WO2022266711A1 - Dimères d'amidobenzimidazole substitués en tant que modulateurs de sting - Google Patents

Dimères d'amidobenzimidazole substitués en tant que modulateurs de sting Download PDF

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WO2022266711A1
WO2022266711A1 PCT/AU2022/050634 AU2022050634W WO2022266711A1 WO 2022266711 A1 WO2022266711 A1 WO 2022266711A1 AU 2022050634 W AU2022050634 W AU 2022050634W WO 2022266711 A1 WO2022266711 A1 WO 2022266711A1
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mmol
compound
pharmaceutically acceptable
mixture
hydroxy
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Benjamin Joseph MORROW
John Feutrill
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Aculeus Therapeutics Pty Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/6558—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing at least two different or differently substituted hetero rings neither condensed among themselves nor condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system
    • C07F9/65583—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing at least two different or differently substituted hetero rings neither condensed among themselves nor condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system each of the hetero rings containing nitrogen as ring hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/20—Two benzimidazolyl-2 radicals linked together directly or via a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radical
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
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    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
    • C07D235/18—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles with aryl radicals directly attached in position 2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
    • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
    • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
    • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
    • C07F9/645—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07F9/6503—Five-membered rings
    • C07F9/6506—Five-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3
    • C07F9/65068—Five-membered rings having the nitrogen atoms in positions 1 and 3 condensed with carbocyclic rings or carbocyclic ring systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to substituted benzimidazole dimers and their use as pharmaceuticals, and in particular, in treating diseases ameliorated by the modulation of STING.
  • Vertebrates are constantly threatened by the invasion of microorganisms and have evolved mechanisms of immune defense to eliminate infective pathogens.
  • this immune system comprises two branches; innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
  • the innate immune system is the first line of defense which is initiated by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) which detect ligands from the pathogens as well as damage associated molecular patterns (Takeuchi 2010).
  • PRRs Pattern Recognition Receptors
  • TLRs Toll-like receptors
  • C-type lectin receptors C-type lectin receptors
  • RIG-l retinoic acid inducible gene I
  • NLRs NOD-like receptors
  • Activation of PRRs leads to up-regulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response including type 1 interferons, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines which suppress pathogen replication and facilitate adaptive immunity.
  • the adaptor protein STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes), also known as TMEM 173, MPYS, MITA and ERIS, has been identified as a central signalling molecule in the innate immune response to cytosolic nucleic acids (Ishikawa 2008; WO2013/166000). Activation of STING results in up-regulation of IRF3 and NFKB pathways leading to induction of type 1 interferons including lnterferon-b and other cytokines. STING is critical for responses to cytosolic DNA of pathogen or host origin, and of unusual nucleic acids called Cyclic Dinucleotides (CDNs).
  • CDNs Cyclic Dinucleotides
  • CDNs were first identified as bacterial secondary messengers responsible for controlling numerous responses in the prokaryotic cell.
  • Bacterial CDNs such as c-di-GMP, are symmetrical molecules characterized by two 3', 5' phosphodiester linkages.
  • cGAMP cyclic GMP-AMP synthase
  • Interferon was first described as a substance which could protect cells from viral infection (Isaacs 1957).
  • the type I interferons are a family of related proteins encoded by genes on chromosome 9 and encoding at least 13 isoforms of interferon alpha (IFNa) and one isoform of interferon beta (IRNb).
  • IFNa interferon alpha
  • IRNb interferon beta
  • Recombinant IFNa was the first approved biological therapeutic and has become an important therapy in viral infections and in cancer.
  • interferons are known to be potent modulators of the immune response, acting on cells of the immune system.
  • STING is essential for antimicrobial host defense, including protection against a range of DNA and RNA viruses and bacteria (reviewed in McNab 2015; Ma 2016).
  • Flerpesviridae, Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae, Papillomaviridae, Adenoviridae, Flepadnaviridae, ortho- and paramyxoviridae and rhabdoviridae have evolved mechanisms to inhibit STING mediated Type I interferon production and evade host immune control (Flolm 2016; Ma 2015; Wu 2015; Liu 2016; Chen 2014; Lau 2013; Ding 2013; Nitta 2013; Sun 2012; Aguirre 2012; Ishikawa 2009).
  • small molecule activation of STING could be beneficial fortreatment of these infectious diseases.
  • Allergic diseases are associated with a Th2-biased immune-response to allergens.
  • Th2 responses are associated with raised levels of IgE, which, via its effects on mast cells, promotes a hypersensitivity to allergens, resulting in the symptoms seen, for example, in allergic rhinitis and asthma.
  • IgE IgE
  • Th2/Th1 regulatory T cell response.
  • Induction of Type 1 interferons have been shown to result in reduction of Th2-type cytokines in the local environment and promote Th1/Treg responses.
  • induction of type 1 interferons by, for example, activation of STING, may offer benefit in treatment of allergic diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis (Fluber 2010).
  • Compounds that bind to STING and act as agonists have been shown to induce type 1 interferons and other cytokines on incubation with human PBMCs.
  • Compounds which induce human interferons may be useful in the treatment of various disorders, for example the treatment of allergic diseases and other inflammatory conditions for example allergic rhinitis and asthma, the treatment of infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disease, pre-cancerous syndromes and cancer, and may also be useful as immugenic composition or vaccine adjuvants.
  • Compounds that bind to STING may act as antagonists and could be useful in the treatment, for example of autoimmune diseases.
  • targeting STING with activation or inhibiting agents may be a promising approach for preventing and treating diseases and conditions in which modulation for the type 1 IFN pathway is beneficial, including inflammatory, allergic and autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer, pre-cancerous syndromes and as immugenic compositions or vaccine adjuvants.
  • STING agonists may be used for treating viral warts, superficial skin cancers and premalignant actinic keratoses.
  • STING activation e.g., via microneedle patch delivery or topical formulation
  • HPV directly via antiviral type I interferon production
  • STING agonist can activate the innate immune response in the lesion and drive the anti-HPV T-cell response.
  • WO2015/077354 and WO2015/185565 disclose certain cyclic di-nucleotides and their use in inducing an immune response via activation of STING.
  • non-CDN compounds have been described as active agonists of STING.
  • STING has known polymorphisms, including alleles encoding histidine at position 232, which are refractory to bis-3’,5’ (canonical) CDNs, but not 2’ ,5 -3’ ,5’ (non-canonical, mixed linkage) CDNs (Diner 2013; Jin 2011B).
  • Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the STING gene have been reported to affect the responsiveness to bacterial-derived canonical CDNs (Diner 2013; Gao 2013C; Conlon 2013).
  • Five major haplotypes of STING have been reported (WT, R232H, HAQ, AQ and Q alleles), which vary at amino acid positions 71 , 230, 232 and 293 (Jin 2011B; Yi 2013).
  • the compounds of this invention modulate the activity of STING, and accordingly, may provide a beneficial therapeutic impact in the prevention and treatment of diseases, disorders and/or conditions in which modulation of STING (Stimulator of Interferon Genes) is beneficial, for example for inflammation, allergic and autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, cancer, pre-cancerous syndromes and as vaccine adjuvants.
  • STING Stimulator of Interferon Genes
  • a first aspect of the present invention provides a compound of formula I: wherein:
  • a 1 is CR A or N
  • a 2 is CR B or N
  • a 3 is CR C or N
  • a 4 is CR D or N; where no more than two of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 may be N; one, two or three of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH; the remainder of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present) are H;
  • a 11 is CR M or N
  • a 12 is CR BB or N;
  • a 13 is CR CC or N
  • a 14 is CR DD or N; where no more than two of A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 may be N; one, two orthree of R AA , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, Me,
  • R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, Me, OMe, OEt, cyano, CF 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 5 heterocyclyl;
  • R C11 , R C13 and R C14 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, Me, OMe, OEt, cyano, CF , CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe, C 2 -4 alkenyl and C 5 heterocyclyl.
  • a second aspect of the present invention provides a compound of the first aspect for use in a method of therapy.
  • the second aspect also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the first aspect and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a third aspect of the present invention provides a method of treatment or prevention of a disease ameliorated by the modulation of STING, comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment, a compound of the first aspect of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition of the second aspect of the invention.
  • the third aspect of the present invention also provides the use of a compound of the first aspect of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament fortreating or preventing disease ameliorated by the modulation of STING, and a compound of the first aspect of the invention or pharmaceutical composition thereof for use in the treatment or preventing of disease ameliorated by the modulation of STING.
  • C Cycloalkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon compound having from 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Examples of C cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl (C ), cyclobutyl (C ), cyclopentyl (C ) and cyclohexyl (C 6 ).
  • C 3-7 Heterocyclyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a ring atom of a monocyclic heterocyclic compound, which moiety has from 3 to 7 ring atoms; of which from 1 to 2 atoms are heteroatoms, chosen from oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen.
  • the C 3-7 heterocyclyl groups may be non-aromatic or aromatic ring systems.
  • Aromatic C 3-7 heterocyclyl groups may be referred to as C 3-7 heteroaryl groups.
  • the prefixes denote the number of ring atoms, or range of number of ring atoms, whether carbon atoms or heteroatoms.
  • a prefix may in some instances be interchanged with an alternative prefix defining the number of ring member atoms, for example the prefix “C - ” may be interchanged with the prefix ‘‘3- to 7-membered”.
  • the C heterocyclyl moieties in the compounds of the invention may be C , C , C , C 6 , or C 7 heterocyclyls or any combination of these different sized rings/ring systems, such as C - , C or C 5-6 heterocyclyl groups.
  • C heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, those derived from:
  • N1O1 tetrahydrooxazole (C 5 ), dihydrooxazole (C 5 ), tetrahydroisoxazole (C 5 ), dihydroisoxazole (C 5 ), isoxazole (C 5 ), oxazole (C 5 ), morpholine (C ), tetrahydrooxazine (C ), dihydrooxazine (C ), oxazine (C 6 );
  • N1S1 thiazoline (C 5 ), thiazolidine (C 5 ), thiazole (C 5 ), isothiazole (C 5 ), thiomorpholine (C ), thiazine (C 6 );
  • O 1 S 1 oxathiolidene (C 5 ), isoxthiolidine (C 5 ), oxathiole (C 5 ), isoxathiole (C 5 ) and oxathiane (thioxane) (C );
  • C1-4 alkyl refers to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carbon atom of a saturated hydrocarbon compound having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
  • saturated alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, Me: methyl (Ci), Et: ethyl (C2), Pr: propyl (C 3 ), and Bu: butyl (C 4 ).
  • saturated linear alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl (Ci), ethyl (C2), nPr: n-propyl (C 3 ), and nBu: n-butyl (C 4 ).
  • saturated branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, iPr: iso-propyl (C 3 , -C(CH 3 ) 2 ), iBu: iso- butyl (C 4 ), sBu: sec-butyl (C 4 ) and tBu: tert-butyl (C 4 ).
  • C 2-4 alkenyl refers to an alkyl group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • CM fluoroalkyl The term “CM fluoroalkyl” as used herein, pertains to a C 1-4 alkyl group, substituted with one or more fluorine atoms.
  • Alkoxy -OR wherein R is a C 1-4 alkyl group as defined above. It can be represented as -O-Ci- 4 alkyl. Examples of alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy (OMe, C1), ethoxy (OEt, C 2 ), propyloxy (C 3 ), and butyloxy (C 4 ).
  • Examples of an amino group include, but are not limited to, -NH2,
  • R and R’ are independently selected from H and C 1-4 alkyl as defined above.
  • Phenyl -C 6 H 5 , wherein the phenyl may itself be optionally substituted by one or more C M alkyl groups, one or more CM fluoroalkyl groups, one or more CM alkoxy groups, one or more halo substituents and one or more cyano substituents.
  • Benzyl -CH 2 -phenyl, wherein phenyl is as defined above.
  • Acyloxy (reverse ester): -OC( O)R, wherein R is an acyloxy substituent, for example, a Ci- 4alkyl group, a C 3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a phenyl group, as defined above, preferably a C 1-4 alkyl group.
  • R is an acyloxy substituent, for example, a Ci- 4alkyl group, a C 3-7 heterocyclyl group, or a phenyl group, as defined above, preferably a C 1-4 alkyl group.
  • Further examples of acyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, methylester (Ci), ethylester (C 2 ), propylester (C 3
  • Naturally occurring amino acid pertains to a monovalent moiety obtained by removing a hydrogen atom from a carboxyl group or an amino group on one of the amino acid compounds found commonly in nature (for example, alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cysteine, glycine, glutamine, glutamate, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine and valine).
  • the amino acid is particularly selected from isoleucine, leucine and valine, most particularly valine.
  • the carbon atom which is bonded to both a carboxyl and an amino group is known as the a carbon and the carboxyl and amino groups to which it is attached are the a- carboxyl and a-amino groups.
  • Naturally occurring amino acids are optionally substituted with a protecting group on the a-amino group or any other amino group on the moiety, protecting groups include but are not limited to acetyl, methyl, fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), carboxybenzyl (Cbz; benzyloxycarbonyl), phthalimido and tertbutyl carbamate (boc) groups.
  • Phosphonate ester -P(O)(0R)OR’, wherein R and R’ are independently selected from C 1-4 alkyl as defined above.
  • Examples of a phosphonate ester include, but are not limited to -P(O)(OEt) 2 .
  • Tetrazolyl A group of formula Oxo-thiadiazolyl: A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, a sulfur ring atom, and an oxo substituent.
  • oxo-thiadiazolyl groups include: Thio-thiadiazolyl: A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, a sufur ring atom, and a thiocarbonyl substituent.
  • Examples of thio-thiadiazolyl groups include:
  • Thio-oxadiazolyl A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, an oxygen ring atom, and a thiocarbonyl substituent.
  • Examples of thio-oxadiazolyl groups include:
  • Hydroxy-thiadiazolyl A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, a sufur ring atom, and a hydroxy substituent. These groups may be tautomeric with corresponding oxo- thiadiazolyl groups under some conditions.
  • hydroxyl-thiadiazolyl groups include: Hydroxy-oxadiazolyl: A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, an oxygen ring atom, and a hydroxy substituent. These groups may be tautomeric with corresponding oxo-oxadiazolyl groups under some conditions.
  • hydroxyl-oxadiazolyl groups include: Thiohydroxy-thiadiazolyl: A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, a sufur ring atom, and a thiohydroxy substituent. These groups may be tautomeric with corresponding thio-thiadiazolyl groups under some conditions. Examples of thiohydroxyl-thiadiazolyl groups include:
  • Thiohydroxy-oxadiazolyl A 5 membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms, an oxygen ring atom, and a thiohydroxy substituent. These groups may be tautomeric with corresponding thio-oxadiazolyl groups under some conditions. Examples of thiohydroxyl-oxadiazolyl groups include:
  • Hydroxy-oxazolyl A 5-membered heterocyclic radical having a nitrogen ring atom, an oxygen ring atom, and a hydroxy substitutuent.
  • Examples of hydroxyl-oxazolyl groups include:
  • the hydroxyl-oxazolyl may be a 3-hydroxy-1-ox-2-azol-5-yl.
