WO2022270522A1 - 細胞内におけるcyp酵素群の酵素活性の検出方法 - Google Patents
細胞内におけるcyp酵素群の酵素活性の検出方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/02—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving viable microorganisms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/26—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving oxidoreductase
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting the activity of CYP enzymes using Stokes Raman scattering signals (hereinafter also referred to as Raman scattering signals or Raman signals) that indicate the activity of CYP metabolizing enzymes.
- Stokes Raman scattering signals hereinafter also referred to as Raman scattering signals or Raman signals
- Cytochrome p450 known as a group of enzymes responsible for drug and toxic metabolism, is a heme protein that is expressed in hepatocytes and small intestinal epithelial cells and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- CYP Cytochrome p450
- ER endoplasmic reticulum
- CYPs form a gene superfamily consisting of multiple molecular species (enzymes) with different properties such as substrate specificity.
- the object of the present invention is to provide a method for detecting the enzymatic activity of CYP enzymes in cells with high resolution without relying on invasiveness and labeling.
- the present inventors have found that (1) that the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group correlates with the number of molecules of the oxidized CYP enzyme group; (2) By measuring the number of molecules of oxidized CYP enzymes in living cells using Raman signals, it is possible to noninvasively evaluate the enzymatic activity of CYP enzymes in the cells, and (3) By simultaneously detecting Raman signals of multiple biomolecules in living cells, the state of cells (e.g., degree of drug response, degree of differentiation/undifferentiation, etc.) can be determined noninvasively and multilaterally.
- the present invention has been completed by discovering that it can be analyzed, etc., and further research based on such knowledge.
- the present invention is as follows.
- a method for evaluating enzymatic activity of intracellular or extracellular CYP enzymes including a step of measuring the number of molecules of oxidized CYP enzymes.
- the step of measuring the number of molecules of the oxidized CYP enzymes comprises: The method according to ⁇ 1>, comprising the steps of irradiating cells with excitation light and obtaining a Raman spectrum using a photodetector, and extracting Raman scattering signals derived from CYP enzymes from the Raman spectrum.
- ⁇ 3> The method according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the wavenumber of the Raman scattering signal derived from the CYP enzyme group is within the wavenumber range of 300-600, 620-880, 920-1320 or 1320-1660 cm -1 . .
- ⁇ 4> The method according to ⁇ 3>, wherein the wave number is 1370 cm -1 or 1636 cm -1 .
- ⁇ 5> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the cells are derived from liver, small intestine, kidney, or brain.
- ⁇ 6> The method according to ⁇ 5>, wherein the cells are liver-derived cells.
- ⁇ 7> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells.
- ⁇ 8> Observing at least one selected from the group consisting of cell shape, cell size, and intracellular distribution of intracellular components in the region where the number of molecules of the CYP enzyme group is measured.
- ⁇ 9> The method according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 9>, including the step of further extracting Raman scattering signals derived from substances other than the CYP enzyme group.
- the substance other than the CYP enzyme group is at least one selected from the group consisting of reduced heme b, reduced/oxidized heme c, glycogen, reduced/oxidized cytochrome c, phenylalanine, and lipids. , the method described in ⁇ 9>.
- a method for evaluating the metabolic capacity of liver parenchymal cells comprising the following steps: A step of irradiating hepatocytes with excitation light and obtaining a Raman spectrum using a photodetector, and a step of detecting Raman signals of biomolecules related to the metabolic ability of hepatocytes from the Raman spectrum.
- biomolecule related to hepatocyte metabolism is at least one selected from the group consisting of CYP enzymes, glycogen, cytochrome b5 , cytochrome c, lipids, and phenylalanine. the method of.
- the present invention is as follows.
- ⁇ 1'> A detection method for detecting the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group by detecting the oxidized CYP enzyme group.
- ⁇ 3'> The detection method according to ⁇ 1'> or ⁇ 2'>, wherein the wavenumber of the Raman spectrum is derived from type b oxidized heme bound to the CYP enzyme group.
- ⁇ 4'> The detection according to any one of ⁇ 1'> to ⁇ 3'>, wherein the specific wavenumber is within the range of 300-600, 620-880, 920-1320 or 1320-1660 cm -1 wavenumbers. Method.
- ⁇ 5′> The detection method according to ⁇ 4′>, wherein the specific wave number is 1370 cm ⁇ 1 or 1636 cm ⁇ 1 .
- ⁇ 6'> The detection method according to any one of ⁇ 1'> to ⁇ 5'>, wherein the cells are cells having CYP activity.
- ⁇ 7'> The detection method according to ⁇ 6'>, wherein the cells having CYP activity are cells derived from any of liver, small intestine, kidney, and brain.
- ⁇ 8'> The detection method according to any one of ⁇ 1'> to ⁇ 7'>, wherein the cells are derived from pluripotent stem cells, such as iPS cells and ES cells.
- ⁇ 9'> The detection method according to any one of ⁇ 1'> to ⁇ 8'>, wherein the cells are hepatocytes.
- ⁇ 10'> The detection method according to any one of ⁇ 1'> to ⁇ 7'>, wherein the cells are human liver tumor-derived cell lines or cells differentiated therefrom.
- ⁇ 11'> At least one of cell shape, cell size, and intracellular distribution of intracellular components in the region where the enzyme activity of the CYP enzyme group is detected, as well as the detection of the enzyme activity of the CYP enzyme group.
- ⁇ 13′> The other Raman scattering signals having specific wavenumbers indicating the other molecules are reduced heme b, reduced/oxidized heme c, glycogen, reduced/oxidized cytochrome c, The detection method according to ⁇ 12′>, which is derived from either phenylalanine or lipid.
- the wave number of the Raman scattering signal derived from the reduced heme b is in the range of 650-680 cm ⁇ 1 , 900-1000 cm ⁇ 1 , 1300-1373 cm ⁇ 1 , 1490-1500 cm ⁇ 1 or 1570-1590 cm ⁇ 1
- the detection method according to ⁇ 13′> which is within.
- the wave number of the Raman scattering signal derived from the reduced/oxidized heme c is 590-640 cm ⁇ 1 , 730-755 cm ⁇ 1 , 1120-1130 cm ⁇ 1 , 1310-1370 cm ⁇ 1 , or 1580-1640 cm
- the wavenumber of the Raman scattering signal derived from glycogen is within the range of 440-580 cm ⁇ 1 , 840-945 cm ⁇ 1 , 1020-1660 cm ⁇ 1 , or 2900-2940 cm ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 13′> ⁇
- ⁇ 17′> A step of irradiating the cells with excitation light and acquiring a Raman spectrum using a photodetector; extracting a Raman scattering signal derived from the CYP enzyme group from the Raman spectrum,
- a peak and a waveform of a specific wavenumber of the Raman spectrum are identified, and the intersection of a line connecting both ends of the base of the peak and a straight line drawn perpendicular to the wavenumber axis from the peak apex is set as the origin, and from the origin to the above Calculate the height to the peak apex as the Raman scattering intensity,
- the detection method according to any one of ⁇ 2'> to ⁇ 16'>.
- ⁇ 18'> A step of irradiating the cells with excitation light and obtaining a Raman spectrum using a photodetector; extracting a Raman scattering signal derived from the CYP enzyme group from the Raman spectrum, In the step of extracting the Raman scattering signal, Identify the peak and waveform of a specific wavenumber of the Raman spectrum, and calculate the area of the region surrounded by the line connecting both ends of the base of the peak and the waveform of the Raman spectrum after noise removal as the Raman scattering intensity. , The detection method according to any one of ⁇ 2'> to ⁇ 16'>.
- ⁇ 19'> Furthermore, using the Raman scattering signals of glycogen and cytochrome c extracted from the Raman spectrum, at least one of cell or tissue type, degree of differentiation, and degree of maturity is evaluated, ⁇ 17'> or ⁇ 18′> detection method.
- ⁇ 20'> A method for detecting enzymatic activity of purified CYP proteins in an environment that mimics the intracellular environment, using Raman spectra with specific wavenumbers that indicate the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group.
- Raman spectrum detection It is a figure explaining Raman spectrum detection. 4 is a flowchart for explaining a method of extracting Raman scattering signals; An example of Raman spectrum measurement results is shown. 1 shows a method 1 for extracting a Raman scattering signal. Fig. 2 shows method 2 for extracting Raman scattering signals.
- Raman spectra of CYP3A4-induced liver parenchymal cells The graph which shows the measurement result of CYP3A4 by the luminescence method. Western blotting measurement results.
- Wavenumber 600 cm -1 reduced heme c, mainly reduced cytochrome c, wavenumber 675 cm -1 : reduced heme b, mainly reduced cytochrome b5, wavenumber 940 cm -1 : glycogen, wavenumber 1636 cm -1 : Oxidized heme b, mainly oxidized CYP enzymes.
- Wavenumber 600 cm -1 reduced heme c, mainly reduced cytochrome c, wavenumber 675 cm -1 : reduced heme b, mainly reduced cytochrome b5, wavenumber 940 cm -1 : glycogen, wavenumber 1000 cm -1 : Phenylalanine, wave number 1370 cm -1 : oxidized heme b, mainly oxidized CYP enzymes, wave number 1636 cm -1 : oxidized heme b, mainly oxidized CYP enzymes.
- Graph showing CYP enzyme activity in HepaRG cells in which Azamulin was used to down-regulate CYP enzyme activity A boxplot plotting the Raman signal at a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 by averaging the detected Raman spectra for each cell. Comparative photograph of Raman image and immunostaining result. Wavenumber 1636 cm -1 : oxidized heme b, mainly oxidized CYP enzymes. Raman peaks derived from various biomolecules observed in human hepatocytes. Raman images of various biomolecules.
- Wave number 675 cm -1 reduced heme b, mainly reduced cytochrome b5, wave number 940 cm -1 : glycogen, wave number 1636 cm -1 : oxidized heme b, mainly oxidized CYP enzyme group, wave number 600 cm -1 : reduced heme c, mainly reduced cytochrome c, wave number 1000 cm -1 : phenylalanine, wave number 2850 cm -1 : lipid.
- Graph showing Raman signals of frozen primary human hepatocytes (PHH) and HepaRG cells Images showing the distribution of each molecule in PHH and HepaRG cells obtained by visualizing Raman signals corresponding to each spectrum.
- Wavenumber 600 cm -1 reduced heme c, mainly reduced cytochrome c, wavenumber 675 cm -1 : reduced heme b, mainly reduced cytochrome b 5 , wavenumber 750 cm -1 : all cytochrome, wavenumber 1636 cm -1 : oxidized heme b, mainly oxidized CYP enzyme group, wave number 1000 cm -1 : phenylalanine, mainly protein, wave number 1157 cm -1 : carotenoids, wave number 1512 cm -1 : carotenoids.
- the present invention provides a method for evaluating the enzymatic activity of intracellular or extracellular CYP enzymes, comprising a step of measuring the number of molecules of oxidized CYP enzymes (hereinafter, may be referred to as the "evaluation method of the present invention", etc.). provided).
- the present inventors discovered for the first time in the world "the fact that the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group correlates with the number of molecules of the oxidized enzyme of the CYP enzyme group.” (Specifically demonstrated by the data presented in Example 6 herein). In other words, when the CYP enzyme group exists in the intracellular or extracellular environment, the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group is determined by determining the "number of molecules" of the oxidized CYP enzyme group among the CYP enzyme group using an appropriate method. The inventors have found that it can be evaluated by measuring
- the method used to measure the number of molecules of the oxidized CYP enzyme group in the CYP enzyme group is not particularly limited, and a method known per se may be used. Examples include, but are not limited to, infrared spectroscopy, labeling with fluorescent or luminescent materials, mass spectroscopy, and the like. Raman spectroscopy, which allows non-destructive analysis, is preferably used in embodiments for evaluating the enzymatic activity of intracellular CYP enzymes. As one spectroscopic technique, there is identification of the redox state of cytochrome P450 using an absorption spectrum (Non-Patent Document 1).
