WO2023002113A1 - Système amélioré de lutte contre l'encrassement biologique - Google Patents
Système amélioré de lutte contre l'encrassement biologique Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023002113A1 WO2023002113A1 PCT/FR2022/051426 FR2022051426W WO2023002113A1 WO 2023002113 A1 WO2023002113 A1 WO 2023002113A1 FR 2022051426 W FR2022051426 W FR 2022051426W WO 2023002113 A1 WO2023002113 A1 WO 2023002113A1
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- nano
- plate
- texturing
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- pillars
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B17/00—Methods preventing fouling
- B08B17/02—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust
- B08B17/06—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement
- B08B17/065—Preventing deposition of fouling or of dust by giving articles subject to fouling a special shape or arrangement the surface having a microscopic surface pattern to achieve the same effect as a lotus flower
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B7/00—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass
- B08B7/02—Cleaning by methods not provided for in a single other subclass or a single group in this subclass by distortion, beating, or vibration of the surface to be cleaned
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N17/00—Investigating resistance of materials to the weather, to corrosion, or to light
- G01N17/008—Monitoring fouling
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
- G01N21/15—Preventing contamination of the components of the optical system or obstruction of the light path
- G01N2021/154—Ultrasonic cleaning
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/0006—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means to keep optical surfaces clean, e.g. by preventing or removing dirt, stains, contamination, condensation
Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of so-called “antifouling” systems (according to an anglicism which can be translated in French as anti-biological fouling) intended to equip submerged devices, in particular sensors and measurement probes.
- Control devices are also used for the control of drinking water supply networks and for the control of river water.
- control devices are generally sensors or measurement probes and make it possible to monitor a wide variety of parameters such as, for example, the level of dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, pH, fluorescence, etc.
- any surface immersed in a liquid, and particularly in sea water, is subject to the deposit and adhesion of organisms which may be bacteria, algae, molluscs, etc.
- biofouling or biological fouling.
- biological fouling When the environmental conditions are met, the adhesion of microorganisms to the surface of an immersed material and their multiplication leads to the formation of a film, called “biofilm”, on the surface of the material.
- antifouling solutions fall into two main categories: chemical solutions and mechanical solutions.
- Chemical solutions consist of the application, on the surface to be protected, of a coating loaded with biocides.
- the toxicity of the biocides contained in the coating makes it possible to repel and destroy micro-organisms.
- FRC coatings for “Fouling Release Coatings” in English, which can be translated as “anti-fouling coatings”
- anti-fouling coatings are polymers whose formulation makes it possible to minimize the adhesion forces between the biofilm and the coated surface. This allows the biofilm to be easily removed from the coated surface, simply with the movement of water against the surface if the speed is sufficient, or by quick cleaning.
- a shutter on the sensitive surface, which will physically protect the sensitive surface and which will only open when the measurement is in progress.
- remote wipers which, by coming into contact with the sensitive surface, will remove the microorganisms present on the sensitive surface.
- Chemical coatings are polluting and release biocides until they are exhausted, then becoming ineffective.
- FRC coatings are useful on boats sailing regularly and at sufficient speeds, but they are unsuitable for protecting submerged probes from biofouling, which for the most part remain static.
- PVDF PolyVinylidene Fluoride
- nano-pillars Mention may also be made of recent research which has shown the bactericidal and/or antifouling activity of nano-textured surfaces by nano-pillars (document [2]).
- the nano-pillars When the nano-pillars are small enough compared to the bacteria, they can pierce their membrane, killing them (bactericidal effect) and thus preventing the formation of biofouling on the nano-textured surface.
- the pillars when the pillars are relatively large compared to the bacteria, they will reduce the surface area available for bacteria to adhere.
- bacteria have “feet” on the surface, which may be curli, pili, or flagella, which allow bacteria to cling to surfaces.
- Nano-texturing therefore reduces biofouling, but nevertheless does not completely prevent it. Its effectiveness is therefore limited.
- the object of the invention is to provide a more effective antifouling system than those of the prior art.
