Classifications

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  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
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  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
  • B32B15/013—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of an iron alloy or steel, another layer being formed of a metal other than iron or aluminium
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  • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
  • C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
  • C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
  • C21D6/002—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
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  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0226—Hot rolling
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  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0236—Cold rolling
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0221—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the working steps
  • C21D8/0242—Flattening; Dressing; Flexing
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
  • C21D8/0263—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment following hot rolling
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0247—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips characterised by the heat treatment
  • C21D8/0273—Final recrystallisation annealing
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
  • C21D8/02—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips
  • C21D8/0278—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of plates or strips involving a particular surface treatment 
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/46—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for sheet metals
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  • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
  • C22C—ALLOYS
  • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
  • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
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  • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
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  • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
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  • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
  • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
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  • C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
  • C23C2/022—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas by heating
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  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
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  • C23C2/0224—Two or more thermal pretreatments
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  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/04—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the coating material
  • C23C2/06—Zinc or cadmium or alloys based thereon
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  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
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  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/26—After-treatment
  • C23C2/28—Thermal after-treatment, e.g. treatment in oil bath
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  • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
  • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
  • C23C2/34—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the material to be treated
  • C23C2/36—Elongated material
  • C23C2/40—Plates; Strips
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/001—Austenite
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/005—Ferrite
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  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/008—Martensite

Definitions

• the present invention relates to high strength steel strip or sheets suitable for applications in automobiles.
• the invention relates to cold rolled steel strip or sheets having a tensile strength of at least 980 MPa and good withstandability to retained austenite decomposition.
• Automotive body parts are often stamped out of sheet steels, forming complex structural members of thin sheet.
• such parts cannot be produced from conventional high strength steels, because of a too low formability for complex structural parts.
• multiphase Transformation Induced Plasticity aided steels TRIP steels
• TRIP steels have gained considerable interest in the last years, in particular for use in auto body structural parts.
• TRIP steels possess a multi-phase microstructure, which includes a meta-stable retained austenite phase, which is capable of producing the TRIP effect.
• austenite transforms into martensite, which results in remarkable work hardening.
• This hardening effect acts to resist necking in the material and postpone failure in sheet forming operations.
• the micro structure of a TRIP steel can greatly alter its mechanical properties.
• a problem is that the retained austenite can decompose when partitioning the steel at 350-450 °C after final annealing.
• alloying with Si, Al, and P has been suggested to suppress the cementite precipitation and thereby stabilizing the austenite.
• steels may be subjected to even higher temperatures (> 450 °C) after the partitioning. For instance, when hot dip galvanizing, galvannealing, or welding parts together during manufacturing of e.g. an automotive.
• the present invention is directed to high strength (TRIP) steel strip or sheets having a tensile strength of above 980 MPa.
• the steel of the invention is therefore designed to have a good withstandability to retained austenite decomposition at elevated temperatures (> 450 °C).
• the invention aims at providing a steel composition that can be processed to structural parts in the automotive industry especially involving deep drawing operations such as front and center pillar, vehicle door frame reinforcements. It should further be possible to produce the steel strip or sheets on an industrial scale in a Continuous Annealing Line (CAL) or a Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDG) or Galvannealing Line.
• CAL Continuous Annealing Line
• HDG Hot Dip Galvanizing Line
• Galvannealing Line Galvannealing Line.
• Fig. 1 shows a typical heat cycle for an optional continuous annealing line (CAL) before a final Continuous Annealing Line (CAL), a Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDG), or a Galvannealing Line.
• CAL continuous annealing line
• HDG Hot Dip Galvanizing Line
• Galvannealing Line a Galvannealing Line
• Fig. 2 shows a typical heat cycle of a final Continuous Annealing Line (CAL).
• Fig. 3 shows a typical heat cycle of a Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDG).
• HDG Hot Dip Galvanizing Line
• Fig. 4 shows a typical heat cycle of a Galvannealing Line.
• the cold rolled steel strip or sheet has a composition consisting of the following alloying elements (in wt. %):
• C 0.15 - 0.25 % C stabilizes the austenite and is important for obtaining sufficient carbon within the retained austenite phase. C is also important for obtaining the desired strength level. Generally, an increase of the tensile strength in the order of 100 MPa per 0.1 % C can be expected. When C is lower than 0.15 % then it is difficult to attain a tensile strength of 980 MPa. If C exceeds 0.25 %, then the weldability is impaired. The upper limit may thus be 0.25, 0.24, 0.23, 0.22, 0.21 or 0.20 %. The lower limit may be 0.15, 0.16 or 0.17 %. A preferred range is 0.15-0.25 %.