- the enzymatic activity of intracellular CYP enzymes can be evaluated.
- Raman spectroscopy can be used in the step of measuring the number of molecules of oxidized CYP enzymes. More specifically, as a method for measuring the number of molecules of the oxidized CYP enzyme group, a step of irradiating cells with excitation light and obtaining a Raman spectrum using a photodetector; By performing the step of extracting group-derived Raman scattering signals, the number of molecules of the oxidized CYP enzyme group can be measured.
- a Raman spectrum containing a Raman scattering signal having a specific wavenumber is used to evaluate the enzymatic activity of CYP enzymes in the intracellular environment.
- CYPs to be evaluated in one embodiment of the present invention are CYPs derived from all kinds of organisms.
- CYP enzyme group refers to CYPs derived from any and all organisms.
- CYPs are heme proteins that contain heme as a prosthetic genus.
- the evaluation method detects the "redox state" derived from the molecular structure specific to the CYP molecule.
- a molecular structure specific to a CYP molecule is as follows. There are subtypes (type a, type b, etc.) depending on the porphyrin structure of heme, and CYP has a type b heme structure.
- CYPs form a gene superfamily consisting of multiple molecular species (enzymes) with different properties such as substrate specificity.
- CYP genes There are 57 known CYP genes in humans. Among the 57 CYP genes, CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, etc. are the main CYP enzyme groups involved in the metabolism of drugs and poisons.
- CYP enzymes are mainly expressed in liver parenchymal cells and small intestinal epithelial cells, and are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
- ER endoplasmic reticulum
- CYP3A4 is known to have the highest expression, accounting for 35% of the entire CYP family (Non-Patent Document 2).
- the total intensity of Raman scattered light at a specific Raman shift is detected for all CYP molecules contained in the CYP enzyme group without distinguishing between the types of these molecules. .
- the "CYP enzyme group” whose activity is evaluated by the evaluation method of the present invention is a group of 57 human CYP enzymes.
- the "CYP enzyme group” is a CYP enzyme whose expression is induced by an inducer known to induce the expression of the CYP enzyme group among the 57 types of human CYP enzyme group.
- an inducer known to induce the expression of the CYP enzyme group among the 57 types of human CYP enzyme group.
- inducers include, but are not limited to, rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and dexamethasone.
- the four exemplified inducers are the group consisting of CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9.
- the present inventors have confirmed that it induces gene expression of at least one of four CYP enzymes selected from: CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP2C9 as CYP enzymes whose expression is induced by the inducer It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of
- the "CYP enzyme group” can be any of the following (1) to (15): (1) Human CYP3A4 (2) Human CYP1A2 (3) Human CYP2B6 (4) Human CYP2C9 (5) human CYP3A4 and human CYP1A2 (6) human CYP3A4 and human CYP2B6 (7) human CYP3A4 and human CYP2C9 (8) human CYP1A2 and human CYP2B6 (9) human CYP1A2 and human CYP2C9 (10) human CYP2B6 and human CYP2C9 (11) human CYP3A4, human CYP1A2 and human CYP2B6 (12) human CYP3A4, human CYP1A2 and human CYP2C9 (13) human CYP3A4, human CYP2B6 and human CYP2C9 (14) human CYP1A2, human CYP2B6 and human CYP2C9 (14) human CY
- the evaluation method of the present invention can evaluate not only human CYP3A4 but also metabolic enzymatic activities of CYPs derived from all kinds of organisms.
- Heme b is an iron porphyrin complex with an iron atom as the central metal.
- One highly reactive oxygen atom is bound to the iron atom of heme b.
- CYP introduces one oxygen atom into target compounds such as drugs and poisons and oxidizes the compound, thereby increasing the water solubility of the compound and promoting excretion from the body. Therefore, the iron atom of heme b reversibly changes between a trivalent oxidized form (Fe 3+ ) and a divalent reduced form (Fe 2+ ) through redox reactions.
- the metabolic enzymatic activity of the CYP enzymes is evaluated based on the measurement results of the redox state of the CYP enzymes.
- Raman spectroscopy is a non-destructive, non-staining, non-invasive measurement of CYP enzyme activity.
- Raman spectroscopy when an object to be measured is irradiated with excitation light, Raman scattered light is generated.
- a spectrum obtained from Raman scattered light has peaks at a plurality of specific wavenumbers. These are derived from chemical bonds within and between molecules.
- the “Raman scattering signal having a specific wavenumber” in the present embodiment is derived from type b oxidized heme (hereinafter also referred to as oxidized heme b), which is a prosthetic group bound to the CYP enzyme.
- the specific wavenumber is preferably within the range of 300-600, 620-880, 920-1320, or 1320-1660 cm -1 . More preferably, the wave number is 1360-1380 or 1630-1640 cm -1 . A wavenumber of 1370 or 1636 cm ⁇ 1 is particularly preferred.
- Raman scattered light generated by irradiating a cell with excitation light is spectroscopically separated by a diffraction grating.
- a Raman scattering signal (Raman scattering intensity) is obtained at a wavenumber of 1630 to 1640 cm ⁇ 1 , for example, from the Raman spectrum detected by the detection device.
- Obtaining a Raman scattering signal at the wavenumber indicates that the CYP enzyme group has enzymatic activity.
- the binding between the CYP enzyme and heme b is covalent or non-covalent.
- the cell shape, size, and intracellular distribution of intracellular components may be observed in the region where the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group is evaluated.
- the "region for evaluating the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group" is, in one example, a predetermined area containing cells developed on a substrate as shown in FIG. Y ⁇ m plane. Although one cell is arranged in the region in FIG. 1, a plurality of cells may be arranged. Observation of the shape and size of cells and the intracellular distribution of intracellular components can be carried out using, for example, an optical measurement method.
- Optical measurement methods refer to methods for generating images, for example in the bright field (FIG. 26) or fluorescence (FIGS. 12, 24).
- FOG. 26 the bright field
- FGS. 12, 24 fluorescence
- Optical measurement methods By using an optical measurement method together, it is possible to identify the localization of the observed cell group and identify the analyzed cell group (specification of the parenchymal cell part of the liver), so efficient measurement and highly sensitive signal extraction can be realized.
- individual cells can be identified (extraction of cell contours), analysis such as quantification of activity for each cell is possible.
- fluorescently staining the organelles and analyzing the acquired fluorescence images and Raman images it is possible to analyze the intracellular organelles and CYP enzyme activity distribution.
- Raman scattering signal included in the Raman spectrum may be used to detect other molecules or their redox states.
- Raman scattering signals with specific wavenumbers indicative of molecules may originate from any of reduced/oxidized heme b, reduced/oxidized heme c, glycogen, cytochrome c, phenylalanine and lipids.
- cytochrome c and glycogen can be used as indicators of the metabolic capacity of the liver. Metabolism is a reaction that produces the energy necessary for life support and synthesizes the necessary macromolecular compounds, and it is necessary to fully understand it in the development of medical technology and drug discovery. Methods using luminescence or fluorescence have been widely used as methods for measuring cytochrome c and glycogen. Furthermore, in recent years, unstained measurement using Raman spectroscopy is attracting attention. Raman spectroscopy utilizes the fact that substances exhibit specific spontaneous Raman scattered light.
- Non-Patent Document 3 discloses Raman observation of cytochrome c in apoptotic cells.
- Cytochrome c is a heme c protein present in cells or tissues. It is localized in mitochondria, one of the intracellular organelles, and is involved in apoptosis and energy production. Toxic effects on mitochondria are a cause of drug liver injury, and quantification and localization of cytochrome c are important factors. Cytochrome c contains a type c heme as a prosthetic genus. It emits a characteristic Raman signal different from type b heme contained in CYP and other proteins. That is, Raman scattering signals derived from the oxidation/reduction state of cytochrome c can be used as one of biomolecules other than CYP enzymes.
- type b heme proteins such as cytochrome b 5 can also be detected.
- Cytochrome b 5 plays an important role in the catalytic cycle of CYP enzymes, supplying electrons.
- detection of phenylalanine, which indicates cytoplasm is included. The intensity of the phenylalanine Raman scattering signal reflects the density of the cytoplasm in the Raman observed area.
- the specific activity of CYP can be obtained.
- the Raman scattering signal of cytochrome c is used for normalization, the specific activity of CYP to mitochondrial activity can be obtained.
- the Raman scattering signal of cytochrome b the specific activity of CYP to catalytic activity can be obtained.
- the specific activity of CYP on sugar metabolism can be obtained.
- cytochrome c, b, glycogen, and phenylalanine show specific distribution inside the cell derived from organelles (cytochrome c: distributed in mitochondria, cytochrome b: distributed in endoplasmic reticulum, phenylalanine: distributed throughout cytoplasm). It is expected to quantify the cell state and drug response by utilizing the relationship between each cell function and the shape and localization of organelles that can be measured from these Raman scattering signals.
- the reduced heme c has a wavenumber of 604 cm -1
- the reduced heme b has a wavenumber of 675 cm -1
- the reduced heme structure (common to b and c) has a wavenumber of 750 cm -1
- the oxidized heme structure (b and c) has a plurality of characteristic Raman scattering signals represented by a wavenumber of 1638 cm ⁇ 1 (Non-Patent Document 4).
- Non-Patent Documents 5 to 12 When CYP enzymes having a heme structure or CYP3A4 take an oxidized structure, the wave numbers are 1368 cm -1 , 1371-1373 cm -1 , 1490 cm -1 , 1500 cm -1 , 1570 cm -1 , It is reported to have characteristic Raman scattering signals near 1590 cm -1 , 1630 cm -1 and 1640 cm -1 (Non-Patent Documents 5 to 12).
- the wavenumbers of Raman scattering signals derived from reduced/oxidized heme b are 650-680 cm -1 , 900-1000 cm -1 , 1300-1373 cm -1 , 1490-1500 cm -1 or 1570-1590 cm -1 . It may be within the range of 1 (Non-Patent Document 13).
- the wavenumbers of Raman scattering signals derived from reduced/oxidized heme c are 590-640 cm -1 , 730-755 cm -1 , 1120-1130 cm -1 , 1310-1370 cm -1 , or 1580-1640 cm May be in the range of -1 .
- Glycogen is a polymer synthesized for temporary storage of excess glucose and is known to be synthesized mainly in the liver and skeletal muscle. It is an effective index of liver function and glucose metabolism.
- the wavenumber of the Raman scattering signal derived from glycogen is 440-580 cm -1 , 840-945 cm -1 , 1020-1660 cm -1 (more preferably 1020-1120 cm -1 ), or 2900-2940 cm -1 . may be within the range of 1 .
- the wavenumber of Raman scattering signals originating from lipids may be 1450 cm ⁇ 1 or 2850 cm ⁇ 1 .
- FIG. 1 is a diagram for explaining the principle of Raman scattering.
- a sample is irradiated with excitation light having a wavelength of ⁇ 0 such as a laser
- scattering occurs in addition to reflection, refraction, and absorption.
- Rayleigh scattering refers to scattering of light having the same wavelength as the incident light among the scattered light having the wavelength ⁇ .