- the invention proposes a system for combating biological fouling intended to be attached to a device which comprises an element sensitive to fouling and which is intended to be immersed in a liquid, the system being configured to cover at least in part the element sensitive to fouling, the system being characterized in that it comprises:
- At least one actuator capable of deforming the plate out of its plane, and located on one of the main faces of the plate; the plate comprising a nano-texturing, on all or part of the face intended to be in contact with the liquid, this nano-texturing being formed by a plurality of elements in relief with respect to a surface of the plate, each element in relief having at least two out of three dimensions which are between 1 nm inclusive and 1000 nm excluded, and the relief elements being, at least over one zone of the nano-textured face, spaced apart from each other by a distance comprised between 1 nm included and 1000 nm excluded.
- fouling-sensitive element refers to an element which is liable to be fouled when it is in contact with a liquid and whose operation will be altered by this fouling. If the device is an optical sensor, the element sensitive to fouling can be an optical window of the sensor. Preferably, all the elements in relief are spaced from each other by a distance of between 1 nm inclusive and 1000 nm exclusive.
- nano-texturing is understood to mean a surface structuring formed by a plurality of elements in relief, each element in relief having at least two dimensions out of the three dimensions which are of nanometric size, c ie greater than or equal to 1 nanometer and less than 1000 nanometers; “micro-texturing” means a surface structuring formed by at least one hollow element, said hollow element having at least two dimensions out of the three which are of micrometric size, that is to say greater than or equal to 1 micrometer and less than 1000 micrometers.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the elements in relief are pillars having a section with dimensions between 1 nm inclusive and 1000 nm exclusive.
- This section can be circular, square, rectangular, etc.
- the elements in relief have at least one dimension greater than or equal to 40 nm inclusive and a spacing between the elements in relief greater than or equal to 40 nm inclusive.
- a spacing of at least 40 nm makes it possible to have an antifouling and/or bactericidal effect on the smallest bacteria in the marine environment.
- the spacing between the relief elements will most of the time be similar to the dimensions of the cross-section of the elements of the nano-texturing; for example, 500 nm cross section elements will be spaced 500 nm apart.
- all the dimensions of the elements in relief are greater than or equal to 40 nm.
- the relief elements forming the nano-texturing can be distributed uniformly or not on the plate (i.e. the spacing between the relief elements can be uniform or not). They may or may not all be the same.
- said at least one actuator and the nano-texturing are on separate main faces.
- the system comprises two actuators. But any other number of actuators adapted to the dimensions and geometry of the plate can be used to optimize the electromechanical response of the system.
- the plate is rectangular and said at least one actuator is arranged parallel to two opposite edges of the plate.
- one of the two main faces of the plate comprises a micro-texturing, this micro-texturing being formed by at least one hollow element with respect to a surface of the plate, said hollow element having at least two dimensions on three which are between 1 pm inclusive and 1000 pm exclusive.
- the micro-texturing can thus be on the face comprising the nano-texturing or on the opposite face.
- the recessed element can be located anywhere on the plate or positioned judiciously where there is the most stress on the plate, namely at the points of attachment of the plate to the sensitive element of the device or at the inflection points of the plate, in order to soften it and favor the amplitude of deformation.
- the actuator or actuators are adapted to generate vibrations at the level of the plate.
- said at least one actuator is a piezoelectric actuator.
- the face of the plate comprising the nano-texturing and the elements in relief are coated with a chemical coating having antifouling properties.
- the invention also relates to an assembly comprising a device having an element sensitive to fouling and a system for combating biological fouling as described above, the system being attached to the device so as to at least partially cover the fouling-sensitive element, and wherein the device is a sensor-type control device.
- the device is an optical sensor (for example an optical probe)
- the system for combating fouling can be arranged overhanging the optical window of the sensor.
- a space of a few hundred micrometers or a few millimeters can be left between the face of the optical window and the plate; but it is also possible to choose to press the plate directly against the face of the optical window. If we leave a space, this space will be closed to prevent the liquid from coming into contact with the surface to be protected.
- the plate will preferably be fixed around its entire circumference to prevent the fouling liquid from coming into contact with the surface to be protected.
- FIG. la is a schematic representation according to a view from below and in perspective of an embodiment of the antifouling system according to the invention.