  • Thiohydroxy-oxazolyl A 5-membered heterocyclic radical having a nitrogen ring atom, an oxygen ring atom and a thiohydroxy substituent. Examples of thiohydroxy-oxazolyl groups include:
  • the hydroxyl-oxazolyl may be a 3-thiohydroxy-1-ox-2-azol-5-yl.
  • Hydroxy-thiazolyl A 5-membered heterocyclic radical having a nitrogen ring atom, a sulfur ring atom, and a hydroxy substitutuent.
  • hydroxy-thiazolyl groups include: In some embodiments, the hydroxy-thiazolyl may be a 3-hydroxy-1-thia-2-azol-5-yl.
  • Thiohydroxy-thiazolyl A 5-membered heterocyclic radical having a nitrogen ring atom, a sulfur ring atom and a thiohydroxy substituent. Examples of thiohydroxy-thiazolyl groups include:
  • the hydroxyl-oxazolyl may be a 3-thiohydroxy-1-thia-2-azol-5-yl.
  • Hydroxy-diazolyl A 5-membered heterocyclic radical having two nitrogen ring atoms and a hydroxy substitutuent.
  • Examples of hydroxydiazolyl groups include:
  • ‘‘and/or’’ can mean ‘‘and’’ or ‘‘or’’.
  • a reference to carboxylic acid (-COOH) also includes the anionic (carboxylate) form (-COO-), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
  • a reference to an amino group includes the protonated form (-N + HR A R B ), a salt or solvate of the amino group, for example, a hydrochloride salt, as well as conventional protected forms of an amino group.
  • a reference to a hydroxyl group also includes the anionic form (- O'), a salt or solvate thereof, as well as conventional protected forms.
  • a corresponding salt of the active compound for example, a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt.
  • a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt examples are discussed in Berge, etal., J. Pharm. Sci., 66, 1-19 (1977).
  • a salt may be formed with a suitable cation.
  • suitable inorganic cations include, but are not limited to, alkali metal ions such as Na + and K + , alkaline earth cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ , and other cations such as Al +3 .
  • suitable organic cations include, but are not limited to, ammonium ion (i.e. NH 4 + ) and substituted ammonium ions (e.g. NH 3 R + , NH 2 R 2 +, NHR 3 +, NR 4 +).
  • Examples of some suitable substituted ammonium ions are those derived from: ethylamine, diethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, triethylamine, butylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, benzylamine, phenylbenzylamine, choline, meglumine, and tromethamine, as well as amino acids, such as lysine and arginine.
  • An example of a common quaternary ammonium ion is N(CH 3 ) 4 + .
  • a salt may be formed with a suitable anion.
  • suitable inorganic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following inorganic acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, sulfurous, nitric, nitrous, phosphoric, and phosphorous.
  • Suitable organic anions include, but are not limited to, those derived from the following organic acids: 2-acetyoxybenzoic, acetic, ascorbic, aspartic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, cinnamic, citric, edetic, ethanedisulfonic, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, glucheptonic, gluconic, glutamic, glycolic, hydroxymaleic, hydroxynaphthalene carboxylic, isethionic, lactic, lactobionic, lauric, maleic, malic, methanesulfonic, mucic, oleic, oxalic, palmitic, pamoic, pantothenic, phenylacetic, phenylsulfonic, propionic, pyruvic, salicylic, stearic, succinic, sulfanilic, tartaric, toluenesulfonic, trifluoroacetic acid and valeric.
  • solvate is used herein in the conventional sense to refer to a complex of solute (e.g. active compound, salt of active compound) and solvent. If the solvent is water, the solvate may be conveniently referred to as a hydrate, for example, a mono-hydrate, a dihydrate, a tri-hydrate, etc.
  • the active compounds may be prepared as prodrugs.
  • the compounds are of formula lc: where A 1 -A 4 , A 11 -A 14 , R C1 , R C3 , R C4 , R C11 , R C13 , R C14 and Y are as defined above.
  • R p is optionally substituted linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments R p is unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl. In some embodiments R p is substituted C 1-4 alkyl.
  • R p is C 1-4 alkyl
  • R p is methyl.
  • R p is ethyl.
  • R p is propyl (e.g. iso-propyl, n-propyl).
  • R p is butyl (e.g. /so-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl).
  • R p is C 3 -6cycloalkyl. In some of these embodiments, R p is cyclopropyl. In other of these embodiments, R p is cyclobutyl. In other of these embodiments, R p is cyclopentyl. In other of these embodiments, R p is cyclohexyl.
  • R p is C 3-7 heterocyclyl. In some of these embodiments, the C 3-7 heterocyclyl has a single nitrogen ring atom. In some of these embodiments, R p is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl or piperidinyl. In some of these embodiments, R p is azetidinyl. In some of these embodiments, R p is piperidinyl.
  • R p when R p is C 3-7 heterocyclyl, it is substituted with a group selected from methyl and ester. In some embodiments, when R p is C 3-7 heterocyclyl, it is substituted with methyl. In some embodiments, when R p is C 3-7 heterocyclyl, it is substituted with ester.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with a group selected from alkoxy, amino, amido, acylamido, acyloxy, alkyl carboxyl ester, alkyl carbamoyl, alkyl carbamoyl ester, phenyl, phosphonate ester C 3-7 heterocyclyl optionally substituted with group selected from methyl and oxo, and a naturally occurring amino acid, optionally /V-substituted with a group selected from methyl, acetyl and boc.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched Ci-4alkyl, it is substituted with a group selected from acyloxy and phenyl. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched Ci-4alkyl substituted with acyloxy, it is pivaloyloxymethyl; a group of formula:
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl substituted with acyloxy, it is propanoyloxyisobutyl; a group of formula:
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl substituted with phenyl, it is benzyl.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with a naturally occurring amino acid, optionally /V-substituted with a group selected from methyl, acetyl and boc. In some embodiments when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl substituted with a naturally occurring amino acid, the naturally occurring amino acid is valine. In some embodiments when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl substituted with a naturally occurring amino acid, the naturally occurring amino acid is /V-methyl valine.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl substituted with a naturally occurring amino acid, the naturally occurring amino acid is /V-acetyl valine. In some embodiments when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl substituted with a naturally occurring amino acid, the naturally occurring amino acid is /V-boc valine.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with amino. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with amido. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with acylamido. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with acyloxy. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with alkyl carboxyl ester.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched Ci-4alkyl, it is substituted with alkyl carbamoyl. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with alkyl carbamoyl ester. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with phenyl. In some embodiments, when R p is linear or branched Ci-4alkyl, it is substituted with phosphonate ester.
  • R p when R p is linear or branched C 1-4 alkyl, it is substituted with C 3-7 heterocyclyl, optionally substituted with a group selected from methyl and oxo. In some embodiments when R p is linear or branched Ci-4alkyl substituted with C 3-7 heterocyclyl, the C - 7heterocyclyl is dioxole, optionally substituted with a group selected from methyl and oxo.
  • Certain compounds of the invention may exist in one or more particular geometric, optical, enantiomeric, diasteriomeric, epimeric, atropic, stereoisomeric, tautomeric, conformational, or anomeric forms, including but not limited to, cis- and trans-forms; E- and Z-forms; c-, t-, and r- forms; endo- and exo-forms; R-, S-, and meso-forms; D- and L-forms; d- and l-forms; (+) and (-) forms; keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms; syn- and anti-forms; synclinal- and anticlinal-forms; a- and b-forms; axial and equatorial forms; boat-, chair-, twist-, envelope-, and halfchair-forms; M- and P- forms; D- and A- forms; R a - and S a - forms; and combinations thereof, hereinafter
  • chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimposable on their mirror image partner.
  • stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
  • Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
  • Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
  • “Atropisomers” refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which arise due to restricted rotation about a single bond, wherein rotation about said bond is sufficiently hindered that individual conformers can be isolated and the conformers are either non-superimposable mirror images of one another (enantiomers) or stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
  • Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., “Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds’’, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
  • the compounds of the invention may contain asymmetric or chiral centers, and therefore exist in different stereoisomeric forms. It is intended that all stereoisomeric forms of the compounds of the invention, including but not limited to, diastereomers, enantiomers and atropisomers, as well as mixtures thereof such as racemic mixtures, form part of the present invention.
  • Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e. , they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane- polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L, or R and S, M and P, D and A, R a and S a are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
  • (+) and (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane- polarized light by the compound, with (-) or I meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
  • a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
  • a (+)-stereoisomer and a (-)- stereoisomer are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images of one another.
  • Each of these specific stereoisomers may be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
  • racemic mixture A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
  • racemic mixture and “racemate’’ refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
  • Compounds of the present invention may demonstrate atropisomerism, where for example there may be restricted rotation about the single bond between the two aromatic ring systems in each half of the dimer. All atropisomers of the compounds are contemplated.
  • isomers are structural (or constitutional) isomers (i.e. isomers which differ in the connections between atoms rather than merely by the position of atoms in space).
  • a reference to a methoxy group, -OCH 3 is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, a hydroxymethyl group, -CH 2 OH.
  • a reference to ortho-chlorophenyl is not to be construed as a reference to its structural isomer, meta-chlorophenyl.
  • a reference to a class of structures may well include structurally isomeric forms falling within that class (e.g. C1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl; butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl; methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl).
  • C1-7 alkyl includes n-propyl and iso-propyl
  • butyl includes n-, iso-, sec-, and tert-butyl
  • methoxyphenyl includes ortho-, meta-, and para-methoxyphenyl
  • keto-, enol-, and enolate-forms as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
  • keto enol enolate as in, for example, the following tautomeric pairs: keto/enol (illustrated below), imine/enamine, amide/imino alcohol, amidine/amidine, nitroso/oxime, thioketone/enethiol, N-nitroso/hyroxyazo, and nitro/aci-nitro.
  • tautomer or “tautomeric form” refers to structural isomers of different energies which are interconvertible via a low energy barrier.
  • proton tautomers also known as prototropic tautomers
  • Valence tautomers include interconversions by reorganization of some of the bonding electrons.
  • H may be in any isotopic form, including 1 H, 2 H (D), and 3 H (T); C may be in any isotopic form, including 12 C, 13 C, and 14 C; O may be in any isotopic form, including 16 O and 18 O; and the like.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as, but not limited to 2 H (deuterium, D), 3 H (tritium), 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 F, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 38 CI, and 125 l.
  • isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention for example those into which radioactive isotopes such as 3 H , 13 C, and 14 C are incorporated.
  • Such isotopically labelled compounds may be useful in metabolic studies, reaction kinetic studies, detection or imaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • Deuterium labelled or substituted therapeutic compounds of the invention may have improved DMPK (drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics) properties, relating to distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). Substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • An 18 F labeled compound may be useful for PET or SPECT studies.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes, particularly deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements or an improvement in therapeutic index. It is understood that deuterium in this context is regarded as a substituent.
  • the concentration of such a heavier isotope, specifically deuterium may be defined by an isotopic enrichment factor.
  • any atom not specifically designated as a particular isotope is meant to represent any stable isotope of that atom.
  • a reference to a particular compound includes all such isomeric forms, including (wholly or partially) racemic and other mixtures thereof.
  • Methods for the preparation (e.g. asymmetric synthesis) and separation (e.g. fractional crystallisation and chromatographic means) of such isomeric forms are either known in the art or are readily obtained by adapting the methods taught herein, or known methods, in a known manner.
  • Nitrogen containing groups may also be oxidised to form an N-oxide.
  • Compounds disclosed herein may provide a therapeutic benefit in a number of disorders, in particular, in the treatment or prevention of diseases ameliorated by the modulation of STING.
  • One aspect of the invention provides methods of treatment or prevention of STING mediated diseases and disorders, in which agonizing STING is beneficial.
  • exemplary diseases/disorders includes, but are not limited to, cancer and infectious disease (such as those caused by viruses, e.g., HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV, influenza and coronaviruses (including rhinoviruses, SARS, MERS and SARS- CoV-2), and bacteria).
  • Another aspect of the invention provides the use of a STING agonist as a vaccine adjuvant.
  • this invention provides a compound of the invention for use in therapy.
  • This invention also provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in therapy.
  • This invention particularly provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the treatment of a STING-mediated disease or disorder.
  • This invention also provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use as a vaccine adjuvant.
  • an immugenic composition or vaccine adjuvant comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more immunostimulatory agents.
  • this invention provides a compound of the invention for use in the treatment of a STING-mediated disease or disorder and/or for use as an immugenic composition or a vaccine adjuvant.
  • this invention provides a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for use in the amelioration of organ injury or damage sustained as a result of a STING-mediated disease or disorder.
  • the invention further provides for the use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a STING-mediated disease or disorder.
  • the invention further provides for the use of a compound of Formula I, or a salt thereof particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a medicament for treatment of a STING-mediated disease or disorder, for example the diseases and disorders recited herein.
  • the invention further provides forthe use of a compound of Formula I, or a salt thereof particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in the manufacture of a vaccine.
  • a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof forthe manufacture of an immugenic composition comprising an antigen or antigenic composition, for the treatment or prevention of disease.
  • a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof forthe manufacture of a vaccine composition comprising an antigen or antigenic composition, forthe treatment or prevention of disease.
  • the invention is directed to a method of treating a STING-mediated disease or disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of this invention to a human in need thereof
  • the invention is directed to a method of treating a STING-mediated disease or disorder comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula I or a salt, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a human in need thereof
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat an infectious disease, which is any disease instigated by or coincident with an infection from a pathogen.
  • Pathogens are broadly defined as any species of organism that is foreign to a human tissue environment. Common disease causing pathogens include bacteria (many like TB), viruses (many like HBV, HIV, influenza, coronaviruses) and parasitic protozoans (like P falciparum that causes malaria).
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat infectious diseases derived from bacteria, such as TB infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis), Chlamydia, Tularemia infection Francisella tularensis), Plasmodium infection or infections from DNA or RNA virus.
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat infectious diseases derived from the DNA virus families: Herpesviridae (herpes simplex virus-1 , Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus and Epstein-Barr virus), Papillomaviridae (human papilloma virus), Adenovirus and Hepadnaviridae (Hepatitis B virus).
  • DNA virus families include Retroviridae (human immunodeficiency virus) Flaviviridae (Dengue virus, Hepatitis C virus), Orthomyxoviridae (influenza), and Coronaviridae (human coronavirus and SARS coronavirus, including SARS-CoV-2). Cancer
  • cancer As used herein, the terms “cancer”, “neoplasm,” and “tumor” are used interchangeably and, in either the singular or plural form, refer to cells that have undergone a malignant transformation that makes them pathological to the host organism.
  • Primary cancer cells can be readily distinguished from non-cancerous cells by well-established techniques, particularly histological examination.
  • the definition of a cancer cell includes not only a primary cancer cell, but any cell derived from a cancer cell ancestor. This includes metastasized cancer cells, and in vitro cultures and cell lines derived from cancer cells.
  • a "clinically detectable" tumor is one that is detectable on the basis of tumor mass; e.g., by procedures such as computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray, ultrasound or palpation on physical examination, and/or which is detectable because of the expression of one or more cancer-specific antigens in a sample obtainable from a patient.