- the light whose frequency has decreased compared to the incident light that is, the light whose wavelength has shifted to the long wavelength side is called Stokes Raman scattering (hereinafter, Raman scattered light).
- a Raman spectrum is obtained by spectroscopy the Raman scattered light generated from the sample with a diffraction grating and detecting it with a detector such as a CCD image sensor. Subsequently, a Raman scattering signal is extracted from the acquired Raman spectrum.
- biological tissue in vivo
- cultured cells in vitro
- fixed biological tissue for example, biological tissue (in vitro), cultured cells (in vitro), and fixed biological tissue
- Biological tissues are, for example, human- or animal-derived liver tissue, intestinal tissue (preferably small intestine tissue), renal tissue, brain tissue, and cells contained therein.
- Cultured cells are, for example, hepatocytes, small intestinal epithelial cells, bile duct epithelial cells, renal cells, nerve cells, glial cells and the like.
- the hepatocytes are parenchymal hepatocytes.
- the cultured cells are primary cultured cells or immortalized cells.
- the primary cultured cells can be human-derived primary hepatocytes (PHH).
- the immortalized cell is a human liver tumor-derived cell line.
- the cultured cells are cells differentiated therefrom.
- a human liver tumor-derived cell line may be used, for example, HepaRG (trademark, HPR116, BIOPREDIC International) cells.
- parenchymal hepatocytes differentiated or dedifferentiated from HepaRG cells may be used.
- the cultured cells may also be cells differentiated from stem cells.
- Stem cells include, but are not limited to, ES cells, iPS cells, somatic stem cells (eg, neural stem cells, hepatic stem cells, epithelial stem cells, etc.).
- stem cells can be pluripotent stem cells (ie, ES cells or iPS cells).
- the cultured cells may be liver cells (hepatocyte-like cells (HLC)) obtained by inducing differentiation of human iPS cells.
- HSC hepatocyte-like cells
- a "purified protein” is a CYP extracted from cells or synthesized from which contaminants have been completely or partially removed.
- Synthetic CYP is a microbiologically prepared recombinant protein.
- An "environment mimicking the intracellular environment” is an in vitro reaction system containing intracellular substances other than CYP enzymes.
- the cultured cells are diluted in a medium and seeded on a quartz substrate dish for Raman observation.
- the quartz substrate dish for Raman observation is a plastic dish having a quartz substrate adhered to the inner bottom surface of the dish.
- cloning cylinders may be used to seed cells only on quartz substrates.
- HepaRG trademark
- cells cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 3 days may be used as samples.
- a solution sample extracted from a tissue and containing contaminants, such as microsomes can be used as the target sample for Raman scattering.
- extracting is not limited to The term "extracellular” as used herein is used to mean “in vitro” unless otherwise specified, but may be used to mean “extra-cellular” depending on the context.
- the CYP enzyme group whose enzymatic activity is evaluated in this embodiment may be induced intracellularly using an inducer.
- Rifampicin which is a kind of CYP enzyme inducer, mainly induces the expression of CYP3A4 among the CYP enzymes. As described above, this inducer can also induce the expression of CYP2B6, CYP2C9, and the like.
- a Raman microscope (Non-Patent Document 3) may be used to identify a Raman scattering signal from a Raman spectrum having a specific wavenumber.
- a laser beam is condensed into a straight line (X ⁇ m, hereinafter also referred to as a line) of a predetermined length to excite a Raman signal in the sample.
- the laser light may be condensed into a point to excite the Raman signal.
- a water immersion objective lens may be used for the excitation and detection of Raman scattering.
- the Raman scattered light collected by the objective lens passes through a dichroic mirror and an edge filter that transmits long wavelengths, and then forms an image on the entrance slit of the spectrometer.
- the Raman scattering signal imaged on the slit is then dispersed by the diffraction grating inside the spectrometer and detected by the CCD image sensor.
- a cooled CCD image sensor for example, may be used as the CCD image sensor.
- Raman scattering signals scattered from everywhere on the focused line are detected by different pixels on the CCD image sensor. It is preferable to determine the laser irradiation time so that these Raman scattering signals can be measured simultaneously and independently.
- the laser irradiation time is, for example, 0.001 seconds to 3 minutes. It is preferably 0.01 seconds to 30 seconds. More preferably, it is 0.1 seconds to 15 seconds. Particularly preferably, it is 1 second to 10 seconds.
- each Raman scattering signal is simultaneously detected in a linear region (line region) of a predetermined length in which the light is collected.
- the laser irradiation and the detection of the Raman scattering signal are repeated while shifting the focusing position in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the focused line. For example, as shown in FIG. 1, a Raman image is acquired in a rectangular region of X ⁇ m ⁇ Y ⁇ m on the substrate.
- the Raman image of an arbitrary area is acquired by repeatedly detecting the Raman scattering signal while shifting it to an arbitrary distance in the X-Y direction. As a result, a Raman image is finally obtained from an area of X ⁇ m in width and Y ⁇ m in height. You can switch the X and Y directions.
- the laser light used as excitation light for example, it is preferable to use laser light with a wavelength of 406 nm to 561 nm, especially laser light with a wavelength of 532 nm as excitation light.
- the inventors focused on resonant Raman scattering. In resonant Raman scattering, by exciting a molecule in its absorption band, vibrations originating in the absorption band can be selectively measured due to the resonance effect. Heme b and heme c have absorption bands called ⁇ / ⁇ bands near 520 to 560 nm. Therefore, when laser light with a wavelength of 532 nm is used as excitation light, Raman scattered light can be significantly increased due to the resonance effect.
- laser light with wavelengths of 488, 561, 556, 543, 526, 523, 520, 515, 501, 450, 406 nm, etc. may be used to excite Raman scattering.
- the Raman scattered light detected by the Raman scattering method of this embodiment is due to resonance Raman scattering.
- Raman scattered light by non-resonant Raman scattering may also be detected.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart explaining a method of extracting Raman scattering signals.
- the cosmic rays and the offset signal of the CCD image sensor which are noise contained in the measured Raman scattering signal, are removed.
- the offset signal is a signal for offset adjustment of the CCD image sensor.
- processing is performed to reduce the influence of noise that could not be removed as described above.
- a noise removal method either a method using a singular value decomposition (SVD) method or a method of averaging Raman spectra for arbitrary analysis target regions can be used.
- the singular value decomposition method can be used.
- a method of averaging Raman spectra for arbitrary analysis target regions can be used.
- the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed After removing the noise contained in the Raman scattering signal, the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed is extracted.
- the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed refers to the Raman scattering signal (Raman scattering intensity) at a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 when detecting the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group.
- “extracting” the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed means defining an arbitrary Raman scattering intensity as the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed using a predetermined method.
- a method of extracting the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed a first method or a second method described below can be used. The first method will be described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, and the second method will be described with reference to FIGS.
- FIG. 3 shows the Raman spectrum after noise removal.
- the Raman spectrum (Raman scattering signal) is represented by the Raman scattering intensity (Raman scattering signal intensity) on the vertical axis and the Raman shift (wave number) on the horizontal axis.
- the Raman shift (wavenumber) on the horizontal axis represents the difference in wavenumber between incident light from excitation light such as a laser and Raman scattered light.
- FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of the area indicated by the dashed line in FIG. This figure shows a method of extracting a Raman scattering signal to be analyzed using the first method.
- the first method is suitable when there is a Raman scattering intensity peak of another biologically derived Raman scattering signal in the vicinity of the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed.
- the intensity difference between the intensity of the linearly or nonlinearly approximated background signal and the peak of the Raman scattering intensity is defined as the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed. More specifically, first, the peak of the Raman scattering intensity of a specific wavenumber and the waveform containing the peak are specified. With respect to the peak of the Raman scattering intensity, the height to the peak apex is the intersection of a line connecting both ends of the base of the peak, that is, a straight line or a curved line, and a straight line drawn vertically from the peak apex to the wavenumber axis. is calculated as the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed.
- the "line connecting both ends of the peak base” is not particularly limited as long as it can define the peak area.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged view of the area indicated by the dashed line in FIG. This figure shows a method of extracting a Raman scattering signal to be analyzed using the second method.
- the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed has a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SN ratio) with respect to the background signal, and there is a Raman scattering signal intensity peak derived from another living body in the vicinity. This is a good method if you don't.
- SN ratio signal-to-noise ratio
- the peak of the Raman scattering intensity of a specific wavenumber and the waveform containing the peak are specified.
- the "line connecting both ends of the peak base" is not particularly limited as long as it can define the peak area.
- the Raman signal to be analyzed is defined as the difference between the peak intensity of the Raman scattering intensity to be analyzed and the intensity of the base of the peak.
- the base of the peak refers to a convex point in the minus direction of the y-axis in the vicinity of the peak of the Raman scattering intensity to be analyzed.
- the method described above defines the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed at wavenumbers 1320-1660 cm ⁇ 1 , preferably 1636 cm ⁇ 1 . If the Raman scattering signal (Raman scattering intensity) is increased in the cell, it indicates that the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group is increased in the cell.
- Raman spectroscopy Raman signals of biomolecules related to metabolic capacity can be detected from living cells under a microscope.
- Raman signals of biomolecules that represent the state and structure of cells can also be detected at the same time.
- the intracellular distribution of each detected biomolecule can be grasped with a spatial resolution at the organelle level, for example, with a spatial resolution of 200 nm.
- the present invention also provides a method for evaluating the metabolic capacity of hepatocytes, comprising the following steps (hereinafter referred to as the "method for evaluating the metabolic capacity of hepatocytes of the present invention”: ): A step of irradiating hepatocytes with excitation light and obtaining a Raman spectrum using a photodetector, and a step of detecting Raman signals of biomolecules related to the metabolic ability of hepatocytes from the Raman spectrum.
- the "biomolecule related to the metabolic capacity of hepatocytes” is not particularly limited as long as it is a biomolecule related to the metabolic capacity of hepatocytes.
- it may be at least one selected from the group consisting of CYP enzymes, glycogen, cytochrome b5 , cytochrome c, lipids, and phenylalanine.
- the wavenumber of the Raman scattering signal capable of detecting these biomolecules a known wavenumber may be used.
- the wavenumbers used in the following examples can be used, but are not limited thereto.
- the detection method according to the present invention is a method that utilizes the redox state derived from the molecular structure characteristic of CYP enzymes. Moreover, as described above, the redox state of the CYP enzymes is related to the metabolic mechanism of the CYP enzymes. Therefore, the data in the following examples obtained for CYP3A4 demonstrate that not only human CYP3A4 but also enzymatic activity of metabolism by CYPs derived from all kinds of organisms can be detected by the detection method of the present invention.
- Hepatocytes Cultured cells were used in Examples. More specifically, frozen HepaRG cells (HPR116, BIOPREDIC International) differentiated into hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells were used. Frozen HepaRG cells were thawed using a 37°C water bath. Thawed HepaRG cells were subsequently diluted with medium (MIL600, ADD670, BIOPREDIC International). Subsequently, the diluted HepaRG cells were seeded on a quartz substrate dish for Raman observation (SF-S-D12, Fine Plus International, Japan).
- medium MIL600, ADD670, BIOPREDIC International
- the “quartz substrate dish for Raman observation” used for seeding is a plastic dish having a quartz substrate with a thickness of 0.15 mm and a diameter of 12 mm adhered to the bottom of the dish.
- a cylindrical cloning cylinder (outer diameter: 10 mm, inner diameter: 8 mm, 1980005, Hilgenberg GmbH) was placed on the quartz substrate. 1.2 ⁇ 10 5 cells were seeded inside the cloning cylinder.