- Figure lb is a schematic sectional view along the line l-l of Figure la with a close-up showing the nano-texturing present on the surface;
- FIG. 2 shows an example of nano-pillars made in a silicon substrate and observed under a scanning electron microscope
- FIG. 3a is a schematic sectional representation of a first step of an example of manufacturing a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 3b is a schematic sectional representation of a second step of an example of manufacturing a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 3c is a schematic sectional representation of a third step of an example of manufacturing a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 3d is a schematic sectional representation of a fourth step of an example of manufacturing a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4a is a schematic sectional representation of a first step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4b is a schematic sectional representation of a second step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- - Figure 4c is a schematic sectional representation of a third step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- - Figure 4d is a schematic sectional representation of a fourth step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4e is a schematic sectional representation of a fourth step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4f is a schematic sectional representation of a fifth step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4g is a schematic sectional representation of a sixth step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4h is a schematic sectional representation of a seventh step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 4i is a schematic sectional representation of an eighth step of an embodiment of actuators on a nano-textured plate
- FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view of an embodiment of an antifouling system according to the invention, the nano-textured plate is actuated in bending;
- FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view of an embodiment of a nano-textured antifouling system according to the invention, with zooms on the nano-texturing in a central zone and in the lateral zones;
- FIG. 7 is a schematic sectional view of an embodiment of a nano-textured and micro-textured antifouling system according to the invention, with zooms on the nano-texturing in a central zone and in the lateral zones .
- the action of a vibrating plate is coupled with a nano-texturing of this plate.
- the two vibration and nano-texturing effects will not only add up, the coupling of the two leading to an increase in the anti-fouling effects of these two solutions taken separately. Indeed, the vibrations will set the nano-textures in motion, improving the bactericidal and anti-fouling effects of the nano-textures.
- An example of a nano-textured vibrating plate system 1 according to the invention is illustrated in Figures 1a and 1b, respectively showing a bottom view of the system 1 and a sectional view along line 11.
- plate 2 is rectangular; it can be made of glass, a polymer, for example polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polycarbonate (PC), etc.
- PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- PC polycarbonate
- the lower face 4 comprises two actuators 5 ( Figure la) which extend parallel to two opposite edges of the plate and the upper face 3 of the plate comprises a nano-texturing (visible in the zoomed part ).
- the nano-texturing is formed by a plurality of elements in relief 6 having at least two out of three dimensions of nanometric sizes and spaced from each other by a nanometric distance.
- These elements in relief 6 can be dispersed homogeneously or not over all or part of one face of the plate.
- the elements in relief can be equidistant or not. They can be identical (same dimensions and same shape) or not.
- the elements in relief 6 are distributed over the entire surface of one face of the plate, are equidistant and are identical.
- the nano-texturing is in the form of a plurality of pillars of nanometric sizes, identical and uniformly spaced on the upper face 3 of the plate 2 by a distance which is also nanometric.
- These elements in relief could also, for example, represent a plurality of ridges in relief and arranged in parallel, this configuration being however less efficient than a configuration with a plurality of pillars.
- the nano-texturing can be localized on only part of the surface of the plate or be present on the whole of the upper face.
- the nano texturing can be localized only in the field of the sensor to be protected from biofouling.
- Figure lb for the sake of simplification, only the pillars in the zoomed area have been shown.
- the pillars 6 can have a polygonal (square, rectangular, star-shaped, etc.) or circular cross-section, as represented in figure 2.
- the cross-section of the pillars having a nanometric size, the pillars are also called nano-pillars.
- the dimensions of the nano-pillars can be between a few nanometers, typically 5 nm, up to 1 micrometer excluded for the length and the width, in the case of nano-pillars with polygonal cross-section, or for the diameter, in the case nano-pillars with a circular cross-section; as for the height of these nano-pillars, it is at least a few nanometers, typically 5 nm, but it can extend to several tens of millimeters, the maximum height of the height being limited only by the technological limitations of manufacture of nano-textures.
- the nano-texturing of the anti-biofouling system according to the invention can be shaped by various techniques. This shaping must result in a plate 2 having a nano-textured, and possibly micro-textured, face provided with one or more electromechanical actuators 5 isolated from the external environment.
- NIL nano-imprint lithography
- a model substrate 10 comprising a network of elements in relief (nano-pillars) which it is desired to reproduce is fluorinated; here, the model substrate is made of silicon and a very thin non-stick layer is added to facilitate the manufacture of the mould.
- This anti-adhesive layer can be obtained by vaporization of fluorinated molecules on the model substrate.
- the fluorinated molecules in question may be tridecafluoro-l,l,2,2-tetrahydrooctyltrichlorosilane [CF3-(CF2)s-(CFb-SiC)] for example.
