WO2022266546A2 - Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies - Google Patents

Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022266546A2
WO2022266546A2 PCT/US2022/034311 US2022034311W WO2022266546A2 WO 2022266546 A2 WO2022266546 A2 WO 2022266546A2 US 2022034311 W US2022034311 W US 2022034311W WO 2022266546 A2 WO2022266546 A2 WO 2022266546A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
seq
cdrl3
cdrh3
complementarity determining
heavy chain
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PCT/US2022/034311
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French (fr)
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WO2022266546A3 (en
Inventor
Ivelin Stefanov Georgiev
Andrea R. SHIAKOLAS
Kevin J. Kramer
James E. Crowe
Robert H. Carnahan
Jason MCLELLAN
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Vanderbilt University
Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System
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Publication of WO2022266546A2 publication Critical patent/WO2022266546A2/en
Publication of WO2022266546A3 publication Critical patent/WO2022266546A3/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/08—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses
    • C07K16/10—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from viruses from RNA viruses
    • C07K16/1002—Coronaviridae
    • C07K16/1003—Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS‐CoV‐2 or Covid-19]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/33—Crossreactivity, e.g. for species or epitope, or lack of said crossreactivity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
    • C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding

Definitions

  • recombinant antibodies and uses thereof for preventing, treating, and detecting coronavirus infection.
  • Antibody sequences were obtained from an individual previously infected with a SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • a recombinant antibody wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235; and CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of
  • CDRH3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235.
  • CDRL3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262.
  • CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52; and/or CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156.
  • CDRH1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52.
  • CDRL1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156.
  • CDRH2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78; and/or CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182.
  • CDRH2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78.
  • CDRL2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182.
  • VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-26.
  • VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:105-130.
  • the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 1.
  • the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 2.
  • the recombinant antibody is selected from Figure 1.
  • disclosed herein is a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein.
  • a recombinant expression cassette or plasmid comprising a sequence to express a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein.
  • a host cell comprising an expression cassette or a plasmid as disclosed herein.
  • disclosed herein is a method of producing an antibody, comprising cultivating or maintaining a host cell under conditions to produce the antibody.
  • a method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein.
  • the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
  • a method for detecting a coronavirus infection in a subject comprising: providing a biological sample from the subject, and detecting a coronavirus antigen in the biological sample with an antibody that specifically binds to the coronavirus antigen, wherein the antibody is from any aspect as disclosed herein, and wherein the presence of the coronavirus antigen in the biological sample indicates the subject is infected with a coronavirus.
  • the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
  • FIG. 1A-1C show identification and characterization of broad cross reactive coronavirus antibodies isolated using LIBRA-seq.
  • FIG. 1A shows schematic of LIBRA-seq experiment and antigen screening library.
  • FIG. 1B shows that each dot represents an IgG or IgA B cell identified by LIBRA-seq, with x-axis, y-axis, and color corresponding to the LIBRA-seq scores for spike antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, respectively.
  • FIG. 1C shows a set of example B cells identified by LIBRA-seq, with sequence features and ELISA binding area-under- the-curve (AUC) heatmap for various spike antigens.
  • the sequences in FIG. 1 include:
  • FIGS. 2A-2D show binding confirmation and characterization of lead candidates.
  • FIG.2A shows ELISA binding of antibody 54043-5 to various coronavirus spikes and control antigens.
  • FIG. 2B shows ELISA AUC for the data in FIG. 2A.
  • FIG. 2C shows binding of 54043-5 and controls to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV spike subdomains S1 and S2.
  • FIG. 2D shows autoreactivity assays for antibodies 54043-5, 54041-1, and 54043-4.
  • FIGS. 3A-3D show characteristics of the 54043-5 epitope.
  • FIG. 3A shows that the sequence features of 54043-5 are not common.
  • FIG. 3A shows that the sequence features of 54043-5 are not common.
  • FIG. 3B shows that the major 54043-5 epitope residues are highly conserved in beta-coronaviruses, and in some cases in other coronaviruses.
  • FIG 3C shows phylogenetic tree of coronavirus variants and sequence alignment highlighting major epitope residues (arrows).
  • FIG. 3D shows that calculated per-residue buried surface are for 54043-5 and other S2 coronavirus antibodies. The sequences in FIG. 3C include SEQ ID NOs: 276-289.
  • FIGS. 4A-4E show that Fc effector functions characterized for lead candidates in bead based and cell-based assays.
  • recombinant antibodies that specifically bind a viral protein of a coronavirus and uses thereof for treating, preventing, inhibiting, reducing, and detecting coronavirus infection, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
  • the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
  • mono- and cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to a number of different coronaviruses including the pathogenic strains SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS- CoV, as well as the endemic strains OC43-CoV, HKU1-CoV, NL63-CoV, and 229E-CoV.
  • These mAbs can serve a number of different purposes for medical countermeasure development.
  • Cross- reactivity among known human coronaviruses can inform therapeutic design strategies for the current pandemic and can also be important for unknown pandemic strains that may arise in the future.
  • These antibodies are used in a clinical setting in prophylaxis or acute care to treat infection, and additionally the epitope targets can also inform rational vaccine design to elicit pan- coronavirus immunity.
  • these antibodies are used for diagnostics where detection of coronavirus-related illness will be imperative to track and isolate infected people and/or livestock for years to come.
  • administering includes any route of introducing or delivering to a subject an agent. Administration can be carried out by any suitable route, including oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, inhalation and the like.
  • Administration includes self- administration and the administration by another.
  • the terms “may,” “optionally,” and “may optionally” are used interchangeably and are meant to include cases in which the condition occurs as well as cases in which the condition does not occur.
  • the statement that a formulation “may include an excipient” is meant to include cases in which the formulation includes an excipient as well as cases in which the formulation does not include an excipient.
  • the term “subject” or “host” can refer to living organisms such as mammals, including, but not limited to humans, livestock, dogs, cats, and other mammals. Administration of the therapeutic agents can be carried out at dosages and for periods of time effective for treatment of a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
  • the term “antigen” refers to a molecule that is capable of binding to an antibody.
  • the antigen stimulates an immune response such as by production of antibodies specific for the antigen.
  • “specific for” and “specificity” means a condition where one of the molecules is involved in selective binding. Accordingly, an antibody that is specific for one antigen selectively binds that antigen and not other antigens.
  • the term “antibodies” is used herein in a broad sense and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are fragments or polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules, and human or humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules or fragments thereof.
  • the antibodies can be tested for their desired activity using the in vitro assays described herein, or by analogous methods, after which their in vivo therapeutic and/or prophylactic activities are tested according to known clinical testing methods.
  • Native antibodies are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (VH) followed by a number of constant domains. Each light chain has a variable domain at one end (VL) and a constant domain at its other end.
  • IgA human immunoglobulins
  • IgD immunoglobulins
  • IgE immunoglobulins
  • IgG immunoglobulins
  • IgG-1 immunoglobulin-1
  • IgG-2 immunoglobulin-2
  • IgG-3 immunoglobulin-3
  • IgG-4 immunoglobulins-1
  • IgA-1 and IgA-2 immunoglobulins 1
  • IgA-2 immunoglobulins
  • the heavy chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively.
  • Each antibody molecule is made up of the protein products of two genes: heavy-chain gene and light-chain gene.
  • the heavy-chain gene is constructed through somatic recombination of V, D, and J gene segments.
  • human there are 51 VH, 27 DH, 6 JH, 9 CH gene segments on human chromosome 14.
  • the light-chain gene is constructed through somatic recombination of V and J gene segments.
  • the heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , respectively.
  • the “light chains” of antibodies from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa ( ⁇ ) and lambda ( ⁇ ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
  • ⁇ kappa
  • ⁇ lambda
  • the term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies within the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in a small subset of the antibody molecules.
  • the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, as long as they exhibit the desired antagonistic activity.
  • the disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be made using any procedure which produces monoclonal antibodies. For example, disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975).
  • a mouse or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent.
  • the lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro.
  • the monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods. DNA encoding the disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). Libraries of antibodies or active antibody fragments can also be generated and screened using phage display techniques, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No.
  • antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof encompasses chimeric antibodies and hybrid antibodies, with dual or multiple antigen or epitope specificities, and fragments, such as F(ab’)2, Fab’, Fab, Fv, sFv, scFv, nanoantibody and the like, including hybrid fragments.
  • fragments of the antibodies that retain the ability to bind their specific antigens are provided.
  • Such antibodies and fragments can be made by techniques known in the art and can be screened for specificity and activity according to the methods set forth in the Examples and in general methods for producing antibodies and screening antibodies for specificity and activity (See Harlow and Lane. Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual.
  • the fragments can also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the antibody or antibody fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the non-modified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove/add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the antibody or antibody fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as specific binding to its cognate antigen.
  • antibody or antibody fragment may be identified by mutagenesis of a specific region of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. Such methods are readily apparent to a skilled practitioner in the art and can include site-specific mutagenesis of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antibody fragment. (Zoller, M.J. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 3:348-354, 1992).
  • antibody or “antibodies” can also refer to a human antibody and/or a humanized antibody. Many non-human antibodies (e.g., those derived from mice, rats, or rabbits) are naturally antigenic in humans, and thus can give rise to undesirable immune responses when administered to humans.
  • antibody heavy chain refers to the larger of the two types of polypeptide chains present in all antibody molecules in their naturally occurring conformations.
  • antibody light chain refers to the smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains present in all antibody molecules in their naturally occurring conformations, ⁇ and ⁇ light chains refer to the two major antibody light chain isotypes.
  • CDR refers to the “complementarity determining regions” of the antibody which consist of the antigen binding loops.
  • Each of the two variable domains of an antibody Fv fragment contain, for example, three CDRs.
  • native four-chain antibodies comprise six HVRs; three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3).
  • HVRs generally comprise amino acid residues from the hypervariable loops and/or from the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), the latter being of highest sequence variability and/or involved in antigen recognition. With the exception of CDR1 in VH, CDRs generally comprise the amino acid residues that form the hypervariable loops.
  • CDRs complementarity determining regions
  • Hypervariable regions (HVRs) are also referred to as “complementarity determining regions” (CDRs), and these terms are used herein interchangeably in reference to portions of the variable region that form the antigen-binding regions.
  • the amino acid sequence boundaries of a CDR can be determined by one of skill in the art using any of a number of known numbering schemes, including those described by Kabat et al., supra (“Kabat” numbering scheme): Al-Lazikani et al., 1997. J. Mol. Biol., 273:927-948 (“Chothia” numbering scheme); MacCallum et al., 1996, J. Mol. Biol, 262:732-745 (“Contact” numbering scheme); Lefranc et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol., 2003, 27:55-77 (“IMGT” numbering scheme); and Honegge and Plückthun, J. Mol.
  • Effective amount encompasses, without limitation, an amount that can ameliorate, reverse, mitigate, prevent, or diagnose a symptom or sign of a medical condition or disorder. Unless dictated otherwise, explicitly or by context, an “effective amount” is not limited to a minimal amount sufficient to ameliorate a condition.
  • the severity of a disease or disorder, as well as the ability of a treatment to prevent, treat, or mitigate, the disease or disorder can be measured, without implying any limitation, by a biomarker or by a clinical parameter.
  • the term “effective amount of a recombinant antibody” refers to an amount of a recombinant antibody sufficient to prevent, treat, or mitigate a coronavirus infection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 infection).
  • the “fragments” or “functional fragments,” whether attached to other sequences or not, can include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the nonmodified peptide or protein. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove or add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc.
  • the functional fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as binding to a coronavirus antigen (e.g., SARS- CoV-2 antigen), and/or ameliorating the viral infection.
  • a coronavirus antigen e.g., SARS- CoV-2 antigen
  • identity shall be construed to mean the percentage of nucleotide bases or amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the bases or residues of a corresponding sequence to which it is compared, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary to achieve the maximum percent identity for the entire sequence, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
  • a polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) that has a certain percentage (for example, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) of "sequence identity" to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences.
  • This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art. Such alignment can be provided using, for instance, the method of Needleman et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, implemented conveniently by computer programs such as the Align program (DNAstar, Inc.).
  • “increased” or “increase” as used herein generally means an increase by a statically significant amount; for example, “increased” means an increase of at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example an increase of at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% increase or any increase between 10-100% as compared to a reference level, or at least about a 2-fold, or at least about a 3- fold, or at least about a 4-fold, or at least about a 5-fold or at least about a 10-fold increase, or any increase between 2-fold and 10-fold or greater as compared to a reference level.
  • the terms “nanobody”, “V H H”, “V H H antibody fragment” and “single domain antibody” are used indifferently and designate a variable domain of a single heavy chain of an antibody of the type found in Camelidae, which are without any light chains, such as those derived from Camelids as described in PCT Publication No. WO 94/04678, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the term “reduced”, “reduce”, “reduction”, or “decrease” as used herein generally means a decrease by a statistically significant amount.
  • “reduced” means a decrease by at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example a decrease by at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% decrease (i.e. absent level as compared to a reference sample), or any decrease between 10- 100% as compared to a reference level.
  • Nucleotide can mean a deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide residue, or another similar nucleoside analogue.
  • a nucleotide is a molecule that contains a base moiety, a sugar moiety and a phosphate moiety. Nucleotides can be linked together through their phosphate moieties and sugar moieties creating an internucleoside linkage.
  • the base moiety of a nucleotide can be adenin-9-yl (A), cytosin-1-yl (C), guanin-9-yl (G), uracil-1-yl (U), and thymin-1-yl (T).
  • the sugar moiety of a nucleotide is a ribose or a deoxyribose.
  • the phosphate moiety of a nucleotide is pentavalent phosphate.
  • a non-limiting example of a nucleotide would be 3'-AMP (3'-adenosine monophosphate) or 5'-GMP (5'-guanosine monophosphate). There are many varieties of these types of molecules available in the art and available herein.
  • primers which are capable of interacting with the disclosed nucleic acids, such as the antigen barcode as disclosed herein.
  • the primers are used to support DNA amplification reactions.
  • the primers will be capable of being extended in a sequence specific manner.
  • Extension of a primer in a sequence specific manner includes any methods wherein the sequence and/or composition of the nucleic acid molecule to which the primer is hybridized or otherwise associated directs or influences the composition or sequence of the product produced by the extension of the primer.
  • Extension of the primer in a sequence specific manner therefore includes, but is not limited to, PCR, DNA sequencing, DNA extension, DNA polymerization, RNA transcription, or reverse transcription.
  • the primers are used for the DNA amplification reactions, such as PCR or direct sequencing. It is understood that in certain embodiments the primers can also be extended using non-enzymatic techniques, where for example, the nucleotides or oligonucleotides used to extend the primer are modified such that they will chemically react to extend the primer in a sequence specific manner.
  • the disclosed primers hybridize with the disclosed nucleic acids or region of the nucleic acids or they hybridize with the complement of the nucleic acids or complement of a region of the nucleic acids.
  • amplification refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the “amplicon”. As it refers to the product of an amplification reaction, amplicon is used interchangeably with common laboratory terms, such as "PCR product.”
  • polypeptide refers to a compound made up of a single chain of D- or L-amino acids or a mixture of D- and L-amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
  • Encoding refers to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom.
  • a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA.
  • An “expression cassette” refers to a DNA coding sequence or segment of DNA that code for an expression product that can be inserted into a vector at defined restriction sites. The cassette restriction sites are designed to ensure insertion of the cassette in the proper reading frame.
  • expression vectors comprise the expression cassette and additionally usually comprise an origin for autonomous replication in the host cells or a genome integration site, one or more selectable markers (e.g. an amino acid synthesis gene or a gene conferring resistance to antibiotics such as zeocin, kanamycin, G418 or hygromycin), a number of restriction enzyme cleavage sites, a suitable promoter sequence and a transcription terminator, which components are operably linked together.
  • selectable markers e.g. an amino acid synthesis gene or a gene conferring resistance to antibiotics such as zeocin, kanamycin, G418 or hygromycin
  • vector includes autonomously replicating nucleotide sequences as well as genome integrating nucleotide sequences.
