WO2023006727A1 - Machine électrique tournante légère et compacte avec vibrations minimales et réduction intrinsèque - Google Patents

Machine électrique tournante légère et compacte avec vibrations minimales et réduction intrinsèque Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023006727A1
WO2023006727A1 PCT/EP2022/070911 EP2022070911W WO2023006727A1 WO 2023006727 A1 WO2023006727 A1 WO 2023006727A1 EP 2022070911 W EP2022070911 W EP 2022070911W WO 2023006727 A1 WO2023006727 A1 WO 2023006727A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
electrical machine
machine according
coils
wedges
axial
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2022/070911
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
José Luis PÉREZ DEL ÁLAMO
Juan Sánchez García-Casarrubios
Original Assignee
Mag Soar Sl
Powercore Technologies S.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Mag Soar Sl, Powercore Technologies S.L. filed Critical Mag Soar Sl
Priority to EP22757880.4A priority Critical patent/EP4378055A1/fr
Publication of WO2023006727A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023006727A1/fr

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K21/00—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets
    • H02K21/12—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets
    • H02K21/24—Synchronous motors having permanent magnets; Synchronous generators having permanent magnets with stationary armatures and rotating magnets with magnets axially facing the armatures, e.g. hub-type cycle dynamos
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/18—Means for mounting or fastening magnetic stationary parts on to, or to, the stator structures
    • H02K1/182—Means for mounting or fastening magnetic stationary parts on to, or to, the stator structures to stators axially facing the rotor, i.e. with axial or conical air gap
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K9/00—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating
    • H02K9/19—Arrangements for cooling or ventilating for machines with closed casing and closed-circuit cooling using a liquid cooling medium, e.g. oil
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K1/00—Details of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/06—Details of the magnetic circuit characterised by the shape, form or construction
    • H02K1/12—Stationary parts of the magnetic circuit
    • H02K1/14—Stator cores with salient poles
    • H02K1/146—Stator cores with salient poles consisting of a generally annular yoke with salient poles