- the cloning cylinder is placed on a quartz substrate. In other words, the cloning cylinder is not glued or fixed on the quartz substrate.
- HepaRG cells adhere to the quartz substrate.
- the cloning cylinder was removed from the quartz substrate.
- the medium was replaced with fresh medium (MIL600, ADD670, BIOPREDIC International) when the cloning cylinder was removed.
- HepaRG cells were cultured in the medium. Cultivation was carried out for 3 days at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 .
- the induction of the CYP enzyme group is explained. First, the medium for the HepaRG cell group in (1) above was replaced with a medium containing an inducer for the CYP enzyme group. The CYP enzyme group was induced by culturing the HepaRG cell group replaced with the medium containing the inducer described below for 48 hours at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 .
- the medium used to induce the CYP enzyme group is MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International.
- the inducer of the CYP enzyme group added to the medium one of the following four types was used: Rifampicin (189-01001), Fujifilm Wako, Japan; Phenytoin (16612082) Fujifilm Wako, Japan; Dexamethasone (04718863), Fujifilm Wako, Japan; Carbamazepine (034-23701) Fujifilm Wako, Japan.
- the concentration of each inducer contained in the medium used in each example is as described in each example. These inducers promote transcription of the CYP gene.
- Uninduced cell group Cells not induced with the control CYP enzyme group (hereinafter also referred to as uninduced cell group) were also cultured.
- the medium of the HepaRG cell group in (1) was replaced with the above-mentioned inducer-free medium (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International). Cultivation was performed at 37° C. under an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 for 48 hours.
- the HepaRG cell group used for the inhibition of CYP3A which is one of the CYP enzymes, is the cell group in which the above-mentioned CYP enzymes were induced.
- the medium of the HepaRG cell group in (1) was replaced with a medium containing rifampicin, which is a kind of inducer described above, and cultured at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 for 48 hours to obtain CYP enzymes. Groups were induced to obtain cell groups.
- the cell population was used for inhibition of CYP3A.
- Media used for inhibition of CYP enzymes are MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International.
- Azamulin (18748, Cay chemical) was used as an inhibitor added to the medium.
- the concentration of Azamulin contained in the medium used in each example is as described in each example.
- the medium in which the CYP enzymes were induced was replaced with a medium containing the inhibitor Azamulin.
- CYP3A one of the CYP enzymes, was inhibited by culturing the HepaRG cell group replaced with the medium containing Azamulin for 5 minutes at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 .
- CYP3A4 activity in a cell group using a luminescence method In order to confirm the enzymatic activity of CYP3A4, which is expressed in hepatocytes among the CYP enzymes in the cell group subjected to Raman observation, in parallel with Raman observation, A test using a luminescence method (hereinafter referred to as a luminescence test) was performed.
- the cell group used for the luminescence test was the cell group separated from the cultured cells used in the Raman observation described later in (5). That is, a group of cells cultured simultaneously under the same conditions as the cultured cells used in Raman observation was used.
- CYP luminescence test was performed using a commercially available luminescence assay kit (P450-Glo-CYP3A4-Assay-and-Screening-System) according to the provided protocol.
- the luciferin-IPA substrate is converted to luciferin by CYP3A4 and becomes a substrate for luciferase, producing luminescence proportional to the activity of CYP3A4.
- the cell population medium was replaced with substrate-containing medium containing Luciferin-IPA substrate (V9002, Promega, Germany) at a concentration of 3 ⁇ M and incubated at 37° C. in an atmosphere of 5% CO 2 for 1 hour.
- the Luciferin-IPA substrate is a CYP3A4-specific substrate.
- the Luciferin-IPA substrate, a luciferin precursor, is converted to luciferin by the catalytic action of the CYP3A4 enzyme.
- FIGS. 7, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 After incubation, the substrate-containing medium was collected and 50 ⁇ l was dispensed into a 96-well white flat bottom plate (Corning). 50 ⁇ l of luciferase was added dropwise to the dispensed substrate-containing medium, and luminescence was caused using the luciferin-luciferase reaction. Luminescence was detected using a micro-plate reader (Synergy HTX, BioTek). CYP3A4 activity detected by the present luminescence method is shown in FIGS. 7, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22. FIG.
- Western Blotting was used to detect CYP3A4 protein from a cell group in which CYP enzymes were induced.
- a cell group cultured by inducing the CYP enzyme group using rifampicin as an inducer was used according to the method described in (2) above.
- the CYP-induced cell group was washed twice with cold PBS and dissolved in a cell lysate.
- Cells were lysed in RIPA Buffer containing protease inhibitor cocktail (1-100 dilution, Cat. No. P8340, Sigma Aldrich) for 30 minutes while cooling on ice.
- a cell lysate containing lysed cells was collected using a cell scraper.
- the recovered cell lysate was centrifuged (12000 g, 20 min) at 4°C, and the supernatant was collected to remove unnecessary precipitated cell debris.
- the protein concentration contained in the supernatant of the cell lysate was measured using the BCA protein assay kit (Cat. No. 23227, ThermoFisher Scientific). Cell lysates were added to wells of 12% SDS-PAGE gels (Cat. No. 4568043, BioRad) and subjected to electrophoresis. A low fluorescence polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane was adhered to the gel after SDS-PAGE and transferred. Block the membrane after transfer using TBST (0.1% Tween-20 in TBS) solution containing 5% ECL blocking agent (Cat. No. RPN2125, GE Healthcare) for 1 hour at room temperature while stirring with a stirrer. was carried out. After that, the membrane was washed twice with a TBST solution.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the blocked membrane was treated with the primary antibodies mouse anti-CYP3A4 (1:2000), rabbit anti-cytochrome b 5 (1:1000), and rabbit anti- ⁇ -actin (1:1000 dilution, Cat. No. 4970). , Cell signaling Technology) and allowed to react overnight. Next, they were immersed in a blocking buffer containing secondary antibodies, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-mouse or anti-rabbit secondary antibodies (1:10000), and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour. Subsequently, the membrane was immersed in TBST buffer and washed three times.
- CYP3A4 protein was detected using the ECL detection system (RPN2232, GE Healthcare) and the ChemiDOC MP imaging system (Bio-Rad).
- the culture medium of the cultured cell group was removed, and the cell group was washed twice with PBS.
- Observation solution Live Cell Imaging Solution (A14291DJ, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was added to the washed cell group.
- the group of cells treated in this way was subjected to Raman observation using the Raman microscope (Non-Patent Document 3) described with reference to FIG. 1 (FIGS. 6, 9-11, 13-21, and Figure 26).
- a 40x water immersion objective lens (CFI Apochromat Lambda S 40XC WI) equipped with the Raman microscope was used to excite the Raman scattered light of the cell group and detect the Raman scattering signal.
- a laser beam with a wavelength of 532 nm was condensed into a straight line (hereinafter referred to as a line) of a predetermined length and irradiated using the water immersion objective lens.
- the Raman scattered light collected by the water-immersion objective lens passes through a dichroic mirror and an edge filter that transmits long wavelengths, and is imaged on the entrance slit of the spectrometer.
- the Raman scattering signal imaged on the slit is then separated by a diffraction grating inside the spectrometer and detected by a cooled CCD image sensor (PIXIS 400B, Princeton Instruments) used as a photodetector.
- PIXIS 400B cooled CCD image sensor
- Each Raman signal was detected simultaneously in an area of approximately 133.3 ⁇ m in the focused line direction.
- This laser irradiation and detection of the Raman signal were repeatedly scanned while shifting the condensing position in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the condensed line by a scanning pitch of Z nm. That is, a rectangular area of 133.3 ⁇ m ⁇ Y ⁇ m was scanned with the laser to detect the Raman scattering signal of the cell population.
- the laser energy density on the surface of the cell cluster when scanning the laser was 3 mW/ ⁇ m 2 .
- the value of Y corresponding to the observation area width and the value of the scanning pitch Z in the direction parallel to Y differ depending on each embodiment.
- Raman scattering signals Two types were used to detect the Raman signal.
- detection of Raman scattering signals includes both quantitative measurement of Raman scattering signals and construction of Raman images.
- a 1200-ruled diffraction grating (1200 L/mm, BLZ 500 nm) was used for quantitative measurement of the Raman scattering signal.
- a 600-ruled diffraction grating 600 L/mm, BLZ 500 nm was used to construct the Raman image. This time, the diffraction gratings were used according to the purpose of each experiment, but it is not always necessary to use them properly as described above.
- 600 and 1200 ruled gratings can be used for quantitative measurement of Raman scattering signals and construction of Raman images, respectively.
- Raman scattering signals measured as Raman spectra were analyzed according to the method described in Non-Patent Document 14 using calculation software Matlab (Math works). After removing the cosmic rays and the photodetector offset signal contained in the measured Raman spectrum, the noise was removed using singular value decomposition (SVD). After that, a signal intensity distribution of an arbitrary Raman shift (wave number) was constructed to obtain a Raman image. In the quantitative measurement of Raman signals, we used data from which cosmic rays and camera offset were removed without noise removal by SVD. If necessary, the average of clear spectra, hereinafter referred to as the average spectrum, was calculated from multiple Raman spectra. The plurality of Raman spectra may be Raman spectra from areas where cells of interest are clustered, or from adjacent areas.
- the Raman scattering signal intensity was defined as the area of the region surrounded by the straight line or curve connecting both ends of the peak base and the waveform of the Raman scattering signal, and the Raman scattering signal intensity was calculated.
- the height to the peak apex is the Raman scattering signal intensity and the Raman scattering signal intensity was calculated.
- the signal intensities of the Raman scattering signals extracted by the method described with reference to FIG. 4 were used to create each boxplot in this example. Using the above two methods, we investigated the correlation between the Raman scattering signal to be analyzed and CYP activity.
- the cell group was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for 20 minutes.
- Cell membrane permeabilization was performed using a solution obtained by diluting Triton-X-100 to 0.1% with PBS (phosphate-buffered saline). After washing, blocking treatment was performed at room temperature for 1 hour using 4% bovine serum albumin (A2153, Sigma Aldrich) in order to suppress non-specific staining.
- Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti-mouse antibody (10 g/ml, A11001, Invitrogen) and Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti-rabbit antibody (10 g/ml) were used as secondary antibodies.
- A11012, Invitrogen was added dropwise and allowed to react at room temperature for 1 hour. Staining was performed after washing three times with a PBS solution. For staining, DAPI (D1306, Invitrogen) was added at a concentration of 1M, reacted at room temperature, and cell nuclei were stained. Finally, the cell cluster was washed twice with PBS and stored at 4°C in the dark until fluorescence observation.
- FIGS. 12 and 24 Fluorescent images obtained by the above method are shown in FIGS. 12 and 24.
- FIG. Examples 1 to 7 will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 6 to 26.
- rifampicin a CYP enzyme inducer
- Rifampicin mainly induces the expression of CYP3A4 among CYP enzymes.
- This inducer also induces the expression of CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 (Non-Patent Document 15).
- Non-Patent Document 2 rifampicin mainly induces the expression of CYP3A4 among the CYP enzymes, and that CYP3A4 accounts for one-third of all CYP enzymes expressed in the liver.
- Raman observation, luminescence test, and Western blotting were performed on cultured cells in parallel.
- the luminescence test was performed to confirm the enzymatic activity of CYP3A4 in particular among the CYP enzymes in the cell group subjected to Raman observation.
- Western blotting was performed to detect CYP3A4 protein from the cell population.
