WO2023052855A1 - A wireless communications system for a marine vessel - Google Patents

A wireless communications system for a marine vessel Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023052855A1
WO2023052855A1 PCT/IB2022/057110 IB2022057110W WO2023052855A1 WO 2023052855 A1 WO2023052855 A1 WO 2023052855A1 IB 2022057110 W IB2022057110 W IB 2022057110W WO 2023052855 A1 WO2023052855 A1 WO 2023052855A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
antenna
omni
communications system
wireless communications
port
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/IB2022/057110
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Andries Petrus Cronje Fourie
Stephen Joseph FRONEMAN
Original Assignee
Poynting Antennas (Pty) Limited
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Poynting Antennas (Pty) Limited filed Critical Poynting Antennas (Pty) Limited
Publication of WO2023052855A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023052855A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/28—Combinations of substantially independent non-interacting antenna units or systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/34—Adaptation for use in or on ships, submarines, buoys or torpedoes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
    • H01Q21/08—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart the units being spaced along or adjacent to a rectilinear path
    • H01Q21/10—Collinear arrangements of substantially straight elongated conductive units
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns
    • H01Q25/002—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns providing at least two patterns of different beamwidth; Variable beamwidth antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
    • H01Q9/285—Planar dipole
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming

Definitions

  • This invention relates a wireless communications system.
  • the invention more particularly relates to a wireless communications system for use on an unstable platform, such as a water-going or marine vessel.
  • omnidirectional antennas as part of wireless communications systems on marine vessels. These antennas have beamwidths which are defined in both horizontal and vertical planes. The beamwidth is the angular separation between the half power points (3dB points) of the radiation pattern of the antenna and is referred to as the half power beamwidth (HPBW).
  • HPBW half power beamwidth
  • a low gain omni-directional antenna has a relatively wide or large vertical beamwidth, but restricted radial reach. This allows for good coverage under rolling conditions at sea to communicate with nearby land-based stations or other marine vessels. However, the low gain is a problem in that coverage radius or distance is restricted.
  • the gain of an omni-directional antenna may be increased, for example by an increase in the number of dipoles that are connected to an associated transceiver.
  • the vertical beamwidth decreases, which is not ideal for when the vessel rolls, in that the beam may over-shoot or under-shoot the land-based station or other vessel.
  • a wireless communications system comprising:
  • MIMO multiple-input and multiple-output
  • an antenna arrangement comprising: o at least one antenna of a first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth connected to the first port; and o at least one antenna of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth connected to the second port.
  • the vertical beamwidth may be the angular separation between the half power points (3dB points) of the radiation pattern of the antenna and is referred to as the half power beamwidth (HPBW).
  • the MIMO device may be a MIMO router, also known as a MIMO modem, comprising MIMO technology.
  • MIMO technology is known, is found in modern WI-FI routers and enables multiple antennas to send and receive spatial streams (multiple signals) simultaneously and to differentiate the signals sent to or received from different spatial positions.
  • MIMO boosts the system capacity, coverage range, and SNR without consuming extra bandwidth. All wireless products with IEEE 802.1 I n-2009 support MIMO.
  • the MIMO may be MxN MIMO, where M + N.
  • a second antenna of the first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth may be connected to the third port and a second antenna of the second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth may be connected to the fourth port.
  • the first and second antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna and the first and second antennas of the second kind of omni-directional antenna may be located in a single housing.
  • the housing may be elongate and the antennas may be arranged in an axial configuration with the antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna being alternated with the antennas of the second kind of omnidirectional antenna.
  • the first kind of antenna may have a relatively large gain of in the order of 9dBi and a HPBW of about 7°.
  • the second kind of antenna may have a relatively small gain of in the order of 3dBi and a HPBW of about 32°.
  • the invention also extends to an antenna arrangement as herein defined and/or described.
  • the invention still further extends to a marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system as herein defined and/or described.
  • the invention also extends to a method of wireless communications as herein defined and/or described.
  • figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system comprising a relatively low gain omni-directional antenna
  • figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system comprising a relatively high gain omni-directional antenna
  • figure 3 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a wireless communications system comprising a MIMO device and an antenna arrangement
  • figure 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the antenna arrangement comprising an elongate housing which is shown in longitudinal section for better clarity
  • figure 5 is a diagrammatic front elevational view of a first kind of antenna, being a high gain antenna, forming part of the antenna arrangement
  • figures 6(a) and 6(b) are diagrammatic front and rear elevational views of a second kind of antenna, being a low gain antenna, forming part of the antenna arrangement
  • figure 7 is a diagrammatic illustration of a radiation pattern of the antenna arrangement.
  • FIG 1 there is shown a marine vessel 10 comprising a communications system comprising a relatively low gain (3dBi) omnidirectional antenna 12.
  • a relatively low gain 3dBi
  • such antennas have a relatively large or wide (32°) vertical half power beamwidth (HPBW) 14.
  • HPBW vertical half power beamwidth
  • the low gain is a problem in that coverage radius or distance is restricted and the land-based station 16 may not be covered.
  • FIG 2 there is shown a marine vessel 18 comprising a communications system comprising a relatively higher gain (9dBi) omnidirectional antenna 20.
  • the beam 22 of such an antenna covers larger radial distances, but the vertical HPBW 24 is much smaller, which is not ideal for when the vessel 18 rolls, in that the beam 22 may over-shoot the land-based station 16 or another vessel.
  • a new communications system is provided and one example embodiment is shown of figure 3, where it is generally designated 30.
  • the system 30 is mountable on an unstable platform 32, such as a marine vessel.
  • the system 30 comprises a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) device in the form of a MIMO router 34 comprising MIMO technology 35 and having at least a first port 36 and a second port 38.
  • An antenna arrangement 40 comprising at least one antenna 42 of a first kind of omnidirectional antenna having a beam 44 (shown in figure 7) having a relatively smaller or narrower vertical beamwidth and at least one antenna 46 of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a beam 48 (shown in figure 7) having a relatively larger or wider vertical beamwidth is connected to the MIMO device 34.
  • the antenna 42 is connected to the first port 36 and the antenna 46 is connected to the second port 38.
  • the MIMO device is a 4x4 MIMO WiFi router with WiFi functionality 51 to enable user devices 53, 55, 57 and 59 to communicate externally via the system 30.
  • WiFi functionality 51 examples of such routers are those being sold under the trade names PEPLINK
  • the MIMO WiFi router 34 also comprises a third port 50 and a fourth port 52.
  • a second antenna 54 of the first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth is connected to the third port 50 and a second antenna 56 of the second kind of omnidirectional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth is connected to the fourth port 52.
  • the antennas 42, 46, 54 and 56 are located in a single enclosure or housing 60.
  • the antennas are arranged in a vertical and spaced configuration with antennas of the first kind of antenna and antennas of the second kind of antenna alternating with one another.
  • the antennas are mounted on a spine 62 (shown in figure 4) in the housing 60.
  • the antenna comprises a substrate 70 with a plurality of conductive regions 72 formed thereon to form a plurality of dipoles, collectively to form a high gain (9dBi) omni-directional antenna.
  • the antenna comprises a substrate 80 with lesser (compared to the first kind of antenna in figure 5) conductive regions 82 formed thereon to form a lesser number of dipoles (compared to the first kind of antenna figure 5), collectively to form a low gain (3dBi) omnidirectional antenna.
  • the resulting radiation pattern 90 of the assembly 40 is illustrated in figure 7.
  • the pattern 90 comprises the beams 44 with relatively smaller vertical
  • HPBW of antennas 42 and 54 which are alternated with the beams 48 with relatively larger vertical HPBW of antennas 46 and 56.
  • the wireless communications system 30 comprising the combination of a MIMO router 34 with MIMO technology 35 and antenna arrangement 40 provides unexpected good results and advantages over the prior art systems as discussed in the introduction of this specification.