• Si acts as a solid solution strengthening element and is important for securing the strength of the thin steel sheet. Si suppresses the cementite precipitation and has been used for austenite stabilization. However, if the content is too high, then too much silicon oxides will form on the strip surface, which may lead to cladding on the rolls in the CAL or HDG and surface defects on subsequently produced steel sheets. After cold rolling these oxides may also result in undesired galvanizing problems. Furthermore, too high Si content may lower RA-stability at elevated temperatures (> 450 °C) at the later stages of the manufacturing process, such as Hot-dip galvanizing and galvannealing, or at post production operations such as welding.
• elevated temperatures > 450 °C
• a Si- content > 0.5 % can cause liquid metal embrittlement (LME) during welding.
• the upper limit is therefore 0.5 % and may be restricted to 0.49, 0.48, or 0.47 %.
• the lower limit is 0.3% and may be restricted to 0.31, 0.32, 0.33, 0, 34, or 0.35.
• a preferred range is 0.3 - 0.5 %.
• Manganese is a solid solution strengthening element, which stabilises the austenite by lowering the M s temperature and prevents ferrite and pearlite to be formed during cooling.
• Mn lowers the A C 3 temperature and is important for the austenite stability, particularly at elevated temperatures (>450 °C).
• elevated temperatures >450 °C.
• a tensile strength of 980 MPa and the austenitizing temperature might be too high for conventional industrial annealing lines.
• at lower contents it may be difficult to avoid the formation of polygonal ferrite.
• the upper limit may therefore be 3.0, 2.9, 2.8, 2.7, 2.6 or 2.5 %.
• the lower limit may be 2.0, 2.1, 2.2 or 2.3 %.
• a preferred range is 2.0 - 3.0 %.
• A1 promotes ferrite formation and is also commonly used as a deoxidizer. Al suppresses the cementite precipitation and is used for austenite stabilization. Al has been found out to be beneficial for RA stability at elevated temperatures (>450 °C). Al addition does not affect coatability negatively.
• a drawback with higher Al, is that the M s temperature and A C 3 temperature is increased with an increasing Al content.
• the upper limit is therefore 1.0% and may be restricted to 0.9, 0.8 or 0.75 %.
• the lower limit is 0.5 % and may further by restricted to 0.6 or 0.7 %.
• a preferred range is 0.5 - 1.0 %.
• Cr is effective in increasing the strength of the steel sheet. Cr is an element that forms ferrite and retards the formation of pearlite and bainite. The A C 3 temperature and the M s temperature are only slightly lowered with increasing Cr content. Cr results in an increased amount of stabilized retained austenite.
• the amount of Cr is limited to 0.5%. The upper limit may be restricted to 0.45, 0.40, 0.35, 0.30 or 0.25 %. The lower limit is 0.005 and may further be restricted to be 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.11, 0.12, 0.13, 0.14, or 0.15 %.
• Nb is commonly used in low alloyed steels for improving strength and toughness, because of its influence on the grain size. Nb increases the strength elongation balance by refining the matrix microstmcture and the retained austenite phase due to precipitation of NbC.
• the steel may contain Nb in an amount of ⁇ 0.1 %. A deliberate addition of Nb is not necessary according to the present invention.
• the upper limit may therefore be restricted to ⁇ 0.03 %.
• the upper limit may further be restricted to 0.01, or 0.004 %.
• Molybdenum can be added to improve strength. It may further enhance the benefits of NbC precipitates by reducing the carbide coarsening kinetics.
• the steel may contain Mo in an amount of ⁇ 0.5 %. The upper limit may be restricted to 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, or 0.05 %. A deliberate addition of Mo is not necessary according to the present invention.
• the upper limit may therefore be further restricted to 0.03, 0.02, or 0.01 %
• V is similar to that of Nb in that it contributes to precipitation hardening and grain refinement.
• the steel may contain V in an amount of ⁇ 0.2 %.
• the upper limit may be restricted to 0.15, 0.10, 0.05, 0.03, or 0.01 %.
• a deliberate addition of V is not necessary according to the present invention.
• the upper limit may therefore be restricted to ⁇ 0.01 %.
• Ti is commonly used in low alloyed steels for improving strength and toughness, because of its influence on the grain size by forming carbides, nitrides or carbonitrides.