- the patterns of the textured face are molded of the model substrate 10 by depositing a layer of crosslinking PDMS under UV light, then the PDMS is exposed to UV so that it crosslinks, finally the layer 11 of crosslinked PDMS is gently removed (FIG. 3b).
- This layer 11 forms a mold comprising a network of nano-cavities which forms the negative imprint of the network of nano-pillars.
- the mold thus obtained is also covered with a non-stick layer by vaporization of fluorinated molecules.
- a silicon support substrate 12 is covered with a layer of non-crosslinked PDMS resin 13 and the mold 11 is pressed on the non-crosslinked resin 13 for a few minutes (FIG. 3c).
- the polymer fills the mold cavities.
- the resin is crosslinked, forming the crosslinked PDMS resin layer 14.
- the face of the plate 2 must in addition include a micro texturing (one or more elements of micrometric sizes in hollow (element (s) collected in the face of the plate)), this one can be carried out at the same time as the nano-texturing, by adding this or these recessed elements in the face of the model substrate 10.
- the micro-texturing can be carried out before or after the nano-texturing, on the same face or on the opposite side.
- a PDMS layer 14 is then obtained (one face of which is nano-textured by a network of nano-pillars) on a support substrate 12 (figure 3d).
- the support substrate 12 is removed by thinning, until it completely disappears, by attacking the rear face.
- Plate 2 is here made of PDMS, because this material lends itself well to NIL techniques for forming a nano-texture by using a mould.
- the plate can be made of other materials, as long as it is possible to nano-texture them (glass, plastic, etc.).
- the nano-textured and possibly micro-structured plate must also be transparent in the optical field of operation of the optical sensor. If the optical sensor measures in the UV range, then the plate will need to be UV transparent to be useful. Note that this production method is indicative, and that any other embodiment can be used, for example using materials deposited in thin layers by microelectronic technologies, or commercial piezoelectric actuators that already have their own electrodes.
- the next step is to transfer the actuators 5.
- Actuators or electromechanical actuators, are well-known electromechanical conversion means. They can be of various natures, such as magnetic, piezoelectric, electro-active, shape memory or others.
- piezoelectric preferably in ceramic, for example in Lead Titano-Zirconate (PZT), in aluminum nitride (AIN), in zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.
- PZT Lead Titano-Zirconate
- AIN aluminum nitride
- ZnO zinc oxide
- an actuator is a stack formed of an active material sandwiched between two electrodes, the whole being preferably covered with a passivation layer.
- two piezoelectric actuators 5 in PZT ceramic are produced on the face of the plate (lower face 4) which is opposite to that comprising the nano-texturing.
- a layer of glue 15 is deposited at two distant places locating the location of the future actuators (FIG. 4a); on each of these adhesive layers 15, a metal layer, for example platinum, is deposited to form the lower electrode 16 of the actuator (FIG. 4b); on each lower electrode 16, a layer of adhesive 17 is deposited (FIG. 4c); then, a piezoelectric ceramic layer 18 is deposited on each adhesive layer 17 (for example by the “pick and place” manipulation technique) (FIG. 4d); the lower electrodes are protected by coating the side faces of the ceramic with an electrically insulating material 19 (FIG. 4e); a layer of electrically conductive glue 20 is deposited on the upper face of the ceramic layers 18 (FIG.
- an electrically conductive layer for example of an alloy of gold and ruthenium, is deposited on these layers of conductive glue 20 to form the upper electrode 21 of the actuator (FIG. 4g); the upper electrode 21 is isolated from each actuator by covering it with a layer of an electrically insulating material 22 (FIG. 4h); finally, an electrical contact is established with the lower 16 and upper 21 electrodes of each actuator 5, for example by means of electrically conductive wires 23 (FIG. 4i) and a nano-textured vibrating system is then obtained according to the invention, which can then be attached to the sensitive area of a submerged probe to be protected from biofouling.
- this production method is indicative, and that any other embodiment can be used, using for example materials deposited in thin layers by microelectronic technologies, or commercial piezoelectric actuators already having their own electrodes.
- the plate By applying a DC voltage, the plate will deform to its equilibrium position.
- an alternating voltage we will be able to make the plate vibrate, for example at the resonance frequencies of its different eigenmodes.
- the system 1 according to the invention which was illustrated at rest in figure lb, is shown with its plate 2 deformed in bending in the Z direction in figure 5.
