identity but may differ in value due to gaps and penalties introduced in the calculation. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide (e.g., antigen) have at least 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% but less than 100% sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art. Such tools for alignment include those of the BLAST suite (Stephen F. Altschul, et al (1997), "Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs", Nucleic Acids Res.25:3389-3402). Another popular local alignment technique is based on the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith, T.F. & Waterman, M.S. (1981) “Identification of common molecular subsequences.” J. Mol. Biol.147:195-197). A general global alignment technique based on dynamic programming is the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, S.B. & Wunsch, C.D. (1970) “A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequences of two proteins.” J. Mol. Biol.48:443-453). More recently a Fast Optimal Global Sequence Alignment Algorithm (FOGSAA) has been developed that purportedly produces global alignment of nucleotide and protein sequences faster than other optimal global alignment methods, including the Needleman–Wunsch algorithm. As such, polynucleotides encoding peptides or polypeptides containing substitutions, insertions and/or additions, deletions and covalent modifications with respect to reference sequences, in particular the polypeptide (e.g., antigen) sequences disclosed herein, are included within the scope of this disclosure. For example, sequence tags or amino acids, such as one or more lysines, can be added to peptide sequences (e.g., at the N-terminal or C-terminal ends). Sequence tags can be used for peptide detection, purification or localization. Lysines can be used to increase peptide solubility or to allow for biotinylation. Alternatively, amino acid residues located at the carboxy and amino terminal regions of the amino acid sequence of a peptide or protein may optionally be deleted providing for truncated sequences. Certain amino acids (e.g., C-terminal or N-terminal residues) may alternatively be deleted depending on the use of the sequence, as for example, expression of the sequence as part of a larger sequence which is soluble or linked to a solid support. In some embodiments, sequences for (or encoding) signal sequences, termination sequences, transmembrane domains, linkers, multimerization domains (such as, e.g., foldon regions) and the like may be substituted with alternative sequences that achieve the same or a similar function. In some embodiments, cavities in the core of proteins can be filled to improve stability, e.g., by introducing larger amino acids. In other embodiments, buried hydrogen bond networks may be replaced with hydrophobic residues to improve stability. In yet other embodiments, glycosylation sites may be removed and replaced with appropriate residues. Such sequences are readily identifiable to one of skill in the art. It should also be understood that some of the sequences provided herein contain sequence tags or terminal peptide sequences (e.g., at the N-terminal or C-terminal ends) that may be deleted, for example, prior to use in the preparation of an RNA (e.g., mRNA) vaccine. As recognized by those skilled in the art, protein fragments, functional protein domains, and homologous proteins are also considered to be within the scope of antigens of interest. For example, provided herein is any protein fragment (meaning a polypeptide sequence at least one amino acid residue shorter than a reference antigen sequence but otherwise identical) of a reference protein, provided that the fragment is immunogenic and confers a protective immune response to the human cytomegalovirus (hCMV). In addition to variants that are identical to the reference protein but are truncated, in some embodiments, an antigen includes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or more mutations, as shown in any of the sequences provided or referenced herein. Antigens/antigenic polypeptides can range in length from about 4, 6, or 8 amino acids to full length proteins. In some embodiments, the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises a lipid carrier. Examples of lipid carriers include lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, and/or lipoplex. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) is encapsulated within the lipid carrier (e.g., lipid nanoparticle, liposome, and/or lipoplex). Lipid Formulations In some embodiments, the nucleic acids of are formulated as a lipid composition, such as a composition comprising a lipid nanoparticle, a liposome, and/or a lipoplex. In some embodiments, nucleic acids of the invention are formulated as lipid nanoparticle (LNP) compositions. Lipid nanoparticles typically comprise amino lipid, non-cationic lipid, structural lipid, and PEG lipid components along with the nucleic acid cargo of interest. The lipid nanoparticles of the invention can be generated using components, compositions, and methods as are generally known in the art, see for example PCT/US2016/052352; PCT/US2016/068300; PCT/US2017/037551; PCT/US2015/027400; PCT/US2016/047406; PCT/US2016000129; PCT/US2016/014280; PCT/US2017/038426; PCT/US2014/027077; PCT/US2014/055394; PCT/US2016/52117; PCT/US2012/069610; PCT/US2017/027492; PCT/US2016/059575; PCT/US2016/069491; PCT/US2016/069493; and PCT/US2014/66242, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises at least one ionizable amino lipid, at least one non-cationic lipid, at least one sterol, and/or at least one polyethylene glycol (PEG)- modified lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 20-60% ionizable amino lipid, 5-25% non-cationic lipid, 25-55% structural lipid, and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 20-60% ionizable amino lipid, 5-30% non-cationic lipid, 10-55% structural lipid, and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 40-50 mol% ionizable lipid, optionally 45-50 mol%, for example, 45-46 mol%, 46-47 mol%, 47-48 mol%, 48-49 mol%, or 49-50 mol% for example about 45 mol%, 45.5 mol%, 46 mol%, 46.5 mol%, 47 mol%, 47.5 mol%, 48 mol%, 48.5 mol%, 49 mol%, or 49.5 mol%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 20-60 mol% ionizable amino lipid. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 20-50 mol%, 20-40 mol%, 20-30 mol%, 30-60 mol%, 30-50 mol%, 30-40 mol%, 40-60 mol%, 40-50 mol%, or 50-60 mol% ionizable amino lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 20 mol%, 30 mol%, 40 mol%, 50 mol%, or 60 mol% ionizable amino lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 35 mol%, 36 mol%, 37 mol%, 38 mol%, 39 mol%, 40 mol%, 41 mol%, 42 mol%, 43 mol%, 44 mol%, 45 mol%, 46 mol%, 47 mol%, 48 mol%, 49 mol%, 50 mol%, 51 mol%, 52 mol%, 53 mol%, 54 mol%, or 55 mol% ionizable amino lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 45 – 55 mole percent (mol%) ionizable amino lipid. For example, lipid nanoparticle may comprise 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, or 55 mol% ionizable amino lipid. Ionizable amino lipids In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid of the present disclosure is a compound of Formula (AI):
Figure imgf000020_0005
(AI) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched; wherein R’branched is:
Figure imgf000020_0004
; wherein
Figure imgf000020_0003
denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raα, Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C2-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH, wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and
Figure imgf000020_0002
wherein
Figure imgf000020_0001
denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2- 3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O- and -OC(O)-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; l is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and m is selected from the group consisting of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (AI), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is denot aα aβ aγ aδ 2
Figure imgf000020_0006
es a point of attachment; R , R , R , and R are each H; R and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each - C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7. In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (AI), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is
Figure imgf000021_0001
denotes a point of attachment; Raα, Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each H; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each - C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 3; and m is 7. In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (AI), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is
Figure imgf000021_0002
denotes a point of attachment; Raα is C2-12 alkyl; Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each H; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is 10 5
Figure imgf000021_0004
R NH(C1-6 alkyl); n2 is 2; R is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7. In some embodiments of the compounds of Formula (I), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is
Figure imgf000021_0003
denotes a point of attachment; Raα, Raβ, and Raδ are each H; Raγ is C2-12 alkyl; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from:
Figure imgf000021_0005
Figure imgf000022_0001
. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AIa):
Figure imgf000022_0002
its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched; wherein R’branched i
Figure imgf000022_0003
denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C2-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and
Figure imgf000022_0005
wherein
Figure imgf000022_0004
denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O- and -OC(O)-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; l is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and m is selected from the group consisting of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AIb):
Figure imgf000023_0001
its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched; wherein
Figure imgf000023_0002
denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raα, Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C2-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH, wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O- and -OC(O)-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; l is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and m is selected from the group consisting of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. In some embodiments of Formula (AI) or (AIb), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is
Figure imgf000023_0003
denotes a point of attachment; Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each H; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each - C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7. In some embodiments of Formula (AI) or (AIb), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is
Figure imgf000023_0004
denotes a point of attachment; Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each H; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each - C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 3; and m is 7. In some embodiments of Formula (AI) or (AIb), R’a is R’branched; R’branched is
Figure imgf000024_0001
denotes a point of attachment; Raβ and Raδ are each H; Raγ is C2-12 alkyl; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH; n is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AIc):
Figure imgf000024_0002
its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched; wherein
Figure imgf000024_0003
denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raα, Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C2-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; w
Figure imgf000024_0004
point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O- and -OC(O)-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; l is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and m is selected from the group consisting of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13. In some embodiments,
Figure imgf000025_0001
denotes a point of attachment; Raβ, Raγ, and Raδ are each H; Raα is C2-12 alkyl; R2 and R3 are each C1-14 alkyl;
Figure imgf000025_0002
denotes a point of attachment; R10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl); n2 is 2; each R5 is H; each R6 is H; M and M’ are each -C(O)O-; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; l is 5; and m is 7. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (AIc) is:
Figure imgf000025_0003
. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII):
Figure imgf000025_0004
its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein
Figure imgf000025_0006
wherein
Figure imgf000025_0005
denotes a point of attachment; Raγ and Raδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of Raγ and Raδ is selected from the group consisting of C1- 12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; Rbγ and Rbδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of Rbγ and Rbδ is selected from the group consisting of C1- 12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000026_0001
, wherein
Figure imgf000026_0002
denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; Ya is a C3-6 carbocycle; R*”a is selected from the group consisting of C1-15 alkyl and C2-15 alkenyl; and s is 2 or 3; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-a):
Figure imgf000026_0003
wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein
Figure imgf000026_0004
wherein denotes a point of attachment; Raγ and Raδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of Raγ and Raδ is selected from the group consisting of C1- 12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; Rbγ and Rbδ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-12 alkyl, and C2-12 alkenyl, wherein at least one of Rbγ and Rbδ is selected from the group consisting of C1- 12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000027_0001
, wherein
Figure imgf000027_0002
denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-b):
Figure imgf000027_0003
its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein
Figure imgf000027_0004
wherein
Figure imgf000027_0006
denotes a point of attachment; Raγ and Rbγ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000027_0005
, wherein
Figure imgf000028_0006
denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-c):
Figure imgf000028_0004
(AII-c) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein R’branched is
Figure imgf000028_0005
wherein
Figure imgf000028_0001
denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raγ is selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000028_0002
, wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2
Figure imgf000028_0003
; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-d):
Figure imgf000029_0001
-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein
Figure imgf000029_0002
wherein
Figure imgf000029_0003
denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raγ and Rbγ are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000029_0004
, wherein
Figure imgf000029_0005
denotes a point of attachment; wherein R10 is N(R)2; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-6 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10; each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-e):
Figure imgf000029_0006
its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein
Figure imgf000029_0007
wherein denotes a point of attachment; wherein Raγ is selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl and C2-14 alkenyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl or C2-12 alkenyl; m is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), m and l are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), m and l are each 5. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’b is:
Figure imgf000030_0004
and R2 and R3 are each independently a C1-14 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’b is:
Figure imgf000030_0001
and R2 and R3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’b is: and R2 and R3 are each a C8 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-
Figure imgf000030_0002
and R3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’branched is: b
Figure imgf000030_0005
and R’ is:
Figure imgf000030_0006
, Raγ is a C2-6 alkyl and R2 and R3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e),
Figure imgf000030_0003
C8 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000031_0001
a C1-12 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000031_0003
is:
Figure imgf000031_0002
each a C2-6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), m and l are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6 and each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), m and l are each 5 and each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000031_0005
is:
Figure imgf000031_0004
independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl, and Raγ and Rbγ are each a C1-12 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000031_0006
each 5, each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl, and Raγ and Rbγ are each a C2-6 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000031_0007
are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, R’ is a C1-12 alkyl, Raγ is a C1-12 alkyl and R2 and R3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000031_0008
are each 5, R’ is a C2- 5 alkyl, Raγ is a C2-6 alkyl, and R2 and R3 are each a C8 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or
Figure imgf000031_0009
wherein R10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl) and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R4
Figure imgf000032_0001
wherein R10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000032_0002
independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl, Raγ and Rbγ are each a C1-12 alkyl,
Figure imgf000032_0003
wherein R10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-
Figure imgf000032_0004
are each 5, each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl, Raγ and Rbγ are each a C2-6 alkyl,
Figure imgf000032_0005
, wherein R10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000032_0006
are each independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, R’ is a C1-12 alkyl, R2 and R3 are each independently a C6-10 alkyl, Raγ is a C1-12 alkyl,
Figure imgf000032_0007
wherein R10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl) and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000032_0008
are each 5, R’ is a C2- 5 alkyl, Raγ is a C2-6 alkyl, R2 and R3 are each a C8 alkyl,
Figure imgf000032_0009
wherein R10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R4 is -(CH2)nOH and n is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R4 is -(CH2)nOH and n is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII- d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000033_0001
independently selected from 4, 5, and 6, each R’ independently is a C1-12 alkyl, Raγ and Rbγ are each a C1-12 alkyl, R4 is -(CH2)nOH, and n is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII), (AII-a), (AII-b), (AII-c), (AII-d), or (AII-e), R’branched is:
Figure imgf000033_0005
R’b is:
Figure imgf000033_0002
, m and l are each 5, each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl, Raγ and Rbγ are each a C2-6 alkyl, R4 is -(CH2)nOH, and n is 2. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-f):
Figure imgf000033_0006
(AII-f) or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein R’a is R’branched or R’cyclic; wherein
Figure imgf000033_0003
wherein
Figure imgf000033_0004
denotes a point of attachment; Raγ is a C1-12 alkyl; R2 and R3 are each independently a C1-14 alkyl; R4 is -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; R’ is a C1-12 alkyl; m is selected from 4, 5, and 6; and l is selected from 4, 5, and 6. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII-f), m and l are each 5, and n is 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII-f) R’ is a C2-5 alkyl, Raγ is a C2-6 alkyl, and R2 and R3 are each a C6-10 alkyl. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII-f), m and l are each 5, n is 2, 3, or 4, R’ is a C2-5 alkyl, Raγ is a C2-6 alkyl, and R2 and R3 are each a C6-10 alkyl. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-g):
Figure imgf000034_0001
Raγ is a C2-6 alkyl; R’ is a C2-5 alkyl; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000034_0002
, wherein denotes a point of attachment, R10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is a compound of Formula (AII-h):
Figure imgf000034_0003
wherein Raγ and Rbγ are each independently a C2-6 alkyl; each R’ independently is a C2-5 alkyl; and R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nOH wherein n is selected from the group consisting
Figure imgf000034_0004
, wherein denotes a point of attachment, R10 is NH(C1-6 alkyl), and n2 is selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII-g) or (AII-h), R4 is
Figure imgf000035_0001
, wherein R10 is NH(CH3) and n2 is 2. In some embodiments of the compound of Formula (AII-g) or (AII-h), R4 is -(CH2)2OH. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipids of the present disclosure may be one or more of compounds of Formula (VI):
Figure imgf000035_0002
, or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, a C3-6 carbocycle, -(CH2)nQ, -(CH2)nCHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R)2, and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a carbocycle, heterocycle, -OR, -O(CH2)nN(R)2, -C(O)OR, -OC(O)R, -CX3, -CX2H, -CXH2, -CN, -N(R)2, -C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(S)N(R)2, -N(R)R8, -N(R)S(O)2R8, -O(CH2)nOR, -N(R)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(R)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)R, -N(OR)S(O)2R, -N(OR)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(S)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -C(=NR9)N(R)2, -C(=NR9)R, -C(O)N(R)OR, and –C(R)N(R)2C(O)OR, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)-M”-C(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group, in which M” is a bond, C1-13 alkyl or C2-13 alkenyl; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; R8 is selected from the group consisting of C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO2, C1-6 alkyl, -OR, -S(O)2R, -S(O)2N(R)2, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-15 alkyl and C3-15 alkenyl; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13; and wherein when R4 is -(CH2)nQ, -(CH2)nCHQR, –CHQR, or -CQ(R)2, then (i) Q is not -N(R)2 when n is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, or (ii) Q is not 5, 6, or 7-membered heterocycloalkyl when n is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is selected from the group consisting of a C3-6 carbocycle, -(CH2)nQ, -(CH2)nCHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R)2, and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a C3-6 carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, -OR, -O(CH2)nN(R)2, -C(O)OR, -OC(O)R, -CX3, -CX2H, -CXH2, -CN, -C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(S)N(R)2, -CRN(R)2C(O)OR, -N(R)R8, -O(CH2)nOR, -N(R)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(R)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)R, -N(OR)S(O)2R, -N(OR)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(S)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -C(=NR9)N(R)2, -C(=NR9)R, -C(O)N(R)OR, and a 5- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S which is substituted with one or more substituents selected from oxo (=O), OH, amino, mono- or di-alkylamino, and C1-3 alkyl, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; R8 is selected from the group consisting of C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO2, C1-6 alkyl, -OR, -S(O)2R, -S(O)2N(R)2, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-14 alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, or salts or isomers thereof. In some embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is selected from the group consisting of a C3-6 carbocycle, -(CH2)nQ, -(CH2)nCHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R)2, and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a C3-6 carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heterocycle having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, -OR, -O(CH2)nN(R)2, -C(O)OR, -OC(O)R, -CX3, -CX2H, -CXH2, -CN, -C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(S)N(R)2, -CRN(R)2C(O)OR, -N(R)R8, -O(CH2)nOR, -N(R)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(R)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)R, -N(OR)S(O)2R, -N(OR)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(S)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -C(=NR9)R, -C(O)N(R)OR, and -C(=NR9)N(R)2, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; and when Q is a 5- to 14-membered heterocycle and (i) R4 is -(CH2)nQ in which n is 1 or 2, or (ii) R4 is -(CH2)nCHQR in which n is 1, or (iii) R4 is -CHQR, and -CQ(R)2, then Q is either a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl or 8- to 14-membered heterocycloalkyl; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; R8 is selected from the group consisting of C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO2, C1-6 alkyl, -OR, -S(O)2R, -S(O)2N(R)2, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-14 alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, or salts or isomers thereof. In some embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which: R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is selected from the group consisting of a C3-6 carbocycle, -(CH2)nQ, -(CH2)nCHQR, -CHQR, -CQ(R)2, and unsubstituted C1-6 alkyl, where Q is selected from a C3-6 carbocycle, a 5- to 14-membered heteroaryl having one or more heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, -OR, -O(CH2)nN(R)2, -C(O)OR, -OC(O)R, -CX3, -CX2H, -CXH2, -CN, -C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)C(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(S)N(R)2, -CRN(R)2C(O)OR, -N(R)R8, -O(CH2)nOR, -N(R)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(R)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)R, -N(OR)S(O)2R, -N(OR)C(O)OR, -N(OR)C(O)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(S)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=NR9)N(R)2, -N(OR)C(=CHR9)N(R)2, -C(=NR9)R, -C(O)N(R)OR, and -C(=NR9)N(R)2, and each n is independently selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; R8 is selected from the group consisting of C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; R9 is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, NO2, C1-6 alkyl, -OR, -S(O)2R, -S(O)2N(R)2, C2-6 alkenyl, C3-6 carbocycle and heterocycle; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-14 alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, or salts or isomers thereof. In some embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C2-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is -(CH2)nQ or -(CH2)nCHQR, where Q is -N(R)2, and n is selected from 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-14 alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C1-12 alkenyl; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, or salts or isomers thereof. In some embodiments, another subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those in which R1 is selected from the group consisting of C5-30 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R”M’R’; R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C1-14 alkyl, C2-14 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”, or R2 and R3, together with the atom to which they are attached, form a heterocycle or carbocycle; R4 is selected from the group consisting of -(CH2)nQ, -(CH2)nCHQR, -CHQR, and -CQ(R)2, where Q is -N(R)2, and n is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; each R5 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; R7 is selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl, C2-3 alkenyl, and H; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-18 alkyl, C2-18 alkenyl, -R*YR”, -YR”, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-14 alkyl and C3-14 alkenyl; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C1-12 alkenyl; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each X is independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, and I; and m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, or salts or isomers thereof. In certain embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those of Formula (VI-A):