• Ti is a strong nitride former and can be used to bind the nitrogen in the steel.
• the upper limit may be restricted to 0.09, 0.07, 0.05, 0.03, or 0.01 %.
• a deliberate addition of Ti is not necessary according to the present invention. The upper limit may therefore be restricted to ⁇ 0.005%.
• Ca may be used for the modification of the non-metallic inclusions.
• the upper limit is 0.05% and may be set to 0.04, 0.03, 0.01 %.
• a deliberate addition of Ca is not necessary according to the present invention.
• the upper limit may therefore be restricted to ⁇ 0.004%.
• Cu is an undesired impurity element that is restricted to ⁇ 0.1 % by careful selection of the scrap used.
• the upper limit may be restricted to ⁇ 0.06%.
• Ni is an undesired impurity element that is restricted to ⁇ 0.2 % by careful selection of the scrap used.
• the upper limit may be restricted to ⁇ 0.08%.
• B increases hardness but may come at a cost of reduced bendability and is therefore not desirable in the present suggested steel. B may further make scrap recycling more difficult, and an addition of B may also deteriorate workability. A deliberate addition of B is therefore not desired according to the present invention. The upper limit may therefore be restricted to ⁇ 0.0006%.
• impurity elements may be comprised in the steel in normal occurring amounts.
• N ⁇ 0.05 %, preferably ⁇ 0.01 %.
• a preferred range is 0.001 - 0.008 %. In this range a stable fixation of the nitrogen can be achieved.
• Oxygen and hydrogen can further be limited to O: ⁇ 0.0003 H: ⁇ 0.0020
• the O-factor is an indication of thermal stability of the steel and the composition should fulfil the following condition:
• a negative O-factor is bad for withstandability to retained austenite decomposition.
• the lower limit of Q may be 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25.
• microstructural constituents are in the following expressed in volume % (vol. %).
• the steel comprises a matrix of tempered martensite (TM) and/or bainitic ferrite (BF).
• the total amount is of TM+ BF > 50 % with retained austenite inclusions embedded in the matrix.
• the upper limit of TM+ BF may be 90 %.
• Polygonal ferrite and fresh martensite may also be present in the matrix.
• Retained austenite (RA) is a prerequisite for obtaining the desired TRIP effect.
• the amount of retained austenite is important for the invention and should be > 8 %, preferably 10-20 %.
• the upper limit may be 20, 19, 18,17, 16, or 15%.
• the retained austenite is preferably predominantly needle shaped.
• the amount of retained austenite as measured by means of the saturation magnetization method described in detail in Proc. Int. Conf. on TRIP-aided high strength ferrous alloys (2002), Ghent, Belgium, p. 61-64.
• Polygonal ferrite (PF) may be in the range of 0- 40%. The upper limit may be 30, 20,
• the steel can be free of polygonal ferrite (PF).
• Fresh martensite (FM) may be in the range of 0-10%. The upper limit may be 7, 5, 3, or 1 %. The steel can be free of fresh martensite (FM).
• the ratios of the microstmcture can be obtained by cutting out a sample from a steel plate and polishing a cross section of a plate perpendicular to the rolling direction. The sample was grinded to 1 ⁇ 4 of the thickness of the plate for the measurements. The surface was etched to make the phases easier to identify. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) using 2000 times magnification can be used.
• the upper limit of the tensile strength (R m ) can further be limited to 1260, 1240, 1220, 1200, 1180, 1160, 1140, 1120, or 1100 MPa.
• the upper limit of the yield strength (Rpo . 2) can further be limited to 680, 660, 640, 620, 600, 580, 560, 540, or 520 MPa.
• a preferred interval is 400-600 MPa.
• a lower yield ratio makes it easier to cold form the material and the yield ratio is therefore at most 0.65.
• the upper limit of the yield ratio (Rpo . 2/ R m ) can further be limited to 0.62, 0.60, 0.58, 0.56, 0.54, 0.52, or 0.50.
• the lower limit could be 0.30, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.38, or 0.40.
• the R m , Rpo.2 values as well as the total elongation (A25) are derived in accordance with the Industrial Standard ISO 6892-1, wherein the samples are taken in the longitudinal direction of the strip.
• Mechanical stability is a parameter that describes the mechanical stability of the retained austenite (RA).