- nano-pillars with a square section of 270 x 270 nm 2 (length (L) x width (I)), having a height (h) of 220 nm and with a spacing of 220 nm between the nano-pillars , have an antifouling (i.e. repellent) action for the Staphylococcus Aureus bacterium, which is spherical and has a diameter of approximately 600 nm.
- antifouling i.e. repellent
- the small nano-pillars (for example of dimensions 270 x 270 x 220 nm 3 (L x W x h) with a spacing of 220 nm) are antifouling for the small bacterium 5.
- the small nano-pillars can repel large bacteria without killing them (antifouling effect by reducing the bacteria's adhesion surface);
- nano-pillars for example with dimensions of 370 x 370 x 800 nm 3 (L x W x h) with a spacing of 730 nm
- repel large bacteria without killing them (antifouling effect by reducing the gripping surface bacteria)
- the nano-pillars will force the bacteria to place themselves between them if the spacing of the nano-pillars is greater than the dimensions of the bacteria (patterning effect).
- nanopillars with a square section of 45 x 45 x 36 nm 3 (L x W x h) with a spacing of 36 nm will have an antifouling action for the smallest bacteria present in the marine environment (which measure approximately 100 nm).
- the height of these pillars can play a role in their antifouling effect.
- the height of the nanopillars can be easily increased by several micrometers so that the pili of the bacteria can no longer touch the surface at the base of the pillars.
- nano-pillars in 40 ⁇ 40 ⁇ 1000 nm 3 ; 40nm (L x W x H; spacing).
- the nano-pillars should have a minimum height, in order to make the surface heterogeneous on the scale of the marine micro-organisms and therefore unsuitable for their adhesion.
- some pilis will touch the top of the nano-pillars, others will touch the column of the nano-pillars and others the surface at the base of the nano-pillars. This will show the bacteria that the surface is unsuitable for adhesion.
- the nano-pillars therefore make it possible to make the surface heterogeneous, in addition to reducing the attachment surface available for marine micro-organisms; this results in an improved antifouling effect.
- static nano-pillars with a square cross-section of 40 nm on a side, spaced by 40 nm and having a minimum height of 50 nm ie 40 x 40 x 50 nm 3 ; 40 nm (L x W xh; spacing)
- plate 2 measures 2 cm long, 0.5 cm wide and has a thickness of 100 ⁇ m; 6 nano-pillars have a square section and measure 40 x 40 x 1000 nm 3 (L ⁇ W ⁇ h), for a spacing of 40 nm, that is to say the minimum dimensions in width, length and spacing calculated previously, and are present over the entirety of the main nano-textured face.
- the spacing between the nano-pillars is 40 nm.
- This system resonates at a frequency of 104.24 Hz, and under an actuation voltage of +10 V, the strain amplitude at this frequency is about 28 ⁇ m.
- the distance between the nano-pillars during an actuation at - 10 V and at + 10 V in order to see the case where the nano-textured face of the plate is in compression and that where it is in tension. More precisely, by actuating at -10 V, we have a compression of the upper face (the one that is nano-textured), so the nano-pillars come together. By operating at + 10 V, there is traction on the upper face, so the nano-pillars move away.
- bacteria cling to surfaces using their flagella, pili or curli.
- the anchor points are rarer and the adhesion of bacteria is reduced (antifouling effect).
- the vibration of the plate which itself causes an antifouling effect
- will set the pillars in motion which will reinforce this second antifouling effect of nano-texturing, for an optimized antifouling system.
- the nano-texturing can be uniform or not (same dimensions or not), regular or not (same spacing or not) and arranged by zone(s) or over the entire surface of the plate.
- micro-texturing In this case a micro-texturing.
- the positioning of the micro-texturing can be arbitrary, but it will have more effect if it is positioned at strategic places of the plate in order to increase the amplitude of vibration.
- These strategic locations are, for example, the areas which will present the most stresses within the plate during its vibration, that is to say around the edge of the plate, near the fixing or embedding areas of the plate, in order to soften the plate, or near the inflection points of the deformation of the plate, in order to facilitate its deformation.
- the grooves will ideally be circular and concentric and arranged parallel to the recessed areas.
- micro-texturing is obtained by one or more elements made hollow in the plate and of micrometric sizes. It may for example be grooves.