  • Tumors may be a hematopoietic (or hematologic or hematological or blood-related) cancer, for example, cancers derived from blood cells or immune cells, which may be referred to as "liquid tumors.”
  • leukemias such as chronic myelocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia
  • plasma cell malignancies such as multiple myeloma, MGUS and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
  • lymphomas such as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma; and the like.
  • the cancer may be any cancer in which an abnormal number of blast cells or unwanted cell proliferation is present or that is diagnosed as a hematological cancer, including both lymphoid and myeloid malignancies.
  • Myeloid malignancies include, but are not limited to, acute myeloid (or myelocytic or myelogenous or myeloblasts) leukemia (undifferentiated or differentiated), acute promyeloid (or promyelocytic or promyelogenous or promyeloblastic) leukemia, acute myelomonocytic (or myelomonoblastic) leukemia, acute monocytic (or monoblastic) leukemia, erythroleukemia and megakaryocytic (or megakaryoblastic) leukemia.
  • leukemias may be referred together as acute myeloid (or myelocytic or myelogenous) leukemia (AML).
  • Myeloid malignancies also include myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) which include, but are not limited to, chronic myelogenous (or myeloid) leukemia (CML), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), essential thrombocythemia (or thrombocytosis), and polycythemia vera (PCV).
  • CML chronic myelogenous leukemia
  • CMML chronic myelomonocytic leukemia
  • PCV polycythemia vera
  • Myeloid malignancies also include myelodysplasia (or myelodysplastic syndrome or MDS), which may be referred to as refractory anemia (RA), refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), and refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEBT); as well as myelofibrosis (MFS) with or without agnogenic myeloid metaplasia.
  • myelodysplasia or myelodysplastic syndrome or MDS
  • MDS myelodysplasia
  • RA refractory anemia
  • RAEB refractory anemia with excess blasts
  • RAEBT refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation
  • MFS myelofibrosis
  • Hematopoietic cancers also include lymphoid malignancies, which may affect the lymph nodes, spleens, bone marrow, peripheral blood, and/or extranodal sites.
  • Lymphoid cancers include B- cell malignancies, which include, but are not limited to, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHLs).
  • B- NHLs may be indolent (or low-grade), intermediate-grade (or aggressive) or high-grade (very aggressive).
  • Indolent B cell lymphomas include follicular lymphoma (FL); small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL); marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) including nodal MZL, extranodal MZL, splenic MZL and splenic MZL with villous lymphocytes; lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL); and mucosa-associated- lymphoid tissue (MALT or extranodal marginal zone) lymphoma.
  • FL follicular lymphoma
  • SLL small lymphocytic lymphoma
  • MZL marginal zone lymphoma
  • LPL lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
  • MALT mucosa-associated- lymphoid tissue
  • Intermediate-grade B-NHLs include mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) with or without leukemic involvement, diffuse large cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular large cell (or grade 3 or grade 3B) lymphoma, and primary mediastinal lymphoma (PML).
  • MCL mantle cell lymphoma
  • DLBCL diffuse large cell lymphoma
  • follicular large cell or grade 3 or grade 3B lymphoma
  • PML primary mediastinal lymphoma
  • High-grade B-NHLs include Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), Burkitt-like lymphoma, small non-cleaved cell lymphoma (SNCCL) and lymphoblastic lymphoma.
  • B-NHLs include immunoblastic lymphoma (or immunocytoma), primary effusion lymphoma, HIV associated (or AIDS related) lymphomas, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) or lymphoma.
  • B-cell malignancies also include, but are not limited to, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL), Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM), hairy cell leukemia (HCL), large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia, acute lymphoid (or lymphocytic or lymphoblastic) leukemia, and Castleman's disease.
  • CLL chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • PLL prolymphocytic leukemia
  • WM Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
  • HCL hairy cell leukemia
  • LGL large granular lymphocyte
  • LAman's disease Castleman's disease.
  • NHL may also include T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma s(T-NHLs), which include, but are not limited to T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma not otherwise specified (NOS), peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), angioimmunoblastic lymphoid disorder (AILD), nasal natural killer (NK) cell / T-cell lymphoma, gamma/delta lymphoma, cutaneous T cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, and Sezary syndrome.
  • T-NHLs T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma s
  • T-NHLs T-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma not otherwise specified
  • PTCL peripheral T-cell lymphoma
  • ALCL anaplastic large cell lymphoma
  • AILD angioimmunoblastic lymphoid disorder
  • NK nasal natural killer
  • Hematopoietic cancers also include Hodgkin's lymphoma (or disease) including classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellu larity Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphocyte predominant (LP) Hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular LP Hodgkin's lymphoma, and lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin's lymphoma.
  • Hodgkin's lymphoma or disease
  • Hodgkin's lymphoma or disease
  • Hodgkin's lymphoma or disease
  • Hodgkin's lymphoma or disease
  • Hodgkin's lymphoma or disease
  • classical Hodgkin's lymphoma including classical Hodgkin's lymphoma, nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's lymphoma, mixed cellu larity Hodgkin's lymphom
  • Hematopoietic cancers also include plasma cell diseases or cancers such as multiple myeloma (MM) including smoldering MM, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined (or unknown or unclear) significance (MGUS), plasmacytoma (bone, extra medullary), lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL), Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia, plasma cell leukemia, and primary amyloidosis (AL).
  • MM multiple myeloma
  • MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined (or unknown or unclear) significance
  • MGUS monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined (or unknown or unclear) significance
  • plasmacytoma bone, extra medullary
  • LPL lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
  • Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinemia plasma cell leukemia
  • plasma cell leukemia and primary amyloidosis
  • AL primary amyloidosis
  • Hematopoietic cancers may also
  • Tissues which include hematopoietic cells referred herein to as "hematopoietic cell tissues” include bone marrow; peripheral blood; thymus; and peripheral lymphoid tissues, such as spleen, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa (such as the gut-associated lymphoid tissues), tonsils, Peyehs patches and appendix, and lymphoid tissues associated with other mucosa, for example, the bronchial linings.
  • hematopoietic cell tissues include bone marrow; peripheral blood; thymus; and peripheral lymphoid tissues, such as spleen, lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues associated with mucosa (such as the gut-associated lymphoid tissues), tonsils, Peyehs patches and appendix, and lymphoid tissues associated with other mucosa, for example, the bronchial linings.
  • cancer diseases and conditions in which a compounds of this invention may have potentially beneficial antitumor effects include, but are not limited to, cancers of the lung, bone, pancreas, skin, head, neck, uterus, ovaries, stomach, colon, breast, esophagus, small intestine, bowel, endocrine system, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, urethra, prostate, penis, testes, ureter, bladder, kidney or liver; rectal cancer; cancer of the anal region; carcinomas of the fallopian tubes, endometrium, cervix, vagina, vulva, renal pelvis, renal cell; sarcoma of soft tissue; myxoma; rhabdomyoma; fibroma; lipoma; teratoma; cholangiocarcinoma; hepatoblastoma; angiosarcoma; hemangioma; hepatoma; fibrosarcoma; chondrosarcom
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating or lessening the severity of cancers selected from the group consisting of brain (gliomas), glioblastomas, astrocytomas, glioblastoma multiforme, Bannayan-Zonana syndrome, Cowden disease, Lhermitte-Duclos disease, Wilm's tumor, Ewing's sarcoma, Rhabdomyosarcoma, ependymoma, medulloblastoma, head and neck, kidney, liver, melanoma, ovarian, pancreatic, adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, acinar cell carcinoma, glucagonoma, insulinoma, prostate, sarcoma, osteosarcoma, giant cell tumor of bone, thyroid, lymphoblastic T cell leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia,
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used to treat solid or liquid tumors.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used to treat sarcoma, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastroesophageal cancer, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), lymphomas, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and/or Non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).
  • the present invention relates to a method for treating or lessening the severity of pre- cancerous syndromes in a mammal, including a human, wherein the pre-cancerous syndrome is selected from: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS), myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, cervical lesions, skin nevi (pre-melanoma), prostatic intraepithelial (intraductal) neoplasia (PIN), Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS), colon polyps and severe hepatitis or cirrhosis.
  • the human has a solid tumor.
  • the tumor is selected from head and neck cancer, gastric cancer, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), esophageal cancer, nonsmall cell lung carcinoma, prostate cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and pancreatic cancer.
  • the human has one or more of the following: colorectal cancer (CRC), esophageal, cervical, bladder, breast, head and neck, ovarian, melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), EC squamous cell, non-small cell lung carcinoma, mesothelioma, and prostate cancer.
  • CRC colorectal cancer
  • RNC renal cell carcinoma
  • EC squamous cell non-small cell lung carcinoma
  • mesothelioma mesothelioma
  • prostate cancer a liquid tumor such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), multiple myeloma, chronic lymphoblastic leukemia (CLL), follicular lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia.
  • DLBCL diffuse large B cell lymphoma
  • CLL chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
  • follicular lymphoma acute myeloid leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia
  • the compounds of the present invention may be useful for treatment of skin cancers (e.g., non-melanoma skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma) or actinic keratosis.
  • skin cancers e.g., non-melanoma skin cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma
  • actinic keratosis e.g., actinic keratosis.
  • the compounds of the present invention may prevent the development of subsequent skin cancers and pre-malignant actinic keratosis in treated patients.
  • Autoimmune diseases associated include, but are not limited to STING associated vasculitis with onset at infancy (SAVI), Aicardi Goutieres syndrome (AGS), chilblain lupus, ataxia telanogiectasia (also referred to as Louis-Bar Syndrome), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RCVL), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), cutaneous lupus, lupus nephritis, psoriasis, diabetes mellitus including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), dermatomyositis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), AIDS, polymyositis, systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), and Sjogren's syndrome (SS), rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, polyarthritis, myasthenia gravis, polyarteritis nodosa, vasculitis,
  • Inflammation represents a group of vascular, cellular and neurological responses to trauma. Inflammation can be characterized as the movement of inflammatory cells such as monocytes, neutrophils and granulocytes into the tissues. This is usually associated with reduced endothelial barrier function and oedema into the tissues. Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues. A cascade of biochemical event propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Prolonged inflammation, known as chronic inflammation, leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells which are present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process.
  • Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is achieved by the increased movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues.
  • a cascade of biochemical event propag
  • inflammation When occurring as part of an immune response to infection or as an acute response to trauma, inflammation can be beneficial and is normally self-limiting. However, inflammation can be detrimental under various conditions. This includes the production of excessive inflammation in response to infectious agents, which can lead to significant organ damage and death (for example, in the setting of sepsis). Moreover, chronic inflammation is generally deleterious and is at the root of numerous chronic diseases, causing severe and irreversible damage to tissues. In such settings, the immune response is often directed against self-tissues (autoimmunity), although chronic responses to foreign entities can also lead to bystander damage to self-tissues.
  • autoimmunity autoimmunity
  • the aim of anti-inflammatory therapy is therefore to reduce this inflammation, to inhibit autoimmunity when present, and to allow for the physiological process or healing and tissue repair to progress.
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat inflammation of any tissue and organs of the body, including musculoskeletal inflammation, vascular inflammation, neural inflammation, digestive system inflammation, ocular inflammation, inflammation of the reproductive system, and other inflammation, as exemplified below.
  • Musculoskeletal inflammation refers to any inflammatory condition of the musculoskeletal system, particularly those conditions affecting skeletal joints, including joints of the hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder, jaw, spine, neck, hip, knee, ankle, and foot, and conditions affecting tissues connecting muscles to bones such as tendons.
  • musculoskeletal inflammation examples include arthritis (including, for example, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute and chronic infectious arthritis, arthritis associated with gout and pseudogout, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis), tendonitis, synovitis, tenosynovitis, bursitis, fibrositis (fibromyalgia), epicondylitis, myositis, and osteitis (including, for example, Paget's disease, osteitis pubis, and osteitis fibrosa cystic).
  • arthritis including, for example, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, acute and chronic infectious arthritis, arthritis associated with gout and pseudogout, and juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  • tendonitis synovitis
  • tenosynovitis bursitis
  • Ocular inflammation refers to inflammation of any structure of the eye, including the eye lids.
  • ocular inflammation which may be treated with the compounds of the invention include blepharitis, blepharochalasis, conjunctivitis, dacryoadenitis, keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye), scleritis, trichiasis, and uveitis.
  • inflammation of the nervous system examples include encephalitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, meningitis, neuromyotonia, narcolepsy, multiple sclerosis, myelitis, CNS vasculitis, and schizophrenia.
  • Examples of inflammation of the vasculature or lymphatic system which may be treated with the compounds of the invention include arthrosclerosis, arthritis, phlebitis, vasculitis, and lymphangitis.
  • Examples of inflammatory conditions of the digestive system which may be treated with the compounds of the invention include cholangitis, cholecystitis, enteritis, enterocolitis, gastritis, gastroenteritis, inflammatory bowel disease (such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), ileitis, and proctitis.
  • Examples of inflammatory conditions of the reproductive system which may be treated with the compounds of the invention include cervicitis, chorioamnionitis, endometritis, epididymitis, omphalitis, oophoritis, orchitis, salpingitis, tubo-ovarian abscess, urethritis, vaginitis, vulvitis, and vulvodynia.
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat autoimmune conditions having an inflammatory component.
  • Such conditions include acute disseminated alopecia universalise, Behcet's disease, Chagas' disease, STING associated vasculitis with onset at infancy (SAVI), Aicardi Goutieres syndrome (AGS), chilblain lupus, ataxia telangiectasia (also referred to as Louis-Bar Syndrome), retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukodystrophy (RCVL), ANCA)-associated vasculitis, chronic fatigue syndrome, dysautonomia, encephalomyelitis, ankylosing spondylitis, aplastic anemia, hidradenitis suppurativa, autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune oophoritis, celiac disease, Crohn's disease, diabetes mellitus type 1 , giant cell arteritis, goodpasture's syndrome, Grave's disease, Guillain-Barre syndrome,
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases having an inflammatory component.
  • T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases having an inflammatory component.
  • Such conditions include contact hypersensitivity, contact dermatitis (including that due to poison ivy), uticaria, skin allergies, respiratory allergies (hayfever, allergic rhinitis) and gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease).
  • inflammatory conditions which may be treated with the compounds of this invention include, for example, appendicitis, dermatitis, dermatomyositis, endocarditis, fibrositis, gingivitis, glossitis, hepatitis, hidradenitis suppurativa, ulceris, laryngitis, mastitis, myocarditis, nephritis, otitis, pancreatitis, parotitis, percarditis, peritonitis, pharyngitis, pleuritis, pneumonitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, and stomatitis, transplant rejection (involving organs such as kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas (e.g., islet cells), bone marrow, cornea, small bowel, skin allografts, skin homografts, and heart valve xenografts, serum sickness, and graft vs host disease), acute
  • Type 1 diabetes asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis, chronic pulmonary disease, and inflammation accompanying infectious conditions (e.g., sepsis).