Definitions

  • Present invention belongs to rotating electrical machines, specifically belongs to electric motors and generators.
  • present invention relates to a light and compact rotating electrical machine with minimum vibrations, due to its Nonius axial-flux configuration, with a castellated toroidal spiral-rolled stator and double permanent magnet rotor. Its weigh, volume and efficiency make it particularly suitable, for instance, in bicycles and in-wheel motors of vehicles. It can actuate either as a motor or generator, reaching high efficiency in any case and in a wide speed range, improving the use and the recovery of the energy, allowing, for instance, the use of smaller batteries in mobility applications.
  • the arrangement of a cooling circuit specially in two-phase case- keeps the temperature limited and, therefore, a low level of resistive losses. Its low vibration level -and specially in case of Halbach configuration in rotor- makes the ride smooth - without jerks- and makes the current generation originate very low electrical noise, with very low harmonics.
  • Reversible electrical machines which can function either as motors and generators of electric current, are more in demand every day in the field of mobility and energy generation and storage.
  • the viability of green vehicles depends on the efficiency of these machines -actuating either in motor and generator mode-, their weight and their geometric compatibility. Green vehicles can recover and, in general, manage energy by accumulating it or using it. The sustainability of various energy sources such as wind, hydraulic, etc., also depends on those factors.
  • the performance of any electric machine is intrinsically related to its heat dissipation ability. On the one hand, the more efficient a machine is, the less heat it gives off.
  • Another desirable aspect of an electrical machine is making both the torque produced at zero supply current, called “cogging torque”, and the torque ripple as small as possible.
  • Zou uses iron yokes that improve torque and make it easier to hold the permanent magnets, but make the motor wider (in his case in the axial direction) and heavier.
  • Mobility applications such as electric bicycles — are very demanding, not only in the density of torque and power supplied when they act as a motor, but also because of the volume and geometry they occupy, as well as the need to produce minimal vibrations.
  • the frame In bicycles, for instance, the frame is supported by forks on the hubs of each of the wheels.
  • the frame is a fixed element and the wheels are mobile elements.
  • the stator and the wiring of said motor In order to install the motor inside the wheel, the stator and the wiring of said motor must be kept static, integral with the frame; while the rotor of a wheel motor must rotate transmitting the movement to the wheel itself.
  • the motor In addition to the fact that the width of the motor is limited by the space between the forks of the frame, and in addition to the fact that the outer diameter must be less than that of the set consisting of the spokes, the rim and the tire, the motor must have an inner hole that allows the placement of a fixed hub integral with the frame and the stator, that is, a hub that is separate from the rotor.
  • the motor proposed by Zou et al. keeps the casing fixed and rotates the shaft, without being trivial or immediate to make a kinematic inversion.
  • the Zou motor does not fit the space limitations that determine the installation of the motor inside the wheel.
  • Zou's electric machine is not free of internal structure, constructively preventing the machine from being confined between the forks of the frame (fixed element) and preventing a fixed hub to pass through its interior. Therefore, the limitations of weight, wheel width and geometric requirements make it unfeasible to use the machine proposed by Zou by installing inside the wheel.
  • the inventors of the present invention have carried out simulations of different motor configurations to optimize not only the torque and power density, but also the actual geometry of the casing and maintain efficiency, both acting as a motor and acting as an electrical energy generator in a wide speed range. In addition, they have achieved the geometric compatibility of the motor for its possible installation inside the wheel, so that the internal axis of the motor remains fixed and integral with the frame, while the casing rotates with the wheel.
  • an optimized and light Nonius-type axial flux rotary motor/generator is described, with a rotor composed of two disks provided with permanent magnets, said discs structurally joined by their part closest to the axis of rotation and confining between them a toroidal stator.
  • the stator is spirally laminated and provided with axial battlements that is supported externally, leaving its interior free of structural elements. This configuration of the stator simplifies its manufacture by facilitating its winding and, more importantly, it allows the use of the entire inner perimeter of the stator to be occupied by the coils - accommodating more turns- with which it is possible to increase the volumetric torque density for the same electric current.
  • the design of the present invention allows the installation of the motor inside the wheel of an electric vehicle, such as a bicycle, since the radial and axial restrictions of the wheel installation are met, confining the machine axially between the frame forks and confining it radially between the wheel hub and the set formed by the spokes, the rim and the tire.