  • a common type of vector is a “plasmid”, which generally is a self-contained molecule of double-stranded DNA that can readily accept additional (foreign) DNA and which can readily be introduced into a suitable host cell.
  • a plasmid vector often contains coding DNA and promoter DNA and has one or more restriction sites suitable for inserting foreign DNA.
  • vector or plasmid refers to a vehicle by which a DNA or RNA sequence (e.g. a foreign gene) can be introduced into a host cell, so as to transform the host and promote expression (e.g. transcription and translation) of the introduced sequence.
  • host cell shall refer to primary subject cells transformed to produce a particular recombinant protein, such as an antibody as described herein, and any progeny thereof. It should be understood that not all progeny are exactly identical to the parental cell (due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations or differences in environment), however, such altered progeny are included in these terms, so long as the progeny retain the same functionality as that of the originally transformed cell.
  • host cell line refers to a cell line of host cells as used for expressing a recombinant gene to produce recombinant polypeptides such as recombinant antibodies.
  • cell line refers to an established clone of a particular cell type that has acquired the ability to proliferate over a prolonged period of time. Such host cell or host cell line may be maintained in cell culture and/or cultivated to produce a recombinant polypeptide.
  • the term "gene” or “gene sequence” refers to the coding sequence or control sequence, or fragments thereof. A gene may include any combination of coding sequence and control sequence, or fragments thereof. Thus, a "gene” as referred to herein may be all or part of a native gene.
  • a polynucleotide sequence as referred to herein may be used interchangeably with the term “gene”, or may include any coding sequence, non-coding sequence or control sequence, fragments thereof, and combinations thereof.
  • the term “gene” or “gene sequence” includes, for example, control sequences upstream of the coding sequence.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” (sometimes referred to as a “carrier”) means a carrier or excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical or therapeutic composition that is generally safe and non-toxic, and includes a carrier that is acceptable for veterinary and/or human pharmaceutical or therapeutic use.
  • carrier or “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” can include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion) and/or various types of wetting agents.
  • carrier encompasses any excipient, diluent, filler, salt, buffer, stabilizer, solubilizer, lipid, stabilizer, or other material well known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations.
  • the choice of a carrier for use in a composition will depend upon the intended route of administration for the composition.
  • physiologically acceptable carriers include saline, glycerol, DMSO, buffers such as phosphate buffers, citrate buffer, and buffers with other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such
  • compositions disclosed herein can advantageously comprise between about 0.1% and 99% by weight of the total of one or more of the subject compounds based on the weight of the total composition including carrier or diluent.
  • specificity refers to the number of different types of antigens or antigenic determinants to which a particular antigen-binding molecule (such as the recombinant antibody of the invention) can bind.
  • the term “specifically binds,” as used herein with respect to a recombinant antibody refers to the recombinant antibody’s preferential binding to one or more epitopes as compared with other epitopes.
  • Specific binding can depend upon binding affinity and the stringency of the conditions under which the binding is conducted.
  • an antibody specifically binds an epitope when there is high affinity binding under stringent conditions. It should be understood that the specificity of an antigen-binding molecule (e.g., the recombinant antibodies of the present invention) can be determined based on affinity and/or avidity.
  • the affinity represented by the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an antigen with an antigen-binding molecule (K D ), is a measure for the binding strength between an antigenic determinant and an antigen-binding site on the antigen-binding molecule: the lesser the value of the K D , the stronger the binding strength between an antigenic determinant and the antigen-binding molecule (alternatively, the affinity can also be expressed as the affinity constant (K A ), which is 1/ K D ).
  • affinity can be determined in a manner known per se, depending on the specific antigen of interest.
  • Avidity is the measure of the strength of binding between an antigen-binding molecule (such as the recombinant antibodies of the present invention) and the pertinent antigen. Avidity is related to both the affinity between an antigenic determinant and its antigen binding site on the antigen-binding molecule and the number of pertinent binding sites present on the antigen-binding molecule.
  • antigen-binding proteins such as the recombinant antibodies of the invention
  • K D dissociation constant
  • “Therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a composition such as recombinant antibody that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal, or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician over a generalized period of time.
  • a desired response is reduction of coronaviral titers in a subject.
  • the desired response is mitigation of coronavirus infection and/or related symptoms.
  • a desired biological or medical response is achieved following administration of multiple dosages of the composition to the subject over a period of days, weeks, or years.
  • the therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the composition, the disorder or conditions and its severity, the route of administration, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, judgment of the treating physician, dosage form, and the age, weight, general health, sex and/or diet of the subject to be treated.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of recombinant antibodies as described herein can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • a therapeutically significant reduction in a symptom is, e.g.
  • Measured or measurable parameters include clinically detectable markers of disease, for example, elevated or depressed levels of a biological marker, such as decreased viral titers, decreased viral RNA levels, increase in CD4 T lymphocyte counts, and/or prolonged survival of a subject. It will be understood, that the total daily usage of the compositions and formulations as disclosed herein will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • Treatments according to the invention include partially or completely delaying, alleviating, mitigating or reducing the intensity of one or more attendant symptoms.
  • Treatments according to the invention may be applied preventively, prophylactically, palliatively or remedially.
  • Prophylactic treatments are administered to a subject prior to onset (e.g., before obvious signs of an infection), during early onset (e.g., upon initial signs and symptoms of an infection), after an established development of an infection, or during chronic infection. Prophylactic administration can occur for several minutes to months prior to the manifestation of an infection.
  • the term “preventing” a disorder or unwanted physiological event in a subject refers specifically to the prevention of the occurrence of symptoms and/or their underlying cause, wherein the subject may or may not exhibit heightened susceptibility to the disorder or event.
  • Antibodies and Methods in some aspects, disclosed herein is a recombinant antibody, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% (for example, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and
  • CDRH3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235.
  • CDRL3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262.
  • CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% (for example, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52; and/or CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% (for example, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156.
  • CDRH1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52. In some embodiments, CDRL1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156. In some embodiments, CDRH2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78; and/or CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182. In some embodiments, CDRH2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78. In some embodiments, CDRL2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182.
  • VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-26.
  • VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:105-130.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 27, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 53, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 79, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 131, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 157, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 183.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 28, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 54, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 80, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 132, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 158, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 184.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 132
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 158
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 184.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 29, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 55, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 81, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 133, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 159, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 185.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain variable region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 133
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 159
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 185.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 30, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 56, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 82, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 134, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 160, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 186.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 134
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 160
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 186.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 31, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 57, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 83, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 135, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 161, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 187.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain variable region
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 32, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 58, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 84, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 136, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 162, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 188.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 136
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 162
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 188.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 33, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 59, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 85, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 137, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 163, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 189.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 137
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 163
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 189.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 34, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 60, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 86, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 138, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 164, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 190.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 138
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 164
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 190.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 35, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 61, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 87, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 139, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 165, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 191.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 36, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 62, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 88, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 140, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 166, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 192.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 140
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 166
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 192.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 37, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 63, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 89, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 141, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 167, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 193.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 141
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 167
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 193.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 38, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 64, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 90, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 142, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 168, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 194.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 142
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 168
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 194.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 39, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 65, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 91, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 143, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 169, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 195.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 143
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 169
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 195.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 40, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 66, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 92, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 144, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 170, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 196.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 144
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 170
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 196.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 41, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 67, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 93, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 145, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 171, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 197.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 145
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 171
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 197.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 42, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 68, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 94, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 146, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 172, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 198.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 146
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 172
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 198.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 43, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 69, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 95, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 147, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 173, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 199.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 44, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 70, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 96, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 148, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 174, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 200.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 45, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 71, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 97, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 149, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 175, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 201.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 46, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 72, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 98, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 150, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 176, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 202.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 150
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 176
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 202.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 47, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 73, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 99, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 151, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 177, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 203.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 151
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 177
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 203.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 48, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 74, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 100, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 152, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 178, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 204.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 48
  • CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 74
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 100
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 152
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 178
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 49, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 75, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 101, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 153, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 179, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 205.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 49
  • CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 75
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 101
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 153
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 179
  • CDRL3 is
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 50, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 76, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 102, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 154, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 180, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 206.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 154
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 180
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 206.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 51, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 77, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 103, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 155, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 181, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 207.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL3 heavy chain complementarity determining region
  • CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 155
  • CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 181
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 207.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 52, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 78, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 104, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 156, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 182, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 208.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 209, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 236.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 209
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 236.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 210, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 237.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 210
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 237.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 211, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 238.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 211
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 238.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 212, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 239.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 213, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 240.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 213
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 240.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 214, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 241.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 214
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 241.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 215, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 242.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 216, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 243.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 216
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 243.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 217, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 244.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 217
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 244.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 245.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 245.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 219, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 246.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 219
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 246.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 220, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 247.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 220
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 247.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 221, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 248.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 221
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 248.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 222, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 249.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 222
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 249.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 223, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 250.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 223
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 250.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 224, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 251.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 224
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 251.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 225, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 252.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 225
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 252.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 226, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 253.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 226, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 253.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 227, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 254.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 227
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 254.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 228, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 255.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 228, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 255.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 229, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 256.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 229
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 256.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 230, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 257.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 230
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 257.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 231, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 258.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 231
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 258.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 232, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 259.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 232
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 259.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 260.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 233
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 260.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 234, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 261.