• Factors influencing the kp value includes the chemical composition of the austenite mainly via carbon enrichment, the grain size - smaller grain size leads so more stable RA, the morphology of the RA - globular RA is less stable than lath or needle shaped RA. For these reasons, the chemical composition of the steel as well as the heat treatment parameters are decisive.
• the steel should have a mechanical stability (k p ) in the range of 5 - 35, preferably 10 - 35.
• a k p -value above 35 indicates low stability of retained austenite (RA) against mechanical loading, If the k p -value is too high RA already transforms during elastic loading (stress-assisted) or at very low plastic strains and therefore does not sufficiently increase the work hardening behaviour of a steel and enables high elongations.
• the invention aims for an optimal stability.
• a k p -value in the suggested range improves the stability of RA against mechanical loading and is beneficial for withstandability to retained austenite decomposition.
• the steel should have a k p value of 3-35 and a positive Q- factor (Q > 0) for an improved stability of the retained austenite.
• the mechanical stability (k p ) is determined by interrupted tensile testing. Tensile samples are deformed to a certain strain that lies between yielding and before necking of the specimen. Subsequently the retained austenite content in the undeformed and deformed state is determined.
• the k p -value can be derived from the combined interrupted tensile testing and retained austenite measurements.
• True strain is the natural logarithm of the ratio of the instantaneous gauge length to the original gauge length in a tensile test.
• the retained austenite content can be determined by saturation magnetization measurement.
• the initial retained austenite content (V Y o) can be measured in the final heat treated product.
• the sample for the retained austenite after deformation (V Y ) should be taken out of the gauge length of the deformed tensile specimen.
• the mechanical properties of the steel strip or sheets of the present invention can be largely adjusted by the alloying composition and the microstmcture.
• the micro structure can be adjusted by the heat treatment in the CAL, in particular by the isothermal treatment temperature in the partitioning step.
• the suggested steel can be produced by the steps: a) making steel slabs of the conventional metallurgy by converter melting and secondary metallurgy with the composition suggested above. b) The slabs are hot rolled in austenitic range to a hot rolled strip. Preferably by reheating the slab to a temperature between 1000 °C and 1280 °C, rolling the slab completely in the austenitic range wherein the hot rolling finishing temperature is greater than or equal to 850 °C to obtain the hot rolled steel strip. c) Thereafter the hot rolled strip is coiled at a coiling temperature in the range of 400 - 580 °C.
• the coiled strip is thereafter batch annealed at a temperature in the range of 500 - 650 °C, preferably 550 - 650 °C, for a duration of 5 - 30h.
• e) Optionally subjecting the coiled strip before or after the batch annealing to a scale removal process, such as pickling.
• f) Thereafter cold rolling the annealed steel strip with a reduction rate of 50% or more, preferably around 50 - 70% reduction.
• the thickness of the cold rolled strip is preferably in the range of 0.9 - 2.0 mm.
• the cold rolled strip is thereafter subjected to a single or double annealing process.
• the cold rolled strip is conveyed to a final Continuously Annealing Line (CAL) or a Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDG).
• Fig. 2 shows the heat cycle of the final Continuous Annealing Line (CAL)
• Fig. 3 shows the heat cycle of the Hot dip Galvanizing line (HDG)
• Fig. 4 shows the heat cycle of the Galvannealing line.
• the CAL process includes the steps: k) heating the strip to an annealing temperature TA higher than A CI +(A C3 -A CI )/3 but less than 1000 °C and annealing the strip at a dew point in the range of -40 °C to +10 °C for a time of more than 30 s; 1) quenching the strip by cooling it down to a quenching temperature QT between
• the quenching rate may be in the range of 20-60 °C/s; m) heating the strip up to a partitioning temperature PT between 250 °C and 450 °C and maintaining the strip at this temperature for a partitioning time Pt between 10 s and 200 s, this step being a partitioning step; n) cooling the strip down to the room temperature.
• the cooling rate may be in the range of 5 - 60 °C/s; and o) optionally making sheets from the strips.
• step p subjecting the strip or sheet to zinc electroplating or to Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD).
• PVD Physical Vapor Deposition
• the annealing temperature TA is preferably less than 950 °C, more preferably less than 900 °C.
• step m) the partitioning temperature PT may further be limited to the range 350-450
• the partitioning temperature PT may optionally be the same as quenching temperature QT, when the quenching temperature QT is in the range of 350 -400 °C.
• step 1) and/or step n) the strip may be gas quenched.
• the cooling rate in step n) may further be restricted to 20-60 °C/s.