  • the rotating electrical machine of the present invention therefore comprises a toroidal stator composed of a castellated toroidal core of soft ferromagnetic material -with the highest magnetic permeability possible and with a hysteresis loop that is as closed as possible- in a toroidal shape provided with a number N a of battlements that protrude symmetrically in the axial direction in both directions; so that, around the sections of the toroidal core, electrically insulated conductors are winded forming N a coils, whose axis and core are the toroid itself and are connected in consecutive pairs - either in series or in parallel - in f phases in consecutive alternating order in what we call an elementary motor unit or basic sequence of phases repeating this sequence an integer n u of times, so that they make up n u elementary motor units, the number of coils being N a — 4 f n u .
  • An axial configuration combined with a Halbach arrangement of the permanent magnets concentrates and confines the magnetic fields towards the stator, increasing their gradients and making the electrical machine more powerful for the same thickness, more efficient for the same electrical current supplied and, above all, with less torque ripple. In addition, it drastically reduces electromagnetic pollution in the casing and/or on the outside, which translates into greater real efficiency.
  • the toroidal core of the stator is formed with a spirally winded sheet of electrical sheet metal -typically Silicon steel- varnished or electrically insulated, with machining of its double battlements, which are axially symmetrical and angularly equally spaced, which gives it a double crown shape.
  • the consecutive battlements thus guide the winding of the cable around each toroidal section.
  • one or more cooling tubes for conduction of cooling fluid are arranged along the perimeter of the toroidal core.
  • the winding of each coil embraces both the toroidal part of the core and the cooling tubes, each of said windings being clamped and guided laterally by said battlements.
  • said cooling tubes are divided into two complementary circumferential sections so that each fluid inlet is arranged at a lower end -located at the lowest possible height- while each outlet is arranged at an upper end -located at the highest possible height-, and a two-phase fluid is used -with liquid-vapor phase change- for cooling.
  • liquid enters through the lower part and steam escapes through the upper part, for which it will have absorbed the latent heat of the walls of the corresponding tube.
  • the steam is conducted to an external radiator in which the condensation of the two-phase fluid takes place and the heat is dissipated by convection towards the surrounding air.
  • the external fastening of the stator there is a crown of wedges securely fastened to the toroidal core and a support member comprising a set of fixing fingers, arranged around the perimeter, in correspondence with the wedges, so that the stator is held by the support member by the radial pressure exerted by the fixing fingers on the wedges of the crown which, at the same time, press it, reinforcing the fastening of the toroidal core.
  • the coils are winded around the castellated toroidal core with the crown of wedges already fitted, so that each one of the wedges corresponds to the position of one of the battlements.
  • the crown of wedges preferably has axial clamping wedges and tangential clamping wedges alternately arranged.
  • the axial clamping wedges have at least one groove arranged tangentially with respect to said crown, while the tangential clamping wedges have at least one axially arranged groove.
  • the ends of the fixing fingers of the support member fit into said grooves, so that both rotation and axial sliding are restricted with great precision.
  • the precision in fixing the axial position allows the distance or "gap" between the stator battlements and the rotor permanent magnets to be made smaller with a great improvement in efficiency and torque provided.
  • the crown of wedges has radial holes for fixing it to the toroidal core by means of screws or other fixing means.
  • the crown of wedges has an internal recess to house the perimeter cooling conduit, keeping it also pressed and in intimate contact against the toroidal core -improving heat evacuation-.
  • the crown of wedges plays a key role in ensuring that the interior of the motor remains hollow, o that a fixed hub attached to a vehicle frame can be installed in the inner hollow of the motor.
  • stator coils are made with an aluminum conductor due to its better electrical current versus weight ratio.
  • each rotor disc is provided with a continuous perimeter housing for the series of magnets, comprising two main functional surfaces, one axial and the other radial, the latter being limited axially on the outer side by the main axial functional surface and on the inner side by a perimeter continuous flange that helps hold the series of magnets.
  • Said axial functional surface further comprises a slight axial recess
  • said radial functional surface comprises a continuous radial recess; both recesses with calibrated depths so that an adhesive layer of calibrated thickness can be applied to them without this escaping or flowing under pressure between the magnets and the main functional surfaces and guaranteeing that the thickness of the adhesive layer is optimal for its mechanical function.