  • VL light chain variable region
  • CDRL light chain complementarity determining region
  • VH heavy chain variable region
  • CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 234
  • CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 261.
  • the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 262.
  • the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 1.
  • the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 2.
  • the recombinant antibody is selected from Figure 1.
  • disclosed herein is a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein.
  • a recombinant expression cassette or plasmid comprising a sequence to express a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein.
  • a host cell comprising an expression cassette or a plasmid as disclosed herein.
  • a method of producing an antibody comprising cultivating or maintaining a host cell under conditions to produce the antibody.
  • a method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein.
  • the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
  • a method for detecting a coronavirus infection in a subject comprising: providing a biological sample from the subject, and detecting a coronavirus antigen in the biological sample with an antibody that specifically binds to the coronavirus antigen, wherein the antibody is from any aspect as disclosed herein, and wherein the presence of the coronavirus antigen in the biological sample indicates the subject is infected with a coronavirus.
  • the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
  • Example 1 Mono- and Cross-Reactive Coronavirus Antibodies and Methods Donor Information The donor had previous laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. The studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The sample was obtained after written informed consent was obtained. Antigen Purification A variety of recombinant soluble protein antigens were used in the LIBRA-seq experiment and other experimental assays.
  • SARS-CoV-2 S HP cells were treated with 1 ⁇ M kifunensine to ensure uniform glycosylation three hours post-transfection. Transfected supernatants were harvested after 6 days of expression.
  • SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1 was purified using Protein A resin (Pierce), SARS-CoV-2 S HP, SARS-CoV S-2P, MERS-CoV S-2P, HCoV-HKU1 S-2P and HCoV-OC43 S-2P were purified using StrepTactin resin (IBA). Affinity-purified SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1 was further purified over a Superdex75 column (GE Life Sciences).
  • SARS-CoV-2 S HP, SARS-CoV-2 S HP B.1.351, SARS-CoV-2spikeHP B.1.1.7, SARS-CoV S-2P, MERS-CoV S-2P, HCoV-HKU1 S-2P and HCoV-OC43 S-2P were purified over a Superose6 Increase column (GE Life Sciences).
  • HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E alpha coronavirus spike proteins were purchased from Sino Biological.
  • SARS-CoV-2 S1, SARS-CoV-2 S2, and SARS-CoV-2 NTD truncated proteins were purchased from the commercial vendor, Sino Biological.
  • soluble antigens contained an AviTag and were expressed in Expi293F cells using polyethylenimine transfection reagent and cultured. FreeStyle F17 expression medium supplemented with pluronic acid and glutamine was used. The cells were cultured at 37°C with 8% CO 2 saturation and shaking. After 5-7 days, cultures were centrifuged and supernatant was filtered and run over an affinity column of agarose bound Galanthus nivalis lectin. The column was washed with PBS and antigens were eluted with 30 mL of 1M methyl-a-D-mannopyranoside.
  • Protein elutions were buffer exchanged into PBS, concentrated, and run on a Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL Sizing column on the AKTA FPLC system. Fractions corresponding to correctly folded protein were collected, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and antigenicity was characterized by ELISA using known monoclonal antibodies specific to each antigen. Avitagged antigens were biotinylated using BirA biotin ligase (Avidity LLC).
  • Recombinant NC99 HA protein contains the HA ectodomain with a point mutation at the sialic acid-binding site (Y98F), T4 fibritin foldon trimerization domain, AviTag, and hexahistidine-tag, and were expressed in Expi 293F mammalian cells using Expifectamine 293 transfection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) cultured for 4-5 days. Culture supernatant was harvested and cleared as above, and then adjusted pH and NaC1 concentration by adding 1M Tris- HCl (pH 7.5) and 5M NaC1 to 50 mM and 500 mM, respectively. Ni Sepharose excel resin (GE Healthcare) was added to the supernatant to capture hexahistidine tag.
  • Resin was separated on a column by gravity and captured HA protein was eluted by a Tris-NaC1 (pH 7.5) buffer containing 300 mM imidazole. The eluate was further purified by a size exclusion chromatography with a HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare). Fractions containing HA were concentrated, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and tested for antigenicity by ELISA with known antibodies.
  • Spike protein used for cryo-EM was expressed by transiently transfecting plasmid encoding the HexaPro spike variant containing additional S383C and D985C substitutions with a C-terminal TwinStrep tag into FreeStyle 293-F cells (Thermo Fisher) using polyethyleneimine. 5 ⁇ M kifunensine was added 3h post-transfection. The cell culture was harvested four days after transfection and the spike-containing medium was separated from the cells by centrifugation. Supernatants were passed through a 0.22 ⁇ m filter and passaged over StrepTactin resin (IBA).
  • IBA StrepTactin resin
  • DNA-barcoding of Antigens Oligos were used that possess 15 bp antigen barcode, a sequence capable of annealing to the template switch oligo that is part of the 10X bead-delivered oligos, and contain truncated TruSeq small RNA read 1 sequences in the following structure: 5’- CCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCANNNNNNNNNNNCCCATATAAGA*A*A-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 290), where Ns represent the antigen barcode.
  • GCAGCGTATAAGTCA SEQ ID NO: 263
  • AACCCACCGTTGTTA SEQ ID NO: 264
  • SARS-CoV-2 S D614G GCTCCTTTACACGTA
  • SEQ ID NO: 265 SARS-CoV S
  • GGTAGCCCTAGAGTA SEQ ID NO: 266
  • MERS-CoV S AGACTAATAGCTGAC
  • GACAAGTGATCTGCA SEQ ID NO: 268
  • GTGTGTTGTCCTATG SEQ ID NO: 269
  • TACGCCTATAACTTG SEQ ID NO: 270
  • ZM197 EnV TCATTTCCTCCGATT
  • TGGTAACGACAGTCC SEQ ID NO: 272
  • a unique DNA barcode was directly conjugated to the antigen itself.
  • 5’amino-oligonucleotides were conjugated directly to each antigen using the Solulink Protein-Oligonucleotide Conjugation Kit (TriLink cat no. S-9011) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the oligo and protein were desalted, and then the amino-oligo was modified with the 4FB crosslinker, and the biotinylated antigen protein was modified with S-HyNic. Then, the 4FB-oligo and the HyNic-antigen were mixed together. This causes a stable bond to form between the protein and the oligonucleotide.
  • the concentration of the antigen-oligo conjugates was determined by a BCA assay, and the HyNic molar substitution ratio of the antigen-oligo conjugates was analyzed using the NanoDrop according to the Solulink protocol guidelines.
  • AKTA FPLC was used to remove excess oligonucleotide from the protein-oligo conjugates, which were also verified using SDS-PAGE with a silver stain.
  • Antigen-oligo conjugates were also used in flow cytometry titration experiments.
  • Antigen-specific B cell sorting Cells were stained and mixed with DNA-barcoded antigens and other antibodies, and then sorted using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). First, cells were counted and viability was assessed using Trypan Blue.
  • the BCR contigs were aligned (filtered_contigs.fasta file output by Cell Ranger, 10X Genomics) to IMGT reference genes using HighV-Quest.