Figure imgf000041_0001
or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; M1 is a bond or M’; R4 is hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or -(CH2)nQ, in which Q is OH, -NHC(S)N(R)2, -NHC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)R8, -NHC(=NR9)N(R)2, -NHC(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)-M”-C(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group,; and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, and C2-14 alkenyl. For example, m is 5, 7, or 9. For example, Q is OH, -NHC(S)N(R)2, or -NHC(O)N(R)2. For example, Q is -N(R)C(O)R, or -N(R)S(O)2R. In certain embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those of Formula (VI-B):
Figure imgf000042_0001
or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof in which all variables are as defined herein. For example, m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; R4 is hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or -(CH2)nQ, in which Q is H, -NHC(S)N(R)2, -NHC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)R8, -NHC(=NR9)N(R)2, -NHC(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)-M”-C(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, and C2-14 alkenyl. For example, m is 5, 7, or 9. For example, Q is OH, -NHC(S)N(R)2, or -NHC(O)N(R)2. For example, Q is -N(R)C(O)R, or -N(R)S(O)2R. In certain embodiments, a subset of compounds of Formula (VI) includes those of Formula (VII):
Figure imgf000042_0002
or its N-oxide, or a salt or isomer thereof, wherein l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; M1 is a bond or M’; R4 is hydrogen, unsubstituted C1-3 alkyl, or -(CH2)nQ, in which n is 2, 3, or 4, and Q is OH, -NHC(S)N(R)2, -NHC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)R, -N(R)S(O)2R, -N(R)R8, -NHC(=NR9)N(R)2, -NHC(=CHR9)N(R)2, -OC(O)N(R)2, -N(R)C(O)OR, heteroaryl or heterocycloalkyl; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)-M”-C(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, and C2-14 alkenyl. In some embodiments, the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIa),
Figure imgf000043_0001
, or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein R4 is as described herein. In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIb),
Figure imgf000043_0002
, or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein R4 is as described herein. In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIc) or (VIIe):
Figure imgf000043_0004
, or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein R4 is as described herein. In another embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIf):
Figure imgf000043_0003
(VIIf) or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein M is -C(O)O- or –OC(O)-, M” is C1-6 alkyl or C2-6 alkenyl, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl, and n is selected from 2, 3, and 4. In a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIId),
Figure imgf000044_0001
(VIId), or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein n is 2, 3, or 4; and m, R’, R”, and R2 through R6 are as described herein. For example, each of R2 and R3 may be independently selected from the group consisting of C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl. In some embodiments, an ionizable amino lipid of the disclosure comprises a compound having structure:
Figure imgf000044_0002
In some embodiments, an ionizable amino lipid of the disclosure comprises a compound having structure:
Figure imgf000044_0003
In a further embodiment, the compounds of Formula (VI) are of Formula (VIIg),
Figure imgf000044_0004
(VIIg), or their N-oxides, or salts or isomers thereof, wherein l is selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; m is selected from 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9; M1 is a bond or M’; M and M’ are independently selected from -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)-M”-C(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S-S-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; and R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-14 alkyl, and C2-14 alkenyl. For example, M” is C1-6 alkyl (e.g., C1-4 alkyl) or C2-6 alkenyl (e.g. C2-4 alkenyl). For example, R2 and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of C5-14 alkyl and C5-14 alkenyl. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipids are one or more of the compounds described in U.S. Application Nos. 62/220,091, 62/252,316, 62/253,433, 62/266,460, 62/333,557, 62/382,740, 62/393,940, 62/471,937, 62/471,949, 62/475,140, and 62/475,166, and PCT Application No. PCT/US2016/052352. The central amine moiety of a lipid according to Formula (VI), (VI-A), (VI-B), (VII), (VIIa), (VIIb), (VIIc), (VIId), (VIIe), (VIIf), or (VIIg) may be protonated at a physiological pH. Thus, a lipid may have a positive or partial positive charge at physiological pH. Such amino lipids may be referred to as cationic lipids, ionizable lipids, cationic amino lipids, or ionizable amino lipids. Amino lipids may also be zwitterionic, i.e., neutral molecules having both a positive and a negative charge. In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipids of the present disclosure may be one or more of compounds of formula (VIII),
Figure imgf000045_0001
or salts or isomers thereof, wherein
Figure imgf000045_0002
t is 1 or 2; A1 and A2 are each independently selected from CH or N; Z is CH2 or absent wherein when Z is CH2, the dashed lines (1) and (2) each represent a single bond; and when Z is absent, the dashed lines (1) and (2) are both absent; R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of C5-20 alkyl, C5-20 alkenyl, -R”MR’, -R*YR”, -YR”, and -R*OR”; RX1 and RX2 are each independently H or C1-3 alkyl; each M is independently selected from the group consisting of -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -OC(O)O-, -C(O)N(R’)-, -N(R’)C(O)-, -C(O)-, -C(S)-, -C(S)S-, -SC(S)-, -CH(OH)-, -P(O)(OR’)O-, -S(O)2-, -C(O)S-, -SC(O)-, an aryl group, and a heteroaryl group; M* is C1-C6 alkyl, W1 and W2 are each independently selected from the group consisting of -O- and -N(R6)-; each R6 is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C1-5 alkyl; X1, X2, and X3 are independently selected from the group consisting of a bond, -CH2-, -(CH2)2-, -CHR-, -CHY-, -C(O)-, -C(O)O-, -OC(O)-, -(CH2)n-C(O)-, -C(O)-(CH2)n-, -(CH2)n-C(O)O-, -OC(O)-(CH2)n-, -(CH2)n-OC(O)-, -C(O)O-(CH2)n-, -CH(OH)-, -C(S)-, and -CH(SH)-; each Y is independently a C3-6 carbocycle; each R* is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl and C2-12 alkenyl; each R is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-3 alkyl and a C3-6 carbocycle; each R’ is independently selected from the group consisting of C1-12 alkyl, C2-12 alkenyl, and H; each R” is independently selected from the group consisting of C3-12 alkyl, C3-12 alkenyl and -R*MR’; and n is an integer from 1-6; wherein when ring
Figure imgf000046_0001
, then i) at least one of X1, X2, and X3 is not -CH2-; and/or ii) at least one of R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 is -R”MR’. In some embodiments, the compound is of any of formulae (VIIIa1)-(VIIIa8):
Figure imgf000046_0002
),
Figure imgf000047_0001
In some embodiments, the ionizable amino lipid is
Figure imgf000047_0002
salt thereof. The central amine moiety of a lipid according to Formula (VIII), (VIIIa1), (VIIIa2), (VIIIa3), (VIIIa4), (VIIIa5), (VIIIa6), (VIIIa7), or (VIIIa8) may be protonated at a physiological pH. Thus, a lipid may have a positive or partial positive charge at physiological pH. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000048_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: R1 is optionally substituted C1-C24 alkyl or optionally substituted C2-C24 alkenyl; R2 and R3 are each independently optionally substituted C1-C36 alkyl; R4 and R5 are each independently optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, or R4 and R5 join, along with the N to which they are attached, to form a heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; L1, L2, and L3 are each independently optionally substituted C1-C I 8 alkylene; G1 is a direct bond, -(CH2)nO(C=O)-, -(CH2)n(C=O)O-, or -(C=O)-; G2 and G3 are each independently -(C=O)O- or -0(C=O)-; and n is an integer greater than 0. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000048_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: G1 is -N(R3)R4 or -OR5; R1 is optionally substituted branched, saturated or unsaturated C12-C36 alkyl; R2 is optionally substituted branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated C12-C36 alkyl when L is -C(=O)-; or R2 is optionally substituted branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated C4-C36 alkyl when L is C6-C12 alkylene, C6-C12 alkenylene, or C2-C6 alkynylene; R3 and R4 are each independently H, optionally substituted branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C6 alkyl; or R3 and R4 are each independently optionally substituted branched or unbranched, saturated or unsaturated C1-C6 alkyl when L is C6-C12 alkylene, C6- C12 alkenylene, or C2-C6 alkynylene; or R3 and R4, together with the nitrogen to which they are attached, join to form a heterocyclyl; R5 is H or optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl; L is -C(=O)-, C6-C 12 alkylene, C6-C12 alkenylene, or C2-C6 alkynylene; and n is an integer from 1 to 12. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000049_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each Rla is independently hydrogen, Rlc, or Rld; each Rlb is independently Rlc or Rld; each R1c is independently –[CH2]2C(O)X1R3; each Rld Is independently -C(O)R4; each R2 is independently -[C(R2a)2]cR2b; each R2a is independently hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; R2b is -N(L1-B)2; -(OCH2CH2)6OH; or -(OCH2CH2)bOCH3; each R3 and R4 is independently C6-C30 aliphatic; each I.3 is independently C1-C10 alkylene; each B is independently hydrogen or an ionizable nitrogen-containing group; each X1 is independently a covalent bond or O; each a is independently an integer of 1-10; each b is independently an integer of 1-10; and each c is independently an integer of 1-10. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000049_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: X is N, and Y is absent; or X is CR, and Y is NR;
Figure imgf000049_0003
-SC(=O)R1, -NRaC(=O)R1, -C(=O)NRbRc, -NRaC(=O)NRbRc, -OC(=O)NRbRc, or -NRaC(=O)OR1; L2 is -O(C=O)R2, -(C=O)OR2, -C(=O)R2, -OR2, -S(O)xR2, -S-SR2, -C(=O)SR2, -SC(=O)R2, -NRdC(=O)R2, -C(=O)NReRf, -NRdC(=O)NReRf, -OC(=O)NReRf; -NRdC(=O)OR2 or a direct bond to R2;
Figure imgf000049_0004
G1 and G2 are each independently C2-C12 alkylene or C2-C12 alkenylene; G3 is C1-C24 alkylene, C2-C24 alkenylene, C1-C24 heteroalkylene or C2-C24 heteroalkenylene when X is CR, and Y is NR; and G3 is C1-C24 heteroalkylene or C2-C24 heteroalkenylene when X is N, and Y is absent; Ra, Rb, Rd and Re are each independently H or C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 alkenyl; Rc and Rf are each independently C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; each R is independently H or C1-C12 alkyl; R1, R2 and R3 are each independently C1-C24 alkyl or C2-C24 alkenyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2, and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkylene, alkenylene, heteroalkylene and heteroalkenylene is independently substituted or unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000050_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L1 and L2 are each independently -0(C=0)-, -(C=0)0-, -C(=0)-, -0-, -S(0)x-s -S-S-, -C(=0)S-, -SC(=0)-, -NRaC(=0)-, -C(=0)NRa-, -NRaC(=0)NRa-, -OC(=0)NRa-, -NRaC(=0)0- or a direct bond; G1 is C,-C2 alkylene, -(C=0)-, -0(C=0)-, -SC(=0)-, -NRaC(=0)- or a direct bond; G2 is -C(0)-, -(CO)O-, -C(=0)S-, -C(=0)NRa- or a direct bond; G3 is C1-C6 alkylene; Ra is H or C1-C12 alkyl; Rl a and Rlb are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) Rla is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and RI b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent Rl b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R2a and R2b are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R2a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R2b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R2b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R3a and R3b are, at each occurrence, independently either (a): H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R3a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R3b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R4A and R4B are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R4A is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R4B together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R4B and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R5 and R6 are each independently H or methyl; R7 is H or C,-C20 alkyl; R8 is OH, -N(R9)(C=0)R10, -(C=0)NR9R10, -NR9R10, -(C=0)0R" 1 or -0(C=0)R", provided that G3 is C4-C6 alkylene when R8 is -NR9R10, R9 and R10 are each independently H or C1-C12 alkyl; R" is aralkyl; a, b, c and d are each independently an integer from 1 to 24; and x is 0, 1 or 2, wherein each alkyl, alkylene and aralkyl is optionally substituted. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000051_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: X and X' are each independently N or CR; Y and Y' are each independently absent, -O(C=O)-, -(C=O)O- or NR, provided that: a) Y is absent when X is N; b) Y' is absent when X' is N; c) Y is -O(C=O)-, -(C=O)O- or NR when X is CR; and d) Y' is -O(C=O)-, -(C=O)O- or NR when X' is CR, L1 and L1' are each independently -O(C=O)R', -(C=O)OR' , -C(=O)R', -OR1, -S(O)zR',
Figure imgf000051_0002
-OC(=O)NRbRc or -NRaC(=O)OR'; L2 and L2’ are each independently -O(C=O)R2, -(C=O)OR2, -C(=O)R2, -OR2, -S(O)zR2, -S-SR2, -C(=O)SR2, -SC(=O)R2, -NRdC(=O)R2, -C(=O)NReRf, -NRdC(=O)NReRf, -OC(=O)NReRf;-NRdC(=O)OR2 or a direct bond to R2; G1. G1’, G2 and G2’ are each independently C2-Ci2 alkylene or C2-C12 alkenylene; G is C2-C24 heteroalkylene or C2-C24 heteroalkenylene; Ra, Rb, Rd and Re are, at each occurrence, independently H, C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; Rc and Rf are, at each occurrence, independently C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; R is, at each occurrence, independently H or C1-C12 alkyl; R1 and R2 are, at each occurrence, independently branched C6-C24 alkyl or branched C6-C24 alkenyl; z is 0, 1 or 2, and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkylene, alkenylene, heteroalkylene and heteroalkenylene is independently substituted or unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000052_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L1 is -O(C=O)R1, -(C=O)OR1, -C(=O)R1, -OR1, -S(O)xR1, -S-SR1, - C(=O)SR1, -SC(=O)R1, -NRaC(=O)R1, -C(=O)NRbRc, -NRaC(=O)NRbRc, -OC(=O)NRbRc or -NRaC(=O)OR1; L2 is -O(C=O)R2, -(C=O)OR2, -C(=O)R2, -OR2, -S(O)xR2, -S-SR2, - C(=O)SR2, -SC(=O)R2, -NRdC(=O)R2, -C(=O)NReRf, -NRdC(=O)NReRf, -OC(=O)NReRf; -NRdC(=O)OR2 or a direct bond to R2; G1 and G2 are each independently C2-C12 alkylene or C2-C12 alkenylene; G3 is C1-C24 alkylene, C2-C24 alkenylene, C3-C8 cycloalkylene or C3-C8 cycloalkenylene; Ra, Rb, Rd and Re are each independently H or C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 alkenyl; Rc and Rf are each independently C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; R1 and R2 are each independently branched C6-C24 alkyl or branched C6- C24 alkenyl; R3 is -N(R4)R5; R4 is C1-C12 alkyl; R5 is substituted C1-C12 alkyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2, and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkylene, cycloalkenylene, aryl and aralkyl is independently substituted or unsubstituted unless otherwise specified. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000053_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L1 is -O(C=O)R1, -(C=O)OR1, -C(=O)R1, -OR1, -S(O)xR1, -S-SR1, -C(=O)SR1, -SC(=O)R1, -NRaC(=O)R1, -C(=O)NRbRc, -NRaC(=O)NRbRc, -OC(=O)NRbRc or -NRaC(=O)OR1; L2 is -O(C=O)R2, -(C=O)OR2, -C(=O)R2, -OR2, -S(O)xR2, -S-SR2, -C(=O)SR2, -SC(=O)R2, -NRdC(=O)R2, -C(=O)NReRf, -NRdC(=O)NReRf, -OC(=O)NReRf;-NRdC(=O)OR2 or a direct bond to R2; G1a and G2b are each independently C2-C12 alkylene or C2-C12 alkenylene; G1b and G2b are each independently C1-C12 alkylene or C2-C12 alkenylene; G3 is C1-C24 alkylene, C2-C24 alkenylene, C3-C8 cycloalkylene or C3-C8 cycloalkenylene; Ra, Rb, Rd and Re are each independently H or C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; Rc and Rf are each independently C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; R1 and R2 are each independently branched C6-C24 alkyl or branched C6- C24 alkenyl; R3a is -C(=O)N(R4a)R5a or -C(=O)OR6; R3b is -NR4bC(=O)R5b; R4a is C1-C12 alkyl; R4b is H, C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; R5a is H, C1-C8 alkyl or C2-C8 alkenyl; R5b is C2-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl when R4b is H; or R5b is C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl when R4b is C1-C12 alkyl or C2-C12 alkenyl; R6 is H, aryl or aralkyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2, and wherein each alkyl, alkenyl, alkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkylene, cycloalkenylene, aryl and aralkyl is independently substituted or unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000053_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: G1 is -OH, - R3R4, -(C=0) R5 or - R3(C=0)R5; G2 is -CH2- or -(C=0)-; R is, at each occurrence, independently H or OH; R1 and R2 are each independently optionally substituted branched, saturated or unsaturated C12-C36 alkyl; R3 and R4 are each independently H or optionally substituted straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated Ci-C6 alkyl; R5 is optionally substituted straight or branched, saturated or unsaturated Ci-C6 alkyl; and n is an integer from 2 to 6. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000054_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: one of G1 or G2 is, at each occurrence, -O(C=O)-, -(C=O)O-, -C(=O)-, -O-, -S(O) , -S-S-, -C(=O)S-, SC(=O)-, -N(Ra)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(Ra)-, -N(Ra)C(=O)N(Ra)-, -OC(=O)N(Ra)- or -N(Ra)C(=O)O-, and the other of G1 or G2 is, at each occurrence, -O(C=O)-, -(C=O)O-, -C(=O)-, -O-, -S(O) , -S-S-, -C(=O)S-, -SC(=O)-, -N(Ra)C(=O)-, -C(=O)N(Ra)-, -N(Ra)C(=O)N(Ra)-, -OC(=O)N(Ra)- or -N(Ra)C(=O)O- or a direct bond; L is, at each occurrence, ~O(C=O)-, wherein ~ represents a covalent bond to X; X is CRa; Z is alkyl, cycloalkyl or a monovalent moiety comprising at least one polar functional group when n is 1; or Z is alkylene, cycloalkylene or a polyvalent moiety comprising at least one polar functional group when n is greater than 1; Ra is, at each occurrence, independently H, C1-C12 alkyl, C1-C12 hydroxylalkyl, C1-C12 aminoalkyl, C1-C12 alkylaminylalkyl, C1-C12 alkoxyalkyl, C1-C12 alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyloxy, C1-C12 alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl or C1-C12 alkylcarbonyl; R is, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R1 and R2 have, at each occurrence, the following structure, respectively:
Figure imgf000055_0001
a1 and a2 are, at each occurrence, independently an integer from 3 to 12; b1 and b2 are, at each occurrence, independently 0 or 1; c1 and c2 are, at each occurrence, independently an integer from 5 to 10; d1 and d2 are, at each occurrence, independently an integer from 5 to 10; y is, at each occurrence, independently an integer from 0 to 2; and n is an integer from 1 to 6, wherein each alkyl, alkylene, hydroxylalkyl, aminoalkyl, alkylaminylalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl and alkylcarbonyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituent. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000055_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein:
Figure imgf000055_0003
-C(=O) Ra-, , RaC(=O) Ra-, -OC(=O) Ra- or -NRaC(=O)O- or a direct bond; G1 and G2 are each independently unsubstituted C1-C12 alkylene or C1-C12 alkenylene; G3 is C1-C24 alkylene, C1-C24 alkenylene, C3-C8 cycloalkylene, C3-C8 cycloalkenylene; Ra is H or C1-C12 alkyl; R1 and R2 are each independently C6-C24 alkyl or C6-C24 alkenyl; R3 is H, OR5, CN, -C(=O)OR4, -OC(=O)R4 or - R5C(=O)R4; R4 is C1-C12 alkyl; R5 is H or C1-C6 alkyl; and x is 0, 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000056_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L1 and L2 are each independently -0(C=0)-, -(C=0)0-, -C(=0)-, -0-, -S(0)x-, -S-S-, -C(=0)S-, -SC(=0)-, - RaC(=0)-, -C(=0) Ra-, - RaC(=0) Ra-, -OC(=0) Ra-, - RaC(=0)0- or a direct bond; G1 is Ci-C2 alkylene, - (C=0)-, -0(C=0)-, -SC(=0)-, - RaC(=0)- or a direct bond: G2 is -C(=0)-, -(C=0)0-, -C(=0)S-, -C(=0)NRa- or a direct bond; G3 is C1-C6 alkylene; Ra is H or C1-C12 alkyl; Rla and Rlb are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) Rla is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and Rlb together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent Rlb and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R2a and R2b are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R2a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R2b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R2b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R3a and R3b are, at each occurrence, independently either (a): H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R3a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R3b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R4a and R4b are, at each occurrence, independently either: (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl; or (b) R4a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R4b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R4b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R5 and R6 are each independently H or methyl; R7 is C4-C20 alkyl; R8 and R9 are each independently C1-C12 alkyl; or R8 and R9, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5, 6 or 7-membered heterocyclic ring; a, b, c and d are each independently an integer from 1 to 24; and x is 0, 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000057_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, tautomer, prodrug or stereoisomer thereof, wherein: L1 and L2 are each independently -0(C=0)-, -(C=0)0- or a carbon- carbon double bond; Rla and Rlb are, at each occurrence, independently either (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl, or (b) Rla is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and Rlb together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent Rlb and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R2a and R2b are, at each occurrence, independently either (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl, or (b) R2a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R2b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R2b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R3a and R3b are, at each occurrence, independently either (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl, or (b) R3a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R3b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R3b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R4a and R4b are, at each occurrence, independently either (a) H or C1-C12 alkyl, or (b) R4a is H or C1-C12 alkyl, and R4b together with the carbon atom to which it is bound is taken together with an adjacent R4b and the carbon atom to which it is bound to form a carbon-carbon double bond; R5 and R6 are each independently methyl or cycloalkyl; R7 is, at each occurrence, independently H or C1-C12 alkyl; R8 and R9 are each independently unsubstituted C1-C12 alkyl; or R8 and R9, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5, 6 or 7- membered heterocyclic ring comprising one nitrogen atom; a and d are each independently an integer from 0 to 24; b and c are each independently an integer from 1 to 24; and e is 1 or 2, provided that: at least one of Rla, R2a, R3a or R4a is C1-C12 alkyl, or at least one of L1 or L2 is -0(C=0)- or -(C=0)0-; and Rla and Rlb are not isopropyl when a is 6 or n-butyl when a is 8. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000058_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R1 and R2 are the same or different, each a linear or branched alkyl with 1-9 carbons, or as alkenyl or alkynyl with 2 to 11 carbon atoms, L1 and L2 are the same or different, each a linear alkyl having 5 to 18 carbon atoms, or form a heterocycle with N, X1 is a bond, or is -CG-G- whereby L2-CO-O-R2 is formed, X2 is S or O, L3 is a bond or a lower alkyl, or form a heterocycle with N, R3 is a lower alkyl, and R4 and R5 are the same or different, each a lower alkyl. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises an ionizable lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000058_0002