  • the perimeter housing in the same way as the Halbach configuration, helps to minimize the axial width of the rotor, since the continuous perimeter flange helps to hold the magnets without compromising the axial width of the motor.
  • the support member is rigidly attached to a hollow shaft that is fixed to the bicycle frame and on which the different rotating parts are mounted through bearings.
  • the rotor is connected integrally with the sun of a reduction stage of the planetary type, in which the planet carrier is fixed integrally to said hollow shaft, while a ring attached integrally to a casing in turn jointly attached to the rim of a wheel, preferably by means of the well-known technique of wire spokes, for which the outer U- shaped section is arranged in said casing with the holes corresponding to the spokes, accordingly distributed. It is convenient that the planet carrier remains fixed to achieve the maximum speed reduction in the wheel and, therefore, the maximum increase in torque, which can be done with the design of the present rotating electrical machine.
  • Figure 1. Shows a quarter section in axonometric projection of a preferred realization of the compact light electrical machine with minimal vibrations of the present invention.
  • Figure 2. Shows a quarter section in axonometric projection of the stator of the electrical machine of the present invention in which only some of the winded coils are shown.
  • Figure 3. Shows an exploded view with the assembly of the castellated toroidal core, the perimeter conduit including some sections of inlet tubes and outlet tubes and the crown of wedges, all of them part of the stator.
  • Figure 4 Shows an exploded view with the assembly of the parts of the stator of figure 2 once winded and a support member.
  • Figure 5. Shows a preferred realization of the double permanent magnet rotor of the present invention.
  • Figure 6. Shows a detail of the fixation of the permanent magnets in the rotor.
  • Figure 7.- Shows a sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the machine of the present invention connected to a planetary gearbox without the side covers.
  • Figure 8. Shows the sectional view of the assembly of figure 7 with the side covers on.
  • Figure 9. Shows a sectional view of the machine of the present invention connected on one side to a bicycle gear cassette and on the other to a bicycle brake disc.
  • Figure 10. Shows a perspective view of an arrangement of the machine of the present invention on the rear wheel of a bicycle together with the heat dissipation elements of a two-phase circuit.
  • Figure 11.- Shows a perspective view of the machine of the present invention connected to the heat dissipation elements of a two-phase fluid circuit.
  • Figure 12.- Shows a perspective view of the heat dissipation circuit by means of a two- phase fluid circuit.
  • the castellated toroidal core (2) is preferably laminated into spiral or annular sheets to minimize losses due to eddy currents generated by variable magnetic fluxes, both in the tangential direction (in the toroidal core) and axial direction (in the battlements of said core).
  • the hollows between battlements (3) are preferably formed with parallel faces to facilitate the winding of the coils (4).
  • the section of the core (2) is preferably square or rectangular with blunt edges or, in general, rounded to avoid sectioning the conductors and facilitate winding.
  • the symmetry with respect to the central axial plane causes the axial forces that the bearings must support to be balanced and their resultant to be cancelled -this being very advantageous from the mechanical point of view-.
  • it causes the magnetic fields to be confined thanks to the Halbach configuration of the magnets, reducing magnetic contamination and losses due to externally induced currents.
  • the efficiency of the motor is strongly related to the distance or gap between the series of magnets (7) and (8) and the heads of the battlements (3) of the toroidal stator (1).
  • This series of magnets during the operation of the machine suffers alternately attractive and repulsive axial forces. It is, therefore, necessary that they remain precisely and firmly attached.
  • the precision in the angular position is, likewise, important since an angular misalignment would create a lack of coordination of the Nonius geometry and a consequent loss of efficiency.
  • each rotor disc (5, 6) is provided with a continuous perimeter housing for the series of magnets (7, 8) comprising two main functional surfaces, one axial and one radial, the latter being axially limited, on the outer side, by the main axial functional surface and, on the inner side, by a peripherally continuous flange (9) that helps hold the corresponding series of magnets.
  • Said axial functional surface further comprises a slight axial recess (10), and the radial functional surface comprises a continuous radial recess (11); both recesses (10, 11) with depths calibrated in such a way that they allow an adhesive layer of optimal thickness to be applied in them without this escaping or flowing due to pressure between the magnets and the main functional surfaces or being too thick.
  • the magnets of series (7) and (8) are laminated - preferably forming sectors- to minimize eddy current losses. It is understood by lamination forming sectors that each permanent magnet is sectioned in a sequence of planes containing axis and radii.
  • a perimeter conduit (12) in the stator that is in close contact with the toroidal core (2) through which a cooling fluid can circulate, further characterized by being, together with the toroidal core (2), embraced by the windings of the coils (4).