  • the output of HighV-Quest was parsed using ChangeO. and merged with an antigen barcode UMI count matrix.
  • the LIBRA-seq score was determined for each antigen in the library for every cell as previously described.
  • variable genes were inserted into custom plasmids encoding the constant region for the IgG1 heavy chain as well as respective lambda and kappa light chains (pTwist CMV BetaGlobin WPRE Neo vector, Twist Bioscience).
  • Antibodies were expressed in Expi293F mammalian cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific) by co-transfecting heavy chain and light chain expressing plasmids using polyethylenimine transfection reagent and cultured for 5-7 days.
  • Cells were maintained in FreeStyle F17 expression medium supplemented at final concentrations of 0.1% Pluronic Acid F-68 and 20% 4mM L-Glutamine. These cells were cultured at 37°C with 8% CO 2 saturation and shaking. After transfection and 5-7 days of culture, cell cultures were centrifuged and supernatant was 0.45 ⁇ m filtered with Nalgene Rapid Flow Disposable Filter Units with PES membrane.
  • microscale transfection were performed ( ⁇ 1 ml per antibody) of CHO cell cultures using the Gibco ExpiCHO Expression System and a protocol for deep 96-well blocks (Thermo Fisher Scientific).
  • synthesized antibody-encoding DNA ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ g per transfection) was added to OptiPro serum free medium (OptiPro SFM), incubated with ExpiFectamine CHO Reagent and added to 800 ⁇ l of ExpiCHO cell cultures into 96-deep-well blocks using a ViaFlo 384 liquid handler (Integra Biosciences). The plates were incubated on an orbital shaker at 1,000 r.p.m. with an orbital diameter of 3 mm at 37 °C in 8% CO 2 .
  • ExpiFectamine CHO Enhancer and ExpiCHO Feed reagents were added to the cells, followed by 4 d incubation for a total of 5 d at 37 °C in 8% CO 2 .
  • Culture supernatants were collected after centrifuging the blocks at 450g for 5 min and were stored at 4°C until use.
  • fritted deep-well plates were used containing 25 ⁇ l of settled protein G resin (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) per well.
  • Clarified culture supernatants were incubated with protein G resin for antibody capturing, washed with PBS using a 96-well plate manifold base (Qiagen) connected to the vacuum and eluted into 96-well PCR plates using 86 ⁇ l of 0.1 M glycine-HCL buffer pH 2.7. After neutralization with 14 ⁇ l of 1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, purified antibodies were buffer-exchanged into PBS using Zeba Spin Desalting Plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and stored at 4°C until use. ELISA To assess antibody binding, soluble protein was plated at 2 ⁇ g/ml overnight at 4°C.
  • biotinylated antibodies diluted in blocking buffer were added directly to each well in a volume of 5 ⁇ L per well (such that the final concentrations of each biotinylated mAb were equal to the respective EC 90 of each mAb), and then incubated for 30 min at ambient temperature. Plates were then washed with PBS-T and incubated for 1 h with HRP- conjugated avidin (Sigma, 25 ⁇ L of a 1:3,500 dilution in blocking buffer). Plates were washed with PBS-T and 25 ⁇ L TMB substrate was added to each well. After sufficient development, the reactions were quenched by addition 25 ⁇ L 1M HC1 and absorbance at 450 nm was quantified using a plate reader.
  • the signal obtained for binding of the biotin-labeled reference mAb in the presence of the unlabeled tested mAb was expressed as a percentage of the binding of the reference antibody in the presence of 10 ⁇ g/mL of the anti-dengue mAb DENV 2D22, which served as a no-competition control.
  • Tested antibodies were considered competing if their presence reduced the reference mAb binding to less than 41% of its maximal binding and non-competing if the signal was greater than 71%.
  • RTCA Real-time Cell Analysis
  • Vero-furin cells Six thousand (6,000) Vero-furin cells in 20 ⁇ l of cell culture medium were seeded per well, and the plate was placed on the analyzer. Sensograms were visualized using RTCA HT software version 1.0.1 (ACEA Biosciences).
  • RTCA HT software version 1.0.1 (ACEA Biosciences).
  • a screening neutralization assay equal amounts of virus were mixed with micro-scale purified antibodies in a total volume of 40 ⁇ L using DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS as a diluent and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2. At ⁇ 17–20 h after seeding the cells, the virus–antibody mixtures were added to the cells in 384-well E-plates.
  • Wells containing virus only (in the absence of antibody) and wells containing only Vero cells in medium were included as controls. Plates were measured every 8– 12 h for 48–72 h to assess virus neutralization. Micro-scale antibodies were assessed in four 5- fold dilutions (starting from a 1:20 sample dilution), and their concentrations were not normalized. Neutralization was calculated as the percent of maximal cell index in control wells without virus minus cell index in control (virus-only) wells that exhibited maximal CPE at 40–48 h after applying virus–antibody mixture to the cells.
  • RTCA Potency Neutralization Screening Assay To determine neutralizing activity of IgG, real-time cell analysis (RTCA) assay was used on an xCELLigence RTCA MP Analyzer (ACEA Biosciences Inc.) that measures virus- induced cytopathic effect (CPE) (Surytowna N et al., 2021).
  • DMEM fetal bovine serum
  • ViaFlo384 liquid handler Integra Biosciences
  • a suspension of 18,000 Vero-E6 cells in 50 ⁇ L of cell culture medium was seeded in each well, and the plate was placed on the analyzer. Measurements were taken automatically every 15 min, and the sensograms were visualized using RTCA software version 2.1.0 (ACEA Biosciences Inc).
  • VSV-SARS-CoV- 2 (0.01 MOI, ⁇ 120 PFU per well) was mixed 1:1 with a dilution of antibody in a total volume of 100 ⁇ L using DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS as a diluent and incubated for 1 h at 37°C in 5% CO2.
  • the virus-antibody mixtures were added in replicates to the cells in 96-well E-plates.
  • CI Normalized cellular index
  • Plaque reduction neutralization test The virus neutralization with live authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus was performed in the BSL- 3 facility of the Galveston National Laboratory using Vero E6 cells (ATCC CRL-1586) following the standard procedure. Briefly, Vero E6 cells were cultured in 96-well plates cells/well). Next day, 4-fold serial dilutions of antibodies were made using MEM-2% FBS, as to get an initial concentration of 100 ⁇ g/ml. Equal volume of diluted antibodies (60 ⁇ l) were mixed gently with original SARS-CoV-2 or UK variant or SA variant (60 ⁇ l containing 200 pfu) and incubated for 1 h at 37°C/5% CO 2 atmosphere.
  • virus-serum mixture (100 ⁇ l) was added to cell monolayer in duplicates and incubated for 1 at h 37°C/5% CO2 atmosphere. Later, virus-serum mixture was discarded gently, and cell monolayer was overlaid with 0.6% methylcellulose and incubated for 2 days. The overlay was removed, and the plates were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde twice following BSL-3 protocol. The plates were stained with 1% crystal violet and virus-induced plaques were counted. The per cent neutralization and/or NT50 of antibody was calculated by dividing the plaques counted at each dilution with plaques of virus-only control.
  • the inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC 50 ) values were calculated in GraphPad Prism software by plotting the midway point between the upper and lower plateaus of the neutralization curve among dilutions.
  • BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) Purified 54042-4 IgG was immobilized to AHC sensortips (FortéBio) to a response level of approximately 1.4 nm in a buffer composed of 10 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaC1, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.1% (w/v) BSA.
  • Immobilized IgG was then dipped into wells containing four-fold dilutions of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1 ranging in concentration from 100- 1.5625 nM, to measure association. Dissociation was measured by dipping sensortips into wells containing only running buffer. Data were reference subtracted and kinetics were calculated in Octet Data Analysis software v10.0 using a 1:1 binding model.
  • ACE2 Binding Inhibition Assay 96-well plates were coated with 2 ⁇ g/mL purified recombinant SARS-CoV-2 at 4°C overnight. The next day, plates were washed three times with PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween-20 (PBS-T) and coated with 5% milk powder in PBS-T.