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat asthma.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also be useful in the treatment of one or more diseases afflicting mammals which are characterized by cellular proliferation in the area of disorders associated with neo-vascularization and/or vascular permeability including blood vessel proliferative disorders including arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis) and restenosis; fibrotic disorders including hepatic cirrhosis and atherosclerosis; mesangial cell proliferative disorders include glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, malignant nephrosclerosis, thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes, proliferative retinopathies, organ transplant rejection and glomerulopathies; and metabolic disorders include psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, chronic wound healing, inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
  • diseases afflicting mammals which are characterized by cellular proliferation in the area of disorders associated with neo-vascularization and/or vascular permeability including blood vessel proliferative disorders including arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis)
  • the compounds of this invention may be used to treat neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Exemplary neurodegenerative diseases includes, but are not limited to, multiple sclerosis,
  • Huntington's disease Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
  • ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • the compounds of this invention may be employed alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be used in monotherapy or used in combination with another therapeutic agent in the treatment of diseases and conditions in which modulation of STING is beneficial.
  • Combination therapies according to the present invention thus comprise the administration of a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one other therapeutically active agent.
  • combination therapies according to the present invention comprise the administration of at least one compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one other therapeutic agent.
  • the compound(s) of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and the other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered together in a single pharmaceutical composition or separately and, when administered separately this may occur simultaneously or sequentially in any order.
  • the amounts of the compound(s) of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and the other therapeutic agent(s) and the relative timings of administration will be selected in order to achieve the desired combined therapeutic effect.
  • a combination comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, together with one or more other therapeutic agents.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with one or more other therapeutic agents which may be useful in the prevention or treatment of allergic disease, inflammatory disease, or autoimmune disease, for example; antigen immunotherapy, anti-histamines, steroids, NSAIDs, bronchodilators (e.g. beta 2 agonists, adrenergic agonists, anticholinergic agents, theophylline), methotrexate, leukotriene modulators and similar agents; monoclonal antibody therapy such as anti-lg E, anti-TNF, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-6, anti-IL-12, anti- IL-1 and similar agents; receptor therapies e.g.
  • antigen non-specific immunotherapies e.g. interferon or other cytokines/chemokines, cytokine/chemokine receptor modulators, cytokine agonists or antagonists, TLR agonists and similar agents.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with radiotherapy and/or surgery and/or at least one other therapeutic agent which may be useful in the treatment of cancer and pre-cancerous syndromes.
  • Any anti-neoplastic agent that has activity versus a susceptible tumor being treated may be utilized in the combination.
  • Typical antineoplastic agents useful include, but are not limited to, (a) anti-microtubule agents such as diterpenoids (e.g. paclitaxel, docetaxel) and vinca alkaloids (e.g. vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine); (b) platinum coordination complexes (e.g.
  • oxaliplatin cisplatin and carboplatin
  • alkylating agents such as nitrogen mustards (e.g. cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil), oxazaphosphorines, alkylsulfonates (e.g. busulfan), nitrosoureas (e.g. carmustine), and triazenes (e.g. dacarbazine);
  • antibiotic agents such as anthracyclins (e.g. daunorubicin and doxorubicin), actinomycins (e.g.
  • topoisomerase II inhibitors such as epipodophyllotoxins (e.g. etoposide and teniposide);
  • antimetabolites such as purine and pyrimidine analogues and anti-folate compounds (e.g. fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine);
  • topoisomerase I inhibitors such as camptothecins (e.g.
  • hormones and hormonal analogues e.g. adrenocorticosteroids such as prednisone and prednisolone which are useful in the treatment of malignant lymphoma and acute leukemia in children; aminoglutethimide and other aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole, letrozole, vorozole, and exemestane useful in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and hormone dependent breast carcinoma containing estrogen receptors; progestins such as megestrol acetate useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer and endometrial carcinoma; estrogens, and anti-estrogens such as fulvestrant, flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate and 5 -reductases such as fin
  • Patent Nos. 5681835, 5877219, and 6207716 useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast carcinoma and other susceptible cancers; and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and analogues thereof which stimulate the release of leutinizing hormone (LH) and/or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) for the treatment prostatic carcinoma, for instance, LHRH agonists and antagonists such as goserelin acetate and leuprolide); (i) signal transduction pathway inhibitors; ⁇ non-receptor tyrosine angiogenesis inhibitors; (k) immunotherapeutic agents (e.g.
  • ex-vivo and in-vivo approaches to increase the immunogenicity of patient tumor cells such as transfection with cytokines such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, approaches to decrease T-cell energy, approaches using transfected immune cells such as cytokine-transfected dendritic cells, approaches using cytokine-transfected tumor cell lines and approaches using anti- idiotypic antibodies); ⁇ proapoptotic agents (e.g. bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotides); (m) cell cycle signalling inhibitors; (n) immuno-oncology agents and (o) immunostimulatory agents.
  • cytokines such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • transfected immune cells such as cytokine-transfected dendritic cells, approaches using cytokine-transfected tumor cell lines and approaches using anti- idiotypic antibodies
  • Signal transduction pathway inhibitors are those inhibitors, which block or inhibit a chemical process which evokes an intracellular change. As used herein this change is cell proliferation or differentiation.
  • Signal transduction inhibitors useful in the present invention include inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, SH2/SH3domain blockers, serine/threonine kinases, phosphotidyl inositol-3 kinases, myo-inositol signalling, and Ras oncogenes.
  • protein tyrosine kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of specific tyrosyl residues in various proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth.
  • protein tyrosine kinases can be broadly classified as receptor or non-receptor kinases.
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. Receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of cell growth and are generally termed growth factor receptors. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of many of these kinases, i.e. aberrant kinase growth factor receptor activity, for example by over-expression or mutation, has been shown to result in uncontrolled cell growth. Accordingly, the aberrant activity of such kinases has been linked to malignant tissue growth. Consequently, inhibitors of such kinases could provide cancer treatment methods.
  • Growth factor receptors include, for example, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr), erbB2, erbB4, ret, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFr), tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin- like and epidermal growth factor homology domains (TIE-2), insulin growth factor -I (IGH) receptor, macrophage colony stimulating factor (cfms), BTK, ckit, cmet, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, Trk receptors (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC), ephrin (eph) receptors, and the RET protooncogene.
  • EGFr epidermal growth factor receptor
  • PDGFr platelet derived growth factor receptor
  • erbB2 erbB2
  • VEGFr vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
  • TIE-2 epidermal growth factor homology domains
  • IGH
  • inhibitors of growth receptors include ligand antagonists, antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-sense oligonucleotides. Growth factor receptors and agents that inhibit growth factor receptor function are described, for instance, in Kath 2000; Shawver 1997; and Lofts 1994.
  • Non-receptor tyrosine kinases which are not growth factor receptor kinases, are termed nonreceptor tyrosine kinases.
  • Non-receptor tyrosine kinases useful in the present invention include cSrc, Lck, Fyn, Yes, Jak, cAbl, FAK (Focal adhesion kinase), Brutons tyrosine kinase, and Bcr-Abl.
  • Such non-receptor kinases and agents which inhibit non-receptor tyrosine kinase function are described in Sinh 1999; and Bolen 1997.
  • SH2/SH3 domain blockers are agents that disrupt SH2 or SH3 domain binding in a variety of enzymes or adaptor proteins including, PI3-K p85 subunit, Src family kinases, adaptor molecules (She, Crk, Nek, Grb2) and Ras-GAP.
  • SH2/SH3 domains as targets for anticancer drugs are discussed in Smithgall 1995.
  • Inhibitors of Serine/Threonine Kinases including MAP kinase cascade blockers which include blockers of Raf kinases (rafk), Mitogen or Extracellular Regulated Kinase (MEKs), and Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERKs); and Protein kinase C family member blockers including blockers of PKCs (alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, mu, lambda, iota, zeta). IkB kinase family (IKKa, IKKb), PKB family kinases, akt kinase family members, and TGF beta receptor kinases.
  • Serine/Threonine kinases and inhibitors thereof are described in Yamamoto 1999; Brodt 2000; Massague 1996; Philip 1995; Lackey 2000; U.S. Patent No. 6268391 ; and Martinez-Lacaci 2000.
  • Inhibitors of Phosphotidyl inositol-3 Kinase family members including blockers of Pekinese, ATM, DNA-PK, and Ku are also useful in the present invention. Such kinases are discussed in Abraham 1996; Canman 1998; Jackson 1997; and Zhong 2000.
  • Myo-inositol signalling inhibitors such as phospholipase C blockers and Myoinositol analogues. Such signal inhibitors are described in Powis 1994.
  • Ras Oncogene inhibitors include inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, geranyl-geranyl transferase, and CAAX proteases as well as anti-sense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and immunotherapy. Such inhibitors have been shown to block ras activation in cells containing wild type mutant ras, thereby acting as antiproliferation agents. Ras oncogene inhibition is discussed in Scharovsky 2000; Ashby 1998; and Ol iff 1999.
  • antibody antagonists to receptor kinase ligand binding may also serve as signal transduction inhibitors.
  • This group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors includes the use of humanized antibodies to the extracellular ligand binding domain of receptor tyrosine kinases. For example Imclone C225 EGFR specific antibody (see Green 2000); Herceptin® erbB2 antibody (see Stern 2000); and 2CB VEGFR2 specific antibody (see Brekken 2000).
  • Anti-angiogenic therapeutic agents including non-receptor MEK angiogenesis inhibitors may also be useful.
  • Anti-angiogenic agents such as those which inhibit the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor, (for example the anti-vascular endothelial cell growth factor antibody bevacizumab [AvastinTM], and compounds that work by other mechanisms (for example linomide, inhibitors of integrin anb3 function, endostatin and angiostatin).
  • Cell cycle signalling inhibitors inhibit molecules involved in the control of the cell cycle.
  • a family of protein kinases called cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and their interaction with a family of proteins termed cyclins controls progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. The coordinate activation and inactivation of different cyclin/CDK complexes is necessary for normal progression through the cell cycle.
  • CDKs cyclin dependent kinases
  • Several inhibitors of cell cycle signalling are under development. For instance, examples of cyclin dependent kinases, including CDK2, CDK4, and CDK6 and inhibitors for the same are described in, for instance, Rosania 2000.
  • immuno-modulators for use in combination or co-administered with a compound of Formula I are immuno-modulators.
  • immuno-modulators refer to any substance including monoclonal antibodies that affects the immune system. Immuno-modulators can be used as anti-neoplastic agents for the treatment of cancer.
  • immune-modulators include, but are not limited to, anti-CTLA-4 antibodies such as ipilimumab (YERVOY) and anti-PD-1 antibodies (Opdivo/nivolumab and Keytruda/pembrolizumab).
  • Other immuno-modulators include, but are not limited to, ICOS antibodies, OX-40 antibodies, PD-L1 antibodies, LAG3 antibodies, TIM-3 antibodies, 41 BB antibodies and GITR antibodies.
  • anti-PD-L1 agents for use in combination or co-administered with a compound of this invention are anti-PD-L1 agents.
  • Anti-PD-L1 antibodies and methods of making the same are known in the art. Such antibodies to PD-L1 may be polyclonal or monoclonal, and/or recombinant, and/or humanized. Exemplary PD-L1 antibodies are disclosed in US Patent Nos. 8217149, 8383796, 8552154, 9212224, and 8779108, and US Patent Appln. Pub. Nos. 2011/0280877, 2014/0341902 and 2013/0045201.
  • PD-L1 also referred to as CD274 or B7-H1
  • methods for use are disclosed in US Patent Nos. 7943743, 8168179, and 7595048; WO2014/055897, WO2016/007235; and US Patent Appln. Pub. Nos. 2013/0034559 and 2015/0274835.
  • PD-L1 antibodies are in development as immuno-modulatory agents for the treatment of cancer.
  • the antibody to PD-L1 is an antibody disclosed in US Patent No. 8217149. In another embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises the CDRs of an antibody disclosed in US Patent No. 8217149. In another embodiment, the antibody to PD-L1 is an antibody disclosed in US Patent No. 8779108. In another embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises the CDRs of an antibody disclosed in US Application No. 8779108. In another embodiment, the antibody to PD-L1 is an antibody disclosed in US Patent Appln. Pub. No. 2013/0045201. In another embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody comprises the CDRs of an antibody disclosed in US Patent Appln. Pub. No. 2013/0045201. In one embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is BMS-936559 (MDX- 1105), which was described in WO 2007/005874. In another embodiment, the anti-PD-L1 antibody is MPDL3280A
  • the anti-PD-L1 antibody is MEDI4736, which is an anti- PD-L1 monoclonal antibody described in WO 2011/066389 and US 2013/034559.
  • the anti-PD-L1 antibody is TECENTRIQTM (atezolizumab), which is an anti-PD-L1 cancer immunotherapy which was approved in the US in May 2016 for specific types of bladder cancer.
  • anti-PD-L1 antibody is YW243.55.S70 which is an anti-PD-L1 described in WO 2010/077634 and U.S. Pat. No. 8217149.
  • anti-PD-L1 antibodies useful for the methods of this invention, and methods for making thereof are described in PCT patent application WO 2010/077634, WO 2007/005874, WO 2011/066389, U.S. Pat. No. 8217149, and US 2013/034559.
  • PD-1 antagonists are PD-1 antagonists.
  • PD-1 antagonist means any chemical compound or biological molecule that blocks binding of PD-L1 expressed on a cancer cell to PD-1 expressed on an immune cell (T cell, B cell or NKT cell) and preferably also blocks binding of PD-L2 expressed on a cancer cell to the immune-cell expressed PD-1.
  • Alternative names or synonyms for PD-1 and its ligands include: PDCDI, PDI, CD279 and SLEB2 for PD-1 ; PDCDILI, PDLI, B7H1 , B7-4, CD274 and B7-H for PD-LI; and PDCD1 L2, PDL2, B7- DC, Btdc and CD273 for PD-L2.
  • the PD-1 antagonist blocks binding of human PD-L1 to human PD-1, and preferably blocks binding of both human PD-L1 and PD-L2 to human PD- 1
  • PD-1 antagonists useful in any of the aspects of the present invention include a monoclonal antibody (mAb), or antigen binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds to PD-1 or PD-L1 , and preferably specifically binds to human PD-1 or human PD-L1.
  • the mAb may be a human antibody, a humanized antibody or a chimeric antibody, and may include a human constant region.
  • the human constant region is selected from the group consisting of IgGI, lgG2, lgG3 and lgG4 constant regions, and in preferred embodiments, the human constant region is an IgGI or lgG4 constant region.
  • the antigen binding fragment is selected from the group consisting of Fab, Fab'-SH, F(ab')2, scFv and Fv fragments.
  • mAbs that bind to human PD-1 are described in US7488802, US7521051 , US8008449, US8354509, US8168757, W02004/004771 , W02004/072286, W02004/056875, and US2011/0271358.
  • Specific anti-human PD-1 mAbs useful as the PD-1 antagonist in any of the aspects and embodiments of the present invention include: MK-3475, a humanized lgG4 mAb with the structure described in WHO Drug Information, Vol. 27, No.