- micro-texturing 7 to the nano-textured vibrating system 1 composed of a PDMS plate 2 nano-textured by nano-pillars, the whole actuated by two piezoelectric actuators 5 in PZT, the micro-texturing 7 being obtained by digging two grooves with a width of 500 ⁇ m positioned parallel to each other, parallel to the actuators and which extend parallel to two opposite edges of the plate at equal distances from their respective edges.
- the length of each groove 7 is equal to the width of the plate (FIG. 7).
- the system plate is 2 cm long, 0.5 cm wide and 200 pm thick; the nano-pillars have a square section and measure 980 x 980 x 20000 nm 3 (L x W xh) for a spacing of 980 nm).
- micro-textures 7 can increase the amplitude of the vibrations of the antifouling system.
- the deeper the micro-textures the more the amplitude of the vibrations of the system increases, which has the effect of increasing the distance between the nano-textures (i.e. the micro-textures increase the movement of the nano-textures), which further improves the antifouling and/or bactericidal effect of the final antifouling system.
- the antifouling system according to the invention has many advantages:
- the antifouling system according to the invention is a combination of two distinct antifouling technologies, but the technology of antifouling by vibrating systems makes it possible to set in motion the technology of antifouling by nano-textures; the end result is an improved antifouling system compared to the two technologies taken independently;
- the nano-textures can be uniform and regular, or of varied sizes and arranged irregularly if this can help to fight against certain marine organisms, or if this is more effective in fighting against all marine bacteria;
- the plate of this antifouling system can be made of any type of material, as long as it is possible to form nano-textures on the surface;
- the plate presented in the modeling is rectangular, but it can be of another shape if necessary, for example circular;
- this nano-textured vibrating system prevents the installation of biofouling, but can possibly destroy an already existing one by generating cavitations by vibrations;
- microelectronics technologies make it possible to use reduced thicknesses of active materials for the production of actuators; energy consumption is therefore reduced, regardless of the nature of the actuators used; - in the case of the use of piezoelectric actuators, piezoelectric ceramics, PZT type, make it possible to have reliable and durable electromechanical systems, not subject to the loss of polarization.
- the antifouling system according to the invention with a chemical coating having antifouling properties.
- the antifouling coating in order not to make the relief formed by the pillars disappear, the antifouling coating must be deposited in one or more layers that are thin enough not to completely fill the space between the nano-pillars.
- the chemical coating may be an FRC release film.
- FRC coatings reduce the adhesion forces of the biofouling on the substrate, allowing easy cleaning of the dirty support.
- the FRC non-stick film can be obtained by vaporizing fluorinated molecules on the nano-textured surface of the vibrating system, or by applying a layer of commercial FRC paint to the vibrating system, by performing a pressure bath or a spin step.
- the chemical antifouling coating can also be a coating loaded with biocides, which will be released gradually in order to give the final system a desired chemical antifouling effect.
- a coating can be applied using a commercial antifouling paint loaded with biocides, by carrying out a pressurized bath or a spin-coating step.
- one or more layers of copper can be deposited in thin layers on the nano-textured surface of the system. If the vibrating system according to the invention is coated with a layer which is chemically antifouling, its surface will show improved antifouling properties compared to the same system without a chemical coating.
- any surface treatment that reduces the adhesion of biofouling to a surface can be combined with our nano-textured and possibly micro-textured vibrating plate system, in order to obtain an improved antifouling effect, provided of course that the surface treatment does not remove the nano-texturing.
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US20070153385A1 (en) * | 2006-01-05 | 2007-07-05 | Pentax Corporation | Dust-proof, light-transmitting member and its use, and imaging apparatus comprising same |
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WO2012100099A2 (fr) * | 2011-01-19 | 2012-07-26 | President And Fellows Of Harvard College | Surfaces glissantes à stabilité élevée à la pression possédant des caractéristiques de transparence optique et auto-réparatrices |
WO2013049626A1 (fr) * | 2011-09-28 | 2013-04-04 | Duke University | Dispositif et procédés pour régulation active d'encrassement biologique |
FR3106211A1 (fr) * | 2020-01-14 | 2021-07-16 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Système de mesure destiné a être immergé muni d’un dispositif d’anti-encrassement |
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WO2012058605A1 (fr) * | 2010-10-28 | 2012-05-03 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Surfaces modifiées pour la réduction de l'adhésion bactérienne |
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EP1249476A2 (fr) * | 2001-04-10 | 2002-10-16 | Stiftung Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung | Revêtement anti-salissure exempt de biocide |
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