(XVII-L), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000058_0003
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000059_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000059_0002
(XX- L), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000059_0003
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000059_0004
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000060_0001
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000060_0002
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000060_0003
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000060_0004
(XXVI-L), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a lipid having the structure:
Figure imgf000060_0005
pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Non-cationic lipids In certain embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles described herein comprise one or more non-cationic lipids. Non-cationic lipids may be phospholipids. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 5-25 mol% non-cationic lipid. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 5-20 mol%, 5-15 mol%, 5-10 mol%, 10-25 mol%, 10-20 mol%, 10-25 mol%, 15-25 mol%, 15-20 mol%, or 20-25 mol% non-cationic lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 5 mol%, 10 mol%, 15 mol%, 20 mol%, or 25 mol% non-cationic lipid. In some embodiments, a non-cationic lipid of the disclosure comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-gly cero- phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), l,2-dipalmitoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC), 1- palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (18:0 Diether PC), 1-oleoyl-2 cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (OChemsPC), 1-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC), 1,2- dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,1,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2- didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine (ME 16.0 PE), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2- dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2- didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac- (1-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG), sphingomyelin, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 5 – 15 mol%, 5 – 10 mol%, or 10 – 15 mol% DSPC. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 mol% DSPC. In certain embodiments, the lipid composition of the lipid nanoparticle composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more phospholipids, for example, one or more saturated or (poly)unsaturated phospholipids or a combination thereof. In general, phospholipids comprise a phospholipid moiety and one or more fatty acid moieties. A phospholipid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, 2-lysophosphatidyl choline, and a sphingomyelin. A fatty acid moiety can be selected, for example, from the non-limiting group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, erucic acid, phytanoic acid, arachidic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, behenic acid, docosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Particular phospholipids can facilitate fusion to a membrane. For example, a cationic phospholipid can interact with one or more negatively charged phospholipids of a membrane (e.g., a cellular or intracellular membrane). Fusion of a phospholipid to a membrane can allow one or more elements (e.g., a therapeutic agent) of a lipid-containing composition (e.g., LNPs) to pass through the membrane permitting, e.g., delivery of the one or more elements to a target tissue. Non-natural phospholipid species including natural species with modifications and substitutions including branching, oxidation, cyclization, and alkynes are also contemplated. For example, a phospholipid can be functionalized with or cross-linked to one or more alkynes (e.g., an alkenyl group in which one or more double bonds is replaced with a triple bond). Under appropriate reaction conditions, an alkyne group can undergo a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition upon exposure to an azide. Such reactions can be useful in functionalizing a lipid bilayer of a nanoparticle composition to facilitate membrane permeation or cellular recognition or in conjugating a nanoparticle composition to a useful component such as a targeting or imaging moiety (e.g., a dye). Phospholipids include, but are not limited to, glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylethanolamines, phosphatidylserines, phosphatidylinositols, phosphatidy glycerols, and phosphatidic acids. Phospholipids also include phosphosphingolipid, such as sphingomyelin. In some embodiments, a phospholipid of the invention comprises 1,2-distearoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (DLPC), 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-gly cero-phosphocholine (DMPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn- glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2- diundecanoyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (DUPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine (POPC), 1,2-di-O-octadecenyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (18:0 Diether PC), 1-oleoyl-2 cholesterylhemisuccinoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (OChemsPC), 1-hexadecyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 Lyso PC), 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine,1,2- diarachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphocholine, 1,2-diphytanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (ME 16.0 PE), 1,2- distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dilinoleoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dilinolenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-diarachidonoyl- sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-didocosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG), sphingomyelin, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present invention is an analog or variant of DSPC. In certain embodiments, a phospholipid useful or potentially useful in the present invention is a compound of Formula (IX):
Figure imgf000063_0001
(IX), or a salt thereof, wherein: each R1 is independently optionally substituted alkyl; or optionally two R1 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted monocyclic carbocyclyl or optionally substituted monocyclic heterocyclyl; or optionally three R1 are joined together with the intervening atoms to form optionally substituted bicyclic carbocyclyl or optionally substitute bicyclic heterocyclyl; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; A is of the formula:
Figure imgf000063_0002
each instance of L2 is independently a bond or optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene, wherein one methylene unit of the optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene is optionally replaced with O, N(RN), S, C(O), C(O)N(RN), NRNC(O), C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, OC(O)N(RN), NRNC(O)O, or NRNC(O)N(RN); each instance of R2 is independently optionally substituted C1-30 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-30 alkenyl, or optionally substituted C1-30 alkynyl; optionally wherein one or more methylene units of R2 are independently replaced with optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, N(RN), O, S, C(O), C(O)N(RN), NRNC(O), NRNC(O)N(RN), C(O)O, OC(O), - OC(O)O, OC(O)N(RN), NRNC(O)O, C(O)S, SC(O), C(=NRN), C(=NRN)N(RN), NRNC(=NRN), NRNC(=NRN)N(RN), C(S), C(S)N(RN), NRNC(S), NRNC(S)N(RN), S(O), OS(O), S(O)O, - OS(O)O, OS(O)2, S(O)2O, OS(O)2O, N(RN)S(O), S(O)N(RN), N(RN)S(O)N(RN), OS(O)N(RN), N(RN)S(O)O, S(O)2, N(RN)S(O)2, S(O)2N(RN), N(RN)S(O)2N(RN), OS(O)2N(RN), or - N(RN)S(O)2O; each instance of RN is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; Ring B is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or 2; provided that the compound is not of the formula:
Figure imgf000064_0001
, wherein each instance of R2 is independently unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted alkenyl, or unsubstituted alkynyl. In some embodiments, the phospholipids may be one or more of the phospholipids described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2018/037922. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5-25% non- cationic lipid relative to the other lipid components. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 5-30%, 5-15%, 5-10%, 10-25%, 10-20%, 10-25%, 15-25%, 15-20%, 20-25%, or 25-30% non-cationic lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% non-cationic lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5-25% phospholipid relative to the other lipid components. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 5-30%, 5-15%, 5-10%, 10-25%, 10-20%, 10-25%, 15-25%, 15-20%, 20-25%, or 25-30% phospholipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30% phospholipid lipid. Structural Lipids The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more structural lipids. As used herein, the term “structural lipid” includes sterols and also to lipids containing sterol moieties. Incorporation of structural lipids in the lipid nanoparticle may help mitigate aggregation of other lipids in the particle. Structural lipids can be selected from the group including but not limited to, cholesterol, fecosterol, sitosterol, ergosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, brassicasterol, tomatidine, tomatine, ursolic acid, alpha-tocopherol, hopanoids, phytosterols, steroids, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the structural lipid is a sterol. As defined herein, “sterols” are a subgroup of steroids consisting of steroid alcohols. In certain embodiments, the structural lipid is a steroid. In certain embodiments, the structural lipid is cholesterol. In certain embodiments, the structural lipid is an analog of cholesterol. In certain embodiments, the structural lipid is alpha-tocopherol. In some embodiments, the structural lipids may be one or more of the structural lipids described in U.S. Application No.16/493,814. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 25-55% structural lipid relative to the other lipid components. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 10- 55%, 25-50%, 25-45%, 25-40%, 25-35%, 25-30%, 30-55%, 30-50%, 30-45%, 30-40%, 30-35%, 35-55%, 35-50%, 35-45%, 35-40%, 40-55%, 40-50%, 40-45%, 45-55%, 45- 50%, or 50-55% structural lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, or 55% structural lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 30-45 mol% sterol, optionally 35- 40 mol%, for example, 30-31 mol%, 31-32 mol%, 32-33 mol%, 33-34 mol%, 35-35 mol%, 35- 36 mol%, 36-37 mol%, 38-38 mol%, 38-39 mol%, or 39-40 mol%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 25-55 mol% sterol. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 25-50 mol%, 25-45 mol%, 25-40 mol%, 25-35 mol%, 25-30 mol%, 30-55 mol%, 30- 50 mol%, 30-45 mol%, 30-40 mol%, 30-35 mol%, 35-55 mol%, 35-50 mol%, 35-45 mol%, 35- 40 mol%, 40-55 mol%, 40-50 mol%, 40-45 mol%, 45-55 mol%, 45-50 mol%, or 50-55 mol% sterol. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 25 mol%, 30 mol%, 35 mol%, 40 mol%, 45 mol%, 50 mol%, or 55 mol% sterol. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 35 – 40 mol% cholesterol. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 35, 35.5, 36, 36.5, 37, 37.5, 38, 38.5, 39, 39.5, or 40 mol% cholesterol. Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Lipids The lipid composition of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein can comprise one or more polyethylene glycol (PEG) lipids. As used herein, the term “PEG-lipid” or “PEG-modified lipid” refers to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified lipids. Non-limiting examples of PEG-lipids include PEG-modified phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid, PEG-ceramide conjugates (e.g., PEG-CerC14 or PEG-CerC20), PEG-modified dialkylamines, and PEG-modified 1,2-diacyloxypropan-3- amines. Such lipids are also referred to as PEGylated lipids. For example, a PEG lipid can be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG-DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid. In some embodiments, the PEG-lipid includes, but not limited to 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn- glycerol methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG-DMG), 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino(polyethylene glycol)] (PEG-DSPE), PEG-disteryl glycerol (PEG-DSG), PEG-dipalmetoleyl, PEG-dioleyl, PEG-distearyl, PEG-diacylglycamide (PEG- DAG), PEG-dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-DPPE), or PEG-l,2- dimyristyloxlpropyl-3-amine (PEG-c-DMA). In some embodiments, the PEG-lipid is selected from the group consisting of a PEG- modified phosphatidylethanolamine, a PEG-modified phosphatidic acid, a PEG-modified ceramide, a PEG-modified dialkylamine, a PEG-modified diacylglycerol, a PEG-modified dialkylglycerol, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the PEG-modified lipid is PEG- DMG, PEG-c-DOMG (also referred to as PEG-DOMG), PEG-DSG, and/or PEG-DPG. In some embodiments, the lipid moiety of the PEG-lipids includes those having lengths of from about C14 to about C22, preferably from about C14 to about C16. In some embodiments, a PEG moiety, for example an mPEG-NH2, has a size of about 1000, 2000, 5000, 10,000, 15,000 or 20,000 daltons. In some embodiments, the PEG-lipid is PEG2k-DMG. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles described herein can comprise a PEG lipid which is a non-diffusible PEG. Non-limiting examples of non-diffusible PEGs include PEG-DSG and PEG-DSPE. PEG-lipids are known in the art, such as those described in U.S. Patent No. 8158601 and International Publ. No. WO 2015/130584 A2, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In general, some of the other lipid components (e.g., PEG lipids) of various formulae described herein may be synthesized as described International Patent Application No. PCT/US2016/000129, filed December 10, 2016, entitled “Compositions and Methods for Delivery of Therapeutic Agents,” which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The lipid component of a lipid nanoparticle composition may include one or more molecules comprising polyethylene glycol, such as PEG or PEG-modified lipids. Such species may be alternately referred to as PEGylated lipids. A PEG lipid is a lipid modified with polyethylene glycol. A PEG lipid may be selected from the non-limiting group including PEG- modified phosphatidylethanolamines, PEG-modified phosphatidic acids, PEG-modified ceramides, PEG-modified dialkylamines, PEG-modified diacylglycerols, PEG-modified dialkylglycerols, and mixtures thereof. For example, a PEG lipid may be PEG-c-DOMG, PEG- DMG, PEG-DLPE, PEG-DMPE, PEG-DPPC, or a PEG-DSPE lipid. In some embodiments the PEG-modified lipids are a modified form of PEG DMG. PEG- DMG has the following structure:
Figure imgf000066_0001
In some embodiments, PEG lipids useful in the present invention can be PEGylated lipids described in International Publication No. WO2012099755, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Any of these exemplary PEG lipids described herein may be modified to comprise a hydroxyl group on the PEG chain. In certain embodiments, the PEG lipid is a PEG-OH lipid. As generally defined herein, a “PEG-OH lipid” (also referred to herein as “hydroxy-PEGylated lipid”) is a PEGylated lipid having one or more hydroxyl (–OH) groups on the lipid. In certain embodiments, the PEG-OH lipid includes one or more hydroxyl groups on the PEG chain. In certain embodiments, a PEG-OH or hydroxy-PEGylated lipid comprises an –OH group at the terminus of the PEG chain. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In certain embodiments, a PEG lipid useful in the present invention is a compound of Formula (X):
Figure imgf000067_0001
(X), or salts thereof, wherein: R3 is –ORO; RO is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or an oxygen protecting group; r is an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive; L1 is optionally substituted C1-10 alkylene, wherein at least one methylene of the optionally substituted C1-10 alkylene is independently replaced with optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, O, N(RN), S, C(O), C(O)N(RN), NRNC(O), C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, OC(O)N(RN), NRNC(O)O, or NRNC(O)N(RN); D is a moiety obtained by click chemistry or a moiety cleavable under physiological conditions; m is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10; A is of the formula:
Figure imgf000067_0002
each instance of L2 is independently a bond or optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene, wherein one methylene unit of the optionally substituted C1-6 alkylene is optionally replaced with O, N(RN), S, C(O), C(O)N(RN), NRNC(O), C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, OC(O)N(RN), NRNC(O)O, or NRNC(O)N(RN); each instance of R2 is independently optionally substituted C1-30 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-30 alkenyl, or optionally substituted C1-30 alkynyl; optionally wherein one or more methylene units of R2 are independently replaced with optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, N(RN), O, S, C(O), C(O)N(RN), NRNC(O), NRNC(O)N(RN), C(O)O, OC(O), - OC(O)O, OC(O)N(RN), NRNC(O)O, C(O)S, SC(O), C(=NRN), C(=NRN)N(RN), NRNC(=NRN), NRNC(=NRN)N(RN), C(S), C(S)N(RN), NRNC(S), NRNC(S)N(RN), S(O) , OS(O), S(O)O, - OS(O)O, OS(O)2, S(O)2O, OS(O)2O, N(RN)S(O), S(O)N(RN), N(RN)S(O)N(RN), OS(O)N(RN), N(RN)S(O)O, S(O)2, N(RN)S(O)2, S(O)2N(RN), N(RN)S(O)2N(RN), OS(O)2N(RN), or - N(RN)S(O)2O; each instance of RN is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group; Ring B is optionally substituted carbocyclyl, optionally substituted heterocyclyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; and p is 1 or 2. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (X) is a PEG-OH lipid (i.e., R3 is – ORO, and RO is hydrogen). In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (X) is of Formula (X-OH):
Figure imgf000068_0001
(X-OH), or a salt thereof. In certain embodiments, a PEG lipid useful in the present invention is a PEGylated fatty acid. In certain embodiments, a PEG lipid useful in the present invention is a compound of Formula (XI). Provided herein are compounds of Formula (XI):
Figure imgf000068_0002
, or a salts thereof, wherein: R3 is–ORO; RO is hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl or an oxygen protecting group; r is an integer between 1 and 100, inclusive; R5 is optionally substituted C10-40 alkyl, optionally substituted C10-40 alkenyl, or optionally substituted C10-40 alkynyl; and optionally one or more methylene groups of R5 are replaced with optionally substituted carbocyclylene, optionally substituted heterocyclylene, optionally substituted arylene, optionally substituted heteroarylene, N(RN), O, S, C(O), C(O)N(RN), - NRNC(O), NRNC(O)N(RN), C(O)O, OC(O), OC(O)O, OC(O)N(RN), NRNC(O)O, C(O)S, SC(O), C(=NRN), C(=NRN)N(RN), NRNC(=NRN), NRNC(=NRN)N(RN), C(S), C(S)N(RN), NRNC(S), - NRNC(S)N(RN), S(O), OS(O), S(O)O, OS(O)O, OS(O)2, S(O)2O, OS(O)2O, N(RN)S(O), - S(O)N(RN), N(RN)S(O)N(RN), OS(O)N(RN), N(RN)S(O)O, S(O)2, N(RN)S(O)2, S(O)2N(RN), - N(RN)S(O)2N(RN), OS(O)2N(RN), or N(RN)S(O)2O; and each instance of RN is independently hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, or a nitrogen protecting group. In certain embodiments, the compound of Formula (XI) is of Formula (XI-OH):
Figure imgf000069_0001
or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, r is 40-50. In yet other embodiments the compound of Formula (XI) is:
Figure imgf000069_0002
. or a salt thereof. In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (XI) is
Figure imgf000069_0003
. In some embodiments, the lipid composition of the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein does not comprise a PEG-lipid. In some embodiments, the PEG-lipids may be one or more of the PEG lipids described in U.S. Application No. US15/674,872. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 0.5-15% PEG lipid relative to the other lipid components. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise a molar ratio of 0.5-10%, 0.5-5%, 1-15%, 1-10%, 1-5%, 2-15%, 2-10%, 2-5%, 5-15%, 5-10%, or 10-15% PEG lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a molar ratio of 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, or 15% PEG- lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 1-5% PEG-modified lipid, optionally 1-3 mol%, for example 1.5 to 2.5 mol%, 1-2 mol%, 2-3 mol%, 3-4 mol%, or 4-5 mol%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 0.5-15 mol% PEG-modified lipid. For example, the lipid nanoparticle may comprise 0.5-10 mol%, 0.5-5 mol%, 1-15 mol%, 1-10 mol%, 1-5 mol%, 2-15 mol%, 2-10 mol%, 2-5 mol%, 5-15 mol%, 5-10 mol%, or 10-15 mol%. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 0.5 mol%, 1 mol%, 2 mol%, 3 mol%, 4 mol%, 5 mol%, 6 mol%, 7 mol%, 8 mol%, 9 mol%, 10 mol%, 11 mol%, 12 mol%, 13 mol%, 14 mol%, or 15 mol% PEG-modified lipid. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 20-60 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 5-25 mol% non-cationic lipid, 25-55 mol% sterol, and 0.5-15 mol% PEG-modified lipid. In some embodiments, a LNP of the disclosure comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Compound 1, wherein the non-cationic lipid is DSPC, the structural lipid that is cholesterol, and the PEG lipid is DMG-PEG. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of any of Formula VI, VII or VIIII, a phospholipid comprising DSPC, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising PEG-DMG. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of any of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid comprising DSPC, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula XI. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid comprising a compound having Formula VIII, a structural lipid, and the PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula X or XI. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid comprising a compound having Formula IX, a structural lipid, and the PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula X or XI. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an ionizable amino lipid of Formula VI, VII or VIII, a phospholipid having Formula IX, a structural lipid, and a PEG lipid comprising a compound having Formula XI. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 49 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 10 mol% DSPC, 38.5 mol% cholesterol, and 2.5 mol% DMG-PEG. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 49 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 11 mol% DSPC, 38.5 mol% cholesterol, and 1.5 mol% DMG-PEG. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticle comprises 48 mol% ionizable amino lipid, 11 mol% DSPC, 38.5 mol% cholesterol, and 2.5 mol% DMG-PEG. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an N:P ratio of from about 2:1 to about 30:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an N:P ratio of about 6:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises an N:P ratio of about 3:1, 4:1, or 5:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises a wt/wt ratio of the ionizable amino lipid component to the RNA of from about 10:1 to about 100:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises a wt/wt ratio of the ionizable amino lipid component to the RNA of about 20:1. In some embodiments, a LNP of the invention comprises a wt/wt ratio of the ionizable amino lipid component to the RNA of about 10:1. Some embodiments comprise a composition having one or more LNPs having a diameter of about 150 nm or less, such as about 140 nm, 130 nm, 120 nm, 110 nm, 100 nm, 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, or 20 nm or less. Some embodiments comprise a composition having a mean LNP diameter of about 150 nm or less, such as about 140 nm, 130 nm, 120 nm, 110 nm, 100 nm, 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, or 20 nm or less. In some embodiments, the composition has a mean LNP diameter from about 30nm to about 150nm, or a mean diameter from about 60nm to about 120nm. A LNP may comprise or one or more types of lipids, including but not limited to amino lipids (e.g., ionizable amino lipids), neutral lipids, non-cationic lipids, charged lipids, PEG- modified lipids, phospholipids, structural lipids and sterols. In some embodiments, a LNP may further comprise one or more cargo molecules, including but not limited to nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA, plasmid DNA, DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, siRNA, shRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, lncRNA, etc.), small molecules, proteins and peptides. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a liposome. A liposome is a lipid particle comprising lipids arranged into one or more concentric lipid bilayers around a central region. The central region of a liposome may comprise an aqueous solution, suspension, or other aqueous composition. In some embodiments, a lipid nanoparticle may comprise two or more components (e.g., amino lipid and nucleic acid, PEG-lipid, phospholipid, structural lipid). For instance, a lipid nanoparticle may comprise an amino lipid and a nucleic acid. Compositions comprising the lipid nanoparticles, such as those described herein, may be used for a wide variety of applications, including the stealth delivery of therapeutic payloads with minimal adverse innate immune response. Effective in vivo delivery of nucleic acids represents a continuing medical challenge. Exogenous nucleic acids (i.e., originating from outside of a cell or organism) are readily degraded in the body, e.g., by the immune system. Accordingly, effective delivery of nucleic acids to cells often requires the use of a particulate carrier (e.g., lipid nanoparticles). The particulate carrier should be formulated to have minimal particle aggregation, be relatively stable prior to intracellular delivery, effectively deliver nucleic acids intracellularly, and illicit no or minimal immune response. To achieve minimal particle aggregation and pre-delivery stability, many conventional particulate carriers have relied on the presence and/or concentration of certain components (e.g., PEG-lipid). However, it has been discovered that certain components may decrease the stability of encapsulated nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA molecules). The reduced stability may limit the broad applicability of the particulate carriers. As such, there remains a need for methods by which to improve the stability of nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) encapsulated within lipid nanoparticles. In some embodiments, the lipid nanoparticles comprise one or more of ionizable molecules, polynucleotides, and optional components, such as structural lipids, sterols, neutral lipids, phospholipids and a molecule capable of reducing particle aggregation (e.g., polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG-modified lipid), such as those described above. In some embodiments, a LNP described herein may include one or more ionizable molecules (e.g., amino lipids or ionizable lipids). The ionizable molecule may comprise a charged group and may have a certain pKa. In certain embodiments, the pKa of the ionizable molecule may be greater than or equal to about 6, greater than or equal to about 6.2, greater than or equal to about 6.5, greater than or equal to about 6.8, greater than or equal to about 7, greater than or equal to about 7.2, greater than or equal to about 7.5, greater than or equal to about 7.8, greater than or equal to about 8. In some embodiments, the pKa of the ionizable molecule may be less than or equal to about 10, less than or equal to about 9.8, less than or equal to about 9.5, less than or equal to about 9.2, less than or equal to about 9.0, less than or equal to about 8.8, or less than or equal to about 8.5. Combinations of the above referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 6 and less than or equal to about 8.5). Other ranges are also possible. In embodiments in which more than one type of ionizable molecule are present in a particle, each type of ionizable molecule may independently have a pKa in one or more of the ranges described above. In general, an ionizable molecule comprises one or more charged groups. In some embodiments, an ionizable molecule may be positively charged or negatively charged. For instance, an ionizable molecule may be positively charged. For example, an ionizable molecule may comprise an amine group. As used herein, the term “ionizable molecule” has its ordinary meaning in the art and may refer to a molecule or matrix comprising one or more charged moiety. As used herein, a “charged moiety” is a chemical moiety that carries a formal electronic charge, e.g., monovalent (+1, or -1), divalent (+2, or -2), trivalent (+3, or -3), etc. The charged moiety may be anionic (i.e., negatively charged) or cationic (i.e., positively charged). Examples of positively-charged moieties include amine groups (e.g., primary, secondary, and/or tertiary amines), ammonium groups, pyridinium group, guanidine groups, and imidizolium groups. In a particular embodiment, the charged moieties comprise amine groups. Examples of negatively- charged groups or precursors thereof, include carboxylate groups, sulfonate groups, sulfate groups, phosphonate groups, phosphate groups, hydroxyl groups, and the like. The charge of the charged moiety may vary, in some cases, with the environmental conditions, for example, changes in pH may alter the charge of the moiety, and/or cause the moiety to become charged or uncharged. In general, the charge density of the molecule and/or matrix may be selected as desired. In some cases, an ionizable molecule (e.g., an amino lipid or ionizable lipid) may include one or more precursor moieties that can be converted to charged moieties. For instance, the ionizable molecule may include a neutral moiety that can be hydrolyzed to form a charged moiety, such as those described above. As a non-limiting specific example, the molecule or matrix may include an amide, which can be hydrolyzed to form an amine, respectively. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to determine whether a given chemical moiety carries a formal electronic charge (for example, by inspection, pH titration, ionic conductivity measurements, etc.), and/or whether a given chemical moiety can be reacted (e.g., hydrolyzed) to form a chemical moiety that carries a formal electronic charge. The ionizable molecule (e.g., amino lipid or ionizable lipid) may have any suitable molecular weight. In certain embodiments, the molecular weight of an ionizable molecule is less than or equal to about 2,500 g/mol, less than or equal to about 2,000 g/mol, less than or equal to about 1,500 g/mol, less than or equal to about 1,250 g/mol, less than or equal to about 1,000 g/mol, less than or equal to about 900 g/mol, less than or equal to about 800 g/mol, less than or equal to about 700 g/mol, less than or equal to about 600 g/mol, less than or equal to about 500 g/mol, less than or equal to about 400 g/mol, less than or equal to about 300 g/mol, less than or equal to about 200 g/mol, or less than or equal to about 100 g/mol. In some instances, the molecular weight of an ionizable molecule is greater than or equal to about 100 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 200 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 300 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 400 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 500 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 600 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 700 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1000 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1,250 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1,500 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 1,750 g/mol, greater than or equal to about 2,000 g/mol, or greater than or equal to about 2,250 g/mol. Combinations of the above ranges (e.g., at least about 200 g/mol and less than or equal to about 2,500 g/mol) are also possible. In embodiments in which more than one type of ionizable molecules are present in a particle, each type of ionizable molecule may independently have a molecular weight in one or more of the ranges described above. In some embodiments, the percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) of a single type of ionizable molecule (e.g., amino lipid or ionizable lipid) and/or of all the ionizable molecules within a particle may be greater than or equal to about 15%, greater than or equal to about 16%, greater than or equal to about 17%, greater than or equal to about 18%, greater than or equal to about 19%, greater than or equal to about 20%, greater than or equal to about 21%, greater than or equal to about 22%, greater than or equal to about 23%, greater than or equal to about 24%, greater than or equal to about 25%, greater than or equal to about 30%, greater than or equal to about 35%, greater than or equal to about 40%, greater than or equal to about 42%, greater than or equal to about 45%, greater than or equal to about 48%, greater than or equal to about 50%, greater than or equal to about 52%, greater than or equal to about 55%, greater than or equal to about 58%, greater than or equal to about 60%, greater than or equal to about 62%, greater than or equal to about 65%, or greater than or equal to about 68%. In some instances, the percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) may be less than or equal to about 70%, less than or equal to about 68%, less than or equal to about 65%, less than or equal to about 62%, less than or equal to about 60%, less than or equal to about 58%, less than or equal to about 55%, less than or equal to about 52%, less than or equal to about 50%, or less than or equal to about 48%. Combinations of the above referenced ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to about 60%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to about 55%, etc.). In embodiments in which more than one type of ionizable molecule is present in a particle, each type of ionizable molecule may independently have a percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) in one or more of the ranges described above. The percentage (e.g., by weight, or by mole) may be determined by extracting the ionizable molecule(s) from the dried particles using, e.g., organic solvents, and measuring the quantity of the agent using high pressure liquid chromatography (i.e., HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), or mass spectrometry (MS). Those of ordinary skill in the art would be knowledgeable of techniques to determine the quantity of a component using the above-referenced techniques. For example, HPLC may be used to quantify the amount of a component, by, e.g., comparing the area under the curve of a HPLC chromatogram to a standard curve. It should be understood that the terms “charged” or “charged moiety” does not refer to a “partial negative charge" or “partial positive charge" on a molecule. The terms “partial negative charge" and “partial positive charge" are given their ordinary meaning in the art. A “partial negative charge" may result when a functional group comprises a bond that becomes polarized such that electron density is pulled toward one atom of the bond, creating a partial negative charge on the atom. Those of ordinary skill in the art will, in general, recognize bonds that can become polarized in this way. According to the disclosures herein, a lipid composition may comprise one or more lipids as described herein. Such lipids may include those useful in the preparation of lipid nanoparticle formulations as described above or as known in the art. The term "pure" as used herein refers to material that has only the target nucleic acid active agents such that the presence of unrelated nucleic acids is reduced or eliminated, i.e., impurities or contaminants, including RNA fragments, double stranded RNA, and reverse complement impurities. For example, a purified RNA sample includes one or more target or test nucleic acids but is preferably substantially free of other nucleic acids detectable by methods described herein. As used herein, the term "substantially free" is used operationally, in the context of analytical testing of the material. Preferably, purified material is substantially free of one or more impurities or contaminants including the reverse complement transcription products and/or cytokine-inducing RNA contaminant described herein and for instance is at least 50%, 55%, 60%, 63%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, or 97% pure; more preferably, at least 98% pure, and more preferably still at least 99% pure. In some embodiments a pure RNA (e.g., mRNA) sample is comprised of 100% of the target or test RNAs and includes no other RNA. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) is not self- replicating RNA. As used herein, the term “intact” refers to material (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) that is full length (i.e., does not include fragments). In some embodiments, the intact material (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) is pure RNA. The purity of a composition may be characterized based on the presence of impurities in the composition at any particular point in time. Impurities include, for instance, lipid-RNA adducts, which are typical degradation products of mRNA-LNPs or elemental metals. In some embodiments, a composition is considered to have an adequate purity if less than 10% of the RNA in a composition is in the form of a lipid-RNA adduct. In some embodiments, a composition is considered to have an adequate purity if less than 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% of the RNA in a composition is in the form of a lipid-RNA adduct. According to the present disclosure, the term “elemental metal” is given its ordinary meaning in the art. A metal is an element that readily forms positive ions (i.e., cations) and forms metallic bonds. An elemental metal refers to a metal which is not present in a salt form or otherwise within a compound. Those of ordinary skill in the art will, in general, recognize elemental metals. Purity can be determined by any suitable method known in the art. Non-limiting examples of methods to determine the purity of a compound include melting point determination, boiling point determination, spectroscopy (e.g., UV-VIS spectroscopy), titration, chromatography (e.g., liquid chromatography or gas chromatography, such as anion exchange chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or reversed-phase ultra high- performance liquid chromatography (RP-UHPLC)), mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and optical rotation. In some embodiments, the percentage of intact RNA is determined by performing HPLC or RP-UHPLC and integrating the area under the curve (AUC) of all RNA peaks (including products shorter than the full-length product and the full-length product) and taking the main peak (representative of full length RNA) as an area percent of the total peak area. According to some embodiments, compositions (e.g., liquid pharmaceutical compositions) disclosed herein are formulated in aqueous solutions. An aqueous solution is a solution in which components are dissolved or otherwise dispersed within water or an aqueous buffer solution. In some embodiments, an aqueous solution disclosed herein has a given pH value. In some embodiments, the pH of an aqueous solution disclosed herein is within the range of about 4.5 to about 8.5. In some embodiments, the pH of an aqueous solution is within the range of about 5 to about 8, about 6 to about 8, about 7 to about 8, about 6.5 to about 8, about 6.5 to about 7.5, about 6.5 to about 7, about 7.5 to about 8.5, or any range or combination thereof. In some embodiments, the pH of an aqueous solution is or is about 5, is or is about 5.5, is or is about 6, is or is about 6.5, is or is about 7, is or is about 7.4, is or is about 7.5, or is or is about 8. In some embodiments, an aqueous solution disclosed herein comprises a pH buffer component, such as a phosphate buffer, a tris buffer, an acetate buffer, a histidine buffer or a citrate buffer, among others. Such a buffer acts to modulate the pH of an aqueous solution, such as an aqueous solution having a pH of 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.4, 7.5 or 8. Aqueous solutions may comprise various concentrations of salts (e.g., buffer salts, sucrose, NaCl, etc.). In some embodiments, an aqueous solution may comprise a salt (e.g., NaCl) in a concentration of or about 50 mM, of or about 60 mM, of or about 70 mM, of or about 80 mM, of or about 90 mM, of or about 100 mM, of or about 110 mM, of or about 120 mM, of or about 130 mM, of or about 140 mM, of or about 150 mM, of or about 160 mM, of or about 170 mM, of or about 180 mM, of or about 190 mM, of or about 200 mM, or any intermediate concentration therein. In embodiments in which an aqueous solution comprises more than one salt, each salt may independently have a concentration of one or more of the values described above. In some embodiments, the article comprises a container. In certain cases, the container houses the liquid pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the article and/or the container comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container. In certain embodiments, the article and/or the container comprises a label (e.g., a label on the container). In accordance with certain embodiments, the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and/or an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose. In some instances, the label indicates appropriate storage conditions for the article and/or container. For example, in some cases, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at the glass transition temperature of the composition (e.g., liquid pharmaceutical composition). Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the stability of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is lowest at the glass transition temperature. As used herein, the glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous substance transitions from a hard and relatively brittle (“glassy”) state into a rubbery or viscous state. In some embodiments, the glass transition temperature of the composition is greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C. In certain cases, the glass transition temperature of the composition is less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -25 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to -35 °C, or less than or equal to -40 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to -50 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C). In certain embodiments, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a particular temperature. For example, in some instances, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of greater than or equal to -70 °C, greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C. In certain cases, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -25 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to -35 °C, or less than or equal to -40 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to -50 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, greater than or equal to -35 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, or greater than or equal to -40 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C). According to some embodiments, the label suggests an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject. In certain embodiments, the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). For example, if the shelf-life of the article were 3 months at 5 °C, and if 10% (or 0.1) of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition would degrade after 3 months stored at 5 °C, then the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + 0.1) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). For example, if the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition was 100 micrograms, then the amount would be greater than or equal to 110 micrograms. In some embodiments, the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would have degraded in the liquid pharmaceutical composition at the time of administration) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). For example, if the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition degrades at a rate of 10% (or 0.1) per month at 5 °C, then the label would suggest administering greater than or equal to (1+0.1) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) after 1 month of storage at 5 °C, greater than or equal to (1+0.2) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) after 2 months of storage at 5 °C, and/or greater than or equal to (1+0.3) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) after 3 months of storage at 5 °C. The fraction of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition (e.g., over the shelf-life of the article or by the time of administration) is determined by the rate of decay (wherein the rate of decay is degradation over time) of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) in given conditions (e.g., at a particular temperature, such as 5 °C) and the amount of time. The rate of decay and/or the fraction of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that degrades may be measured as a decrease in purity over time (e.g., an increase in mRNA fragments or a decrease in intact mRNA). Purity may be measured by reverse phase HPLC. In some embodiments, the degradation follows first order kinetics. For example, in certain cases, degradation follows the following equation: ^^^^ = ^^0^^^^^ where P(0) is percent mRNA purity at time 0, t is the number of months after time 0, P(t) is the percent mRNA purity at time t, and k is the fraction of the mRNA that would degrade in one month in the given conditions. For example, if 1.7% of the mRNA would degrade in 1 month at the given conditions (e.g., at 5 °C) then k would be 0.017. If the purity were 100% at time 0 (so P(0) is 100%) and the product would no longer be effective if the purity of the mRNA dropped below 50% (P(t) is 50%), then the amount of time that the product could be kept in those conditions (e.g., 5 °C) and still be effective could be determined as follows: t = ln (50%/100%) / -0.027 = 40 months. In cases where P(0) is not 100%, P(0) may artificially be set as 100% and P(t) may be normalized accordingly. In certain embodiments, the rate of decay of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) at a given temperature (e.g., any temperature disclosed herein) (e.g., -70 ℃, -40 ℃, -20 ℃, 5 °C, and/or 25 ℃) is greater than or equal to 0.1%/month, greater than or equal to 0.5%/month, greater than or equal to 1%/month, greater than or equal to 3%/month, greater than or equal to 5%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month, greater than or equal to 8%/month, greater than or equal to 9%/month, greater than or equal to 10%/month, greater than or equal to 12%/month, greater than or equal to 20%/month, greater than or equal to 30%/month, greater than or equal to 40%/month, or greater than or equal to 50%/month. In some embodiments, the rate of decay of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) at a given temperature (e.g., any temperature disclosed herein) (e.g., -70 ℃, -40 ℃, -20 ℃, 5 °C, and/or 25 ℃) is less than or equal to 60%/month, less than or equal to 50%/month, less than or equal to 40%/month, less than or equal to 30%/month, less than or equal to 20%/month, less than or equal to 15%/month, less than or equal to 12%/month, less than or equal to 11%/month, less than or equal to 10%/month, less than or equal to 9%/month, less than or equal to 8%/month, less than or equal to 5%/month, less than or equal to 3%/month, less than or equal to 2%/month, or less than or equal to 1%/month. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month, greater than or equal to 1%/month and less than or equal to 15%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month and less than or equal to 11%/month, or greater than or equal to 8%/month and less than or equal to 10%/month). For example, in some cases, the rate of decay of the RNA at -70 ℃ and/or -40 ℃ is greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 5%/month or greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 1%/month. As another example, in certain instances, the rate of decay of the RNA at -20 ℃ is greater than or equal to 0.1%/month and less than or equal to 8%/month, greater than or equal to 0.5%/month and less than or equal to 5%/month, or greater than or equal to 1%/month and less than or equal to 3%/month. As yet another example, in some instances, the rate of decay of the RNA at 25 ℃ is greater than or equal to 10%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month, greater than or equal to 30%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month, or greater than or equal to 50%/month and less than or equal to 60%/month). In certain embodiments, the rate of decay of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) at greater than or equal to 0 ℃ and less than or equal to 10 ℃ (e.g., 5 °C) is greater than or equal to 1%/month, greater than or equal to 3%/month, greater than or equal to 5%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month, greater than or equal to 8%/month, greater than or equal to 9%/month, greater than or equal to 10%/month, or greater than or equal to 12%/month. In some embodiments, the rate of decay of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) at greater than or equal to 0 ℃ and less than or equal to 10 ℃ (e.g., 5 °C) is less than or equal to 15%/month, less than or equal to 12%/month, less than or equal to 11%/month, less than or equal to 10%/month, less than or equal to 9%/month, less than or equal to 8%/month, less than or equal to 5%/month, or less than or equal to 3%/month. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 1%/month and less than or equal to 15%/month, greater than or equal to 7%/month and less than or equal to 11%/month, or greater than or equal to 8%/month and less than or equal to 10%/month). In some embodiments, the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.07 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.08 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.10 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.15 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or greater than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In certain embodiments, the amount is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.8 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.6 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.4 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or less than or equal to 1.1 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) and less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) or greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) and less than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition)). In accordance with certain embodiments, the container comprises a total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA). In some cases, the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 75%, greater than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 85%, greater than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 95% intact RNA (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life). In certain instances, the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, or less than or equal to 50% intact RNA (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life). Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 80%). In certain cases, the percentage of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., in the container) comprises the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, or greater than or equal to 75% of the total RNA. In some instances, the percentage of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., in the container) comprises the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 45%, or less than or equal to 40% of the total RNA. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 15% and less than or equal to 80% of the total RNA, the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 25% and less than or equal to 70%, or the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article + greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 60%). In some embodiments, the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 10%, greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, or greater than or equal to 55% RNA that is less than full length RNA (e.g., fragmented RNA) (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life). In certain embodiments, the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) comprises less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 45%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 35%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 25%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 15%, or less than or equal to 10% RNA that is less than full length RNA (e.g., fragmented RNA) (e.g., when administered to a subject, at the time of expiration, after storage, and/or at the end of its shelf-life). Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 5% and less than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 30% and less than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 5% and less than or equal to 30%, or greater than or equal to 20% and less than or equal to 25%). According to certain embodiments, the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) in the container has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater (e.g., at least 10% greater, 15% greater, 20% greater, 25% greater, 30% greater, 35% greater, 40% greater, 45% greater, or 50% greater) than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose. In some embodiments, the total amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) in the container has a value of less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 100% greater (e.g., less than or equal to 80% greater, 60% greater, 50% greater, 40% greater, 30% greater, 25% greater, 20% greater, or 10% greater) than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose and less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 100% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose, at least the number of individual doses in the container times 20% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose and less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 50% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose). For example, if the total amount of RNA in the container has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose, the container has 10 individual doses, and each dose is 100 micrograms of RNA, then the container would have at least (1.05 * 10 * 100) 1,050 micrograms. In some embodiments, an individual dose is the individual dose needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject. In certain instances, the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition needed at the time of manufacturing to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject. In certain cases, an individual dose is the individual dose approved by a regulatory agency (such as the FDA) to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject. In certain embodiments, an effective dose and/or effective amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., intact RNA) is the amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., intact RNA) needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject. In certain cases, an effective dose and/or effective amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., intact RNA) is the amount of RNA (e.g., mRNA) (e.g., intact RNA) approved by a regulatory agency (such as the FDA) to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject. As used herein, the term “amount” refers to total mass (e.g., mg). As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, the total mass of a component (e.g., RNA) may be adjusted in multiple ways. For example, if an article is comprised of a solution comprising RNA, the total mass of the RNA in the article could be increased in multiple ways, such as adding more of the RNA to the article (e.g., by increasing the concentration of the RNA in the solution) and/or increasing the volume of the solution (e.g., a solution with a constant concentration). Thus, the amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition is an amount comprising a total mass of RNA. An amount of RNA is a mass of RNA. An amount of intact RNA is a mass of full length RNA. Similarly, as used herein, the term “dose” or “individual dose” refers to total mass (e.g., mg). For example, a dose of full length RNA is 50 mg of full length RNA in some embodiments. As a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand, while a dose may be referred to in units other than mass (e.g., 1 pill, 2 capsules, 1 tube of ointment, 2 drops, 1 mL of solution, etc.), the dose may always be translated into mass. For example, if a dose is 1 mL of a liquid pharmaceutical composition, and the liquid pharmaceutical composition has a density of 10 mg/mL, and the concentration of full length RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical is 1 mg/mL, then the dose of liquid pharmaceutical composition is 10 mg of liquid pharmaceutical composition and the dose of full length RNA is 1 mg. A baseline dose is a dose having a specific mass of RNA prior to storage of a composition. In certain embodiments, an individual dose and/or effective amount is at least 5 micrograms, at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of intact mRNA. In some embodiments, an individual dose and/or effective amount is less than or equal to 200 micrograms, less than or equal to 175 micrograms, less than or equal to 150 micrograms, less than or equal to 125 micrograms, less than or equal to 100 micrograms, less than or equal to 90 micrograms, less than or equal to 80 micrograms, less than or equal to 70 micrograms, less than or equal to 60 micrograms, less than or equal to 50 micrograms, or less than or equal to 40 micrograms. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 5 micrograms and less than or equal to 200 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms and less than or equal to 50 micrograms, or at least 40 micrograms and less than or equal to 60 micrograms). In some embodiments, a composition and/or an article (e.g., a container) comprises at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90% more intact RNA than an individual dose and/or effective amount of the intact RNA. In certain embodiments, a composition and/or an article (e.g., a container) comprises less than or equal to 200%, less than or equal to 150%, less than or equal to 100%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, or less than or equal to 20% more intact RNA than an individual dose and/or effective amount of the intact RNA. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 5% and less than or equal to 20, at least 20% and less than or equal to 100%, or at least 20% and less than or equal to 50%). In some embodiments, the article has a particular shelf-life at a particular temperature. As used herein, the shelf-life is the amount of time for which the article can be stored in a particular set of conditions and still be used safely and effectively (e.g., the amount of time for which the article can be stored in a particular set of conditions and still be used according to FDA guidelines). For example, in certain cases, the article has a shelf-life of and/or can be stored (or is stored) for greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months. In some embodiments, the article has a shelf-life of and/or can be stored (or is stored) for less than or equal to 1 year, less than or equal to 9 months, or less than or equal to 6 months. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 3 months and less than or equal to 1 year). In some instances, the shelf-life is determined when stored at a temperature of (and/or the composition and/or article can be stored (or is stored) at a temperature of) greater than 0 °C, greater than or equal to 1 °C, greater than or equal to 2 °C, greater than or equal to 3 °C, greater than or equal to 4 °C, or greater than or equal to 5 °C. In certain embodiments, the shelf-life is determined when stored at a temperature of (and/or the composition and/or article can be stored (or is stored) at a temperature of) less than or equal to 10 °C, less than or equal to 9 °C, less than or equal to 8 °C, less than or equal to 7 °C, less than or equal to 6 °C, or less than or equal to 5 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C, or 5°C). As used herein, the shelf-life is determined at standard pressure and in the absence of any additional components (e.g., contaminations or stabilizers) that do not form part of the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition (e.g., do not form part of the article and/or liquid pharmaceutical composition as approved by the FDA). In some embodiments, the shelf-life comprises a first period of time at a first temperature followed by a second period of time at a second temperature. In some instances, the first period of time is greater than the second period of time. In certain embodiments, the second temperature is higher than the first temperature. For example, in some cases, the article (e.g., liquid pharmaceutical composition) may be stored frozen (e.g., at -70 °C) for a period of time (such as greater than or equal to 1 year after it is filled). In some embodiments the first period of time can be at multiple frozen temperatures (e.g., -70°C and then -20°C). In some cases, it may then be transported to a consumer, where it may be stored as a liquid (e.g., at 5 °C) for greater than or equal to 3 months. In certain cases, the first period of time is greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, greater than or equal to 9 months, greater than or equal to 1 year, greater than or equal to 15 months, or greater than or equal to 18 months. In some instances, the first period of time is less than or equal to 2 years, less than or equal to 18 months, less than or equal to 1 year, or less than or equal to 6 months. Combinations of these range are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 3 months and less than or equal to 2 years). In some instances, the first temperature is less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to -40 °C, less than or equal to -50 °C, less than or equal to -60 °C, or less than or equal to -70 °C. In certain embodiments, the first temperature is greater than or equal to -90 °C, greater than or equal to -80 °C, greater than or equal to -70 °C, greater than or equal to -60 °C, greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -30 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., less than or equal to -20 °C and greater than or equal to -90 °C, less than or equal to -50 °C and greater than or equal to -90 °C, or -70 °C). In certain embodiments, the second period is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months. In some embodiments, the second period is less than or equal to 1 year, less than or equal to 9 months, or less than or equal to 6 months. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 3 months and less than or equal to 1 year). In some embodiments, the second temperature is greater than 0 °C, greater than or equal to 1 °C, greater than or equal to 2 °C, greater than or equal to 3 °C, greater than or equal to 4 °C, or greater than or equal to 5 °C. In certain embodiments, the second temperature is less than or equal to 10 °C, less than or equal to 9 °C, less than or equal to 8 °C, less than or equal to 7 °C, less than or equal to 6 °C, or less than or equal to 5 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C, or 5°C). In certain embodiments, a particular percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact at the end of the shelf-life and/or after storage (e.g., after 3 months at 5°C). For example, in certain cases, greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 18%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 75%, greater than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 85%, greater than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 95% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact at the end of the shelf-life and/or after storage. In some instances, less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 45%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 35%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 25%, or less than or equal to 20% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact at the end of the shelf-life and/or after storage. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 15% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 80%). In some embodiments, methods of filling an article (e.g., any article described herein) are described. In certain embodiments, the method comprises adding a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) to the article. In some cases, the method comprises adding a lipid carrier (e.g., a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, and/or lipoplex) to the article. In certain instances, the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) and lipid carrier (e.g., LNP) may be added separately or in combination (e.g., in the form of a liquid pharmaceutical composition, for example, where the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) is formulated in the lipid carrier (e.g., LNP)). In some embodiments, the method comprises freezing the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) and/or lipid carrier (e.g., LNP) (individually or in combination as a pharmaceutical composition) prior to addition to the article. According to some embodiments, the addition of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) and/or the lipid carrier (or the liquid pharmaceutical composition) forms an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article. According to some embodiments, the amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition formed in the article is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In some embodiments, the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.07 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.08 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.10 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.15 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), greater than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or greater than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In certain embodiments, the amount is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.8 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.6 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.4 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.25 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), less than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), or less than or equal to 1.1 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) and less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) or greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) and less than or equal to 1.3 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition)). In accordance with certain embodiments, the method comprises storing the article for a duration of time (e.g., up to 1 year or up to 3 years) at a temperature (e.g., greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C, or 5 °C). In some instances, the method comprises storing the article for a duration of time up to the shelf-life of the article (e.g., any shelf-life described herein). In certain cases, a particular percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact after the storing step (e.g., a particular percentage of the RNA is intact if stored for the shelf-life of the article). For example, in some instances, greater than or equal to 15%, greater than or equal to 18%, greater than or equal to 20%, greater than or equal to 25%, greater than or equal to 30%, greater than or equal to 35%, greater than or equal to 40%, greater than or equal to 45%, greater than or equal to 50%, greater than or equal to 55%, greater than or equal to 60%, greater than or equal to 65%, greater than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 75%, greater than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 85%, greater than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 95% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact after the storing step. In some instances, less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 45%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 35%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 25%, or less than or equal to 20% of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) is intact after the storing step. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to 15% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 80%, greater than or equal to 40% and less than or equal to 70%, greater than or equal to 70% and less than or equal to 95%, greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 90%, or greater than or equal to 75% and less than or equal to 80%). In some embodiments, the percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that is intact after the storing step is lower than the percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that is intact prior to the storing step. In certain embodiments, the percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that is intact prior to the storing step is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%. In some cases, the percentage of the RNA (e.g., mRNA) that is intact prior to the storing step is less than or equal to 100%, less than or equal to 99%, less than or equal to 98%, less than or equal to 95%, less than or equal to 90%, less than or equal to 85%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 75%, less than or equal to 70%, less than or equal to 65%, less than or equal to 3%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 55%, or less than or equal to 55%. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 40% and less than or equal to 100%, at least 40% and less than or equal to 90%, or at least 50% and less than or equal to 80%). In certain embodiments, the total amount of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) prior to storage and/or the total amount of intact RNA (e.g., mRNA) after storage is greater than or equal to an effective amount of intact RNA. In some instances, the storing step does not include storing at the glass transition temperature of the composition (e.g., liquid pharmaceutical composition). In certain embodiments, the storing step does not include storing at a temperature of greater than or equal to -50 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C, greater than or equal to -40 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C. In certain cases, the storing step does not include storing at a temperature of less than or equal to -20 °C, less than or equal to -25 °C, less than or equal to -30 °C, less than or equal to - 35 °C, or less than or equal to -40 °C. Combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., greater than or equal to -50 °C and less than or equal to -20 °C, greater than or equal to -45 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C, or greater than or equal to -35 °C and less than or equal to -30 °C). In certain embodiments, the method (e.g., any method disclosed herein) and/or composition and/or article (e.g., any article disclosed herein) mitigates and/or accounts for degradation (e.g., from transesterification) of RNA (e.g., mRNA, such as any mRNA disclosed herein). For example, in some embodiments, the method and/or composition and/or article mitigates and/or accounts for degradation of RNA at certain conditions (e.g., any conditions disclosed herein, such as the shelf-life conditions and/or storage conditions disclosed herein, such as in a refrigerator, such as at 5 ℃). In some cases, the method and/or composition and/or article mitigates and/or accounts for degradation of RNA (e.g., at certain conditions) by ensuring that a sufficient amount of intact RNA is provided at the time of administration and/or throughout the shelf-life of the article. In certain instances, ensuring that a sufficient amount of intact RNA is provided at the time of administration and/or throughout the shelf-life of the article comprises providing a sufficient amount of intact RNA at the time of manufacture and/or sale (e.g., providing a sufficient amount of intact RNA at the time of manufacture and/or sale taking into account the amount of RNA that will degrade until the time of administration and/or throughout the shelf-life). In some embodiments, the total amount of intact RNA prior to storage of the composition for a period of time (e.g., as disclosed elsewhere herein) is calculated to account for degradation of the mRNA (e.g., from transesterification of the mRNA) during the storage of the composition for the period of time and/or to ensure at least an effective amount of intact RNA is present throughout the storage and/or shelf-life (and/or at the time of administration). In some embodiments, methods of delivering an effective dose of a nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) are described herein. In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition (e.g., any composition or liquid pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein) to a subject. For example, in accordance with certain embodiments, the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises a nucleic acid (e.g., any nucleic acid disclosed herein, such as an RNA or mRNA encoding a protein) and a lipid carrier (e.g., any lipid carrier disclosed herein, such as an LNP). In some cases, a total dose of nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) is administered to the subject that is at least 5% (e.g., at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%; less than or equal to 100%, less than or equal to 80%, less than or equal to 60%, less than or equal to 50%, less than or equal to 40%, less than or equal to 30%, less than or equal to 25%, less than or equal to 20%, less than or equal to 15%, or less than or equal to 10%; combinations of these ranges are also possible (e.g., at least 5% and less than or equal to 100% or at least 20% and less than or equal to 50%) greater than an effective dose of the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA). In some embodiments, a subject to which a composition comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) formulated in a lipid (e.g., LNP) is administered is a subject that suffers from or is at risk of suffering from a disease, disorder or condition, including a communicable or non- communicable disease, disorder or condition. As used herein, “treating” a subject can include either therapeutic use or prophylactic use relating to a disease, disorder or condition, and may be used to describe uses for the alleviation of symptoms of a disease, disorder or condition, uses for vaccination against a disease, disorder or condition, and uses for decreasing the contagiousness of a disease, disorder or condition, among other uses. In certain embodiments, the nucleic acid (e.g., RNA, such as mRNA) is an mRNA vaccine designed to achieve particular biologic effects. Exemplary vaccines of the invention feature mRNAs encoding a particular antigen of interest (or an mRNA or mRNAs encoding antigens of interest). In exemplary aspects, the vaccines of the invention feature an mRNA or mRNAs encoding antigen(s) derived from infectious diseases. In certain embodiments, the article comprises a vaccine (e.g., an infectious disease vaccine, such as a human cytomegalovirus vaccine). In some embodiments, the antigen comprises an infectious disease antigen. The antigen of the infectious disease vaccine is a viral antigen. In some embodiments the infectious agent is a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV). In some embodiments, a disease, disorder or condition is caused by or associated with a member of the herpes virus family, human cytomegalovirus (hCMV). In some embodiments, the virus is a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV). In some embodiments, the antigen is a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigen. In some embodiments, the article and/or pharmaceutical composition comprises one or more (e.g., greater than or equal to 1, greater than or equal to 2, greater than or equal to 3, greater than or equal to 4, or greater than or equal to 5; less than or equal to 10, less than or equal to 8, less than or equal to 6, less than or equal to 4, or less than or equal to 2; combinations of these ranges are also possible, such as greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6) hCMV antigens. In some embodiments, the disease, disorder or condition is a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus (hCMV). HCMV includes several surface glycoproteins that are involved in viral attachment and entry into different cell types. The pentameric complex (PC), composed of gH/gL/UL128/UL130/UL131A, mediates entry into endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and myeloid cells. HCMV proteins UL128, UL130, and UL131A assemble with gH and gL proteins to form a heterologous pentameric complex, designated gH/gL/UL128-131A, found on the surface of the HCMV. Natural variants and deletion and mutational analyses have implicated proteins of the gH/gL/UL128-131A complex with the ability to infect certain cell types, including for example, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and leukocytes. HCMV enters cells by fusing its envelope with either the plasma membrane (fibroblasts) or the endosomal membrane (epithelial and endothelial cells). HCMV initiates cell entry by attaching to the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans using envelope glycoprotein M (gM) or gB. This step is followed by interaction with cell surface receptors that trigger entry or initiate intracellular signaling. The entry receptor function is provided by gH/gL glycoprotein complexes. Different gH/gL complexes are known to facilitate entry into different cell types including epithelial cells, endothelial cells, or fibroblasts. For example, while entry into fibroblasts requires gH/gL heterodimer, entry into epithelial and endothelial cells requires the pentameric complex gH/gL/UL128/UL130/ UL131 in addition to gH/gL. Thus, different gH/gL complexes engage distinct entry receptors on epithelial/endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Receptor engagement is followed by membrane fusion, a process mediated by gB and gH/ gL. Early antibody studies have supported critical roles for both gB and gH/gL in hCMV entry. gB is essential for entry and cell spread. gB and gH/gL are necessary and sufficient for cell fusion and thus constitute the “core fusion machinery” of HCMV, which is conserved among other herpesviruses. Thus, the four glycoprotein complexes play a crucial role in viral attachment, binding, fusion and entry into the host cell. The disclosure provides HCMV mRNA vaccines containing mRNAs encoding the hCMV pentamer (gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A) and gB in lipid nanoparticle. The hCMV immunogenic compositions may comprise (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide; (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide; (c) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide; (d) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide; (e) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide; and (f) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gB polypeptide Each of the individual mRNAs encoding the hCMV pentamer (gH, gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A) and gB may be included in the composition at equal mass ratios (e.g., an mRNA mass ratio for gH:gL:UL128:UL130:UL131A:gB of approximately 1:1:1:1:1:1). In some embodiments an approximately equal molar ratio of gL, UL128, UL130, and UL131A, and increased molar ratios of gB and/or gH relative to the other mRNA components within an hCMV immunogenic composition is provided. In some embodiments the molar ratio of (a):(f) within the immunogenic composition is about 1:1; the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1:1:1:1; and the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (a) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (a) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1), and the molar ratio of (f) to any one of (b), (c), (d) or (e) within the immunogenic composition is about 1.5:1 to 2:1 (e.g., 1.5:1, 1.6:1, 1.7:1, 1.8:1, 1.9:1, or 2:1). In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1.5:1:1:1:1:1.5. In some embodiments, the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2 In some embodiments, the hCMV vaccine components comprise the sequences provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding hCMV gH protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding hCMV gL protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding hCMV UL128 protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding hCMV UL130 protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding hCMV UL131A protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding hCMV gB protein comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the nucleotide sequence of sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some embodiments, the open reading frame encoding the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the open reading frame encoding the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the open reading frame encoding the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the open reading frame encoding the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the open reading frame encoding the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the open reading frame encoding the gB polypeptide comprises a sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the mRNA encoding the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some embodiments, the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having at least 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity, or more than 99% identity, to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the hCMV gH polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the hCMV gL polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL128 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL130 polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some embodiments, the hCMV UL131A polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18. In some embodiments, the hCMV gB polypeptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some embodiments, the mRNA components of a hCMV immunogenic composition (e.g., mRNA vaccine) are present in equal masses. In other embodiments, the mRNA components of a hCMV immunogenic composition (e.g., mRNA vaccine) are not present in equal masses. It should be understood that the hCMV immunogenic compositions (e.g., mRNA vaccines) of the present disclosure may comprise a signal sequence. It should also be understood that the hCMV mRNA vaccines of the present disclosure may include any 5’ untranslated region (UTR) and/or any 3’ UTR. Exemplary UTR sequences are provided in Table 1; however, other UTR sequences may be used or exchanged for any of the UTR sequences described herein. UTRs may also be omitted from the vaccine constructs provided herein. In some embodiments, “administering” or “administration” means providing a material to a subject in a manner that is pharmacologically useful. In some embodiments, a composition disclosed herein is administered to a subject enterally. In some embodiments, an enteral administration of the composition is oral. In some embodiments, a composition disclosed herein is administered to the subject parenterally. In some embodiments, a composition disclosed herein is administered to a subject subcutaneously, intraocularly, intravitreally, subretinally, intravenously (IV), intracerebro-ventricularly, intramuscularly, intrathecally (IT), intracisternally, intraperitoneally, via inhalation, topically, or by direct injection to one or more cells, tissues, or organs. To "treat" a disease as the term is used herein, means to reduce the frequency or severity of at least one sign or symptom of a disease, disorder or condition experienced by a subject. The compositions described above or elsewhere herein are typically administered to a subject in an effective amount, that is, an amount capable of producing a desirable result. The desirable result will depend upon the active agent being administered. For example, an effective amount of a composition comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) formulated in a lipid (e.g., LNP) may be an amount of the composition that is capable of increasing expression of a protein in the subject. A therapeutically acceptable amount may be an amount that is capable of treating a disease or condition, e.g., a disease or condition that that can be relieved by increasing expression of a protein in a subject. As is well known in the medical and veterinary arts, dosage for any one subject depends on many factors, including the subject's size, body surface area, age, the particular composition to be administered, the active ingredient(s) in the composition, the intended outcome of the administration, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. In some embodiments, a subject is administered a composition comprising a nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) formulated in a lipid (e.g., LNP) in an amount sufficient to increase expression of a protein in the subject. In certain embodiments, LNP preparations (e.g., populations or formulations) are analyzed for polydispersity in size (e.g., particle diameter) and/or composition (e.g., amino lipid amount or concentration, phospholipid amount or concentration, structural lipid amount or concentration, PEG-lipid amount or concentration, mRNA amount (e.g., mass) or concentration) and, optionally, further assayed for in vitro and/or in vivo activity. Fractions or pools thereof can also be analyzed for accessible mRNA and/or purity (e.g., purity as determined by reverse-phase (RP) chromatography). Particle size (e.g., particle diameter) can be determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). DLS measures a hydrodynamic diameter. Smaller particles diffuse more quickly, leading to faster fluctuations in the scattering intensity and shorter decay times for the autocorrelation function. Larger particles diffuse more slowly, leading to slower fluctuations in the scattering intensity and longer decay times in the autocorrelation function. mRNA purity can be determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (e.g., reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) or reverse phase high- performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) size based separation) or capillary electrophoresis (CE) (e.g., frontal analysis capillary electrophoresis (FA-CE)). Reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) size based separation can be used to assess mRNA integrity by a length-based gradient RP separation and UV detection of RNA at 260 nm. As used herein “main peak” or “main peak purity” refers to the RP-HPLC signal detected from mRNA that corresponds to the full size mRNA molecule loaded within a given LNP formulation. mRNA purity can also be assessed by fragmentation analysis. Fragmentation analysis (FA) is a method by which nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) fragments can be analyzed by capillary electrophoresis. Fragmentation analysis involves sizing and quantifying nucleic acids (e.g., mRNA), for example by using an intercalating dye coupled with an LED light source. Such analysis may be completed, for example, with a Fragment Analyzer from Advanced Analytical Technologies, Inc. Compositions formed via the methods described herein may be particularly useful for administering an agent to a subject in need thereof. In some embodiments, the compositions are used to deliver a pharmaceutically active agent. In some instances, the compositions are used to deliver a prophylactic agent. The compositions may be administered in any way known in the art of drug delivery, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, intradermally, transdermally, intrathecally, submucosally, sublingually, rectally, vaginally, etc. Once the compositions have been prepared, they may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients to form a pharmaceutical composition. As would be appreciated by one of skill in this art, the excipients may be chosen based on the route of administration as described below, the agent being delivered, and the time course of delivery of the agent. Pharmaceutical compositions described herein and for use in accordance with the embodiments described herein may include a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi- solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable excipients are sugars such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil; sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; detergents such as Tween 80; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen free water; isotonic saline; citric acid, acetate salts, Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered to humans and/or to animals, orally, rectally, parenterally, intracisternally, intravaginally, intranasally, intraperitoneally, topically (as by powders, creams, ointments, or drops), bucally, or as an oral or nasal spray. Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredients (i.e., the particles), the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3 butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Injectable preparations, for example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may be formulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution, suspension, or emulsion in a nontoxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution, ethanol, U.S.P., and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil can be employed including synthetic mono or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables. The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use. Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration may be suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the particles with suitable non irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, or a suppository wax which are solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the particles. Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the particles are mixed with at least one inert, pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate and/or a) fillers or extenders such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid, b) binders such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia, c) humectants such as glycerol, d) disintegrating agents such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarding agents such as paraffin, f) absorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds, g) wetting agents such as, for example, cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, h) absorbents such as kaolin and bentonite clay, and i) lubricants such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets, and pills, the dosage form may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragées, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical formulating art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the intestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a pharmaceutical composition include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, or patches. The particles are admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may be required. Ophthalmic formulation, ear drops, and eye drops are also possible. The ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may contain, in addition to the compositions of this invention, excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc, and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof. Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to the compositions of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates, and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons. Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compositions in a proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compositions in a polymer matrix or gel. In other embodiments, the stabilized compositions of the invention are loaded and stored in prefilled syringes and cartridges for patient-friendly autoinjector and infusion pump devices. Kits for use in preparing or administering the compositions are also provided. A kit for forming compositions may include any solvents, solutions, buffer agents, acids, bases, salts, targeting agent, etc. needed in the composition formation process. Different kits may be available for different targeting agents. In certain embodiments, the kit includes materials or reagents for purifying, sizing, and/or characterizing the resulting compositions. The kit may also include instructions on how to use the materials in the kit. The one or more agents (e.g., pharmaceutically active agent) to be contained within the composition are typically provided by the user of the kit. Kits are also provided for using or administering the compositions. The compositions may be provided in convenient dosage units for administration to a subject. The kit may include multiple dosage units. For example, the kit may include 1-100 dosage units. In certain embodiments, the kit includes a week supply of dosage units, or a month supply of dosage units. In certain embodiments, the kit includes an even longer supply of dosage units. The kits may also include devices for administering the compositions. Exemplary devices include syringes, spoons, measuring devices, etc. The kit may optionally include instructions for administering the compositions (e.g., prescribing information). The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response, and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, Berge et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in J. Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1977, 66, 1-19, incorporated herein by reference. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from suitable inorganic and organic acids and bases. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic acid addition salts are salts of an amino group formed with inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid or with organic acids, such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid, or malonic acid or by using other methods known in the art such as ion exchange. Other pharmaceutically acceptable salts include adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bisulfate, borate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptonate, glycerophosphate, gluconate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxy- ethanesulfonate, lactobionate, lactate, laurate, lauryl sulfate, malate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, stearate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate, p-toluenesulfonate, undecanoate, valerate salts, and the like. Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonium, and N+(C1-4 alkyl)4 − salts. Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and the like. Further pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, when appropriate, nontoxic ammonium, quaternary ammonium, and amine cations formed using counterions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, lower alkyl sulfonate, and aryl sulfonate. As disclosed herein, the terms “composition” and “formulation” are used interchangeably. In some embodiments, article A comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. According to some embodiments of article A, the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article). In certain embodiments, article AA comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In certain embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the article further comprises a label, suggesting an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject. In some embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container. In certain embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) and/or greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In some embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the amount is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition). In accordance with certain embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex. According to some embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In certain embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a liposome. In some embodiments of articles A and/or AA, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipoplex. According to certain embodiments, article B comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA encoding one or more hCMV antigens formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA and wherein the total amount of RNA includes 40%-95% intact RNA and 5%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In some embodiments the composition comprises 40%-95% pure RNA. In some embodiments of article B, the percentage of intact RNA is greater than or equal to 15% + the percentage of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article. In certain embodiments of article B, the article comprises at least 5% more intact RNA than a minimum therapeutically effective dose of the intact RNA. In some embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 40%-80% intact RNA and 20%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In certain embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 40%-70% intact RNA and 30%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In accordance with some embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 60%-80% intact RNA and 20%-40% RNA that is less than full length RNA. According to certain embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 70%-95% intact RNA and 5%-30% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In some embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 75-90% intact RNA and 10%-25% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In certain embodiments of article B, the total amount of RNA includes 75-80% intact RNA and 20%-25% RNA that is less than full length RNA. In some embodiments of article B, the article further comprises a label on the container, wherein the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose, wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose. In certain embodiments, article C comprises a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least a number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. According to some embodiments of article C, the container comprises a total amount of full length RNA, wherein the total amount of full length RNA is at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of full length RNA within each individual dose. In some embodiments of article C, the article further comprises a label on the container, wherein the label identifies the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose. According to certain embodiments of articles B and/or C, the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 20% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose. In accordance with some embodiments of articles B and/or C, the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 30% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose. In some embodiments of articles B and/or C, the total amount of RNA has a value of less than or equal to the number of individual doses in the container times 100% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose. In accordance with certain embodiments of articles B and/or C, the article has a shelf-life of at least one month when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C. According to some embodiments of articles B and/or C, the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the article has a shelf-life of at least one month when stored at a temperature of 5 °C. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B, and/or C, the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of 5 °C. According to some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, at least 40% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C. In accordance with certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C at least 50% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, at least 60% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, at least 70% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5 °C. In accordance with some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, at least 90% of the total amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at 5°C. In certain embodiments of articles B and/or C, the container comprises a light protective container. In some embodiments of articles B and/or C, the container comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, and/or an infusion pump. According to some embodiments or articles B and/or C, the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid carrier. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at the glass transition temperature of the liquid pharmaceutical composition. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of less than or equal to -20 °C and greater than or equal to -50 °C. According to some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the label indicates that the article should not be stored at a temperature of less than or equal to -30 °C and greater than or equal to - 35 °C. In accordance with certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle. According to certain embodiments of B and/or C, the lipid carrier comprises a liposome. In some embodiments of B and/or C, the lipid carrier comprises a lipoplex. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject. In accordance with some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose approved by the FDA to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject. According to some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-30% phospholipid, 10-55% structural lipid, and 0.5- 15% PEG-modified lipid. In accordance with certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-25% phospholipid, 25-55% structural lipid, and 0.5-15% PEG-modified lipid. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises mRNA. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or 10,000 nucleotides. For example, in some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides. According to certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides. In accordance with some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 20,000, 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides. For example, in certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 10,000 nucleotides. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution. According to certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the mRNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the article comprises a total amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition, wherein the total amount is 1.25 x 10 individual doses x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), and wherein the RNA is an mRNA that encodes a human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigen. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In accordance with some embodiments of articles A, AA, B and/or C, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In accordance with certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B, and/or C, the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 5 and/or 11); (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 6 and/or 12); (c) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 2 and/or 8); (d) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 3 and/or 9); (e) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 4 and/or 10); and/or (f) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gB polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 1 and/or 7). In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1:
Figure imgf000106_0001
. In certain embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) is about 1:1:1:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(f) is about 1:1. In certain embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to one or more (e.g., all) of (b), (c), (d), and/or (e) is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2. In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical composition A comprises mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the composition comprises a total amount of intact mRNA that is greater than an effective amount of intact mRNA, and wherein the composition comprises at least the effective amount of the intact mRNA after storage of the composition for a period of time; and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In accordance with some embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the total amount of intact mRNA decreases in the composition after storage of the composition for the period of time. According to certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the total amount of intact mRNA is calculated to account for degradation of the mRNA during the storage of the composition for the period of time. According to some embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the degradation is from transesterification of the intact mRNA. In accordance with certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the degradation is greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 7%, greater than or equal to 8%, greater than or equal to 9%, greater than or equal to 10%, or greater than or equal to 12% of the total mRNA in the composition per month. In certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the period of time is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months. In some embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the storage is at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 10°C, such as at about 5°C. In accordance with some embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the total amount of intact mRNA is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the total mRNA in the composition. In certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the effective amount of intact mRNA is at least about 15%, such as at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55% of the total mRNA in the composition. In some embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 50% intact mRNA of the total mRNA in the composition following storage of the composition for 3 months at about 5°C. In certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the effective amount comprises at least 5 micrograms of the intact mRNA, such as at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of the intact mRNA. According to certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In accordance with some embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In accordance with certain embodiments of pharmaceutical composition A, the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 5 and/or 11); (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 6 and/or 12); (c) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 2 and/or 8); (d) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 3 and/or 9); (e) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 4 and/or 10); and/or (f) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gB polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 1 and/or 7). In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1:1:1:1:1:1. In certain embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) is about 1:1:1:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(f) is about 1:1. In certain embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to one or more (e.g., all) of (b), (c), (d), and/or (e) is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2. In some embodiments, a container (such as a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container) comprises pharmaceutical composition A. In certain embodiments of articles A, AA, B, and/or C, the pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A. In some embodiments, method A of filling an article comprises adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article to form an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; wherein the amount of RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In accordance with some embodiments of method A, wherein the adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article forms an amount of full length RNA in the article, and wherein the amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses in the article). According to certain embodiments of method A, the RNA and/or lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex are frozen prior to addition to the article. In accordance with certain embodiments of method A, the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 1 year. According to some embodiments of method A, the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 3 months. In some embodiments of method A, at least 40% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. In certain embodiments of method A, at least 50% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. According to some embodiments of method A, the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A. In accordance with some embodiments of method A, at least 60% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. In certain embodiments of method A, at least 70% of the amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. According to certain embodiments of method A, at least 75% of the amount of RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C. In some embodiments of method A, the temperature is 5 °C. In certain embodiments of method A, the article is not stored at the glass transition temperature of the liquid pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments of method A, the article is not stored at less than or equal to -20 °C and greater than or equal to -50 °C. In accordance with certain embodiments of method A, the article is not stored at less than or equal to -30 °C and greater than or equal to -35 °C. According to certain embodiments of method A, the amount of RNA is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article). In accordance with some embodiments of method A, the amount of RNA is greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article). In certain embodiments of method A, the amount of RNA is less than or equal to 2.00 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article). In some embodiments of method A, the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container. In accordance with certain embodiments of method A, the amount is 1.25 x 10 individual doses x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), and wherein the RNA is an mRNA that encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. According to some embodiments, method B of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject, comprises administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier to a subject, wherein a total dose of the RNA is administered to the subject, and wherein the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 5% greater than the effective dose of the RNA; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens. In certain embodiments of method B, the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A. In certain embodiments of method B, the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 20% greater than the effective dose of the RNA. In accordance with some embodiments of method B, the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 30% greater than the effective dose of the RNA. In some embodiments of method B, the total dose of the RNA administered to the subjected is less than or equal to 100% greater than the effective dose of the RNA. According to certain embodiments of method B, the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex. In certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex in the liquid pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle. In certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a liposome. According to some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipoplex. In accordance with certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose needed to produce a therapeutically effective amount of a protein in the subject. According to some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition is the individual dose approved by the FDA to stimulate an antigen specific immune response in the subject. In accordance with some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-30% phospholipid, 10-55% structural lipid, and 0.5- 15% PEG-modified lipid. In certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the lipid nanoparticle comprises a ratio of 20-60% amino lipids, 5-25% phospholipid, 25-55% structural lipid, and 0.5- 15% PEG-modified lipid. In some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises mRNA. In certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, or 10,000 nucleotides. For example, in some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400 nucleotides. In accordance with certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 4,000 nucleotides. According to some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 20,000, 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides. For example, in certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 10,000 nucleotides. In accordance with some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises less than or equal to 6,000 nucleotides. In certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution. In accordance with some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the mRNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens. In some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In accordance with certain embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to some embodiments of methods A and/or B, the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In some embodiments, method C of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle comprises preparing the composition with increased mRNA purity as compared to an mRNA purity that will be present in the composition after storage of the composition, such that the amount of mRNA present in the composition after storage will comprise an effective amount of the mRNA, and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more hCMV antigens. According to some embodiments of method C, the composition comprises pharmaceutical composition A. In certain embodiments of method C, the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens. In accordance with certain embodiments of method C, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. According to some embodiments of method C, the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12. In accordance with certain embodiments of methods A, B, and/or C, the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a) a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gH polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 5 and/or 11); (b) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gL polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 6 and/or 12); (c) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL128 polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 2 and/or 8); (d) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL130 polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 3 and/or 9); (e) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV UL131A polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 4 and/or 10); and/or (f) a mRNA polynucleotide comprising an open reading frame encoding a hCMV gB polypeptide (e.g., an mRNA comprising SEQ ID. NOs: 1 and/or 7). In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 1:1:1:1:1:1. In certain embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (b):(c):(d):(e) is about 1:1:1:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(f) is about 1:1. In certain embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of each of (a) and (f) to one or more (e.g., all) of (b), (c), (d), and/or (e) is about 1.5:1 to 2:1. In some embodiments where the RNA encoding the one or more hCMV antigens comprises (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), and/or (f), the molar ratio of (a):(b):(c):(d):(e):(f) is about 2:1:1:1:1:2. SEQUENCE LISTING It should be understood that any of the mRNA sequences described herein may include a 5′ UTR and/or a 3′ UTR. The UTR sequences may be selected from the following sequences, or other known UTR sequences may be used. It should also be understood that any of the mRNA constructs described herein may further comprise a polyA tail and/or cap (e.g., 7mG(5’)ppp(5’)NlmpNp). Further, while many of the mRNAs and encoded antigen sequences described herein include a signal peptide and/or a peptide tag (e.g., C-terminal His tag), it should be understood that the indicated signal peptide and/or peptide tag may be substituted for a different signal peptide and/or peptide tag, or the signal peptide and/or peptide tag may be omitted.
Figure imgf000112_0002
Table 1
Figure imgf000112_0001
Figure imgf000113_0001
Figure imgf000114_0001
Figure imgf000115_0001
Figure imgf000116_0001
Figure imgf000117_0001
Figure imgf000118_0001
The following examples are intended to illustrate certain embodiments of the present invention, but do not exemplify the full scope of the invention. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the above description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1 This example describes the degradation of mRNA in lipid nanoparticle formulations when stored for 3 months at 5 °C. This example demonstrates that the main mechanism of degradation of mRNA in lipid nanoparticle formulations at these conditions is trans-esterification (rather than hydrolysis). In transesterification, 2ʹ-hydroxyl moieties of ribose rings along the mRNA’s backbone nucleophilically attack their adjacent phosphates to form cyclic pentavalent phosphorus intermediates. These transient intermediates then collapse, either leading to 2ʹ-5ʹ-phosphodiester linkages (backbone isomerization, which is not discussed here), or leading to strand scission, resulting in fragment strands that are terminated by 2ʹ-3ʹ-cyclic phosphates on their 3ʹ-ends (see FIG.1A). On the other hand, in hydrolysis, water nucleophilically attacks the 3ʹ-5ʹ- phosphodiester linkages in a bimolecular fashion to form linearized pentavalent phosphorus intermediates, which would then collapse and disproportionate the phosphate groups to either the 3ʹ- or 5ʹ-ends of the fragments (see FIG.1B). Thus, in transesterification reactions resulting in strand scission, the phosphate groups always reside at the 3’-ends, while in hydrolysis reactions, the phosphate groups can reside at both the 5’-ends and the 3’-ends. The degradation of mRNA was studied for LNP formulations with two different types of mRNA (one that encodes a first viral antigen and one that encodes for a second different viral antigen), to demonstrate that the mechanism of degradation is independent of sequence. This was studied using a 3ʹ-RACE +/- PNK workflow (3ʹ-rapid amplification of cDNA ends +/- polynucleotide kinase), which allowed for rapid profiling of the 3ʹ-end sites. mRNA fragments were ligated with a sequence-defined, 5ʹ-adenylated DNA adaptor oligonucleotide at their 3ʹ- ends using thermostable T4 ligase; the ligated DNA-RNA hybrid strands were then subjected to library prep and NGS sequencing on a MiSeq (Illumina). It should be noted that this workflow only applies to mRNA fragments that are 3ʹ- terminated as hydroxyl groups. If the mRNA fragments are 3ʹ-phosphate protected – as in the case of transesterification-derived fragments – these phosphates must be cleaved prior to sequencing. In this example, this was achieved by incorporating a polynucleotide kinase (PNK)- mediated phosphate removal step. Thus, by comparing the number of sequencing reads in PNK- treated vs. non-PNK-treated samples, it could be determined whether the 3ʹ-termini of RNA fragments were phosphorylated or remained as hydroxyls. If transesterification were the major strand cleavage mechanism, the 3ʹ-termini of RNA fragments would be expected to be primarily phosphorylated, and it would be expected to (1) detect a lot more sequence reads in the PNK-treated sample than in the non-PNK-treated samples, and (2) detect minimal sequence reads in the non-PNK-treated samples. On the other hand, if hydrolysis were the major strand cleavage mechanism, the backbone phosphate groups would be expected to be disproportioned to either the 5ʹ- or 3ʹ-end of the fragments, and hence some portion of fragment 3ʹ-termini would be expected to remain as unphosphorylated 3ʹ- hydroxyls. Thus, it would be expected to detect some abundance of sequencing reads in the non- PNK-treated samples as well. Liquid LNP formulations were analyzed after storage for 3 months at 5 °C, as shown in FIG.2A (a formulation comprising mRNA that encodes a viral antigen) and FIG.2B (a formulation comprising mRNA that encodes a different viral antigen). The X-axis denotes the position at which RNA fragment ligation to the sequence-defined DNA adaptor occurred, which is in turn indicative of the 3ʹ-ends of the RNA fragments. The Y-axis corresponds to the number of detected sequence reads that have 3ʹ-ends corresponding to the respective nucleotide. In both FIG.2A and 2B, which show with PNK and without PNK, sequence reads were detected almost exclusively in the PNK-treated samples, and very little sequence reads were detected in the non- PNK-treated samples except for the full-length product (which is hydroxyl-terminated). This observation suggested that most RNA fragments had 3ʹ-ends that were phosphorylated, and very few fragments were 3ʹ-terminated as unprotected hydroxyls. These findings indicate that both mRNAs underwent strand scission by a transesterification mechanism, and this this is the predominant mechanism of degradation of mRNA regardless of sequence. EXAMPLE 2 This example describes the relationship between degradation of mRNA and the number of nucleotides of the mRNA. This example demonstrates that the percentage of degraded mRNA generally increases as the number of nucleotides in the mRNA increases. As demonstrated in Example 1, mRNA degradation predominantly takes place via transesterification resulting in an integral full-length parent mRNA breaking into smaller fragments. Transesterification is a random event and can occur at any site along the mRNA backbone. Therefore, relative to shorter mRNAs, longer mRNAs have a higher probability of incurring strand breakage and are mechanistically predicted to degrade faster. Six formulations with mRNAs with different numbers of nucleotides (i.e., 659, 785, 914, 1,106, 2,498, and 2,993 nucleotides) were monitored by a size-based RP-HPLC purity method over 14 days stored at 40 °C (see FIG.3). FIG.3 demonstrates that the percentage of degraded mRNA generally increased as the number of nucleotides in the mRNA increased. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that, if discrepancies are observed, they could be due to co-elution of some longer mRNA fragments with the integral full-length mRNA in some instances. Nevertheless, overall, the data demonstrate that the percentage of degraded mRNA generally increases as the number of nucleotides in the mRNA increases. EXAMPLE 3 This example describes the amount of degradation observed when an LNP formulation comprising mRNA (that has over 4,000 nucleotides) is stored at 5 °C and -70 °C. As shown in FIG.4, the degradation of the mRNA was higher at 5 °C than at -70 °C. As shown in FIG.4, the degradation rate at 5 °C was determined to be approximately 8% degradation per month at 5 °C. EXAMPLE 4 This example evaluates the in vivo response of an LNP formulation comprising mRNA (that encodes a viral antigen) after partial degradation due to simulation of long term storage via application of heat. 12 female 8-week old BALB/C mice were injected on day 1 and day 22 with 2 µg of the same LNP formulations with various amounts of degradation. The formulations had been treated with heat to simulate various amounts of time stored at 5 °C: 0 months (76% mRNA purity), 4 months (71% mRNA purity), 14 months (61% mRNA purity), and 26 months (49% mRNA purity). As shown in FIG.5, the geometric mean titers produced in the subjects decreased linearly with decreasing purity. This demonstrates that the purity of the mRNA may affect the geometric mean titers produced in the subject. EXAMPLE 5 This example describes the balance between stability of an article and commercial supply of the article. Pharmaceutical products, including vaccines, degrade over time, which ultimately results in a loss of activity. An understanding of the mechanisms of product degradation is critical to managing the overall shelf-life of the product. The proposed storage of the product is -70°C to maximize product shelf-life, however it is understood that this may not be suitable for commercialization and supply in certain geographical regions particularly in lower middle, or lower income countries where cold-chain storage and supply is challenging. An alternative was developed in which shelf life is managed through the determination of the minimum potency requirement (minimum effective dose), determination of the degradation rate, and then provision of additional product in the vial to account for degradation at higher storage temperatures. The exact amount included will be dependent upon the final dose selected in clinical trials, and the amount of time required at non- frozen storage conditions. It is expected that the selected dose will be sufficiently low, such that the inclusion of additional drug in the vial will not significantly impact cost or manufacturing complexity. This provides significant supply chain and storage flexibility for the product, which includes a stable product at -70°C combined with the opportunity to include additional material to permit storage at 5°C, nominally for 3 months, which is consistent with industry expectations for vaccines, including in lower income countries. A driver towards a commercially acceptable vaccine product is the alignment of the overall product stability and shelf-life at the intended storage condition with the requirements of manufacturing, distribution and administration of the product. For many vaccines, particularly those utilizing live attenuated viral vectors, degradation of the product upon storage is expected, even when stored frozen. Similarly, for all nucleic-acid based vaccines, some degradation of the product during storage is expected, particularly at elevated temperatures. This degradation however is not expected to be limiting to the commercial suitability or utility of the proposed vaccine. Fundamental characterization of product degradation, as described in Example 1, has driven a mechanistic understanding which has ultimately led to process improvements and tighter product control. Broadly speaking, the mechanisms of degradation in the lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-mRNA products can be categorized as either being driven by physical (e.g. particle integrity) or chemical (mRNA strand integrity or lipid degradation) processes. As for many biological products, there are a number of critical quality (analytical) attributes for the product, and by extension a number of these are considered to be limiting for the product if they drop below a specified threshold. The advances in process and storage understanding resulted in a particle that is generally physically stable, however storage around the glass transition (e.g., - 20°C to -40°C) of the product may increase physical instability. The main limiting factor for stability of the vaccine has been determined to be due to chemical degradation, specifically breakage of the mRNA strands in an aqueous environment. Through a series of detailed studies (see Example 1), it was determined that this degradation is driven by a transesterification reaction. The approach to determining shelf-life of the product was therefore based on the mRNA construct purity. As full-length mRNA is required for activity, degradation/breakage of the mRNA strand will render it inactive. The rate of mRNA degradation was dependent upon temperature, as shown in FIG.4, the vaccine product showed negligible product degradation at -70°C, which provides flexibility in manufacturing. This allows for use of bulk freezing technology, for example, for storage of materials prior to vial filling. At 5°C, mRNA degradation was observed as shown in FIG.4. As -70°C may not be preferred as a commercial storage or distribution condition, particularly in regions with limited cold-chain (frozen) infrastructure and depot storage, refrigerated (5°C) cold-chain supply is likely to be preferred. The rate of degradation of mRNA will be used to determine the effective amount of vaccine required in the product. This will be achieved in clinical studies in which both the dose required to engender the desired immunological response, and the overall safety profile will be assessed. The approach therefore is to provide additional material in the vials by increasing vial mRNA content (µg) to account for degradation. A schematic of the product degradation/shelf life and additional content considerations is shown in FIG.6. It is likely that the vaccine product will require a dose below 200 micrograms, permitting additional material to be included without significantly impacting the commercial suitability of the product. The upper dose that can be selected will be determined from the safety data obtained during ongoing clinical studies. The non-lyophilized product and mRNA-LNP platform are suitable for commercialization and supply in real-world situations, particularly in lower middle, or lower income countries where cold-chain storage and supply (including at health care provider premises) may not be robust. As it is probable that the minimum effective dose will be less than 200µg and possibly less than 100µg (data pending), additional material included in the drug product vial will be possible and will permit flexibility in supply, an appropriate shelf-life, and last-mile storage and supply of the product. This product has significant supply chain and storage flexibility, namely a stable product at -70°C combined with the opportunity to include additional material to permit storage at 5°C , nominally for 3 months, which is consistent with industry expectations for vaccines. EXAMPLE 6 This example demonstrates the determination of the glass transition temperature of several compositions comprising mRNA in lipid nanoparticles with varying levels of Tris and sucrose. As described above, the glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous substance (e.g., sucrose) transitions from a hard and relatively brittle (“glassy”) state into a rubbery or viscous state. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that product stability is well maintained in the vitrified state as product mobility that may generate deleterious chemical reactions or aggregation events are essentially ceased. The glass transition temperature (Tg’) of compositions were measured by modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (mDSC). Tg’ was measured using the reversing heat flow to isolate the Tg’ from non-reversing events, such as crystalline melts and enthalpic relaxations / reorganizations caused by disordered freezing. As shown in Table 2, as the relative concentration of Tris to sucrose increased in the compositions, the Tg’ decreased. Table 2. Measured Tg’ for Tris-Sucrose Systems