  • PD-1 antagonists useful in the any of the aspects and embodiments of the present invention include an immunoadhesin that specifically binds to PD-1 , and preferably specifically binds to human PD-1 , e.g., a fusion protein containing the extracellular or PD-1 binding portion of PD-L1 or PD-L2 fused to a constant region such as an Fc region of an immunoglobulin molecule.
  • immunoadhesion molecules that specifically bind to PD-1 are described in WO2010/027827 and WO2011/066342.
  • Specific fusion proteins useful as the PD-1 antagonist in the treatment method, medicaments and uses of the present invention include AMP-224 (also known as B7-DCIg), which is a PD-L2-FC fusion protein and binds to human PD-1.
  • mAbs that bind to human PD-L1 are described in WO2013/019906, WO2010/077634 and US8383796.
  • Specific anti-human PD-L1 mAbs useful as the PD-1 antagonist in the treatment method, medicaments and uses of the present invention include MPDL3280A, BMS-936559, MEDI4736, MSB0010718C.
  • KEYTRUDA/pembrolizumab is an anti-PD-1 antibody marketed for the treatment of lung cancer by Merck.
  • the amino acid sequence of pembrolizumab and methods of using are disclosed in US Patent No. 8168757.
  • Opdivo/nivolumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody marketed by Bristol Myers Squibb directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor PD-1 (programmed death-1 or programmed cell death-l/PCD-1) with immunopotentiation activity.
  • Nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PD-1 , an Ig superfamily transmembrane protein, by its ligands PD-L1 and PD- L2, resulting in the activation of T-cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells or pathogens. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function through the suppression of PI3K/Akt pathway activation.
  • Other names for nivolumab include: BMS-936558, MDX- 1106, and ONO-4538. The amino acid sequence for nivolumab and methods of using and making are disclosed in US Patent No. US 8008449.
  • anti-neoplastic agent for use in combination or co-administered with a compound of Formula I are antibodies to ICOS.
  • ICOS is a co-stimulatory T cell receptor with structural and functional relation to the CD28/CTLA-4-lg superfamily (Hutloff 1999). Activation of ICOS occurs through binding by ICOS-L (B7RP-1/B7-H2). Neither B7-1 nor B7-2 (ligands for CD28 and CTLA4) bind or activate ICOS. However, ICOS-L has been shown to bind weakly to both CD28 and CTLA-4 (Yao 2011). Expression of ICOS appears to be restricted to T cells. ICOS expression levels vary between different T cell subsets and on T cell activation status.
  • ICOS expression has been shown on resting TH17, T follicular helper (TFH) and regulatory T (Treg) cells; however, unlike CD28; it is not highly expressed on naive THI and TH2 effector T cell populations (Paulos 2010). ICOS expression is highly induced on CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells following activation through TCR engagement (Wakamatsu 2013).
  • CDRs for murine antibodies to human ICOS having agonist activity are shown in PCT/EP2012/055735 (WO 2012/131004).
  • Antibodies to ICOS are also disclosed in WO 2008/137915, WO 2010/056804, EP1374902, EP1374901 , and EP1125585.
  • agonist antibodies to ICOS include ICOS binding proteins or antigen binding portions thereof comprising one or more of: CDRHI as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 ; CDRH2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2; CDRH3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3; CDRLI as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4; CDRL2 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 and/or CDRL3 as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 or a direct equivalent of each CDR wherein a direct equivalent has no more than two amino acid substitutions in said CDR as disclosed in WO2016/120789, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.
  • the ICOS binding protein or antigen binding portion thereof is an agonist antibody to ICOS comprising a VH domain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 and/or a VL domain comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 as set forth in WO2016/120789 wherein said ICOS binding protein specifically binds to human ICOS.
  • the ICOS binding protein is an agonist antibody to ICOS comprising a VH domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 and a VL domain comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 as set forth in WO2016/120789.
  • Yervoy is a fully human CTLA-4 antibody marketed by Bristol Myers Squibb.
  • the protein structure of ipilimumab and methods are using are described in US Patent Nos. 6984720 and 7605238.
  • CD134 also known as 0X40
  • 0X40 is a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors which is not constitutively expressed on resting naive T cells, unlike CD28.
  • 0X40 is a secondary costimulatory molecule, expressed after 24 to 72 hours following activation; its ligand, OX40L, is also not expressed on resting antigen presenting cells, but is following their activation. Expression of 0X40 is dependent on full activation of the T cell; without CD28, expression of 0X40 is delayed and of fourfold lower levels.
  • OX-40 antibodies, OX-40 fusion proteins and methods of using them are disclosed in US Patent Nos: US 7504101 ; US 7758852; US 7858765; US 7550140; US 7960515; WO2012/027328; WO2013/028231.
  • the 0X40 antigen binding protein is one disclosed in WO2012/027328 (PCT/US2011/048752), international filing date 23 August 2011.
  • the antigen binding protein comprises the CDRs of an antibody disclosed in WO2012/027328 (PCT/US2011/048752), international filing date 23 August 2011 , or CDRs with 90% identity to the disclosed CDR sequences.
  • the antigen binding protein comprises a VH, a VL, or both of an antibody disclosed in WO2012/027328 (PCT/US2011/048752), international filing date 23 August 2011 , or a VH or a VL with 90% identity to the disclosed VH or VL sequences.
  • the 0X40 antigen binding protein is disclosed in
  • the antigen binding protein comprises the CDRs of an antibody disclosed in WO2013/028231 (PCT/US2012/024570), international filing date 9 Feb. 2012, or CDRs with 90% identity to the disclosed CDR sequences.
  • the antigen binding protein comprises a VH, a VL, or both of an antibody disclosed in WO2013/028231 (PCT/US2012/024570), international filing date 9 Feb. 2012, or a VH or a VL with 90% identity to the disclosed VH or VL sequences.
  • the 0X40 antigen binding protein is an isolated agonist antibody to 0X40 comprising a light chain variable region having a sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 as set forth in WO2013/028231 and a heavy chain variable region having a sequence at least 90% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 as set forth in WO2013/028231.
  • the 0X40 antigen binding protein is an isolated antibody comprising a light chain variable comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 as set forth in WO2013/028231 and a heavy chain variable region comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 as set forth in WO2013/028231 .
  • Immunostimulatory agent Additional examples of other therapeutic agents for use in combination or coadministered with a compound of Formula I, or a salt thereof are immunostimulatory agents.
  • immunostimulatory agent refers to any agent that can stimulate the immune system.
  • immunostimulatory agents include, but are not limited to, vaccine adjuvants, such as Toll-like receptor agonists, T-cell checkpoint blockers, such as mAbs to PD-1 and CTL4 and T-cell checkpoint agonist, such as agonist mAbs to OX-40 and ICOS.
  • immunostimulatory agent refers to any agent that can stimulate the immune system.
  • immunostimulatory agents include, but are not limited to, vaccine adjuvants.
  • Toll-like receptor refers to a member of the Toll-like receptor family of proteins or a fragment thereof that senses a microbial product and/or initiates an adaptive immune response.
  • a TLR activates a dendritic cell (DC).
  • Toll-like receptors are a family of pattern recognition receptors that were initially identified as sensors of the innate immune system that recognize microbial pathogens. TLRs recognize distinct structures in microbes, often referred to as "PAMPs" (pathogen associated molecular patterns). Ligand binding to TLRs invokes a cascade of intra-cellular signalling pathways that induce the production of factors involved in inflammation and immunity.
  • TLRs that are expressed on the surface of cells include TLR-1 , -2, -4, -5, and -6, while TLR-3, -7/8, and -9 are expressed with the ER compartment.
  • Human DC subsets can be identified on the basis of distinct TLR expression patterns.
  • the myeloid or "conventional" subset of DC expresses TLRs 1-8 when stimulated, and a cascade of activation markers (e.g. CD80, CD86, MHC class I and II, CCR7), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines are produced.
  • a cascade of activation markers e.g. CD80, CD86, MHC class I and II, CCR7
  • DCs acquire an enhanced capacity to take up antigens and present them in an appropriate form to T cells.
  • plasmacytoid subset of DC expresses only TLR7 and TLR9 upon activation, with a resulting activation of NK cells as well as T-cells.
  • activating DC with TLR agonists may be beneficial for priming anti-tumor immunity in an immunotherapy approach to the treatment of cancer. It has also been suggested that successful treatment of breast cancer using radiation and chemotherapy requires TLR4 activation.
  • TLR agonists known in the art and finding use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: Pam3Cys, a TLRI/2 agonist; CFA, a TLR2 agonist; MALP2, a TLR2 agonist; Pam2Cys, a TLR2 agonist; FSL-I, a TLR-2 agonist; Hib-OMPC, a TLR-2 agonist; polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (Poly l:C), a TLR3 agonist; polyadenosine-polyuridylic acid (poly AU), a TLR3 agonist; Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly-L-lysine and carboxymethylcellulose (Hiltonol), a TLR3 agonist; bacterial flagellin a TLR5 agonist; imiquimod, a TLR7 agonist; resiquimod, a TLR7/8 agonist; loxoribine
  • TLR agonists known in the art and finding use in the present invention further include, but are not limited to aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates (AGPs) which bind to the TLR4 receptor are known to be useful as vaccine adjuvants and immunostimulatory agents for stimulating cytokine production, activating macrophages, promoting innate immune response, and augmenting antibody production in immunized animals.
  • AGPs aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphates
  • An example of a naturally occurring TLR4 agonist is bacterial LPS.
  • An example of a semisynthetic TLR4 agonist is monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL).
  • AGPs and their immunomodulating effects via TLR4 are disclosed in patent publications such as WO 2006/016997, WO 2001/090129, and/or U.S.
  • Patent No. 6113918 and have been reported in the literature. Additional AGP derivatives are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7129219, U.S. Patent No. 6525028 and U.S. Patent No 6911434. Certain AGPs act as agonists of TLR4, while others are recognized as TLR4 antagonist.
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise other therapeutic agents which, because of their adjuvant nature, can act to stimulate the immune system to respond to the cancer antigens present on the inactivated tumor cell(s).
  • adjuvants include, but are not limited to, lipids, liposomes, inactivated bacteria which induce innate immunity (e.g., inactivated or attenuated Listeriamonocytogenes), compositions which mediate innate immune activation via, (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), Retinoic acid inducible gene-based (RIG)-l-like receptors (RLRs), and/or C-type lectin receptors (CLRs).
  • NOD non-like receptors
  • RLRs Retinoic acid inducible gene-based
  • CLRs C-type lectin receptors
  • PAMPs examples include lipoproteins, lipopolypeptides, peptidoglycans, zymosan, lipopolysaccharide, neisserial porins, flagellin, profillin, galactoceramide, muramyl dipeptide.
  • Peptidoglycans, lipoproteins, and lipoteichoic acids are cell wall components of Gram-positive bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides are expressed by most bacteria, with MPL being one example.
  • Flagellin refers to the structural component of bacterial flagella that is secreted by pathogenic and commensal bacteria, rt-Galactosylceramide (rt.-GalCer) is an activator of natural killer T (NKT) cells.
  • Muramyl dipeptide is a bioactive peptidoglycan motif common to all bacteria.
  • TLR agonists are preferably used in combinations with other vaccines, adjuvants and/or immune modulators, and may be combined in various combinations.
  • the herein described compounds of Formula I that bind to STING and induce STING-dependent TBKI activation and an inactivated tumor cell which expresses and secretes one or more cytokines which stimulate DC induction, recruitment and/or maturation, as described herein can be administered together with one or more TLR agonists for therapeutic purposes.
  • Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 is a key immunosuppressive enzyme that modulates the anti-tumor immune response by promoting regulatory T cell generation and blocking effector T cell activation, thereby facilitating tumor growth by allowing cancer cells to avoid immune surveillance (Lemos 2016; Munn 2016).
  • Further active ingredients (antineoplastic agents) for use in combination or co-administered with the presently invented compounds of Formula I are IDO inhibitors.
  • Epacadostat ((Z)-N-(3-bromo-4-fluorophenyl)-N'-hydroxy-4-[2-(sulfamoylamino)ethylamino]-l,2,5- oxadiazole-3-carboxamidine) is a highly potent and selective oral inhibitor of the ID01 enzyme that reverses tumor-associated immune suppression and restores effective anti-tumor immune responses.
  • Epacadostat is disclosed in US Patent No. 8034953.
  • anti-neoplastic agent for use in combination or co-administered with a compound of Formula I are CD73 inhibitors and A2a and A2b adenosine antagonists.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent useful in the prevention or treatment of bacterial and viral infections.
  • agents include, without limitation: polymerase inhibitors such as those disclosed in WO 2004/037818, as well as those disclosed in WO 2004/037818 and WO 2006/045613; JTK-003, JTK-019, NM-283, HCV-796, R-803, R1728, R1626, as well as those disclosed in WO 2006/018725, WO 2004/074270, WO 2003/095441 , US2005/0176701 , WO 2006/020082, WO 2005/080388, WO 2004/064925, WO 2004/065367, WO 2003/007945, WO 02/04425, WO 2005/014543, WO 2003/000254, EP 1065213, WO 01/47883, WO 2002/057287, WO 2002/057245 and similar agents; replication inhibitors such as
  • WO 2004/055012 WO 2004/055010, WO 2004/055016, WO 2004/055011 , and WO 2004/054581 , and similar agents
  • pharmacokinetic enhancers such as cobicistat
  • neuraminidase inhibitors such as CS-8958, zanamivir, oseltamivir, peramivir and similar agents
  • ion channel blockers such as amantadine or rimantadine and similar agents
  • antiviral agents of undetermined mechanism of action for example those disclosed in WO 2005/105761 , WO 2003/085375, WO 2006/122011 , ribavirin, and similar agents.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in combination with other therapeutic agents which may be useful in the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infections (KSHV and KSHV-related) include, without limitation chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, alitretinoin and liposomal anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, immunotherapeutics such as Rituximab, Tocilizumab, Siltuximab and others such as Paclitaxel and Rapamycin.
  • chemotherapeutic agents such as bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, alitretinoin and liposomal anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, immunotherapeutics such as Rituximab,
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is an antimycobacterial agent or a bactericidal antibiotic.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent which may be useful in the treatment of TB infection Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and Tularemia (Franciseiia tularensis) include without limitation to first line oral agents isoniazid, Rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, streptomycin, rifabutin; injectable agents including kanamycin, amikacin, capreomycin, streptomycin; fluoroquinolones including levofloxacin moxifloxacin ofloxacin; oral bacteriostatic agents para-aminosalicylic acid cycloserine terizidone thionamide protionamide; SQ-109 PNU-100480, Rifapentine Linezolid, PA-824 AZD5847, Ga
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in combination with an antimycobacterial agent (such as isoniazid (INH), ehambutol (Myambutol®), rifampin (Rifadin®), and pyrazinamide (PZA)) a bactericidal antibiotic (such as rifabutin (Mycobutin®) or rifapentine (Priftin®)), an aminoglycoside (Capreomycin®), a fluorquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxicin, ofloxacin), thioamide (ehionamide), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), para-aminosalicyclic acid (Paser®), cycloserine (Seromycin®), kanamycin (Kantrex®), streptomycin, viomycin, capreomycin (Capastat®)), bedaquiline fumarate (Sirturo®), oxazolidin
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent which may be useful in the treatment of Chlamydia include, without limitations Azithromycin, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin.