Abstract

A wireless communications system 30 comprises a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) device 34 having at least a first port 36 and a second port 38. An antenna arrangement 40 comprising at least one antenna 42 of a first kind of omni-directional antenna having a beam 44 having a relatively smaller or narrower vertical beamwidth and at least one antenna 46 of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a beam 48 having a relatively larger or wider vertical beamwidth is connected to the MIMO device 34. The antenna 42 is connected to the first port 36 and the antenna 46 is connected to the second port 38.

Description

A wireless communications system for a marine vessel
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
This invention relates a wireless communications system. The invention more particularly relates to a wireless communications system for use on an unstable platform, such as a water-going or marine vessel.
It is known that marine vessels may roll up to 10° on moderate seas and then of course more, on more heavy seas. It is also known to use omnidirectional antennas as part of wireless communications systems on marine vessels. These antennas have beamwidths which are defined in both horizontal and vertical planes. The beamwidth is the angular separation between the half power points (3dB points) of the radiation pattern of the antenna and is referred to as the half power beamwidth (HPBW). In general, a low gain omni-directional antenna has a relatively wide or large vertical beamwidth, but restricted radial reach. This allows for good coverage under rolling conditions at sea to communicate with nearby land-based stations or other marine vessels. However, the low gain is a problem in that coverage radius or distance is restricted. The gain of an omni-directional antenna may be increased, for example by an increase in the number of dipoles that are connected to an associated transceiver. However, as the gain is increased in order to cover larger distances, the vertical beamwidth decreases, which is not ideal for when the vessel rolls, in that the beam may over-shoot or under-shoot the land-based station or other vessel.
OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a wireless communications system with which the applicant believes the aforementioned disadvantages may at least be alleviated or which may provide a useful alternative for the known systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention there is provided a wireless communications system, the system comprising:
- a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) device having at least a first port and a second port; and
- an antenna arrangement comprising: o at least one antenna of a first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth connected to the first port; and o at least one antenna of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth connected to the second port. The vertical beamwidth may be the angular separation between the half power points (3dB points) of the radiation pattern of the antenna and is referred to as the half power beamwidth (HPBW).
The MIMO device may be a MIMO router, also known as a MIMO modem, comprising MIMO technology. MIMO technology is known, is found in modern WI-FI routers and enables multiple antennas to send and receive spatial streams (multiple signals) simultaneously and to differentiate the signals sent to or received from different spatial positions. By leveraging technologies such as spatial multiplexing and space diversity, MIMO boosts the system capacity, coverage range, and SNR without consuming extra bandwidth. All wireless products with IEEE 802.1 I n-2009 support MIMO.
The MIMO may be nxn MIMO, wherein n = 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.... Alternatively, the MIMO may be MxN MIMO, where M + N.
In a preferred form of the invention n = 4 and the 4x4 MIMO device may also comprise a third port and a fourth port.
A second antenna of the first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth may be connected to the third port and a second antenna of the second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth may be connected to the fourth port.
The first and second antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna and the first and second antennas of the second kind of omni-directional antenna may be located in a single housing.
The housing may be elongate and the antennas may be arranged in an axial configuration with the antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna being alternated with the antennas of the second kind of omnidirectional antenna.
The first kind of antenna may have a relatively large gain of in the order of 9dBi and a HPBW of about 7°.
The second kind of antenna may have a relatively small gain of in the order of 3dBi and a HPBW of about 32°.
The invention also extends to an antenna arrangement as herein defined and/or described.
The invention still further extends to a marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system as herein defined and/or described. The invention also extends to a method of wireless communications as herein defined and/or described.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DIAGRAMS