  • Plates were incubated for one hour at room temperature and then washed three times with PBS-T. Purified antibodies were diluted in blocking buffer at 10 ⁇ g/mL in triplicate, added to the wells, and incubated at room temperature. Without washing, recombinant human ACE2 protein with a mouse Fc tag was added to wells for a final 0.4 ⁇ g/mL concentration of ACE2 and incubated for 40 minutes at room temperature. Plates were washed three times with PBS-T, and bound ACE2 was detected using HRP-conjugated anti- mouse Fc antibody and TMB substrate. The plates were incubated at room temperature for ten minutes, and then 1N sulfuric acid was added to stop the reaction. Plates were read at 450 nm.
  • ACE2 binding without antibody served as a control.
  • Neutralization Escape A real-time cell analysis assay (RTCA) and xCELLigence RTCA MP Analyzer (ACEA Biosciences Inc.) were used with modification of previously described assays (Gilchuk et al., 2020a; Weisblum et al., 2020, SuryJea et al.,2021).
  • Fifty (50) ⁇ L of cell culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS) was added to each well of a 96-well E-plate to obtain a background reading.
  • Vero E6 cells in 50 ⁇ L of cell culture medium were seeded per each well, and plates were placed on the analyzer. Measurements were taken automatically every 15 min and the sensograms were visualized using RTCA software version 2.1.0 (ACEA Biosciences Inc).
  • COV2-2130 or COV2-2499 or wt VSV-SARS-CoV-2 virus (5e3 plaque forming units [PFU] per well, ⁇ 0.3 MOI) was mixed with a saturating neutralizing concentration of individual antibody (5 ⁇ g/mL) in a total volume of 100 ⁇ L and incubated for 1 h at 37°C.
  • the virus-antibody mixtures were added into 8 to 96 replicate wells of 96-well E-plates with cell monolayers. Wells containing only virus in the absence of antibody and wells containing only Vero E6 cells in medium were included on each plate as controls. Plates were measured continuously (every 15 min) for 72 h. The escapes from 54042-4 was confirmed by delayed CPE in wells containing antibody while mAb2381 was used as positive control.
  • EM sample prep and data collection To form the spike-Fab complex, a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL spike protein and 5X molar excess of Fab were combined in buffer containing 2mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 200 mM NaC1, and 0.02% NaN 3 .
  • the complex was incubated on ice for 30 min before 3 ⁇ L of the sample was deposited on Au-300 1.2/1.3 grids (UltrAuFoil) that had been plasma cleaned in a Solarus 950 plasma cleaner (Gatan) for 4 minutes using a 4:1 ratio of O 2 :H 2 .
  • a force of -4 was used to blot excess liquid for 3 s using a Vitrobot Mark IV (Thermo Fisher) followed by plunge-freezing with liquid ethane.
  • 3,762 micrographs were collected from a single grid using a Titan Krios (Thermo Fisher) equipped with a K3 detector (Gatan) with the stage set at a 30° tilt.
  • SerialEM was used to collect movies at 29,000X nominal magnification with a calibrated pixel size of 0.81 ⁇ /pixel.
  • Cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) Motion correction, CTF estimation, particle picking, and preliminary 2D classification were performed using cryoSPARC v3.2.0 live processing.
  • GISAID Mutation Frequency Calculation To evaluate the conservation of 54042-4 epitope residues, the GISAID database was utilized, comprising sequences from 1229459 SARS-CoV-2 variants (as of May 6th, 2021). The spike glycoprotein sequences were extracted and translated, and pairwise sequence alignment with the reference sequence hCoV-19/Wuhan/WIV04/2019 was then performed. After removing incomplete sequences and sequences with alignment errors, the pairwise alignments for the remaining 1,148,887 spike protein sequences were combined to compute the conservation of each residue position using in-house perl scripts.
  • the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain coordinates present in each antibody- antigen complex were aligned in PyMOL (The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.2r3pre, Schrödinger, LLC.) using an all-atom alignment with 5 cycles of outlier rejection of atom pairs having an RMSD greater than 2.
  • the alignment was performed for RBD residues 329-529 in mAb 54042-4 (PDB ID: TBD chain A), 329-529 in mAb 2-7 (PDB ID: 7LSS chain B), and 333-526 in mAb REGN10987 (PDB ID: 6XDG chain A).
  • RMSD values were calculated from 183, 183, and 180 alpha carbon pairs for the 54042-4 vs REGN1087, REGN1087 vs 2-7, and 54042-4 vs 2-7 comparisons respectively.
  • a number of antibody sequences were determined (see sequences provided below). The following paired heavy chain and light chain sequences are used herein for methods of treating, preventing, or detecting coronavirus infections.

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Abstract

The present disclosure relates to antibodies and uses thereof for treating, preventing, and detecting coronavirus infection.

Description

CROSS-REACTIVE CORONAVIRUS ANTIBODIES CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/212,151, filed June 18, 2021, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH This invention was made with government support under Grant No.3 R01 AI131722-04S1 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention. FIELD The present disclosure relates to antibodies and uses thereof for treating, preventing, and detecting coronavirus infection. BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2, or the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), is a significant pandemic threat that has resulted in over 536,590,000 diagnosed cases including 6,316,000 deaths as of June 20, 2022. Initially detected in Wuhan, China, human-human transmission has resulted in confirmed cases all over the world. On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization declared a Public Health of International Concern due to the COVID-19 outbreak and pronounced it a global pandemic on March 12, 2020. The development of preventive and therapeutic measures that can counteract the ongoing, and any future, coronavirus pandemics is therefore of utmost significance for public health worldwide. What is needed are novel compositions and methods for treating and diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection. SUMMARY Disclosed herein are recombinant antibodies and uses thereof for preventing, treating, and detecting coronavirus infection. Antibody sequences were obtained from an individual previously infected with a SARS-CoV-2 infection. In some aspects, disclosed herein is a recombinant antibody, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235; and CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262. In some embodiments, CDRH3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235. In some embodiments, CDRL3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262. In some embodiments, CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52; and/or CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156. In some embodiments, CDRH1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52. In some embodiments, CDRL1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156. In some embodiments, CDRH2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78; and/or CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182. In some embodiments, CDRH2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78. In some embodiments, CDRL2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182. In some embodiments, VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-26. In some embodiments, VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:105-130. In some embodiments, the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 2. In some embodiments, the recombinant antibody is selected from Figure 1. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a recombinant expression cassette or plasmid comprising a sequence to express a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a host cell comprising an expression cassette or a plasmid as disclosed herein. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a method of producing an antibody, comprising cultivating or maintaining a host cell under conditions to produce the antibody. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. In some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for detecting a coronavirus infection in a subject, comprising: providing a biological sample from the subject, and detecting a coronavirus antigen in the biological sample with an antibody that specifically binds to the coronavirus antigen, wherein the antibody is from any aspect as disclosed herein, and wherein the presence of the coronavirus antigen in the biological sample indicates the subject is infected with a coronavirus. In some embodiments, the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate aspects described below. FIGS. 1A-1C show identification and characterization of broad cross reactive coronavirus antibodies isolated using LIBRA-seq. FIG. 1A shows schematic of LIBRA-seq experiment and antigen screening library. FIG. 1B shows that each dot represents an IgG or IgA B cell identified by LIBRA-seq, with x-axis, y-axis, and color corresponding to the LIBRA-seq scores for spike antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, respectively. FIG. 1C shows a set of example B cells identified by LIBRA-seq, with sequence features and ELISA binding area-under- the-curve (AUC) heatmap for various spike antigens. The sequences in FIG. 1 include:
Figure imgf000004_0001
Figure imgf000005_0001