  • the compounds of this invention may also be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent which may be useful in the treatment of Plasmodium infection include, without limitations to chloroquine, atovaquone-proguanil, artemether-lumefantrine, mefloquine, quinine, quinidine, doxocycline, cindamycin, artesunate, primaquine.
  • a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with a glutamate blocker (Riluzole (Rilutek®)), quinidine (Nuedexta ®), anticholinergics (amitriptyline ®, Artane ®, scopolamine patch (Transderm Scop ®)), sympathomimetics (pseudoephedrine), mucolytics (guaifenesin), or analgesics (tramadol (Ultram ®); ketorolac (Toradol®); morphine; fentanyl patch (Duragesic®)).
  • a glutamate blocker Rosuzole (Rilutek®)
  • quinidine Nuedexta ®
  • anticholinergics amitriptyline ®, Artane ®, scopolamine patch (Transderm Scop ®)
  • sympathomimetics pseudoephedrine
  • a compound of Formula I or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with corticosteroids (prednisone, methylprednisolone), Interferon Beta 1-A (Avonex®, Extavia®, Rebif®, Betaseron®), peginterferon beta-IA (Plegridy®), Glatiramer acetate (Copaxone®); glatiramer acetate (Glatopa®-generic equivalent of Copaxone); Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera®); Fingolimod (Gilenya®)); teriflunomide (Aubagio®); dalfampridine (Ampyra®); daclizumab (Zinbryta); alemtuzumab (Lemtrada®); natalizumab (Tysabri®); or mitoxantrone hydrochloride (Novantrone®).
  • corticosteroids prednisone, methylprednisolone
  • the compounds of this invention may also be used as adjuvants to improve the immune response raised to any given antigen and/or reduce reactogenicity/toxicity in a patient, particularly a human, in need thereof.
  • a compound of this invention may be used in combination with vaccine compositions to modify, especially to enhance, the immune response for example by increasing the level or duration of protection and/or allowing a reduction in the antigenic dose.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may be used in combination with one or more vaccines or immugenic antigens useful in the prevention or treatment of viral infections.
  • vaccines or immugenic antigens include, without limitation to pathogen derived proteins or particles such as attenuated viruses, virus particles, and viral proteins typically used as immugenic substances.
  • viruses and viral antigens include, without limitations to Polioviruses, Coronaviridae and Coronaviruses, Rhinovirus (all subtypes), Adenoviruses (all subtypes), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis D, Fluman papillomavirus (including all subtypes), Rabies viruses, Fluman T-cell lympotropic virus (all subtypes), Rubella virus, Mumps virus, Coxsackie virus A (all subtypes), Cosackie virus B (all subtypes), human enteroviruses, herpesviruses including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herepesvi ruses (all subtypes), herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (all subtypes), Epstein-Barr virus, Reoviruses (all subtypes), Filoviruses including Marburg virus and Ebola virus (
  • this invention provides an immugenic composition comprising an antigen or antigenic composition and a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a vaccine composition comprising an antigen or antigenic composition and a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compounds of Formula I and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may also be used in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent which may be useful in the prevention or treatment of viral infections for example immune therapies (e.g. interferon or other cytokines/chemokines, cytokine/chemokine receptor modulators, cytokine agonists or antagonists and similar agents); and therapeutic vaccines, anti-fibrotic agents, antiinflammatory agents such as corticosteroids or NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents) and similar agents.
  • immune therapies e.g. interferon or other cytokines/chemokines, cytokine/chemokine receptor modulators, cytokine agonists or antagonists and similar agents
  • therapeutic vaccines e.g. interferon or other cytokines/chemokines, cytokine/chemokine receptor modulators, cytokine agonists or antagonists and similar agents
  • anti-fibrotic agents e.g. interferon or other cytokines/chemokines, cytokine
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with other antiinflammatory agents, including oral or topical corticosteroids, anti-TNF agents, 5-aminosalicyclic acid and mesalamine preparations, hydroxycloroquine, thiopurines, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolic acid, mTOR inhibitors, JAK inhibitors, Syk inhibitors, anti-inflammatory biologic agents, including anti-l L6 biologies, anti-ILI agents, anti-IL17 biologies, anti-CD22, anti-integrin agents, anti-IFNa, anti-CD20 or CD4 biologies and other cytokine inhibitors or biologies to T-cell or B-cell receptors or interleukins.
  • antiinflammatory agents including oral or topical corticosteroids, anti-TNF agents, 5-aminosalicyclic acid and mesalamine preparations, hydroxycloroquine, thiopurines
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with at least one other therapeutic agent, including, a corticosteroid (such as prednisolone (Delatsone®, Orapred, Millipred, Omnipred, Econopred, Flo-Pred), an immunosuppressive agent (such as methotrexate (Rhuematrex®, Trexall®), dexamethasone (Decadron®, Solurex®), Mycophenolate mofetil (Cellcept®), Tacrolimus®, Sirolimus®), B-cell therapy (belimumab (Benlysta®), B-cell inhibitor (Atacicept®, Apratuzumab® (anti- CD22), SBI-087 (anti-CD20), an anti-BAFF antibody (LY2127399, A62, a corticosteroid (such as prednisolone (Delatsone®, Orapred, Millipred, Omnipred, Econopred,
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with alkylating agents (cyclophosphamide, Cytoxan®), anti-rheumatic anti-CD20 antibody (Rituxan®, Rituximab®), and anti- TNF inhibitors (Etanrcept®).
  • alkylating agents cyclophosphamide, Cytoxan®
  • anti-rheumatic anti-CD20 antibody Rituxan®, Rituximab®
  • Etanrcept® anti- TNF inhibitors
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with ixekizumab, tildrakizumab (MK-3222), or secukinumab (AIN457).
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is selected from an inhaled corticosteroid, a long acting beta agonist, a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid and a long acting beta agonist, a short acting beta agonist, a leukotriene modifier, an anti-lgE, a methylxanthine bronchodilator, a mast cell inhibitor, and a long-acting muscarinic antagonist.
  • a compound that inhibits STING may be administered in combination with an inhaled corticosteroid ((ICS) such as fluticasone proprionate (Flovent®), beclomethasone dipropionate (QVAR®), budesonide (Pulmicort), trimcinolone acetonide (Azmacort®), flun isolide (Aerobid®), mometasone fuorate (Asmanex® Twisthaler®), or Ciclesonide (Alvesco®)), a long acting beta agonist ((LABA) such as formoterol fumarate (Foradil®), salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent®)), a combination of an ICS and LABA (such as fluticasone furoate and vilanterol (Breo Ellipta®), formoterol/ budesonide inhalation (Symbi
  • ICS corticosteroid
  • Flovent® beclomethasone dipropionate
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is selected from a long acting beta agonist, a long-acting inhaled anticholinergic or muscarinic antagonist, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, a combination of an inhaled corticosteroid long acting beta agonist, a short acting beta agonist, and an inhaled corticosteroid.
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with a LABA (such as salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent), umeclidinium/vilanterol (Anoro Ellipta®), umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta®), aformoterol tartrate (Brovana®), formoterol fumarate inhalation powder (Foradil®), indacterol maleate (Arcapta® Neohaler®), or fluticasone propionate/eformoterol fumarate dehydrate (Flutiform®)), a long-acting inhaled anticholinergic (or muscarinic antagonist, such as tiotropium bromide (Spiriva®), and aclidinium bromide (Tudorza® Pressair®), a phosphodiesterase (PDE-r) inhibitor (such as salmeterol xinafoate (Serevent), umeclidinium/vilante
  • COPD include SCH527123 (a CXCR2 antagonist), glycoprronium bromide ((NVA237)
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is selected from an oral corticosteroid, anti-thymocyte globulin, thalidomide, chlorambucil, a calcium channel blocker, a topical emollient, an ACE inhibitor, a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, an endothelin-1 receptor inhibitor, an anti-fibrotic agent, a proton-pump inhibitor or imatinib, ARG201 , and tocilizumab.
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with an oral corticosteroid (such as prednisolone (Delatsone®, Orapred, Millipred, Omnipred, Econopred, Flo-Pred), an immunosuppressive agent (such as methotrexate (Rhuematrex®, Trexall®), cyclosporine (Sandimmune®), anti-thymocyte globulin (Atgam®), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept®), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), FK506 (tacrolimus), thalidomide (Thalomid®), chlorambucil (Leukeran®), azathioprine (Imuran®, Azasan®)), a calcium channel blocker (such as nifedipine (
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with anti-rheumatic agents (hydroxychloroquine and Plaquenil®, Ridaura®, Kineret®), cholinergic agonists (Salagen®, Evoxac®), a JAK inhibitor (Xelijanz®, and anti-TNF treatments (Remicade®, Flumira®, Enbrel®, Cimzia®, Simponi®).
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is a ciliary neurotrophic growth factor or a gene transfer agent.
  • a compound that modulates STING particularly a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered in combination with a ciliary neurotrophic growth factor (NT-501 -CNTF) or gene transfer agent, UshStat®.
  • NT-501 -CNTF ciliary neurotrophic growth factor
  • UshStat® ciliary neurotrophic growth factor
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is selected from a trivalent (IIV3) inactivated influenza vaccine, a quadrivalent (IIV4) inactivated influenza vaccine, a trivalent recombinant influenza vaccine, a quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine, an antiviral agent, or inactivated influenza vaccine.
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with a trivalent (IIV3) inactivated influenza vaccine (such as Afluria®, Fluarix®, Flucelvax®, FluLaval®, Fluvirin®, Fluzone®), a quadrivalent (IIV4) inactivated influenza vaccine (such as Fluarix® Quadrivalent, Flulaval® Quadrivalent, Fluzone® Quadrivalent), a trivalent recombinant influenza vaccine (such as FluBlok®), a quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (such as FluMist® Quadrivalent), an antiviral agent (such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu®), zanamivir (Relenza®), rimantadine (Flumadine®), or amantadine (Symmetrel®)), or Fluad®, Fludase, FluNhance®, Preflucel, orV
  • a trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine such as Afluria®, Fluarix®,
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with an antibiotic (such as a b-Lactam cephalosporin (Duricef®, Kefzol®, Ancef®, Biocef®, etc), nafcillin (Unipen®), a sulfonamide (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bacrim®, Septra®,) sulfasalazine (Azulfidine®), acetyl sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin®), etc), or vancomycin (Vancocin®)).
  • an antibiotic such as a b-Lactam cephalosporin (Duricef®, Kefzol®, Ancef®, Biocef®, etc), nafcillin (Unipen®), a sulfonamide (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim (Bacrim®, Septra®,) s
  • the at least one other therapeutic agent is selected from a topical immunomodulator or calcineurin inhibitor, a topical corticosteroid, an oral corticosteroid, an interferon gamma, an antihistamine, or an antibiotic.
  • a compound that modulates STING may be administered in combination with a topical immunomodulator or calcineurin inhibitor (such as pimecrolimus (Elidel®) or tacrolimus ointment (Protopic®)), a topical corticosteroid (such as hydrocortizone (Synacort®, Westcort®), betamethasone (Diprolene®), flurandrenolide (Cordan®), fluticasone (Cutivate®), triamcinolone (Kenalog®), fluocinonide (Lidex®), and clobetasol (Temovate®)), an oral corticosteroid (such as hydrocortisone (Cortef®), methyl prednisolone (Medrol®), or prednisolone (Pediapred®, Prelone®), an immunosuppressant (such as
  • compositions may contain antibody(ies) or antibody fragment(s) or an antigenic component including but not limited to protein, DNA, live or dead bacteria and/or viruses or virus-like particles, together with one or more components with adjuvant activity including but not limited to aluminum salts, oil and water emulsions, heat shock proteins, lipid A preparations and derivatives, glycolipids, other TLR agonists such as CpG DNA or similar agents, cytokines such as GM-CSF or IL-12 or similar agents.
  • antibody(ies) or antibody fragment(s) or an antigenic component including but not limited to protein, DNA, live or dead bacteria and/or viruses or virus-like particles, together with one or more components with adjuvant activity including but not limited to aluminum salts, oil and water emulsions, heat shock proteins, lipid A preparations and derivatives, glycolipids, other TLR agonists such as CpG DNA or similar agents, cytokines such as GM-CSF or IL-12 or similar agents.
  • a vaccine adjuvant comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a vaccine composition comprising a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an antigen or antigen composition.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used in a method of therapy. Also provided is a method of treatment, comprising administering to a subject in need of treatment a therapeutically- effective amount of a compound of the invention.
  • a therapeutically- effective amount is an amount sufficient to show benefit to a patient. Such benefit may be at least amelioration of at least one symptom.
  • the actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration, will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. Prescription of treatment, e.g. decisions on dosage, is within the responsibility of general practitioners and other medical doctors.
  • the active compound or pharmaceutical composition comprising the active compound may be administered to a subject by any convenient route of administration, whether systemically/peripherally or at the site of desired action, including but not limited to, oral (e.g. by ingestion); topical (including e.g. transdermal, intranasal, ocular, buccal, and sublingual); pulmonary (e.g. by inhalation or insufflation therapy using, e.g. an aerosol, e.g.
  • vaginal parenteral, for example, by injection, including subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intracardiac, intrathecal, intraspinal, intracapsular, subcapsular, intraorbital, intraperitoneal, intratracheal, subcuticular, intraarticular, subarachnoid, intravitreal and intrasternal; by implant of a depot, for example, subcutaneously, intravitreal or intramuscularly.
  • the subject may be a eukaryote, an animal, a vertebrate animal, a mammal, a rodent (e.g.
  • a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse murine (e.g. a mouse), canine (e.g. a dog), feline (e.g. a cat), equine (e.g. a horse), a primate, simian (e.g. a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g. marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g. gorilla, chimpanzee, orangutan, gibbon), or a human.
  • murine e.g. a mouse
  • canine e.g. a dog
  • feline e.g. a cat
  • equine e.g. a horse
  • a primate e.g. simian (e.g. a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g. marmoset, baboon), an ape (e.g. gorilla, chimpanzee,
  • intratumoural injection may be used.
  • compositions comprising at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, excipients, diluents, fillers, buffers, stabilisers, preservatives, lubricants, or other materials well known to those skilled in the art and optionally other therapeutic or prophylactic agents.
  • the present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositions, as defined above, and methods of making a pharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one active compound, as defined above, together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, buffers, adjuvants, stabilisers, or other materials, as described herein.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable refers to compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgement, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of a subject (e.g. human) without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • a subject e.g. human
  • Each carrier, excipient, etc. must also be “acceptable’’ in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation.