The invention will now further be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying diagrams wherein: figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system comprising a relatively low gain omni-directional antenna; figure 2 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system comprising a relatively high gain omni-directional antenna; figure 3 is a block diagram of an example embodiment of a wireless communications system comprising a MIMO device and an antenna arrangement; figure 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view of the antenna arrangement comprising an elongate housing which is shown in longitudinal section for better clarity; figure 5 is a diagrammatic front elevational view of a first kind of antenna, being a high gain antenna, forming part of the antenna arrangement; figures 6(a) and 6(b) are diagrammatic front and rear elevational views of a second kind of antenna, being a low gain antenna, forming part of the antenna arrangement; and figure 7 is a diagrammatic illustration of a radiation pattern of the antenna arrangement.
DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
The problems and disadvantages of prior art systems and which are referred to in the introduction of this specification are illustrated in figures 1 and 2.
In figure 1 there is shown a marine vessel 10 comprising a communications system comprising a relatively low gain (3dBi) omnidirectional antenna 12. As stated in the introduction, such antennas have a relatively large or wide (32°) vertical half power beamwidth (HPBW) 14. This allows for good coverage under rolling conditions at sea to communicate with nearby land-based stations 16 or other marine vessels. However, as is graphically illustrated in figure 1 , the low gain is a problem in that coverage radius or distance is restricted and the land-based station 16 may not be covered.
In figure 2 there is shown a marine vessel 18 comprising a communications system comprising a relatively higher gain (9dBi) omnidirectional antenna 20. The beam 22 of such an antenna covers larger radial distances, but the vertical HPBW 24 is much smaller, which is not ideal for when the vessel 18 rolls, in that the beam 22 may over-shoot the land-based station 16 or another vessel.
To alleviate these problems and disadvantages, a new communications system is provided and one example embodiment is shown of figure 3, where it is generally designated 30. In use, the system 30 is mountable on an unstable platform 32, such as a marine vessel.
The system 30 comprises a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) device in the form of a MIMO router 34 comprising MIMO technology 35 and having at least a first port 36 and a second port 38. An antenna arrangement 40 comprising at least one antenna 42 of a first kind of omnidirectional antenna having a beam 44 (shown in figure 7) having a relatively smaller or narrower vertical beamwidth and at least one antenna 46 of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a beam 48 (shown in figure 7) having a relatively larger or wider vertical beamwidth is connected to the MIMO device 34. The antenna 42 is connected to the first port 36 and the antenna 46 is connected to the second port 38.
In a preferred embodiment, the MIMO device is a 4x4 MIMO WiFi router with WiFi functionality 51 to enable user devices 53, 55, 57 and 59 to communicate externally via the system 30. Examples of such routers are those being sold under the trade names PEPLINK|PEPWAVE MAX HD4 MBX Upgradable Quad-Cellular Gigabit LTE Powerhouse and Celerway’s Arcus. The MIMO WiFi router 34 also comprises a third port 50 and a fourth port 52. A second antenna 54 of the first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth is connected to the third port 50 and a second antenna 56 of the second kind of omnidirectional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth is connected to the fourth port 52. As best shown in figures 3 and 4, the antennas 42, 46, 54 and 56 are located in a single enclosure or housing 60. The antennas are arranged in a vertical and spaced configuration with antennas of the first kind of antenna and antennas of the second kind of antenna alternating with one another. The antennas are mounted on a spine 62 (shown in figure 4) in the housing 60.
An example embodiment of the first kind of antenna 42, 54 is shown in figure 5. The antenna comprises a substrate 70 with a plurality of conductive regions 72 formed thereon to form a plurality of dipoles, collectively to form a high gain (9dBi) omni-directional antenna.
An example embodiment of the second kind of antenna 46, 56 is shown in figures 6(a) and 6(b). The antenna comprises a substrate 80 with lesser (compared to the first kind of antenna in figure 5) conductive regions 82 formed thereon to form a lesser number of dipoles (compared to the first kind of antenna figure 5), collectively to form a low gain (3dBi) omnidirectional antenna.
The resulting radiation pattern 90 of the assembly 40 is illustrated in figure 7. The pattern 90 comprises the beams 44 with relatively smaller vertical
HPBW of antennas 42 and 54 which are alternated with the beams 48 with relatively larger vertical HPBW of antennas 46 and 56.
It has been found that the wireless communications system 30 comprising the combination of a MIMO router 34 with MIMO technology 35 and antenna arrangement 40 provides unexpected good results and advantages over the prior art systems as discussed in the introduction of this specification.