  • a cooling fluid can circulate, further characterized by being, together with the toroidal core (2), embraced by the windings of the coils (4).
  • the heat generated in the coils is dissipated, minimizing the heating of the ferromagnetic material of the toroidal core (2) and maximizing its efficiency and properties.
  • aluminum conductors will be used for the windings of the coils so that, although they do not accept as much current as conventional copper conductors, they weigh much less and the torque density is maximized.
  • This perimeter conduit (12) is preferably further divided into two symmetrical semicircular parts (12A, 12B) so that the fluid inlets (121 A, 121 B) and outlets (122A, 122B) line up at the lower and upper points of the stator.
  • a biphasic fluid is used - with liquid-vapor phase change - for cooling.
  • liquid enters through the lower part through some liquid tubes (123A, 123B) and vapor escapes through the upper part through some vapor tubes (124A, 124B).
  • the steam tubes (124A, 124B) are joined in a single steam collector (122C) which, after a downward radial section, curves axially through a widening (171) of the hollow shaft (17) through an upper hole (172) until exiting to the outside at the top of the widening (171).
  • the steam is conducted by the steam collector (122C) to the upper part of an external radiator (13) -preferably fixed to the frame of the bicycle at a certain height- in which the biphasic fluid condensates.
  • the liquid thus condensed in the lower part of the radiator (13) is conducted by gravity through a liquid collector (123C) that axially crosses the widening (171) of the hollow shaft (17) at its lower part through a hole lower (173); to then curve down and unfold into the two liquid tubes (123A.123B).
  • the height at which the radiator (13) is arranged must be sufficient to provide the pressure that makes a sufficient flow of liquid flow towards the inlets (121 A, 121 B) overcoming fluid dynamic friction.
  • the simple design of the curves and the sustained slopes make it possible to avoid siphoning or embolism due to the formation of bubbles in the circuit.
  • the stator (1) also comprises a crown of wedges (16), so that the stator is held by a support member (14) characterized by having a series of fixing fingers (15) peripherally arranged that exert radial pressure on said crown of wedges (16) which in turn hold the toroidal core (2).
  • the coils (4) are winded in this case around the castellated toroidal core (2) and the crown of wedges (16) together and in such a way that each of the wedges corresponds to the position of one of the battlements (3).
  • the crown of wedges (16) preferably has axial clamping wedges (22) and tangential clamping wedges (23).
  • the axial clamping wedges (22) have at least one groove arranged tangentially with respect to said crown, while the tangential clamping wedges (23) have at least one groove arranged axially.
  • the ends of the fixing fingers (15) of the support member (14) fit into said grooves, so that both rotation and axial sliding are restricted. The support member (14) thus presses, by means of the fixing fingers (15), the crown of wedges (16) against the toroidal core (2), making them all solidly united.
  • the crown of wedges (16) has an internal perimeter recess to house the perimeter conduit (12), also keeping it pressed and in close contact against the toroidal core (2).
  • the support member (14) is rigidly mounted attached to a hollow shaft (17) that is fixed to the bicycle frame and on which the different rotating parts are mounted through bearings.
  • the hollow shaft (17) also has flat faces to be housed in the cradles of the frame and prevent its rotation with respect to it.
  • the rotor is preferably connected integrally with the planet (18) of a planetary reduction stage, in which the planet carrier (19) is fixed integrally to the hollow shaft (17) while the ring (20) is integrally attached to a casing (21) which, in turn, is integrally attached to the rim of the wheel, preferably by means of spokes, for which the outer U-section is arranged in said casing (21) with the corresponding holes.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne une machine électrique légère et compacte caractérisée par des vibrations minimales en raison de sa configuration à flux axial Nonius, avec stator toroïdal crénelé stratifié en spirale et double rotor à aimants permanents. Son poids, son volume et son efficacité la rendent particulièrement appropriée, par exemple, pour les bicyclettes et les moteur-roues de véhicules. La machine peut fonctionner comme un moteur ou comme un générateur à haut rendement et dans une large plage de vitesses, ce qui améliore l'utilisation et la récupération de l'énergie et permet, par exemple, l'utilisation de batteries de plus petite taille dans des applications de mobilité. Son faible niveau de vibrations (en particulier dans le cas de la configuration Halbach du rotor) lui permet de fonctionner en douceur comme un moteur, sans à-coups, et la génération de courant entraîne un bruit électrique très faible avec de très faibles harmoniques.
PCT/EP2022/070911 2021-07-30 2022-07-26 Machine électrique tournante légère et compacte avec vibrations minimales et réduction intrinsèque WO2023006727A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP22757880.4A EP4378055A1 (fr) 2021-07-30 2022-07-26 Machine électrique tournante légère et compacte avec vibrations minimales et réduction intrinsèque