  • Suitable carriers, excipients, etc. can be found in standard pharmaceutical texts, for example, Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. 18th edition, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., 1990.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. Such methods include the step of bringing into association the active compound with the carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active compound with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
  • Formulations may be in the form of liquids, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, syrups, tablets, losenges, granules, powders, capsules, cachets, pills, ampoules, suppositories, pessaries, ointments, gels, pastes, creams, sprays, mists, foams, lotions, oils, boluses, electuaries, or aerosols.
  • Formulations suitable for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules, cachets or tablets, each containing a predetermined amount of the active compound; as a powder or granules; as a solution or suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion; as a bolus; as an electuary; or as a paste.
  • a tablet may be made by conventional means, e.g., compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active compound in a free-flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with one or more binders (e.g. povidone, gelatin, acacia, sorbitol, tragacanth, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose); fillers or diluents (e.g. lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, calcium hydrogen phosphate); lubricants (e.g. magnesium stearate, talc, silica); disintegrants (e.g.
  • Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active compound therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile. Tablets may optionally be provided with an enteric coating, to provide release in parts of the gut otherthan the stomach.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration may be formulated as an ointment, cream, suspension, lotion, powder, solution, past, gel, spray, aerosol, or oil.
  • a formulation may comprise a patch or a dressing such as a bandage or adhesive plaster impregnated with active compounds and optionally one or more excipients or diluents.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth include losenges comprising the active compound in a flavoured basis, usually sucrose and acacia ortragacanth; pastilles comprising the active compound in an inert basis such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active compound in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration to the eye also include eye drops wherein the active compound is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent for the active compound.
  • Formulations suitable for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid, include a coarse powder having a particle size, for example, in the range of about 20 to about 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e. by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
  • Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid for administration as, for example, nasal spray, nasal drops, or by aerosol administration by nebuliser include aqueous or oily solutions of the active compound.
  • Formulations suitable for administration by inhalation include those presented as an aerosol spray from a pressurised pack, with the use of a suitable propellant, such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
  • a suitable propellant such as dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane, dichoro-tetrafluoroethane, carbon dioxide, or other suitable gases.
  • Formulations suitable for topical administration via the skin include ointments, creams, and emulsions.
  • the active compound When formulated in an ointment, the active compound may optionally be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active compounds may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base.
  • the aqueous phase of the cream base may include, for example, at least about 30% w/w of a polyhydric alcohol, i.e., an alcohol having two or more hydroxyl groups such as propylene glycol, butane-1 ,3-diol, mannitol, sorbitol, glycerol and polyethylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
  • the topical formulations may desirably include a compound which enhances absorption or penetration of the active compound through the skin or other affected areas. Examples of such dermal penetration enhancers include dimethylsulfoxide and related analogues.
  • the oily phase may optionally comprise merely an emulsifier (otherwise known as an emulgent), or it may comprises a mixture of at least one emulsifier with a fat or an oil or with both a fat and an oil.
  • an emulsifier otherwise known as an emulgent
  • a hydrophilic emulsifier is included together with a lipophilic emulsifier which acts as a stabiliser. It is also preferred to include both an oil and a fat.
  • the emulsifier(s) with or without stabiliser(s) make up the so-called emulsifying wax
  • the wax together with the oil and/or fat make up the so-called emulsifying ointment base which forms the oily dispersed phase of the cream formulations.
  • Suitable emulgents and emulsion stabilisers include Tween 60, Span 80, cetostearyl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate and sodium lauryl sulphate.
  • the choice of suitable oils or fats for the formulation is based on achieving the desired cosmetic properties, since the solubility of the active compound in most oils likely to be used in pharmaceutical emulsion formulations may be very low.
  • the cream should preferably be a non-greasy, non-staining and washable product with suitable consistency to avoid leakage from tubes or other containers.
  • Straight or branched chain, mono- or dibasic alkyl esters such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the last three being preferred esters. These may be used alone or in combination depending on the properties required.
  • mono-isoadipate such as di-isoadipate, isocetyl stearate, propylene glycol diester of coconut fatty acids, isopropyl myristate, decyl oleate, isopropyl palmitate, butyl stearate, 2-ethylhexyl palmitate or a blend of branched chain esters known as Crodamol CAP may be used, the
  • high melting point lipids such as white soft paraffin and/or liquid paraffin or other mineral oils can be used.
  • Formulations suitable for rectal administration may be presented as a suppository with a suitable base comprising, for example, cocoa butter or a salicylate.
  • Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations containing in addition to the active compound, such carriers as are known in the art to be appropriate.
  • Formulations suitable for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents, and liposomes or exosomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • aqueous and non-aqueous isotonic, pyrogen-free, sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, preservatives, stabilisers, bacteriostats, and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient
  • aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents, and liposomes or exosome
  • Suitable isotonic vehicles for use in such formulations include Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer’s Solution, or Lactated Ringer’s Injection.
  • concentration of the active compound in the solution is from about 1 ng/mL to about 10 pg/mL, for example from about 10 ng/ml to about 1 pg/mL.
  • the formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose sealed containers, for example, ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilised) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.
  • Formulations may be in the form of liposomes or exosomes or other microparticulate systems which are designed to target the active compound to blood components or one or more organs.
  • appropriate dosages of the compound, and compositions comprising the compound can vary from patient to patient. Determining the optimal dosage will generally involve the balancing of the level of therapeutic benefit against any risk or deleterious side effects.
  • the selected dosage level will depend on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, the activity of the particular compound, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds, and/or materials used in combination, the severity of the condition, and the species, sex, age, weight, condition, general health, and prior medical history of the patient.
  • the amount of compound and route of administration will ultimately be at the discretion of the physician, veterinarian, or clinician, although generally the dosage will be selected to achieve local concentrations at the site of action which achieve the desired effect without causing substantial harmful or deleterious side- effects.
  • Administration can be effected in one dose, continuously or intermittently (e.g., in divided doses at appropriate intervals) throughout the course of treatment. Methods of determining the most effective means and dosage of administration are well known to those of skill in the art and will vary with the formulation used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell(s) being treated, and the subject being treated. Single or multiple administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern being selected by the treating physician, veterinarian, or clinician.
  • a suitable dose of the active compound is in the range of about 100 ng to about 25 mg (more typically about 1 pg to about 10 mg) per kilogram body weight of the subject per day.
  • the amount administered is calculated on the basis of the parent compound and so the actual weight to be used is increased proportionately.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 mg, 3 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 150 mg, 2 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 200 mg, 2 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 50 or about 75 mg, 3 or 4 times daily.
  • the active compound is administered to a human patient according to the following dosage regime: about 100 or about 125 mg, 2 times daily.
  • treatment pertains generally to treatment and therapy, whether of a human or an animal (e.g., in veterinary applications), in which some desired therapeutic effect is achieved, for example, the inhibition of the progress of the condition, and includes a reduction in the rate of progress, a halt in the rate of progress, regression of the condition, amelioration of the condition, and cure of the condition.
  • Treatment as a prophylactic measure i.e., prophylaxis, prevention is also included.
  • terapéuticaally-effective amount pertains to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired therapeutic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.
  • prophylactically-effective amount refers to that amount of an active compound, or a material, composition or dosage from comprising an active compound, which is effective for producing some desired prophylactic effect, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, when administered in accordance with a desired treatment regimen.
  • the subject/patient may be an animal, mammal, a placental mammal, a marsupial (e.g., kangaroo, wombat), a monotreme (e.g., duckbilled platypus), a rodent (e.g., a guinea pig, a hamster, a rat, a mouse), murine (e.g., a mouse), a lagomorph (e.g., a rabbit), avian (e.g., a bird), canine (e.g., a dog), feline (e.g., a cat), equine (e.g., a horse), porcine (e.g., a pig), ovine (e.g., a sheep), bovine (e.g., a cow), a primate, simian (e.g., a monkey or ape), a monkey (e.g., marmoset, baboon), an
  • the subject/patient may be any of its forms of development, for example, a foetus.
  • the subject/patient is a human.
  • the compounds of the invention can be prepared employing the following general methods and using procedures described in detail in the examples.
  • the reaction conditions referred to are illustrative and non-limiting, for example one skilled in the art may use a diverse range of synthetic methods to synthesise the desired compounds such as but not limited to methods described in literature (for example but not limited to March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 7th Edition or Larock’s Comprehensive Organic Transformations: Comprehensive Organic Transformations: A Guide to Functional Group Preparations).
  • aldehyde G1 with substituents R 1 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 can be reacted with one equivalent of aldehyde G2 with substituents R 11 , A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 and one equivalent of tetra-aniline G3 in the presence of either (a) a suitable acid such as, but not limited to, acetic acid or (b) sodium bisulfite or (c) sodium metabisulfite or (d) Oxone® to give compounds of the type G4.
  • a suitable acid such as, but not limited to, acetic acid or
  • a suitable acid such as, but not limited to, acetic acid or
  • Oxone® to give compounds of the type G4.
  • two equivalents of the same aldehyde i.e.
  • G1 G2
  • the aldehydes G1 and G2 can be reacted with an equivalent of di-nitro/di-aniline compound G5 using conditions such as, but not limited to, heating with sodium dithionite as shown in Scheme 1b.
  • Compounds of the structure G1 can be accessed by treatment of a suitably substituted arene or heteroarene G6 with either an alkyl lithium such as, but not limited to, n-butyllithium, or a lithium amide base such as, but not limited to, lithium diisopropylamide, and subsequent quenching of the resultant lithiated species with N,N-dimethylformamide.
  • Compounds of the structure G1 may also be accessed via bromination of intermediate G7 to form alkyl bromide G8 using a suitable bromine source such as, but not limited to, N-bromosuccinimide, in the presence of an initiator such as, but not limited to, benzoyl peroxide.
  • An oxidation reaction of G8 may be carried out with a suitable oxidant such as, but no limited to, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide to give compounds of the type G1.
  • a suitable oxidant such as, but no limited to, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide
  • Aldehydes of the type G1 can also be prepared via a number of other methods well known to those skilled in the art such as, but not limited to, oxidations of benzyl alcohols, reactions with organolithium compounds, and reductions of acids/esters/nitriles.
  • Scheme 3 illustrates methods by which compounds of the formula G3 can be made, in which ‘X’ is an appropriate leaving group such as, but not limited to, a halogen atom or activated leaving group such as, but not limited to, triflate, mesylate ortosylate.
  • the first step in obtaining compounds of the formula G3 is reaction of a phenyl compound substituted with an appropriate leaving group G9 with a di-amine of the type G10 and an equivalent of another phenyl compound substituted with an appropriate leaving group G11 to give the bis-nitro species G12. .
  • compounds of the type G12 can be accessed by first reacting a phenyl compound substituted with an appropriate leaving group G9 with a diamine G13 mono- protected with a suitable protecting group such as, but not limited to, a Boc group to give intermediate G14.
  • substituents R C1 , R C3 and R C4 , R C11 , R C13 and R C14 on compounds G3, G9, G11 , G12, G143 and G15 may be a halogen atom or other suitable leaving group (such as a boronic acid or ester, -OH, -O-triflyl, -OC(O)allyl, and the like) to allow for transition-metal catalysed transformations such as Ulmann, Negishi, Stille, Suzuki-Miyaura, Sonogashira and Buchwald-Hartwig couplings, or for SnAr displacements to produce further examples of the type of compound I.
  • suitable leaving group such as a boronic acid or ester, -OH, -O-triflyl, -OC(O)allyl, and the like
  • G16 may be first activated by a coupling agent such as, but not limited to, 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1 ,2,3-triazolo[4,5- b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide or N,N'- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide before reaction with nucleophile G17 in the presence of a catalyst such as, but not limited to, 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
  • Diamide analogues of diester G16 may be prepared by conversion of diacid G16 by conditions apparent to those skilled in the art, including similar conditions as described in Scheme 4a, with a suitably functionalised nucleophile in place of nucleophile G17.
  • Diester G18 can also be accessed by reaction of diacid G16 with a suitable alkyl halide G19 in the presence of a suitable base such as, but not limited to, cesium carbonate as shown in Scheme 4b.
  • a suitable base such as, but not limited to, cesium carbonate as shown in Scheme 4b.
  • Nitro intermediate G14 can be reduced to the di-aniline intermediate using conditions such as, but not limited to, stirring over a heterogenous catalyst such as Pd/C under an atmosphere of hydrogen to give G190.
  • a reduction step of the nitro compound G22 can be peformed to give G23 using conditions such as, but not limited to, stirring over a heterogenous catalyst such as Pd/C under an atmosphere of hydrogen.
  • the di-aniline intermediate G23 can be condensed with an equivalent of an aldehyde of the type G2 in the presence of either (a) a suitable acid such as, but not limited to, acetic acid or (b) sodium bisulfite or (c) sodium metabisulfite or (d) Oxone® to give bis-benzimidazole compounds of the type G4.
  • nitrile intermediate G24 can be accessed via the common nitrile intermediate G24 (Scheme 6a).
  • Compounds of the type G24 are accessible using the chemistry described in General Synthesis 1 and General Synthesis 5 where R1/R11 is replaced by a nitrile -CN group.
  • Treatment of a suitably substituted nitrile G24 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride enables access to N- hydroxyamidine intermediates of the type G25.
  • nitrile G24 can be employed to form tetrazole compounds G27 in one step in the presence of a base such as, but not limited to, triethylamine and an azide source such as sodium azide.
  • Compounds of the type G30 are regioisomers of G26, and can be prepared from acid G16.
  • PG protecting group
  • Boc tert-butyloxycarbonyl
  • a 1 is CR A .
  • a 1 is N.
  • a 2 is CR B .
  • a 2 is N.
  • a 3 is CR C .
  • a 3 is N.
  • a 4 is CR D .
  • a 4 is N.
  • two of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 are N.
  • one of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 are N.
  • none of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 are N, i.e. A 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 are CR A , CR B , CR C , and CR D respectively.
  • a 11 is CR ⁇ .
  • a 11 is N.
  • a 12 is CR BB .
  • a 12 is N.
  • a 13 is CR CC .
  • a 13 is N.
  • a 14 is CR DD .
  • a 14 is N.
  • two of A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are N.
  • one of A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are N.
  • a 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are N, i.e. A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are CR ⁇ , CR BB , CR CC , and CR DD respectively.
  • the compound of formula I is selected from compounds of formulae (llla)-(llle): ( c)
  • R A , R B , R c , R D , R AA , R BB , R cc and R DD (if present)
  • R A , R B , R c , R D , R M , R BB , R CC and R DD are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH.
  • R A , R B , R c , R D , R M , R BB , R CC and R DD are independently selected from H, F, Cl and Br, preferably H, Cl and F.
  • one of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present), and one of R M , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • two of R A , R B , R c and R D (if present), and two of R A , R B , R c , R D , R M ,
  • R BB , R CC and R DD are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CFfeOMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • R A , R B , R c and R D are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH.
  • the remainder are H.
  • one, two or three of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present), and one, two or three of R M , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano and OMe. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • one, two orthree of R A , R B , R c and R D (if present), and one, two orthree of R AA , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , and cyclopropyl and OMe. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • one, two orthree of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present), and one, two orthree of R M , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, and CF 3 and OMe.