- HepaRG cells human hepatocytes
- CYP enzymes were induced according to the procedures described in (1) and (2) above.
- An inducer of the CYP enzyme group (Rifampicin) was added at a concentration of 4 ⁇ M.
- an uninduced cell group was also cultured using a medium containing no CYP enzyme inducer (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International).
- liver parenchymal cells When cultured for 6 days after seeding, HepaRG cells aggregate with liver parenchymal cells and bile duct epithelial cells to form separate cell groups. On the cell-seeded quartz substrate, areas where liver parenchymal cells and bile duct epithelial cells form cell clusters can be identified by bright-field microscopic observation.
- CYP enzymes are known to be expressed only in liver parenchymal cells. Therefore, the object of Raman observation in this example is liver parenchymal cells.
- a cell group for Raman observation and luminescence test was separated from the cell group of liver parenchymal cells in which the CYP enzyme group was induced.
- CYP enzyme group uninduced liver parenchymal cell groups were also isolated for Raman observation and luminescence test, respectively.
- FIG. 6 shows Raman spectra of liver parenchymal cells in which CYP enzymes were induced.
- the average spectrum of the area where liver parenchymal cells are concentrated was calculated and plotted.
- the light gray line (Induced) indicates the spectrum of the liver parenchymal cell group in which the CYP enzyme group was induced by rifampicin.
- the dark gray line (Control) indicates the spectrum of the CYP enzyme group-uninduced liver parenchymal cell group.
- the bar graph in Figure 7 shows that the CYP3A4-induced cell group using rifampicin has increased CYP activity compared to the CYP3A4-uninduced cell group.
- Non-Patent Document 4 Raman signals near wavenumbers of 1370 cm ⁇ 1 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 originate from type b and type c oxidized heme.
- a group of CYP enzymes induced by rifampicin are type b heme proteins (Non-Patent Document 12). Therefore, the above Raman observation results are in good agreement with the prediction that the Raman signal at wavenumber 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 is caused by CYP enzymes having type b heme as a prosthetic genus.
- the molecules of these CYP enzymes are mainly CYP3A4.
- the Raman signal at wave number 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 is a Raman signal detected only in liver parenchymal cells. This result is consistent with the fact that CYP enzymes are expressed only in liver parenchymal cells and not in bile duct epithelial cells. A specific description will be given below with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
- FIG. 9 A specific description will be given below with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing Raman spectra of liver parenchymal cells and bile duct epithelial cells.
- the black line indicates the average Raman spectrum within a given region of liver parenchymal cells.
- the gray line indicates the average Raman spectrum within a given region of the biliary epithelial cell population.
- the vertical axis of the graph is the Raman scattering intensity (Raman scattering signal intensity), and the horizontal axis is the Raman shift (wave number).
- the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 can be confirmed only in hepatocytes (black line) and not in bile duct epithelial cells (gray line).
- the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1370 cm ⁇ 1 also shows the same tendency as the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 .
- FIG. 10 is a Raman image constructed based on specific Raman peaks.
- the far left of FIG. 10 is a bright field photograph.
- the upper side of the white line drawn in the bright-field photograph indicates liver parenchymal cells, and the lower side (inner side) of the white line indicates bile duct epithelial cells.
- the predetermined region of the liver parenchymal cell group indicated by the black line in FIG. 9 is indicated by the upper white square, and the predetermined region of the bile duct epithelial cell group indicated by the gray line in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing the average Raman spectrum within the given region.
- FIG. 10 shows Raman images at wavenumbers of 600, 675, 940 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 , respectively. Although not explicitly shown in FIG. 10, the Raman image with a wavenumber of 1370 cm ⁇ 1 also shows the same tendency as the Raman image with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Glycogen (940 cm ⁇ 1 ) and CYP enzyme group (1370, 1636 cm ⁇ 1 ) represent biomolecules resulting from liver metabolic functions.
- Other Raman peaks (600, 675 cm -1 ) represent heme proteins distinct from the CYP enzyme family.
- the Raman signal at 600 cm -1 indicates reduced cytochrome c
- the Raman signal at 675 cm -1 indicates reduced cytochrome b.
- a Raman image constructed using the Raman signals of each wavenumber shows the concentration distribution of molecules resulting from each Raman signal.
- the Raman signal at 750 cm -1 is derived from reduced forms of cytochrome c and cytochrome b, and shows a distribution such that images at 600 cm -1 and 675 cm -1 are superimposed (not shown).
- CYP3A4-induced cells the concentration of glycogen molecules decreases and the concentration of CYP enzyme group molecules increases. Concentration distributions of other heme proteins do not correlate with CYP3A4 induction. Since cytochrome c is mainly distributed in mitochondria, Raman images of reduced cytochrome c show mitochondria, and cytochrome b is mainly distributed in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Show distribution.
- the intracellular intensity distribution of the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 600 cm ⁇ 1 was confined to fine structures such as mitochondria.
- the intracellular intensity distribution of the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 spread throughout the cytoplasm.
- the endoplasmic reticulum, in which CYP enzymes, which are type b heme proteins, are distributed originally has a finer network structure than mitochondria (Non-Patent Document 18). Therefore, with the spatial resolution of the microscope used in this experiment (about 260 nm), it is considered impossible to observe a clear image in which the distribution of the Raman signal matches the structure. Therefore, the intensity distribution of Raman signals at 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 in FIG. 11 is consistent with the observation that the endoplasmic reticulum is distributed throughout the cytoplasm.
- Cytochrome b is a type b heme protein similar to CYP enzymes, and its signal distribution shows the cytoplasmic distribution similar to that of the Raman signal at wavenumber 1370, 1636 cm -1 . Therefore, it can be said that the Raman signal at wave number 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 is a type b heme protein distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- 1636 cm -1 is derived from CYP enzymes but not from cytochrome b 5 .
- Raman of human hepatocytes in which CYP enzymes were induced using rifampicin Observation results and immunostaining results were compared.
- CYP3A4 and cytochrome b 5 were immunostained and fluorescence observation was performed.
- CYP3A4 has the highest expression level among the CYP enzymes induced by rifampicin.
- cytochrome b 5 is a type b heme protein other than CYP enzymes known to exist in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- FIG. 12 is a fluorescence image acquired by the method (8) above.
- cytochrome b 5 and CYP show the entire cytoplasm.
- Cytochrome b 5 is also reported to be distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum like CYP enzymes.
- Our Raman observations are also consistent with findings previously reported for cytochrome b5 . Therefore, it is confirmed as follows that the Raman signal at wave number 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 is not derived from cytochrome b 5 . Specifically, comparing the Raman signal intensities as shown in FIG.
- the Raman signal at a wave number of 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 is increased in the cells induced with rifampicin.
- the change in Raman signal intensity at a wavenumber of 675 cm ⁇ 1 did not differ significantly between the induced and uninduced cell groups.
- the results of immunostaining also showed a similar tendency.
- the fluorescence intensity of the label for CYP3A4 was increased only in cells in which the CYP enzyme group was induced.
- the fluorescence intensity of the label for cytochrome b 5 did not differ significantly between the induced group and the control group. Therefore, it can be said that the Raman signals at wave numbers of 1370 and 1636 cm -1 derived from type b oxidized heme proteins are mainly derived from CYP enzymes rather than cytochrome b 5 .
- the Raman signal intensity distribution and the fluorescence intensity distribution do not match in some cells. This difference in distribution is thought to be derived from CYP molecules other than CYP3A4. This is because only CYP3A4 can be specifically detected in the fluorescence image, whereas all CYP molecules are detected in the Raman image.
- Non-Patent Document 15 Non-Patent Document 15
- the inducer induces the expression of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells). Therefore, we induced CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) using an inducer (Rifampicin) with different concentrations. Hepatocytes were seeded, cultured and induced according to the procedures (1) and (2) above. The inducer (Rifampicin) was added at concentrations of 0, 0.04, 0.4, and 4 ⁇ M.
- CYP3A4 activity expressed in cells was detected using a luminescence method in some of the induced cells according to the procedure shown in (3) above.
- Raman observation was performed on the other cells according to the procedure shown in (5) above.
- Raman spectra were acquired by irradiating a rectangular region of 133.3 ⁇ m x 84 ⁇ m with a laser at a scanning pitch of 1 ⁇ m at each of three locations in the culture dish. Noise was removed from the acquired Raman spectrum according to the methods described in (6) and (7) above.
- the Raman signal at a wave number of 1370 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 was derived from the CYP enzyme group and was presumed to correlate with the CYP enzyme group activity. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 13, a Raman image of a rectangular region was reconstructed using the distribution of Raman signals at a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 (oxidized type b heme protein). The Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 is uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm. Note that FIG. 13 shows an area of 84 ⁇ 84 ⁇ m cut out from the acquired Raman image.
- the signal intensity is the height to the peak apex, with the point of intersection of the straight line connecting both ends of the peak base at the peak including wavenumber 1636 cm -1 and the straight line drawn perpendicular to the wavenumber axis from the apex of the peak waveform as the origin. extracted as
- light gray bars show CYP3A4 activity detected using the luminescence method.
- the dark gray bar graph shows the Raman signal at wave number 1636 cm ⁇ 1 extracted from the Raman spectrum averaged over the liver parenchymal cell region.
- the Raman signal intensity at a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 for each concentration of rifampicin added was compared with the results of CYP3A4 activity using the luminescence method. It was confirmed that as the concentration of the administered rifampicin increased, the Raman signal intensity at a wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 indicating the CYP enzyme group and the activity of CYP3A4 increased. Therefore, it can be said that the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 has a positive correlation with the activity of CYP3A4.
- FIG. 15 is a boxplot showing variations in CYP enzyme group activity among cells.
- Each plot is a Raman signal with a wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 extracted from the average spectrum for each cell according to the method described above. It can be confirmed that the induced CYP enzyme group activity differs from cell to cell even under the condition that the dose concentration of rifampicin is constant. What was shown by the detection of CYP enzyme group activity using Raman signals indicates that the cells in the culture dish do not uniformly increase CYP activity. In addition, it was confirmed that the median value of the plot under each dosage concentration condition of rifampicin increased with the dosage concentration of rifampicin. This median increase was statistically significant. It also correlates well with increased CYP3A4 activity.
- Activated PXR translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, forms a heterodimer with the retinoid X receptor (RETINOID X RECEPTOR: RXR), binds to the promoter sequence, and promotes transcription of the target gene (non-patented References 20-22), as a result of which the expression of CYP enzymes is promoted.
- CYP3A4 is primarily transcriptionally enhanced through PXR.
- HepaRG cells Human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) were seeded, cultured and induced according to the procedures (1) and (2) above.
- Four inducers (Rifampicin, Phenytoin, Dexamethasone and Carbamazepine) were added at concentrations of 4, 100, 100 and 100 ⁇ M, respectively.
- uninduced hepatocytes cultured in a medium containing no inducer (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International) were also prepared. In order to carry out the luminescence method and Raman observation, cells were separated from these cell groups for each observation.
- HepaRG cells A part of the induced human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) was used for the luminescence method as a control experiment for the Raman observation, and the remaining human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) were used for the Raman observation.
- the luminescence method and Raman observation were performed according to the procedures described in (3) and (5) above, respectively.
- the activity of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) was measured.
- the Raman signal at 1636 cm -1 is expected to correlate well with CYP activity.
- the Raman signal at 1636 cm ⁇ 1 was extracted and compared with the detection results of CYP3A4 using the luminescence method.