Figure imgf000123_0001
EXAMPLE 7 This prophetic example demonstrates a method of filling an article, in accordance with certain embodiments. A nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) is combined with a lipid carrier (e.g., LNP) to form an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in an article (e.g., a vial), wherein the nucleic acid (e.g., mRNA) is formulated in the lipid carrier (e.g., LNP). The amount of liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article is demonstrated in Table 3. The fourth and fifth columns of Table 3 are appropriate for various combinations of shelf- life and degradation rate. For example, the fourth column of Table 3 is appropriate for an article with a 3 month shelf-life (e.g., at 5 °C) and a degradation rate of ~8.3% per month. Similarly, the fourth column of Table 3 would also be appropriate for an article with a 2 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of 12.5% per month, or an article with a 6 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of ~4.1% per month. Similarly, the fifth column of Table 3 is appropriate for an article with a 3 month shelf- life (e.g., at 5 °C) and a degradation rate of 10% per month, as well as an article with a 2 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of 15% per month, or an article with a 6 month shelf-life and a degradation rate of 5% per month. Table 3. Liquid Pharmaceutical Composition Amounts in Articles
Figure imgf000124_0001
Figure imgf000125_0001
EXAMPLE 8 This example demonstrates that, in some instances, mRNA vaccines are effective at low purity levels. The purity of mRNA (i.e., that has over 4,000 nucleotides) in 15,000 vaccine doses (each with 100 micrograms of mRNA) was determined. After this determination was made, the 15,000 doses were kept in the refrigerator (approximately 5 ℃) for various periods of time (up to approximately 85 days) before administration to human subjects. The rate of degradation for this mRNA under these conditions was determined. The percentage purity of the mRNA at the time of administration was calculated based on the initial measured purity, the amount of time each dose was kept in the refrigerator, and the determined rate of degradation under those conditions. The y-axis of FIG.7 shows the calculated purity when removed from the refrigerator (which, in this case, was also the time of administration). As shown in FIG.7, doses ranging from under 55% projected purity to over 77% projected purity were administered to human subjects on day 1, and then doses that again ranged from under 55% projected purity to 77% or higher projected purity were administered to the same human subjects on day 29. Further, it was determined that the efficacy of the vaccine was not directly related to purity alone, but instead was directly related to the amount of intact mRNA administered. For example, a 50 microgram dose of mRNA with 100% intact mRNA (or 100% purity) would provide 50 micrograms of intact mRNA while a 100 microgram dose of mRNA with 50% intact mRNA (or 50% purity) would also provide 50 micrograms of intact mRNA, and both would provide a similar immune response since they have the same amount of intact mRNA. This relationship was further explored by increasing the total amount of mRNA administered and decreasing the purity (e.g., to 46%, 30%, and 18% purity). It was determined that equivalent immune responses could be achieved with vaccines with these lower purities when the total amount of mRNA was increased, such that the total amount of intact mRNA delivered was equivalent. Thus, this example demonstrates that it is the amount of intact mRNA administered that affected the efficacy of the studied mRNA vaccine rather than the purity of the mRNA. EXAMPLE 9 This example studied the minimum amount of intact mRNA needed to ensure effective vaccination of human subjects in order to determine the shelf-life of the vaccine and/or the starting mRNA purity needed to ensure that at least the minimum amount of intact mRNA would be administered throughout the shelf-life of the vaccine. Multiple amounts of intact mRNA were administered to human subjects and the efficacy of the vaccine was studied. It was determined that the efficacy of the vaccine plateaued as the amount of intact mRNA increased, such that there was no observed benefit for efficacy of increasing the amount of intact mRNA beyond the plateau amount. Accordingly, for purposes of this example, it was determined that at least this plateau amount of intact mRNA should be delivered in each dose throughout the shelf-life of the vaccine to ensure no variations in vaccine efficacy. Accordingly, the shelf-life of the vaccine was determined for individual samples taking into consideration the starting mRNA purity, the rate of degradation of the mRNA in specific storage conditions, and the plateau amount of intact mRNA. From this, a general shelf-life for the vaccine was established. Once the general shelf-life was established, the minimum starting mRNA purity needed in the vaccine was determined by taking into consideration the shelf-life, the rate of degradation of the mRNA in specific storage conditions, and the plateau amount of intact mRNA. It was determined that the presence of degraded mRNA did not affect safety or efficacy of the vaccine. Thus, this example demonstrates how the starting mRNA purity, the shelf-life of the vaccine, and the final amount of intact mRNA (e.g., the plateau amount) interact with one another. For example, it was determined that to extend the shelf-life (or include storage conditions where degradation is accelerated), the plateau amount of intact mRNA could still be administered at any point throughout the shelf-life if the mRNA purity in the starting product was increased. EQUIVALENTS While several inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure. All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms. All references, patents and patent applications disclosed herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document. The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.” The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law. As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited. In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.
Figure imgf000129_0001
., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. An article, comprising: a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; and a label, suggesting an amount of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
2. The article of claim 1, wherein the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article).
3. An article, comprising: a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex; wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C; wherein the article comprises a total amount of full length RNA, and the total amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
4. The article of any of the preceding claims, wherein the article comprises a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container.
5. The article of any preceding claims, wherein the amount is greater than or equal to 1.05 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition), such as greater than or equal to 1.2 x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition).
6. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex.
7. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
8. An article, comprising: a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA encoding one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA and wherein the total amount of RNA includes 40%-95% intact RNA and 5%-60% RNA that is less than full length RNA.
9. The article of claim 8, wherein the percentage of intact RNA is greater than or equal to 15% + the percentage of intact RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over a shelf-life of the article.
10. The article of claim 8 or 9, wherein the article comprises at least 5% more intact RNA than an effective dose of the intact RNA.
11. An article, comprising: a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier housed in a container; and a label on the container, wherein the label identifies a number of individual doses of the liquid pharmaceutical composition housed in the container, an amount of each individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, and an effective dose of RNA within the liquid pharmaceutical composition within each individual dose, wherein the container comprises a total amount of RNA, wherein the total amount of RNA has a value of at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of RNA within each individual dose; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
12. The article of claim 11, wherein the container comprises a total amount of full length RNA, wherein the total amount of full length RNA is at least the number of individual doses in the container times 5% greater than the amount of the effective dose of full length RNA within each individual dose.
13. The article of any one of claims 8-12, wherein the article has a shelf-life of at least three months when stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than or equal to 10 °C.
14. The article of any one of claims 8-13, wherein the RNA is encapsulated within the lipid carrier.
15. The article of any one of claims 8-14, wherein the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
16. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the RNA comprises mRNA.
17. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the RNA comprises greater than or equal to 400, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, or 8000 nucleotides.
18. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the RNA comprises less than or equal to 15,000, 14,000, 13,000, 12,000, 11,000, 10,000, 9000, 8000, 7000, or 6000 nucleotides.
19. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the liquid pharmaceutical composition is formulated in an aqueous solution.
20. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
21. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
22. The article of any preceding claim, wherein the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
23. A pharmaceutical composition comprising mRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle, wherein the composition comprises a total amount of intact mRNA that is greater than an effective amount of intact mRNA, wherein the composition comprises at least the effective amount of the intact mRNA after storage of the composition for a period of time; and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the total amount of intact mRNA decreases in the composition after storage of the composition for the period of time.
25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23 or 24, wherein the total amount of intact mRNA is calculated to account for degradation of the intact mRNA during the storage of the composition for the period of time.
26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein the degradation is from transesterification of the intact mRNA.
27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25 or 26, wherein the degradation is greater than or equal to 5%, greater than or equal to 7%, greater than or equal to 8%, greater than or equal to 9%, greater than or equal to 10%, or greater than or equal to 12% of the total mRNA in the composition per month.
28. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-27, wherein the period of time is greater than or equal to 1 month, greater than or equal to 2 months, greater than or equal to 3 months, greater than or equal to 6 months, or greater than or equal to 9 months.
29. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-28, wherein the storage is at a temperature of from about 0°C to about 10°C, such as at about 5°C.
30. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-29, wherein the total amount of intact mRNA is at least 40%, such as at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 63%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95% of the total mRNA in the composition.
31. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-30, wherein the effective amount of intact mRNA is at least about 15%, such as at least about 18%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, or at least about 55% of the total mRNA in the composition.
32. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-31, wherein the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 50% intact mRNA of the total mRNA in the composition following storage of the composition for 3 months at about 5°C.
33. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claim 23-32, wherein the effective amount of intact mRNA comprises at least 5 micrograms of the intact mRNA, such as at least 10 micrograms, at least 20 micrograms, at least 30 micrograms, at least 40 micrograms, at least 50 micrograms, at least 60 micrograms, at least 70 micrograms, at least 80 micrograms, at least 90 micrograms, at least 100 micrograms, at least 125 micrograms, or at least 150 micrograms of the intact mRNA.
34. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-33, wherein the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
35. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-34, wherein the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
36. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-35, wherein the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
37. A container (such as a vial, a syringe, a cartridge, an infusion pump, and/or a light protective container) comprising the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-36.
38. An article of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-36.
39. A method of filling an article, comprising: adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article to form an amount of a liquid pharmaceutical composition in the article; wherein the amount is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf-life of the article) x (an individual dose of the liquid pharmaceutical composition) x (the number of individual doses in the article); and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
40. The method of claim 39, wherein the adding RNA formulated in a lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex to the article forms an amount of full length RNA in the article, and wherein the amount of full length RNA is greater than or equal to (1 + the fraction of the full length RNA that would degrade in the liquid pharmaceutical composition over the shelf- life of the article) x (an individual dose of the full length RNA) x (the number of individual doses in the article).
41. The method of any one of claims 39-40, wherein the RNA and/or lipid nanoparticle are frozen prior to addition to the article.
42. The method of any one of claims 39-41, wherein the article is stored at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C for up to 1 year.
43. The method of any one of claims 39-42, wherein at least 40% of the amount of the RNA in the liquid pharmaceutical composition is intact if stored for three months at a temperature of greater than 0 °C and less than 10 °C.
44. The method of any one of claims 39-43, wherein the liquid pharmaceutical composition comprises the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-36.
45. The method of any one of claims 39-44, wherein the lipid nanoparticle, liposome, or lipoplex comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
46. A method of delivering an effective dose of an RNA to a subject, comprising; administering a liquid pharmaceutical composition comprising an RNA formulated in a lipid carrier to a subject, wherein a total dose of the RNA is administered to the subject, and wherein the total dose of RNA administered to the subject is at least 5% greater than an effective dose of the RNA; and wherein the RNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
47. The method of claim 46, wherein the lipid carrier comprises a lipid nanoparticle.
48. The method of any one of claims 39-47, wherein the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
49. The method of any one of claims 39-48, wherein the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
50. The method of any one of claims 39-49, wherein the RNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
51. A method of compensating for transesterification of mRNA in a composition comprising the mRNA encapsulated by a lipid nanoparticle, the method comprising preparing the composition with increased mRNA purity as compared to an mRNA purity that will be present in the composition after storage of the composition, such that the amount of mRNA present in the composition after storage will comprise an effective amount of the mRNA, and wherein the mRNA encodes one or more human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) antigens.
52. The method of claim 51, wherein the composition comprises the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 23-36.
53. The method of any one of claims 51-52, wherein the one or more hCMV antigens comprises greater than or equal to 1 and less than or equal to 6 hCMV antigens.
54. The method of any one of claims 51-53, wherein the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 80% identity, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
55. The method of any one of claims 51-54, wherein the mRNA comprises a nucleotide sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and/or 12.
PCT/US2022/077318 2021-10-01 2022-09-30 Rna formulations for high volume distribution, and methods of using the same for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus WO2023056401A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202163251162P 2021-10-01 2021-10-01
US63/251,162 2021-10-01

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2023056401A1 true WO2023056401A1 (en) 2023-04-06

Family

ID=84365586

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2022/077318 WO2023056401A1 (en) 2021-10-01 2022-09-30 Rna formulations for high volume distribution, and methods of using the same for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2023056401A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11786607B2 (en) 2017-06-15 2023-10-17 Modernatx, Inc. RNA formulations
US11905525B2 (en) 2017-04-05 2024-02-20 Modernatx, Inc. Reduction of elimination of immune responses to non-intravenous, e.g., subcutaneously administered therapeutic proteins

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8158601B2 (en) 2009-06-10 2012-04-17 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Lipid formulation
WO2012099755A1 (en) 2011-01-11 2012-07-26 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pegylated lipids and their use for drug delivery
WO2015130584A2 (en) 2014-02-25 2015-09-03 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems
WO2017070613A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Modernatx, Inc. Human cytomegalovirus vaccine
WO2018075980A1 (en) * 2016-10-21 2018-04-26 Modernatx, Inc. Human cytomegalovirus vaccine
WO2020061457A1 (en) * 2018-09-20 2020-03-26 Modernatx, Inc. Preparation of lipid nanoparticles and methods of administration thereof

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8158601B2 (en) 2009-06-10 2012-04-17 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Lipid formulation
WO2012099755A1 (en) 2011-01-11 2012-07-26 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pegylated lipids and their use for drug delivery
WO2015130584A2 (en) 2014-02-25 2015-09-03 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. Lipid nanoparticle vaccine adjuvants and antigen delivery systems
WO2017070613A1 (en) * 2015-10-22 2017-04-27 Modernatx, Inc. Human cytomegalovirus vaccine
WO2018075980A1 (en) * 2016-10-21 2018-04-26 Modernatx, Inc. Human cytomegalovirus vaccine
WO2020061457A1 (en) * 2018-09-20 2020-03-26 Modernatx, Inc. Preparation of lipid nanoparticles and methods of administration thereof

Non-Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
BERGE ET AL.: "describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail", J. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, vol. 66, 1977, pages 1 - 19
GOMEZ-AGUADO ET AL.: "Nanomedicines to Deliver mRNA: State of the Art and Future Perspectives", NANOMATERIALS, vol. 10, 2020, pages 264
KOWALSKI ET AL.: "Delivering the Messenger: Advances in Technologies for Therapeutic mRNA Delivery", MOLECULAR THERAPY, vol. 27, no. 4, 2019, pages 710 - 728, XP055634628, DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.012
NEEDLEMAN, S.B.WUNSCH, C.D.: "A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequences of two proteins", J. MOL. BIOL., vol. 48, 1970, pages 443 - 453
SMITH, T.F.WATERMAN, M.S.: "Identification of common molecular subsequences", J. MOL. BIOL., vol. 147, 1981, pages 195 - 197, XP024015032, DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(81)90087-5
STEPHEN F. ALTSCHUL ET AL.: "Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs", NUCLEIC ACIDS RES., vol. 25, 1997, pages 3389 - 3402, XP002905950, DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.17.3389
WADHWA ET AL.: "Opportunities and Challenges in the Delivery of mRNA-Based Vaccines", PHARMACEUTICS, vol. 12, 2020, pages 102

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11905525B2 (en) 2017-04-05 2024-02-20 Modernatx, Inc. Reduction of elimination of immune responses to non-intravenous, e.g., subcutaneously administered therapeutic proteins
US11786607B2 (en) 2017-06-15 2023-10-17 Modernatx, Inc. RNA formulations

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
EP4149485A1 (en) Rna formulations for high volume distribution, and methods of using the same for treating covid-19
US20230190761A1 (en) Methylene blue stabilized mrna compositions
JP7326395B2 (en) Compounds and compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents
US20220062175A1 (en) Methods of preparing lipid nanoparticles
JP2022095702A (en) Stabilized formulations of lipid nanoparticles
WO2023056401A1 (en) Rna formulations for high volume distribution, and methods of using the same for treating a disease or condition caused by or associated with human cytomegalovirus
CN116133652A (en) Method for preparing lipid nanoparticles
CN113271926A (en) Preparation of lipid nanoparticles and methods of administration thereof
JP2023021468A (en) Compounds and compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents
JP2023093756A (en) Methods of making lipid nanoparticles
JP6599373B2 (en) Stereochemically enriched compositions for delivery of nucleic acids
JP2022549253A (en) Carbonate-containing lipid compounds and compositions for intracellular delivery of therapeutic agents
JP2020510072A (en) Lipid nanoparticle preparation
WO2022232585A9 (en) Lyophilization methods for preparing lipid formulated therapeutics
WO2023019181A1 (en) Sars-cov-2 lipid nanoparticle vaccine formulations
WO2023018773A1 (en) Lipid nanoparticle formulations and methods of synthesis thereof
US20220370616A1 (en) Stabilized formulations
JP2023543963A (en) Method of preparing lipid nanoparticles
WO2023069895A1 (en) Markerless dna production
WO2022226318A1 (en) Isoquinoline-stabilized lipid nanoparticle formulations
WO2023212696A1 (en) Lyophilized human cytomegalovirus vaccines
CN116916896A (en) Method for preparing lipid nanoparticles

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 22814264

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1