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES202130748 2021-07-30
ESP202130748 2021-07-30

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WO2023006727A1 true WO2023006727A1 (fr) 2023-02-02

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PCT/EP2022/070911 WO2023006727A1 (fr) 2021-07-30 2022-07-26 Machine électrique tournante légère et compacte avec vibrations minimales et réduction intrinsèque

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EP (1) EP4378055A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE202022101430U1 (fr)
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Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3301091A (en) 1963-03-19 1967-01-31 Magnavox Co Magnetic gearing arrangement
WO2004017497A1 (fr) * 2002-07-26 2004-02-26 W.B.T.-S.A. World Business Technology Generatrice destinee a etre utilisee dans des eoliennes ou des roues hydrauliques
EP2548292A1 (fr) * 2010-03-16 2013-01-23 BRI Energy Solutions Limited Composants pour générateur, leur utilisation et montage de stator
WO2013073274A1 (fr) * 2011-11-16 2013-05-23 株式会社小松製作所 Moteur électrique
EP2632027A2 (fr) * 2008-07-16 2013-08-28 Cummins Generator Technologies Limited Machine à flux axial
US20160020652A1 (en) 2012-03-20 2016-01-21 Linear Labs, Inc. Brushless Electric Motor/Generator
WO2017050941A1 (fr) 2015-09-23 2017-03-30 Mag Soar S.L. Amortisseur de vibrations magnétiques amélioré avec adaptation d'impédances mécaniques
US10075030B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2018-09-11 Genesis Robotics & Motion Technologies Canada, Ulc Electric machine

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3301091A (en) 1963-03-19 1967-01-31 Magnavox Co Magnetic gearing arrangement
WO2004017497A1 (fr) * 2002-07-26 2004-02-26 W.B.T.-S.A. World Business Technology Generatrice destinee a etre utilisee dans des eoliennes ou des roues hydrauliques
EP2632027A2 (fr) * 2008-07-16 2013-08-28 Cummins Generator Technologies Limited Machine à flux axial
EP2548292A1 (fr) * 2010-03-16 2013-01-23 BRI Energy Solutions Limited Composants pour générateur, leur utilisation et montage de stator
WO2013073274A1 (fr) * 2011-11-16 2013-05-23 株式会社小松製作所 Moteur électrique
US20160020652A1 (en) 2012-03-20 2016-01-21 Linear Labs, Inc. Brushless Electric Motor/Generator
US10075030B2 (en) 2015-08-11 2018-09-11 Genesis Robotics & Motion Technologies Canada, Ulc Electric machine
WO2017050941A1 (fr) 2015-09-23 2017-03-30 Mag Soar S.L. Amortisseur de vibrations magnétiques amélioré avec adaptation d'impédances mécaniques

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ARDESTANI ET AL., EN PHYSICA C, vol. 569, 15 February 2020 (2020-02-15)
C.H. LEE: "Vernier motor and its design", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS, vol. 82, no. 66, June 1963 (1963-06-01), pages 343 - 349, XP011159253, DOI: 10.1109/TPAS.1963.291362
MUTEBA: "Performance Evaluation of a Four-Port PM Vernier Motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicles", 2020 IEEE 29TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS (ISIE), DELFT, NETHERLANDS, 2020, pages 345 - 350, XP033800864, DOI: 10.1109/ISIE45063.2020.9152481
T. ZOU ET AL.: "Analysis and design of a dual-rotor axial-flux vernier permanent magnet machine", 2015 IEEE ENERGY CONVERSION CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION (ECCE), MONTREAL, QC, CANADA, pages 3906 - 3913
ZOU TIANJIE ET AL: "Analysis and design of a dual-rotor axial-flux vernier permanent magnet machine", 2015 IEEE ENERGY CONVERSION CONGRESS AND EXPOSITION (ECCE), IEEE, 20 September 2015 (2015-09-20), pages 3906 - 3913, XP032801101, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE.2015.7310212 *

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