- Figures 16 and 17 show the measurement results of CYP enzyme group activity when induced using rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and dexamethasone as inducers.
- CYP3A4 activity induced by various drugs could be measured using Raman signals with a wave number of 1636 cm -1 .
- FIG. 16 shows CYP3A4 activity (light gray) and Raman signal (dark gray) detected using the luminescence method.
- the black bar graph in FIG. 16 plots the Raman signal intensity at a wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 , which is the Raman peak of the CYP enzyme group, after averaging the Raman spectra detected from the liver parenchymal cell region.
- FIG. 17 is a boxplot showing the variation in CYP enzyme group activity for each cell.
- Each plot is a Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 extracted from the average spectrum for each cell in the same manner as described above. Similar to the results in FIG. 15, the induced CYP enzyme group activity differs from cell to cell even under certain culture conditions. Moreover, not all cells in a culture dish uniformly increase CYP activity. Also, the increase and decrease in the median value of the plot under each culture condition agrees well with the variation in CYP3A4 activity detected by the luminescence method. The increase in the mean value of the plot was statistically significant.
- IL-6 Interleukin-6
- HepaRG cells human hepatocytes
- IL6 Interleukin-6
- IL6 is a primary mediator of the acute phase response and one of the cytokines that plays a central role in multiple chronic inflammatory diseases. IL6 release occurs when cells are exposed to inflammatory or infectious stress.
- IL6 is known to suppress the expression of CYP3A4 mRNA in HepaRG cells, a liver cancer cell line (Non-Patent Document 23). Suppression of mRNA expression results in suppression of CYP3A4 protein expression.
- hepatocytes For the downregulation of CYP enzyme group activity using IL-6, hepatocytes that had been seeded and cultured according to the procedure in (1) above were used. Prior to administration of IL-6, induction of all CYP enzyme group types, ie non-specific induction of CYP enzyme group types, was performed. Non-specific induction of CYP enzymes was performed by culturing HepaRG cells for 2 days in a medium containing 2% DMSO (MIL600, ADD620, BIOPREDIC International). After that, the cells were cultured for 48 hours in a medium (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International) containing IL-6 (206-IL-010/CF, R&D systems) at a concentration of 2 ng/ml.
- MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International containing IL-6 (206-IL-010/CF, R&D systems) at a concentration of 2 ng/ml.
- hepatocytes cultured for 48 hours in a medium containing no IL-6 (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International) were also prepared.
- MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International a medium containing no IL-6
- Raman observation cells were taken from these cell groups for each observation.
- HepaRG cells A portion of induced and IL-6 administered human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) were used for the luminescence method as a control experiment for Raman observation, and the remaining human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) were used for Raman observation.
- the luminescence method and Raman observation were performed according to the procedures described in (3) and (5) above, respectively, to measure the activity of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells).
- the Raman signal at 1636 cm -1 expected to correlate well with CYP activity was extracted and compared with the results of CYP3A4 using the luminescence method.
- Figures 18 and 19 show the results of detection of downregulation of CYP activity by administration of IL-6 using Raman signals. As a result, it was detected by a luminescence test that the activity of CYP3A4 was also reduced, which agreed well with the results of Raman measurement.
- the bar graph in FIG. 18 shows CYP3A4 activity (light gray) and Raman signal (dark gray) detected using the luminescence method.
- the dark gray bar graph in FIG. 18 shows the Raman signal intensity obtained by averaging the Raman spectrum from the liver parenchymal region and plotting the Raman signal at the wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 , which is the Raman peak of the CYP enzyme group.
- Gray bar graphs show CYP activity detected by the luminescence method.
- the signal was extracted from the peak including the wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 with the intersection of a straight line connecting both ends of the base of the peak and a straight line drawn vertically from the apex of the peak waveform to the peak apex. Height was taken as signal strength.
- FIG. 19 is a boxplot showing variations in CYP enzyme group activity among cells.
- Each plot is a Raman signal with a wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 extracted from the average spectrum of each cell in the same manner as above. Similar to the results in FIG. 15, the CYP enzyme group activity differs from cell to cell even under certain culture conditions. In addition, the CYP activity of all the cells in the culture dish does not decrease uniformly. In addition, the decrease in the median value of the plot under each culture condition (with or without administration of CYP enzyme group expression inhibitors) agrees well with the variation in CYP3A4 activity detected by the luminescence method. The observed reduction in the median of the plots was statistically significant.
- HepaRG cells human hepatocytes
- HepaRG cells Human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) were seeded and cultured according to the procedure in (1) above. In order to carry out the luminescence method and Raman observation, cells were separated from these cell groups for each observation. CYP enzyme group activity was detected by luminescence and Raman observation 6 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after inoculation of HepaRG cells.
- HepaRG cells prepared human hepatocytes
- HepaRG cells the remaining human hepatocytes
- the luminescence method and Raman observation were performed according to the procedures described in (3) and (5) above, respectively, to measure the activity of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells).
- different cell groups seeded and cultured at the same timing were observed at each time point.
- the Raman signal at 1636 cm -1 expected to correlate well with CYP activity was extracted and compared with the results of CYP3A4 using the luminescence method.
- Figures 20 and 21 show the results of detection of changes in CYP activity of HepaRG cells over time by a luminescence method and Raman observation, respectively.
- the time course of CYP enzyme group activity was measured using Raman signals with a wave number of 1636 cm -1 .
- the dark gray bar graph in FIG. 20 plots the Raman signal intensity at a wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 , which is the Raman peak of the CYP enzyme group, after averaging the Raman spectrum from the region of the liver parenchymal cells.
- CYP activity detected by a luminescence method is shown.
- the signal was extracted from the peak including the wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 with the intersection of a straight line connecting both ends of the base of the peak and a straight line drawn vertically from the apex of the peak waveform to the peak apex. Height was taken as signal strength.
- FIG. 21 is a boxplot showing variations in CYP enzyme group activity among cells.
- Each plot is a Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 extracted from the average spectrum for each cell in the same manner as described above. Similar to the results in FIG. 15, the CYP enzyme group activity differs from cell to cell even under certain culture conditions. Also, the cells in the culture dish do not uniformly lose CYP activity. Also, the decrease in the median value of the plot under each culture condition (differences in time points) agrees well with the variation in CYP3A4 activity detected by the luminescence method. The reduction in the mean value of the plot was statistically significant.
- a Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1370 cm -1 can also be used to measure CYP enzyme activity.
- Azamulin is known as a mechanism-based inhibitor (MBI) that specifically acts on CYP3A (including CYP3A4) (Non-Patent Document 24). Azamulin therefore inhibits CYP3As activity in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells).
- MBI mechanism-based inhibitor
- Azamulin metabolized by the catalytic action of CYP3As produces highly reactive metabolites. Irreversible covalent bonding of its metabolites with CYP3As, including CYP3A4, inhibits the catalytic action (metabolic capacity) of CYP3As.
- CYP3As are inhibited, the drug in the body is not metabolized and the blood concentration of the drug increases. As a result, the risk of changes in therapeutic effects and the occurrence of serious side effects increases. Therefore, detection of a decrease in CYP3As activity (drug-metabolizing ability) due to inhibitors is important in techniques for evaluating CYP3As activity.
- Hepatocytes were seeded, cultured, induced, and inhibited according to the procedures (1) and (2) above.
- the inducer (Rifampicin) and inhibitor (Azamulin) were added to the medium at concentrations of 4 ⁇ M and 10 ⁇ M, respectively.
- As a control human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) cultured in a medium (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International) containing no inhibitor (Azamulin) after induction were also prepared. In order to perform the luminescence method and the Raman observation, cells were sorted for each observation from these cell groups.
- HepaRG cells prepared human hepatocytes
- HepaRG cells the remaining human hepatocytes
- the luminescence method and Raman observation were performed according to the procedures described in (3) and (5) above, respectively, to measure the activity of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells).
- the Raman signal at 1636 cm -1 expected to correlate well with CYP activity was extracted and compared with the results of CYP3A4 using the luminescence method.
- Figures 22 and 23 show the activity of the CYP enzymes detected by the luminescence method and Raman observation, respectively.
- CYP3A4 activity is measured by a luminescence method depending on the presence or absence of CYP3A4 inhibition by Azamulin.
- CYP was induced with rifampicin before administration of Azamulin as described above. From the results of detection by the luminescence method in FIG. 22, it was confirmed that 82% of all CYP3A4 lost their activity due to CYP enzyme group inhibition by Azamulin for 5 minutes.
- FIG. 23 shows the relationship between the presence or absence of CYP3A4 inhibition by Azamulin and Raman signals at a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Extraction of the Raman scattering signal was performed using the intersection of a straight line connecting both ends of the base of the peak containing a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 and a straight line drawn perpendicular to the wavenumber axis from the top of the peak waveform as the origin. The height up to was measured as the signal intensity.
- CYP was induced with rifampicin before administration of azamulin.
- FIG. 23 shows that administration of Azamulin reduces the Raman signal at a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 .
- Each plot is a Raman signal with a wave number of 1636 cm -1 extracted from the Raman spectrum averaged for each cell.
- the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 varies among individual cells. This indicates a difference in CYP enzyme group activity between cells.
- the median value of the plot is decreased in human hepatocytes treated with Azamulin (HepaRG cells) compared to cells induced with rifampicin but not treated with Azamulin. From this, it can be said that the inhibition of the CYP enzyme group activity could be detected by observing the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 .
- the signal of oxidized heme b correlates with the CYP enzyme activity of intracellular CYP enzymes. More specifically, by considering the following (1) to (7), it is understood that the enzymatic activity of the CYP enzyme group has a clear correlation with the number of molecules of the oxidized CYP enzyme group: (1) As a major premise, CYP3A4 accounts for the majority (about 30%) of CYPs present in the liver in humans. (Pharmacology & Therapeutics 138 (2013) 103-141.
- Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation
- the possibility of cause 1) is considered to be low. This is because it is considered that inhibition of CYP enzyme group activity for 5 minutes using Azamulin does not change the number of hemoproteins. Therefore, it is considered that causes 2) and 3) affect the results of Raman observation shown in FIG. In order to confirm the effect of cause 2), the intensity distribution of the Raman signal at a wavenumber of 675 cm -1 indicating type b reduced hemeprotein and the Raman signal at a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 indicating type b oxidized hemeprotein.
- FIG. 24 includes a Raman image acquired by the method (5) above and a fluorescence image acquired by the method (8) above. If the administration of azamulin changes the oxidized CYP enzyme group to the reduced state as shown in cause 2), the intracellular Raman signal at a wave number of 675 cm -1 should increase. However, as can be confirmed from the Raman observation results in FIG. 24, the Raman signal with a wavenumber of 675 cm ⁇ 1 did not increase.
- a Raman scattering signal group was used in which other Raman signals were added to the Raman signals with wavenumbers of 1370 to 1636 cm ⁇ 1 indicating CYP metabolic activity.
- the Raman signal at wavenumber 940 cm -1 originates from glycogen associated with sugar metabolism.
- Wavenumber 600 cm -1 originates from cytochrome c involved in energy production.
- the Raman signal with a wave number of 2850 cm -1 is involved in lipid metabolism in the liver.
- Hepatocytes were seeded, cultured, and induced according to the methods described in (1) and (2) above. However, the timing of medium exchange, CYP induction, and CYP measurement differs from (1) and (2) above.
- medium was replaced with medium (MIL600, ADD670, BIOPREDIC International) 1 day and 4 days after seeding, and CYP induction was performed on days 6 and 7 after seeding with 4 ⁇ M rifampicin. It was replaced with medium (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International). Control cells were cultured using medium (MIL600, ADD650, BIOPREDIC International) without inhibitor (Azamulin).