• the Hot DIP Galvanizing Line (HDG) is processed the same way as the final CAL process, but includes hot dip coating at the end of the partitioning (step m).
• the strip is immersed in molten zinc (mainly zinc) around 460°C. During hot dip coating the temperature will hence come above 450 °C.
• the Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDG) can be the same line as the CAL with added hot dip coating.
• the Galvannealing line is the same as the Hot Dip Galvanizing Line (HDG) with the addition of an annealing step following the hot dip coating. I.e. processed the same way as the CAL process, but including galvannealing at the end of the partitioning (step m).
• Galvannealing is a combination of galvanizing and annealing around 480-560°C in order to facilitate a higher degree of Fe in the ZnFe coating.
• the annealing step after the HDG step is exaggerated in the Figure 4 to make it more visible - in reality the duration would be in the range of seconds.
• the cold rolled strip is first conveyed to a Continuously Annealing Line (CAL) comprising the steps of: g) heating the strip to an annealing temperature TA higher than A ci +(A c3 -A ci )/L5 but less than 950 °C and annealing the strip at a dew point of -40 °C to +10 °C for a time of more than 30 s; h) quenching to QT ⁇ 350 °C.
• the quenching rate may be in the range of 20 - 60 °C/s; i) maintain the QT for at least 10 s; and j) cooling the strip down to the room temperature.
• the cooling rate may be in the range of 5 - 60 °C/s.
• step g) and/or step j) the strip may be gas quenched.
• the cooling rate in step j) may further be restricted to 20 - 60 °C/s.
• the strip is thereafter subjected to the same process as described for the single annealing, i.e. running through the final Continuous Annealing Line (CAL) again (or a second CAL line following a first) or through the Hot DIP Galvanizing Line (HDG) or through a Galvannealing Line.
• CAL final Continuous Annealing Line
• HDG Hot DIP Galvanizing Line
• Slabs of the steel alloys were produced in a continuous caster.
• the slabs were reheated and subjected to hot rolling to a thickness of 2.8 mm.
• the hot rolling finishing temperature was about 900 °C and the coiling temperature was about 500 °C.
• the hot rolled strips were pickled and batch annealed at 620 °C for a time of 15 hours in order to reduce the tensile strength of the hot rolled strip and thereby reducing the cold rolling forces.
• the strips were thereafter cold rolled in a five stand cold rolling mill to a final thickness of 1.4 mm.
• the cold rolled strips were then then annealed in a continuous annealing line (CAL).
• the annealing cycle comprised of heating to an annealing temperature (Table 3) and fully austenitizing for 150 s.
• the annealed strips were thereafter rapidly cooled with cooling rate of 50 °C/s to a quenching temperature (Table 3). After quenching the temperature was raised at a heating rate of 20 °C/s to a partitioning temperature (Table 3) and held there at a partitioning time (Table 3), before quenching to room temperature at 50 °C/s. Table 3. Parameters of the treatment in the CAL.
• the steel produced according to the invention was found to have excellent mechanical properties as shown in Table 4, whereas the reference steels R1 and R2 were inferior. Table 4. Mechanical properties and retained austenite levels.
• All steels had a yield strength above 400 MPa, a tensile strength above 980 MPa.
• the yield ratio was below 0.65 for steel 11-13 and R1 making them easy to cold form.
• Reference steel R2 did not meet the yield ratio requirements.
• Total elongation (A25) was more than 10 % for the inventive steels and reference steel R2, but only 2% for the reference steel Rl.
• the inventive steels and reference steel R2 had a mechanical stability (k p ) within the range 5-35, whereas the reference steel Rl had a mechanical stability (k p ) of 98, outside the desired range.
• the micro structure comprised more than 8% retained austenite (RA) for all steels.
• RA retained austenite
• steel samples were heated to 560 °C at a heating rate of 20 °C/s.
• inventive steels lost at most 20 % retained austenite (steel 13) and maintained retained austenite amounts above 8%.
• the reference steels R1 and R2 lost about 60% respectively 40 % retained austenite and both came well below the desired minimum amount of 8%.
• the steel (Rl) with the mechanical stability (k p ) outside the desired range performed worse than the inventive steels (11-13) in terms of stability of the retained austenite, and the reference steel R2 having a negative q-factor also fell short in stability of the retained austenite.
• the material of the present invention can be widely applied to structural parts in the automotive industry especially involving deep drawing operations such as front and center pillar, vehicle door frame reinforcements.

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