Claims

Claims:
1 . A wireless communications system comprising:
- a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) device having at least a first port and a second port; and
- an antenna arrangement comprising: o at least one antenna of a first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth connected to the first port; and o at least one antenna of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth connected to the second port.
2. The wireless communications system of claim 1 wherein the MIMO device is a MIMO router.
3. The wireless communications system of any one of claim 1 and claim 2 wherein the MIMO is nxn MIMO and wherein n is any one of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
4. The wireless communications system of claim 4 wherein n = 4 and wherein the 4x4 MIMO device comprises a third port and a fourth port. The wireless communications system of claim 4 wherein a second antenna of the first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth is connected to the third port and a second antenna of the second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth is connected to the fourth port. The wireless communications system of claim 5 wherein the first and second antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna and the first and second antennas of the second kind of omnidirectional antenna are located in a single housing. The wireless communications system of claim 6 wherein the housing is elongate and the antennas are arranged in an axial configuration with the antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna being alternated with the antennas of the second kind of omni-directional antenna. The wireless communications system of any one of claims 1 to 7 wherein the first kind of omni-directional antenna has a relatively large gain of in the order of 9dBi and a HPBW of about 7°. The wireless communications system of any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the second kind of antenna has a relatively small gain of in the order of 3dBi and a HPBW of about 32°. A marine vessel carrying a wireless communications system as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 9. An antenna arrangement for a wireless communications system, the antenna arrangement comprising: an elongate housing; at least a first antenna of a first kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively smaller vertical beamwidth located in the housing; and at least a first antenna of a second kind of omni-directional antenna having a relatively larger vertical beamwidth located in the housing in axial and spaced relationship with the at least first antenna of a first kind of omni-directional antenna. The antenna arrangement of claim 11 comprising a second antenna of the first kind of omni-directional antenna and a second antenna of the second kind of omni-directional antenna located in the housing in axial and spaced relationship with the first antenna of a first kind of omni-directional antenna and the first antenna of a second kind of omni-directional antenna. The antenna arrangement of claim 12 wherein the first and second antennas of the first kind of omni-directional antenna are alternated with the first and second antennas of the second kind of omnidirectional antenna.
PCT/IB2022/057110 2021-09-30 2022-08-01 A wireless communications system for a marine vessel WO2023052855A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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ZA202107347 2021-09-30
ZA2021/07347 2021-09-30

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090267857A1 (en) * 2008-04-28 2009-10-29 Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Multiple input multiple output antenna
EP3057179A1 (en) * 2013-10-12 2016-08-17 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Antenna system and base station
US20200021038A1 (en) * 2018-07-13 2020-01-16 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Surface-link antenna architecture

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20090267857A1 (en) * 2008-04-28 2009-10-29 Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd. Multiple input multiple output antenna
EP3057179A1 (en) * 2013-10-12 2016-08-17 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. Antenna system and base station
US20200021038A1 (en) * 2018-07-13 2020-01-16 Amazon Technologies, Inc. Surface-link antenna architecture

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