- HepaRG cells prepared human hepatocytes
- HepaRG cells the remaining human hepatocytes
- the luminescence method and Raman observation were performed on the 1st and 8th days after seeding according to the procedures described in (3) and (5), respectively, and the activity of CYP3A4 in human hepatocytes (HepaRG cells) was measured. .
- FIG. 25 shows the relationship between liver parenchymal cells and various Raman scattering signals.
- the light gray dashed line is the Raman spectrum of HepaRG cells measured on Day 1
- the light gray solid line is the Raman spectrum measured on Day 8
- the dark gray solid line is the induction of CYP enzyme group with 4 ⁇ M rifampicin from Day 6.
- the Raman spectra measured on Day 8 of the cells subjected to the above are shown.
- the Raman signal with a wave number of 1636 cm ⁇ 1 derived from the CYP enzyme group increases according to the number of days of liver parenchymal cell culture or due to the induction of the CYP enzyme group.
- the 940 cm -1 wavenumber Raman signal derived from glycogen increases with the number of days of liver parenchymal cell culture.
- Rifampicin dosing reduces the Raman signal.
- Rifampicin has the effect of promoting the decomposition of glycogen, and this example demonstrated that this phenomenon can be observed without labeling by using a Raman microscope.
- the Raman signal intensity per unit cell at wavenumbers 675 and 600 cm -1 indicating cytochrome b 5 and cytochrome c did not change.
- the Raman signal at a wavenumber of 2850 cm -1 indicative of lipids, was slightly reduced by CYP induction.
- FIG. 26 shows the intracellular distribution of each Raman signal.
- FIG. 26 shows that using the Raman data measured according to the procedure described in (5) above, the Raman signal indicating each biomolecule is extracted according to the methods described in (6) and (7) above, and intracellularly obtained the signal intensity distribution of Extraction of the Raman scattering signal was performed using the intersection of a straight line connecting both ends of the base of the peak containing a wavenumber of 1636 cm -1 and a straight line drawn perpendicular to the wavenumber axis from the top of the peak waveform as the origin. The height up to was measured as the signal intensity.
- Raman signals at wave numbers of 675, 940 and 1636 cm -1 derived from cytochrome b 5 , glycogen, and CYP enzymes are mainly expressed in liver parenchymal cells and rarely observed in bile duct epithelial cells.
- Raman signals at wavenumbers of 600, 1000 and 2850 cm ⁇ 1 representing cytochrome c associated with energy production, the essential amino acid phenylalanine, and lipids are visible in all cells in the field of view. The distribution of each signal intensity corresponds to the mitochondria where cytochrome c exists, the entire cytoplasm where phenylalanine exists, and the lipid existence range where lipid exists.
- PHH was thawed using the OptiThaw hepatocyte isolation kit and cultured on a quartz-bottomed 35 mm dish (SF-S-D12; Fine Plus International) for Raman observation.
- the quartz on the bottom of a 35 mm dish was pre-coated with collagen, a silicon ring with an inner diameter of 15 mm was placed on the quartz, and 3.2 ⁇ 10 4 cells were seeded inside the ring.
- PHH adhered to the culture surface (7 hours after seeding) Raman measurements were performed.
- HepaRG (human hepatocyte-derived cell line) at the same density was used as a control.
- FIG. 27 shows Raman spectra of PHH and HepaRG cells. A signal at 1636 cm ⁇ 1 indicating CYP activity was observed in all cells.
- FIG. 28 shows cell images of PHH and HepaRG visualizing Raman signals corresponding to each spectrum. It was found that intracellular CYP activity was observed in both PHH and HepaRG cells at 1636 cm -1 indicating CYP activity. This result indicates that CYP activity can be detected not only in HepaRG but also in primary hepatocytes, and its intracellular distribution can be visualized.
- HEC liver-like cells differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells
- hiPSCs were seeded in a 35 mm dish with a quartz bottom pretreated with Matrigel (BD science). A 4 ⁇ 10 5 cell culture area was restricted by a silicon ring with an inner diameter of 15 mm. Stepwise differentiation induction of definitive endoderm cells, hepatoblast-like cells, and hepatocyte-like cells (HLC) was performed for 25 days without intermediate passage.
- hiPS cells were incubated in RPMI1640 medium (Sigma-Aldrich) containing 100 ng/ml Activin A (R&D Systems), 1 ⁇ Gluta-MAX (Thermo Fisher Scientific), 1 ⁇ B27 Supplement Minus Vitamin A (Thermo Fisher Scientific) for 4 days. cultured and induced to differentiate into definitive endoderm cells.
- the medium contains 20 ng/ml BMP4 (R&D Systems), 20 ng/ml FGF4 (R&D Systems), 1 ⁇ GlutaMAX, 1 ⁇ B27 Supplement Minus Vitamin A
- the medium was changed to RPMI1640 medium and cultured for 5 days.
- the cells differentiated into hepatoblast-like cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 20 ng/ml HGF, 1 ⁇ GlutaMAX, 1 ⁇ B27 Supplement Minus Vitamin A for 5 days, and then 20 ng/ml oncostatin M (Osm) was added.
- Induction to HLC was completed by culturing for 11 days with the added Hepatocyte Culture Medium Bullet Kit TM (HCM, Lonza). HLC cells were then measured with a Raman microscope.
- FIG. 29 shows Raman spectra of HepaRG cells in which CYP was induced by rifampicin, HepaRG cells to which no inducer was added, and HLCs.
- a signal at 1636 cm ⁇ 1 indicating CYP activity was observed in all cells.
- FIG. 30 is each cell image visualizing the Raman signal corresponding to each spectrum. It was found that intracellular CYP activity was observed in all cases at 1636 cm -1 indicating CYP activity. This result indicates that intracellular distribution of not only HepaRG but also various CYPs and metabolites in hepatocytes can be visualized.
- CYP activity is an indicator of metabolic capacity, which is one of the liver functions. It can improve the efficiency of drug response assessment with drugs.
- regenerative medicine technology it can be applied to evaluate the metabolic capacity of iPS-derived hepatocytes and constructed three-dimensional tissues.
- the activity of CYP-metabolizing enzymes is measured by detecting changes in spontaneous Raman scattered light caused by the state of the molecule.
- Raman signals derived from oxidized heme b, including 1370 cm ⁇ 1 and 1636 cm ⁇ 1 correlated with CYP activity.
- Raman signals are used to measure the CYP activity of hepatocytes.
- purified CYP protein and activity of CYP expressed in other organ tissues are measured.
- Raman signals of other factors related to the metabolic function of cells or tissues are simultaneously detected. to further assess cell or tissue type, differentiation and maturity.
- CYP metabolic enzymes are heme proteins that are expressed in hepatocytes and small intestinal epithelial cells and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and are known as a group of enzymes responsible for detoxification and drug metabolism.
- the activity of CYP-metabolizing enzymes plays a major role in drug metabolism, so it is used as an indicator of hepatic metabolic activity measurement in drug development. Therefore, means for detecting the activity of CYP-metabolizing enzymes without destroying cell tissues are strongly desired in the fields of drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and drug discovery.
- the inventors have succeeded in nondestructively detecting the activity of CYP-metabolizing enzymes by utilizing Raman scattering signals. The inventors have also found a Raman signal that correlates with enzyme activity, not just enzyme abundance.
- Raman signals that correlated with the redox state and amount of CYP metabolic enzymes in vitro were known, but there were no reports of measurements in cells or tissues.
- the activity of the CYP enzyme is detected in cells or tissues in a non-destructive and non-staining manner. Therefore, it is possible to increase the speed of CYP activity measurement, improve quantification, and measure changes in CYP activity over time within the same sample.
- Raman signals derived from other indicators related to metabolism are simultaneously detected by utilizing Raman signals. Therefore, the distribution of biomolecules resulting from the metabolic state of cells or tissues can be obtained. Therefore, the above embodiment can also be applied to the evaluation of the degree of differentiation and maturity of cells or tissues.
- hepatocyte tissue enables evaluation of metabolism related to drug efficacy and toxicity and evaluation of domain specificity of metabolic function.
- quality control is performed by evaluating the metabolic capacity of the iPS-derived hepatocytes and the constructed three-dimensional tissue. In one aspect, the evaluation of metabolic capacity is performed by the method for detecting enzymatic activity of CYP enzymes in cells according to the above embodiment.
- ADMET evaluations nondestructive and chronological drug efficacy and toxicity evaluations
- the present invention can be extremely useful in the fields of regenerative medicine technology, drug discovery technology, and diagnostic technology.