  • R A , R B , R c and R D (if present), and one, two orthree of R M ,
  • R BB , R CC and R DD (if present) is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • two of R A , R B , R c and R D (if present), and one, two orthree of R A , R B , R c , R D , R AA , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • R A , R B , R c and R D are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH.
  • the remainder are H.
  • R BB , R CC and R DD (if present) is selected from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • one, two orthree of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present), and two of R A , R B , R c , R D , R AA , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • one, two or three of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present), and three of R A , R B , R c , R D , R M , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are selected from F, Cl, Br, I, Me, Et, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH. The remainder (if present) are H.
  • R A and R M are selected from H, Br and F, preferably H and F. In some embodiments, R A is H. In some embodiments, R M is H. In some embodiments R A and R AA are H. In some embodiments, R A is F. In some embodiments, R M is F. In some embodiments R A and R M are F.
  • R B is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH 2 OH, and CFbOMe.
  • R BB is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH 2 OH, and CFhOMe.
  • R B and R BB are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CFteOMe.
  • R B and/or R BB are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano and OMe. In some embodiments R B and/or R BB are selected from H, F, Br, and Cl. In some embodiments R B and/or R BB are selected from H, F, and Cl. In some embodiments R B and/or R BB are selected from H and Cl. In some embodiments R B and/or R BB are H. In some embodiments R B and/or R BB are F. In some embodiments R B and/or R BB are Cl.
  • R c is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CFteOMe.
  • R CC is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CFhOMe.
  • R c and R CC are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CH 2 OMe.
  • R c and/or R CC are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano and OMe. In some embodiments R c and/or R CC are selected from H, F, Br, and Cl. In some embodiments R c and/or R CC are selected from H, F and Cl. In some embodiments R c and/or R CC are H. In some embodiments R c and/or R CC are F. In some embodiments R c and/or R CC are Cl.
  • R D is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CFfeOMe.
  • R DD is selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CFhOMe.
  • R D and R DD are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, CH OH, and CH 2 OMe.
  • R D and/or R DD are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano and OMe. In some embodiments R D and/or R DD are selected from H, F, Br and Cl. In some embodiments R D and/or R DD are selected from H, F and Cl. In some embodiments R D and/or R DD are H. In some embodiments R D and/or R DD are F. In some embodiments R D and/or R DD are Cl.
  • R A , R B , R c and R D are halo and the remainder are H.
  • preferred halo atoms are Cl, Br and F, more preferably Cl and F, most preferably F.
  • 1 or 2 of R A and R c are halo and R B and R D are H.
  • R M , R BB , R CC and R DD are halo and the remainder are H.
  • preferred halo atoms are Cl, Br and F, more preferably Cl and F, most preferably F.
  • 1 or 2 of R M and R CC are halo and R B and R D are H.
  • a 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 are selected from combinations 1.1-1.30 in the following table:
  • a 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are selected from combinations 2.1-2.30 in the following table: In some embodiments, A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are selected from combinations 1 - 3.8 in the following table:
  • a 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 are selected from combinations - 28 in the following table: Of these, combinations 9 and 10 may be preferred.
  • combinations 1 , 3, 6 and 9 may be preferred.
  • combinations 1 and 10 may be preferred.
  • combination 10 may be preferred.
  • combination 1 may be preferred.
  • Y is (CH2)n where n is from 2 to 3. In some embodiments, Y is (CH 2 ) 2 . In some embodiments, Y is (CH 2 )3. In some embodiments, Y is (CFteK
  • R C1 , R C3 , R C4 , R C11 , R C13 and R c14 are all H.
  • two of R C1 , R C3 and R C4 and two of R C11 , R C13 and R C14 are H, and the others are selected from the defined groups (except H).
  • one of R C1 , R C3 and R C4 and one of R C11 , R C13 and R C14 is H, and the others are independently selected from the defined groups (except H).
  • R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, Me, OMe, cyano, CF 3 and CH 2 OH. In some of these embodiments, R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, CF 3 , OMe and CH 2 OH. In further of these embodiments, R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, Cl and OMe. In other embodiments, R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, F and OMe. In further of these embodiments, R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H and OMe.
  • R C11 , R C13 and R C14 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, Me, OMe, cyano, CF 3 and CH 2 OH. In some of these embodiments, R C11 , R C13 and R C14 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, CF 3 , OMe and CH 2 OH. In further of these embodiments, R C11 , R C13 and R C14 are independently selected from H, Cl and OMe. In other embodiments, R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, F and OMe. In further of these embodiments, R C11 , R C13 and R C14 are independently selected from H and OMe.
  • R C1 is OMe
  • R C11 is OMe.
  • R C3 is H. In some embodiments, R C13 is H.
  • R C4 is H or F, preferably H.
  • R C14 is H or F, preferably H.
  • R C1 and R C11 are OMe
  • R C3 and R C13 are H
  • R C4 and R C14 are both either H or F, preferably H.
  • R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are selected from the following combinations 1 - 4:
  • combination 3 and 4 may be preferred.
  • combination 3 may be preferred.
  • R C11 , R C13 and R c14 are selected from the following combinations 1 -
  • combination 3 and 4 may be preferred.
  • combination 3 may be preferred.
  • R C1 , R C3 , R C4 , R C11 , R C13 and R c14 are selected from the following combinations 1 - 4:
  • combination 3 and 4 may be preferred. In some embodiments, combination 3 may be preferred.
  • R 1 and R 11 are independently selected from oxo-thiadiazolyl, thio-thiadiazolyl, thio-oxadiazolyl, hydroxy-oxadiazolyl, hydroxy-thiadiazolyl, thiohydroxy-oxadiazolyl, thiohydroxy-thiadiazolyl, and -C(CR a R b R c )(CR x R' , R z )XH, wherein each R a ,
  • R b , R c , R x , R y and R z is independently selected from H and F and X is selected from O and S, hydroxy-oxazolyl, thiohydroxy-oxazolyl, hydroxy-diazolyl, hydroxy-thiazolyl, thiohydroxy-thiazolyl.
  • R 1 and R 11 are independently selected from oxo-thiadiazolyl, thio-thiadiazolyl, thio-oxadiazolyl, hydroxy-thiadiazolyl, thiohydroxy-oxadiazolyl, thiohydroxy-thiadiazolyl, and -C(CR a R b R c )(CR x R y R z )XH, wherein each R a , R b , R c , R x , R y and R z is independently selected from H and F and X is selected from O and S, hydroxy-oxazolyl, thiohydroxy- oxazolyl, hydroxy-diazolyl, hydroxy-thiazolyl, thiohydroxy-thiazolyl.
  • R 1 and R 11 are selected from 2-oxo-3H-1-thia-3,4- diazolyl, 2-thio-3H-1 -thia-3,4-diazolyl, 2-thio-3H-1-oxa-3,4-diazolyl, 3-hydroxy-1-oxa-2,5-diazolyl, 3- hydroxy-1-thia-2,5-diazolyl, 3-thiohydroxy-1-oxa-2,5-diazolyl, 3-thiohydroxy-1-thia-2,5-diazolyl, and -C(CR a R b R c )(CR x R y R z )XH, wherein each R a , R b , R c , R x , R y and R z is independently selected from H and F and X is selected from O and S, 3-hydroxy-1-ox-2-azolyl, 3-thiohydroxy-1-ox-2-azolyl, 1- hydroxy-1 hydroxy-1-thia-3,
  • R 1 and R 11 are selected from -C(CR a R b R c )(CR x R' , R z )XH, wherein each R a , R b , R c , R x , R y and R z is independently selected from H and F and X is selected from O and S.
  • X is O.
  • R a , R b and R c are each H.
  • R x , R y and R z are each F.
  • R a , R b and R c are each FI and R x , R y and R z are each F.
  • R a , R b , R c , R x , R y and R z are each F.
  • R 1 and R 11 are selected from any one of the following moieties:
  • R 1 and R 11 are selected from oxothiadiazolyl
  • R 1 and/or R 11 are oxo-thiadiazolyl, preferably 2-oxo-1 ,3,4-thiad iazol-5- yl.
  • the compounds may be provided by formula (IV): wherein R C1 , R C2 , R C3 , R C11 , R C12 , R C13 , A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , A 4 , A 11 , A 12 , A 13 , A 14 and Y are as defined for formula (I).
  • one of R 1 and R 11 is tetrazolyl.
  • one of R 1 and R 11 is oxo-oxadiazolyl, such as 5-oxo-4H-1 ,2,4- oxadiazol-3-yl and 2-oxo-3H-1 ,3,4-oxadiazol-5-yl.
  • one of R 1 and R 11 is triazolyl.
  • one of R 1 and R 11 is Br or F.
  • R 1 and R 11 are integers.
  • R 1 and R 11 are the same.
  • R 1 and R 11 are not the same.
  • R C1 may be the same as R C11
  • R C3 may be the same as R C13
  • R C4 may be the same as R C14
  • a 1 , A 2 , A 3 and A 4 may be the same or different to A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 , respectively.
  • the compound is of formula (II):
  • Y is (CH 2 )n, where n is from 2 to 4;
  • a 1 is CR A or N
  • a 2 is CR B or N
  • a 3 is CR C or N
  • a 4 is CR D or N; where no more than two of A 1 , A 2 , A 3 , and A 4 may be N; one, two or three of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe and OH; the remainder of R A , R B , R c and R D , (if present) are H;
  • a 11 is CR M or N
  • a 12 is CR BB or N;
  • a 13 is CR CC or N
  • a 14 is CR DD or N; where no more than two of A 11 , A 12 , A 13 and A 14 may be N; one, two or three of R AA , R BB , R CC and R DD (if present) are selected from H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , cyclopropyl, cyano, OMe, OEt, CH 2 OH , CH 2 OMe and OH; the remainder of R M , R BB , R CC and R DD , (if present) are H;
  • R C1 , R C3 and R C4 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, Me, OMe, cyano, CF 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe, C 2-4 alkenyl and C 5 heterocyclyl;
  • R C11 , R C13 and R 014 are independently selected from H, Cl, F, Br, Me, OMe, cyano, CF 3 , CH 2 OH, CH 2 OMe, C 2 -4 alkenyl and C 5 heterocyclyl.
  • R 1 and R 11 are the same.
  • R 1 and R 11 are oxo-thiadiazolyl.
  • R 1 and R 11 are
  • R 1 and R 11 are
  • Ether potassium carbonate (K 2 C03), sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ), lithium diisopropylamine (LDA), azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), -methylmorpholine /V-oxide (NMO), benzoyl peroxide (BPO), 1 ,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt).
  • TLC refers to thin layer chromatography
  • LCMS data was generated using the conditions described below. Chlorine isotopes are reported as 35 CI, Bromine isotopes are reported as either 79 Br or 81 Br or both 79 Br/ 81 Br.
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11 ⁇ 1 mg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter,. (Injection volume: 1 ⁇ 1 Op L)
  • Nebulizer pressure 35 psi Drying gas temperature: 350 °C
  • Vcap 3.5 kV
  • Gradient Table
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11 ⁇ 1 mg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter. (Injection volume: 1 ⁇ 10 p L)
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11 ⁇ 1 mg/mL, then filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter. (Injection volume: 1 ⁇ 10 p L)
  • the sample was dissolved in methanol, the concentration about 0.11 ⁇ 1 mg/mL, then filtered through the syringe filter with 0.22 ⁇ m. (Injection volume: 1 ⁇ 10pL)
  • Analytical thin-layer chromatography was performed on Merck silica gel 60 F254 aluminium- backed plates which were visualised using fluorescence quenching under UV light or a basic KMhq 4 dip or Ninhydrin dip.
  • Preparative thin-layer chromatography was performed using Tklst (China), grand grade: (HPTLC): 8 ⁇ 2 ⁇ m>80%; (TLC): 10-40 ⁇ m. Type: GF254. Compounds were visualised by UV (254 nm). Column chromatography was performed using Tklst (China), grand grade, 100-200 meshes silica gel.
  • anhydrous solvents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich or dried using conventional methods. Solutions of inorganic acids or bases were made up as aqueous solutions unless stated otherwise.
  • a mixture of methyl 4-chloro-2-formylbenzoate (A10) (0.100 g, 0.50 mmol), 4,4'-(ethane-1 ,2- diylbis(azanediyl))bis(3-amino-2-methoxybenzamide) (113) (0.098 g, 0.25 mmol) and NaHS03 (0.052 g, 0.50 mml) in DMF (4 mL) was heated at 100 °C under N for 16 h.
  • the mixture was poured into water (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc (10 mL x 3) and the combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • Example 13 Dimethyl 6,6'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(5-carbamoyl-4-methoxy-1H- benzo[d]imidazole-1,2-diyl))bis(3-bromobenzoate) (13) and 6,6'-(Ethane-1,2-diylbis(5- carbamoyl-4-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-1,2-diyl))bis(3-bromobenzoic acid) (14)
  • Example 22 l.l'-fEthane-l ⁇ -diyObis ⁇ - ⁇ -bromo ⁇ -chloro-e-fluorophenylHl-methoxy- 1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide) (45) and 1,1'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-6- (2H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl)-4-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide) (46)
  • Example 26 1,1 , -(Ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(2-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-6-(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4- oxadiazol-2-yl)phenyl)-4-methoxy-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide) (50)

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés de formule (I), qui sont des modulateurs de STING. L'invention concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques comprenant des composés de formule (I) et des méthodes d'utilisation des composés de formule (I) dans le traitement ou la prévention de maladies atténuées par la modulation de STING.
PCT/AU2022/050634 2021-06-23 2022-06-23 Dimères d'amidobenzimidazole substitués en tant que modulateurs de sting WO2022266711A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004047769A2 (fr) * 2002-11-26 2004-06-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Benzimidazoles et analogues de ceux-ci utilises comme agents anti-bacteriens
WO2020181050A1 (fr) * 2019-03-05 2020-09-10 Sperovie Biosciences, Inc. Composés, compositions et procédés pour le traitement d'une maladie
WO2021009365A1 (fr) * 2019-07-18 2021-01-21 Ctxt Pty Limited Dérivés de benzothiophène, de thiénopyridine et de thiénopyrimidine pour la modulation de sting
WO2021119753A1 (fr) * 2019-12-18 2021-06-24 Ctxt Pty Limited Composés

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004047769A2 (fr) * 2002-11-26 2004-06-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Benzimidazoles et analogues de ceux-ci utilises comme agents anti-bacteriens
WO2020181050A1 (fr) * 2019-03-05 2020-09-10 Sperovie Biosciences, Inc. Composés, compositions et procédés pour le traitement d'une maladie
WO2021009365A1 (fr) * 2019-07-18 2021-01-21 Ctxt Pty Limited Dérivés de benzothiophène, de thiénopyridine et de thiénopyrimidine pour la modulation de sting
WO2021119753A1 (fr) * 2019-12-18 2021-06-24 Ctxt Pty Limited Composés

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DING, C. ET AL.: "Small molecules targeting the innate immune cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling pathway", ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B, vol. 10, no. 12, 2020, pages 2272 - 2298, XP055944009, DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.001 *

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