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Abstract
Description
(1)CYP酵素群の酵素活性は酸化型CYP酵素群の分子数に相関すること、
(2)生細胞内の酸化型CYP酵素群の分子数をラマン信号により測定することで、当該細胞内のCYP酵素群の酵素活性を非侵襲的に評価することができること、及び、
(3)生細胞において、複数の生体分子のラマン信号を同時に検出することにより、細胞の状態(例えば、薬剤応答の程度や分化/未分化の程度等)を非侵襲的、且つ、多角的に解析できること等を見出し、かかる知見に基づいてさらに研究を進めることによって本発明を完成するに至った。
細胞に対し励起光を照射し、光検出器を用いてラマンスペクトルを取得する工程、及び
前記ラマンスペクトルからCYP酵素群由来のラマン散乱信号を抽出する工程を含む、<1>記載の方法。
肝実質細胞に対し励起光を照射し、光検出器を用いてラマンスペクトルを取得する工程、及び
前記ラマンスペクトルから肝実質細胞の代謝能に関連する生体分子のラマン信号を検出する工程。
前記ラマンスペクトルからCYP酵素群由来のラマン散乱信号を抽出する工程と、を備え、
前記ラマン散乱信号を抽出する工程では、
前記ラマンスペクトルの特定の波数のピーク及び波形を特定し、前記ピーク底辺の両端を結んだ線と、ピーク頂点から波数軸に対して垂直に引いた直線との交点を原点として、前記原点から前記ピーク頂点までの高さをラマン散乱強度として算出する、
<2’>~<16’>のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
前記ラマンスペクトルからCYP酵素群由来のラマン散乱信号を抽出する工程と、を備え、
前記ラマン散乱信号を抽出する工程では、
前記ラマンスペクトルの特定の波数のピーク及び波形を特定し、前記ピーク底辺の両端を結んだ線と、前記ノイズ除去後のラマンスペクトルの波形とによって囲まれた領域の面積をラマン散乱強度として算出する、
<2’>~<16’>のいずれかに記載の検出方法。
(1)ヒトCYP3A4
(2)ヒトCYP1A2
(3)ヒトCYP2B6
(4)ヒトCYP2C9
(5)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP1A2
(6)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP2B6
(7)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP2C9
(8)ヒトCYP1A2とヒトCYP2B6
(9)ヒトCYP1A2とヒトCYP2C9
(10)ヒトCYP2B6とヒトCYP2C9
(11)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP1A2とヒトCYP2B6
(12)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP1A2とヒトCYP2C9
(13)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP2B6とヒトCYP2C9
(14)ヒトCYP1A2とヒトCYP2B6とヒトCYP2C9
(15)ヒトCYP3A4とヒトCYP1A2とヒトCYP2B6とヒトCYP2C9。
謝能を評価する方法も提供する(以下、「本発明の肝実質細胞の代謝能を評価する方法」と称することがある):
肝実質細胞に対し励起光を照射し、光検出器を用いてラマンスペクトルを取得する工程、及び
前記ラマンスペクトルから肝実質細胞の代謝能に関連する生体分子のラマン信号を検出する工程。
実施例では、培養細胞を用いた。より具体的には、肝細胞及び胆管上皮細胞に分化した凍結HepaRG細胞(HPR116、BIOPREDIC International)を用いた。凍結HepaRG細胞を、37℃のウォーターバスを用いて融解した。続いて、融解したHepaRG細胞を培地(MIL600, ADD670, BIOPREDIC International)によって希釈した。続いて、希釈したHepaRG細胞をラマン観察用石英基板ディッシュ(SF-S-D12, Fine Plus International, Japan)上に播種した。
続いて、上記(1)の記載に従って培養したHepaRG細胞群を用いて、CYP酵素群の誘導又は阻害を行った。
ラマン観察を行う細胞群においてCYP酵素群のうち特に肝細胞で発現するCYP3A4の酵素活性を確認するために、ラマン観察と並行して、発光法を用いた試験(以下、発光試験)を行った。発光試験に用いた細胞群は、(5)にて後述するラマン観察において使用する培養細胞から分取した細胞群を用いた。すなわち、ラマン観察において使用した培養細胞と同条件かつ同時に培養した細胞群を用いた。CYP発光試験は、市販の発光アッセイキット(P450-Glo-CYP3A4-Assay-and-Screening-System)を用いて、提供されているプロトコルに従って実施した。
ウェスタンブロッティングを用いて、CYP酵素群を誘導した細胞群からCYP3A4タンパク質を検出した。ウェスタンブロッティングでは、上述の(2)に記載の方法により、誘導剤はRifampicinを用いてCYP酵素群を誘導して培養した細胞群を用いた。CYPを誘導した細胞群は、冷却したPBSで2回洗浄し、細胞溶解液に溶解した。細胞群の溶解は、protease inhibitor cocktail (1-100 dilution, Cat. No. P8340, Sigma Aldrich)を含む細胞溶解液RIPA Bufferの中で、30分間氷で冷却しながら実施した。細胞群を溶解した細胞溶解液を、セルスクレーパーを用いて回収した。回収した細胞溶解液を4℃下で遠心分離(12000 g, 20 min)し、その上清を採取することで、沈殿した不要な細胞片を取り除いた。
上記(1)又は(2)の方法で培養した細胞群を、ラマン分光法を用いてラマン信号の定量計測を行い、ラマン画像の構築を行った。ここで本明細書における「観察」とは、細胞群のラマン散乱信号の検出を行うことと、細胞群のラマン画像を取得し、観察を行うことの両者を含む。なお、実施例によっては(1)の方法で培養した後に別の工程を経て観察対象の細胞群を得る場合もある。詳細は各実施例で説明する。
ラマンスペクトルとして計測されたラマン散乱信号は非特許文献14に記載の方法に従い、計算ソフトMatlab(Math works)を用いて解析した。計測したラマンスペクトルに含まれる宇宙線と、光検出器のオフセット信号を除去したのちに、特異値分解(singular value decomposition, SVD)を用いてノイズを除去した。その後、任意のラマンシフト(波数)の信号強度分布を構築し、ラマン画像を取得した。ラマン信号の定量計測では、SVDによるノイズ除去は行わず、宇宙線とカメラオフセットを除去したデータを用いた。必要に応じて、複数のラマンスペクトルから、クリアなスペクトルの平均、以下平均スペクトルを算出した。複数のラマンスペクトルは目的の細胞の集まる領域、もしくは隣り合う領域からのラマンスペクトルであっても良い。
取得したラマンスペクトルから、上記(6)に記載の方法にてノイズを除去することでクリアなスペクトルを取得した。得られたスペクトルから解析対象となるラマン散乱信号を抽出する。抽出方法は、対象とするラマン散乱信号の強度や、近傍に他の生体分子由来のラマン散乱信号が存在するかどうか等の状況によって異なる。本実施例では、以下記載の二つの方法を用いて、対象となるラマン散乱信号をスペクトルから抽出し、定量に利用した。
免疫染色を用いて、波数1636 cm-1のラマン信号がCYP酵素群に由来することを確認した。具体的には、CYP3A4と、CYP酵素群と同様タイプbの酸化型ヘムタンパク質であるcytochrome b5タンパク質の免疫染色を行った。cytochrome b5は、CYP酵素群と同様、薬物代謝に関わる酵素である。免疫染色に用いた細胞群は、ラマン観察を行った後の細胞群を用いた。
以下、実施例1~7について、図6~図26を用いて詳細に説明する。
<ヒト肝細胞のCYP酵素群の誘導に起因するラマンスペクトルの検出(図6)>
また、ラマン観察と並行して、発光試験を上記(3)に記載の手順に従って実施した。発光試験により、CYP酵素群の誘導を行った細胞群内に発現したCYP3A4の活性を測定した。
さらに、ウェスタンブロッティングを(4)に記載の手順に従って行い、CYP3A4タンパク質の検出を行った。
図6は、CYP酵素群を誘導した肝臓実質細胞のラマンスペクトルを示す。CYP酵素群を誘導した又は誘導していない細胞群の観察では、肝臓実質細胞が集まる領域の平均スペクトルを算出し、プロットで表示した。図6に示すように、薄い灰色の線(Induced)はRifampicinによってCYP酵素群が誘導された肝臓実質細胞の細胞群のスペクトルを示す。濃い灰色の線(Control)はCYP酵素群未誘導の肝臓実質細胞の細胞群のスペクトルを示す。
<CYP活性の誘導剤濃度依存の検出>
<各種誘導剤を添加した肝細胞のCYP活性の検出>
<IL-6(interleukin-6)によるCYP活性の抑制の検出>
観察されたプロットの中間値の減少は、統計的に有意であった。
<肝細胞の播種に伴うCYP活性の変化のタイムコースラマン観察>
<AzamulinによるCYP活性の阻害>
(1)大前提として、ヒトにおいてCYP3A4は肝臓に存在するCYPの大部分(約30%)を占める。(Pharmacology & Therapeutics 138 (2013) 103-141. Cytochrome P450 enzymes in drug metabolism: Regulation of gene expression, enzyme activities, and impact of genetic variation)
(2)RifampicinをCYP酵素誘導剤として用いた場合、Rifampicin添加量依存的な1636cm-1のシグナルの増加と、既存のCYP3A4酵素活性評価手法による評価結果は高い相関を示す(図13、14、15)。
(3)Rifampicin以外のCYP誘導剤を用いた場合でも、1636cm-1のシグナルの増加と、既存のCYP3A4酵素活性評価手法による評価結果は高い相関を示す(図16、17)。
(4)IL-6によるCYP活性の抑制の傾向についても、既存のCYP酵素活性の評価手法による評価結果と1636cm-1のシグナルによる評価結果は高い相関を示す(図18、19)。
(5)CYP酵素群の誘導を行わない場合においても、CYP活性の低下の経時変化について、既存のCYP酵素活性の評価手法による評価結果と1636cm-1のシグナルによる評価結果は高い相関を示す(図20、21)。
(6)CYP3A4の競争阻害剤であるAzamulinを添加する実験系においても、CYP酵素活性の低下について、既存のCYP酵素活性の評価手法による評価結果と1636cm-1のシグナルによる評価結果は高い相関を示す(図22、23)。以上の(1)~(6)を考慮すれば、CYP酵素群の酵素活性は、酸化型CYP酵素群の分子の量と非常に強い相関があり、酸化型CYP酵素群の分子の量を測定する事でCYP酵素群の酵素活性の測定が可能である事を示している。
また、酸化型CYPの分子の量がCYP酵素群の酵素活性と相関することは、(7)に示す理論的解釈からも説明可能である。
(7)CYP酵素群の反応サイクルでは「酸化型CYP→還元型CYP→酸化型CYP→還元型CYP」の構造変化を繰り返す事で酵素反応サイクルが回転する。競争阻害剤を添加してもCYP酵素群の分子の量に変化はないが、反応サイクルが還元型CYPの段階で停止する事で、結果として酸化型CYPの分子の量が減少すると考えられる。
<ラマン散乱信号群を用いた肝機能の多角的計測>
<初代ヒト由来肝実質細胞におけるCYP活性の可視化>
凍結初代ヒト由来肝実質細胞(PHH, Lot No. HC2-50)、OptiThaw Hepatocyte isolation kit (K8000)、OptiCulture media kit (K8300M)、OptiPlate hepatocyte media (K8200)は、Sekisui XenoTech, LLCより購入した。PHHは、OptiThaw hepatocyte isolation kitを使用して解凍し、ラマン観察を行うため、底面が石英の35mmディッシュ(SF-S-D12; Fine Plus International)上で培養を行った。具体的には、35mmディッシュ底面の石英にコラーゲンをプレコーティングし、石英上に内径15mmのシリコンリングを配置し、リングの内側に3.2×104個の細胞を播種した。PHHが培養面に接着した後(播種7時間後)、ラマン測定を行った。同密度のHepaRG(ヒト肝細胞由来細胞株)をコントロールとした。
<ヒト人工多能性幹細胞(hiPSC)から分化した肝臓様細胞(HLC)におけるCYP活性の可視化>
Claims (12)
- 酸化型CYP酵素群の分子数を測定する工程を含む、細胞内又は細胞外のCYP酵素群の酵素活性を評価する方法。
- 細胞内のCYP酵素群の酵素活性を評価する場合であって、酸化型CYP酵素群の分子数を測定する工程が、
細胞に対し励起光を照射し、光検出器を用いてラマンスペクトルを取得する工程、及び
前記ラマンスペクトルからCYP酵素群由来のラマン散乱信号を抽出する工程を含む、請求項1記載の方法。 - 前記CYP酵素群由来のラマン散乱信号の波数が、波数300-600、620-880、920-1320又は1320-1660cm-1の範囲内である、請求項2記載の方法。
- 前記波数が、1370 cm-1又は1636cm-1である、請求項3記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、肝臓、小腸、腎臓、及び脳のいずれかに由来する細胞である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、肝臓に由来する細胞である、請求項5記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が、多能性幹細胞に由来する細胞である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記CYP酵素群の分子数の測定を行う領域において、細胞の形状、細胞の大きさ、及び細胞内成分の細胞内での分布からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つを観察する工程をさらに含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- CYP酵素群以外の物質由来のラマン散乱信号をさらに抽出する工程を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記CYP酵素群以外の物質が、還元型ヘムb、還元型/酸化型ヘムc、glycogen、還元型/酸化型cytochrome c、フェニルアラニン及び脂質からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つである、請求項9記載の方法。
- 以下の工程を含む、肝実質細胞の代謝能を評価する方法:
肝実質細胞に対し励起光を照射し、光検出器を用いてラマンスペクトルを取得する工程、及び
前記ラマンスペクトルから肝実質細胞の代謝能に関連する生体分子のラマン信号を検出する工程。 - 前記肝実質細胞の代謝に関連する生体分子が、CYP酵素群、glycogen、cytochrome b5、cytochrome c、脂質、及びフェニルアラニンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つである、請求項11記載の方法。
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LI ZHONG, JIANG YUANYUAN, GUENGERICH F. PETER, MA LI, LI SHENGYING, ZHANG WEI: "Engineering cytochrome P450 enzyme systems for biomedical and biotechnological applications", JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, US, vol. 295, no. 3, 17 January 2020 (2020-01-17), US , pages 833 - 849, XP093017482, ISSN: 0021-9258, DOI: 10.1074/jbc.REV119.008758 * |
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