FIGS. 2A-2D show binding confirmation and characterization of lead candidates. FIG.2A shows ELISA binding of antibody 54043-5 to various coronavirus spikes and control antigens. FIG. 2B shows ELISA AUC for the data in FIG. 2A. FIG. 2C shows binding of 54043-5 and controls to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV spike subdomains S1 and S2. FIG. 2D shows autoreactivity assays for antibodies 54043-5, 54041-1, and 54043-4. FIGS. 3A-3D show characteristics of the 54043-5 epitope. FIG. 3A shows that the sequence features of 54043-5 are not common. FIG. 3B shows that the major 54043-5 epitope residues are highly conserved in beta-coronaviruses, and in some cases in other coronaviruses. FIG 3C shows phylogenetic tree of coronavirus variants and sequence alignment highlighting major epitope residues (arrows). FIG. 3D shows that calculated per-residue buried surface are for 54043-5 and other S2 coronavirus antibodies. The sequences in FIG. 3C include SEQ ID NOs: 276-289. FIGS. 4A-4E show that Fc effector functions characterized for lead candidates in bead based and cell-based assays. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Therefore, in some aspects, disclosed herein are recombinant antibodies that specifically bind a viral protein of a coronavirus and uses thereof for treating, preventing, inhibiting, reducing, and detecting coronavirus infection, wherein the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. Disclosed herein are mono- and cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to a number of different coronaviruses including the pathogenic strains SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS- CoV, as well as the endemic strains OC43-CoV, HKU1-CoV, NL63-CoV, and 229E-CoV. These mAbs can serve a number of different purposes for medical countermeasure development. Cross- reactivity among known human coronaviruses can inform therapeutic design strategies for the current pandemic and can also be important for unknown pandemic strains that may arise in the future. These antibodies are used in a clinical setting in prophylaxis or acute care to treat infection, and additionally the epitope targets can also inform rational vaccine design to elicit pan- coronavirus immunity. In addition, these antibodies are used for diagnostics where detection of coronavirus-related illness will be imperative to track and isolate infected people and/or livestock for years to come. Reference will now be made in detail to the embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the drawings and the examples. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. The term “comprising” and variations thereof as used herein is used synonymously with the term “including” and variations thereof and are open, non-limiting terms. Although the terms “comprising” and “including” have been used herein to describe various embodiments, the terms “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” can be used in place of “comprising” and “including” to provide for more specific embodiments and are also disclosed. As used in this disclosure and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, “the”, include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The following definitions are provided for the full understanding of terms used in this specification. Terminology The term “about” as used herein when referring to a measurable value such as an amount, a percentage, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of ±20%, ±10%, ±5%, or ±1% from the measurable value. “Administration” to a subject or “administering” includes any route of introducing or delivering to a subject an agent. Administration can be carried out by any suitable route, including oral, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intranasal, inhalation and the like. Administration includes self- administration and the administration by another. As used herein, the terms “may,” “optionally,” and “may optionally” are used interchangeably and are meant to include cases in which the condition occurs as well as cases in which the condition does not occur. Thus, for example, the statement that a formulation “may include an excipient” is meant to include cases in which the formulation includes an excipient as well as cases in which the formulation does not include an excipient. As used herein, the term “subject” or “host” can refer to living organisms such as mammals, including, but not limited to humans, livestock, dogs, cats, and other mammals. Administration of the therapeutic agents can be carried out at dosages and for periods of time effective for treatment of a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. As used herein, the term “antigen” refers to a molecule that is capable of binding to an antibody. In some embodiments, the antigen stimulates an immune response such as by production of antibodies specific for the antigen. In the present invention, “specific for” and “specificity” means a condition where one of the molecules is involved in selective binding. Accordingly, an antibody that is specific for one antigen selectively binds that antigen and not other antigens. The term “antibodies” is used herein in a broad sense and includes both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In addition to intact immunoglobulin molecules, also included in the term “antibodies” are fragments or polymers of those immunoglobulin molecules, and human or humanized versions of immunoglobulin molecules or fragments thereof. The antibodies can be tested for their desired activity using the in vitro assays described herein, or by analogous methods, after which their in vivo therapeutic and/or prophylactic activities are tested according to known clinical testing methods. Native antibodies are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (VH) followed by a number of constant domains. Each light chain has a variable domain at one end (VL) and a constant domain at its other end. There are five major classes of human immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG-1, IgG-2, IgG-3, and IgG-4; IgA-1 and IgA-2. One skilled in the art would recognize the comparable classes for mouse. The heavy chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Each antibody molecule is made up of the protein products of two genes: heavy-chain gene and light-chain gene. The heavy-chain gene is constructed through somatic recombination of V, D, and J gene segments. In human, there are 51 VH, 27 DH, 6 JH, 9 CH gene segments on human chromosome 14. The light-chain gene is constructed through somatic recombination of V and J gene segments. There are 40 Vκ , 31 Vλ , 5 Jκ , 4 Jλ gene segments on human chromosome 14 (80 VJ). The heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of immunoglobulins are called α, δ, ε, γ, and μ, respectively. The “light chains” of antibodies from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa (κ) and lambda (λ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains. The term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies within the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in a small subset of the antibody molecules. The monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include "chimeric" antibodies in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, as long as they exhibit the desired antagonistic activity. The disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be made using any procedure which produces monoclonal antibodies. For example, disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using hybridoma methods, such as those described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature, 256:495 (1975). In a hybridoma method, a mouse or other appropriate host animal is typically immunized with an immunizing agent to elicit lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the immunizing agent. Alternatively, the lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. The monoclonal antibodies may also be made by recombinant DNA methods. DNA encoding the disclosed monoclonal antibodies can be readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies). Libraries of antibodies or active antibody fragments can also be generated and screened using phage display techniques, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No. 5,804,440 to Burton et al. and U.S. Patent No. 6,096,441 to Barbas et al. In vitro methods are also suitable for preparing monovalent antibodies. Digestion of antibodies to produce fragments thereof, particularly, Fab fragments, can be accomplished using routine techniques known in the art. For instance, digestion can be performed using papain. Examples of papain digestion are described in WO 94/29348 published Dec. 22, 1994 and U.S. Pat. No.4,342,566. Papain digestion of antibodies typically produces two identical antigen binding fragments, called Fab fragments, each with a single antigen binding site, and a residual Fc fragment. Pepsin treatment yields a fragment that has two antigen combining sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen. As used herein, the term “antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof” or “antibody or fragments thereof” encompasses chimeric antibodies and hybrid antibodies, with dual or multiple antigen or epitope specificities, and fragments, such as F(ab’)2, Fab’, Fab, Fv, sFv, scFv, nanoantibody and the like, including hybrid fragments. Thus, fragments of the antibodies that retain the ability to bind their specific antigens are provided. Such antibodies and fragments can be made by techniques known in the art and can be screened for specificity and activity according to the methods set forth in the Examples and in general methods for producing antibodies and screening antibodies for specificity and activity (See Harlow and Lane. Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Publications, New York, (1988)). The fragments, whether attached to other sequences or not, can also include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the antibody or antibody fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the non-modified antibody or antibody fragment. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove/add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the antibody or antibody fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as specific binding to its cognate antigen. Functional or active regions of the antibody or antibody fragment may be identified by mutagenesis of a specific region of the protein, followed by expression and testing of the expressed polypeptide. Such methods are readily apparent to a skilled practitioner in the art and can include site-specific mutagenesis of the nucleic acid encoding the antibody or antibody fragment. (Zoller, M.J. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 3:348-354, 1992). As used herein, the term “antibody” or “antibodies” can also refer to a human antibody and/or a humanized antibody. Many non-human antibodies (e.g., those derived from mice, rats, or rabbits) are naturally antigenic in humans, and thus can give rise to undesirable immune responses when administered to humans. Therefore, the use of human or humanized antibodies in the methods serves to lessen the chance that an antibody administered to a human will evoke an undesirable immune response. The terms “antigen binding site”, “binding site” and “binding domain” refer to the specific elements, parts or amino acid residues of a polypeptide, such as an antibody, that bind the antigenic determinant or epitope. An "antibody heavy chain," as used herein, refers to the larger of the two types of polypeptide chains present in all antibody molecules in their naturally occurring conformations. An "antibody light chain," as used herein, refers to the smaller of the two types of polypeptide chains present in all antibody molecules in their naturally occurring conformations, κ and λ light chains refer to the two major antibody light chain isotypes. The term "CDR" as used herein refers to the “complementarity determining regions” of the antibody which consist of the antigen binding loops. (Kabat E.A. et al., (1991) Sequences of proteins of immunological interest. NIH Publication 91-3242). Each of the two variable domains of an antibody Fv fragment contain, for example, three CDRs. The term “hypervariable region” or “HVR”, as used herein, refers to each of the regions of an antibody variable domain which are hypervariable in sequence and/or form structurally defined loops (“hypervariable loops”). Generally, native four-chain antibodies comprise six HVRs; three in the VH (H1, H2, H3), and three in the VL (L1, L2, L3). HVRs generally comprise amino acid residues from the hypervariable loops and/or from the complementarity determining regions (CDRs), the latter being of highest sequence variability and/or involved in antigen recognition. With the exception of CDR1 in VH, CDRs generally comprise the amino acid residues that form the hypervariable loops. Hypervariable regions (HVRs) are also referred to as “complementarity determining regions” (CDRs), and these terms are used herein interchangeably in reference to portions of the variable region that form the antigen-binding regions. The amino acid sequence boundaries of a CDR can be determined by one of skill in the art using any of a number of known numbering schemes, including those described by Kabat et al., supra (“Kabat” numbering scheme): Al-Lazikani et al., 1997. J. Mol. Biol., 273:927-948 (“Chothia” numbering scheme); MacCallum et al., 1996, J. Mol. Biol, 262:732-745 (“Contact” numbering scheme); Lefranc et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol., 2003, 27:55-77 (“IMGT” numbering scheme); and Honegge and Plückthun, J. Mol. Biol., 2001, 309:657-70 (“AHo” numbering scheme); each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. “Effective amount” encompasses, without limitation, an amount that can ameliorate, reverse, mitigate, prevent, or diagnose a symptom or sign of a medical condition or disorder. Unless dictated otherwise, explicitly or by context, an “effective amount” is not limited to a minimal amount sufficient to ameliorate a condition. The severity of a disease or disorder, as well as the ability of a treatment to prevent, treat, or mitigate, the disease or disorder can be measured, without implying any limitation, by a biomarker or by a clinical parameter. In some embodiments, the term “effective amount of a recombinant antibody” refers to an amount of a recombinant antibody sufficient to prevent, treat, or mitigate a coronavirus infection (e.g., SARS-CoV-2 infection). The “fragments” or “functional fragments,” whether attached to other sequences or not, can include insertions, deletions, substitutions, or other selected modifications of particular regions or specific amino acids residues, provided the activity of the fragment is not significantly altered or impaired compared to the nonmodified peptide or protein. These modifications can provide for some additional property, such as to remove or add amino acids capable of disulfide bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, to alter its secretory characteristics, etc. In any case, the functional fragment must possess a bioactive property, such as binding to a coronavirus antigen (e.g., SARS- CoV-2 antigen), and/or ameliorating the viral infection. The term "identity" or "homology" shall be construed to mean the percentage of nucleotide bases or amino acid residues in the candidate sequence that are identical with the bases or residues of a corresponding sequence to which it is compared, after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary to achieve the maximum percent identity for the entire sequence, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. A polynucleotide or polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) that has a certain percentage (for example, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) of "sequence identity" to another sequence means that, when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent homology or sequence identity can be determined using software programs known in the art. Such alignment can be provided using, for instance, the method of Needleman et al. (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, implemented conveniently by computer programs such as the Align program (DNAstar, Inc.). The term “increased” or “increase” as used herein generally means an increase by a statically significant amount; for example, “increased” means an increase of at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example an increase of at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% increase or any increase between 10-100% as compared to a reference level, or at least about a 2-fold, or at least about a 3- fold, or at least about a 4-fold, or at least about a 5-fold or at least about a 10-fold increase, or any increase between 2-fold and 10-fold or greater as compared to a reference level. As used herein, the terms “nanobody”, “VHH”, “VHH antibody fragment” and “single domain antibody” are used indifferently and designate a variable domain of a single heavy chain of an antibody of the type found in Camelidae, which are without any light chains, such as those derived from Camelids as described in PCT Publication No. WO 94/04678, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. The term “reduced”, “reduce”, “reduction”, or “decrease” as used herein generally means a decrease by a statistically significant amount. However, for avoidance of doubt, “reduced” means a decrease by at least 10% as compared to a reference level, for example a decrease by at least about 20%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90% or up to and including a 100% decrease (i.e. absent level as compared to a reference sample), or any decrease between 10- 100% as compared to a reference level. “Nucleotide,” “nucleoside,” “nucleotide residue,” and “nucleoside residue,” as used herein, can mean a deoxyribonucleotide, ribonucleotide residue, or another similar nucleoside analogue. A nucleotide is a molecule that contains a base moiety, a sugar moiety and a phosphate moiety. Nucleotides can be linked together through their phosphate moieties and sugar moieties creating an internucleoside linkage. The base moiety of a nucleotide can be adenin-9-yl (A), cytosin-1-yl (C), guanin-9-yl (G), uracil-1-yl (U), and thymin-1-yl (T). The sugar moiety of a nucleotide is a ribose or a deoxyribose. The phosphate moiety of a nucleotide is pentavalent phosphate. A non-limiting example of a nucleotide would be 3'-AMP (3'-adenosine monophosphate) or 5'-GMP (5'-guanosine monophosphate). There are many varieties of these types of molecules available in the art and available herein. The method and the system disclosed here including the use of primers, which are capable of interacting with the disclosed nucleic acids, such as the antigen barcode as disclosed herein. In certain embodiments the primers are used to support DNA amplification reactions. Typically, the primers will be capable of being extended in a sequence specific manner. Extension of a primer in a sequence specific manner includes any methods wherein the sequence and/or composition of the nucleic acid molecule to which the primer is hybridized or otherwise associated directs or influences the composition or sequence of the product produced by the extension of the primer. Extension of the primer in a sequence specific manner therefore includes, but is not limited to, PCR, DNA sequencing, DNA extension, DNA polymerization, RNA transcription, or reverse transcription. Techniques and conditions that amplify the primer in a sequence specific manner are preferred. In certain embodiments the primers are used for the DNA amplification reactions, such as PCR or direct sequencing. It is understood that in certain embodiments the primers can also be extended using non-enzymatic techniques, where for example, the nucleotides or oligonucleotides used to extend the primer are modified such that they will chemically react to extend the primer in a sequence specific manner. Typically, the disclosed primers hybridize with the disclosed nucleic acids or region of the nucleic acids or they hybridize with the complement of the nucleic acids or complement of a region of the nucleic acids. The term “amplification” refers to the production of one or more copies of a genetic fragment or target sequence, specifically the “amplicon”. As it refers to the product of an amplification reaction, amplicon is used interchangeably with common laboratory terms, such as "PCR product." The term “polypeptide” refers to a compound made up of a single chain of D- or L-amino acids or a mixture of D- and L-amino acids joined by peptide bonds. "Encoding" refers to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide, such as a gene, a cDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein if transcription and translation of mRNA. An “expression cassette” refers to a DNA coding sequence or segment of DNA that code for an expression product that can be inserted into a vector at defined restriction sites. The cassette restriction sites are designed to ensure insertion of the cassette in the proper reading frame. Generally, foreign DNA is inserted at one or more restriction sites of the vector DNA, and then is carried by the vector into a host cell along with the transmissible vector DNA. A segment or sequence of DNA having inserted or added DNA, such as an expression vector, can also be called a “DNA construct”. Expression vectors comprise the expression cassette and additionally usually comprise an origin for autonomous replication in the host cells or a genome integration site, one or more selectable markers (e.g. an amino acid synthesis gene or a gene conferring resistance to antibiotics such as zeocin, kanamycin, G418 or hygromycin), a number of restriction enzyme cleavage sites, a suitable promoter sequence and a transcription terminator, which components are operably linked together. The term “vector” as used herein includes autonomously replicating nucleotide sequences as well as genome integrating nucleotide sequences. A common type of vector is a “plasmid”, which generally is a self-contained molecule of double-stranded DNA that can readily accept additional (foreign) DNA and which can readily be introduced into a suitable host cell. A plasmid vector often contains coding DNA and promoter DNA and has one or more restriction sites suitable for inserting foreign DNA. Specifically, the term “vector” or “plasmid” refers to a vehicle by which a DNA or RNA sequence (e.g. a foreign gene) can be introduced into a host cell, so as to transform the host and promote expression (e.g. transcription and translation) of the introduced sequence. The term “host cell” as used herein shall refer to primary subject cells transformed to produce a particular recombinant protein, such as an antibody as described herein, and any progeny thereof. It should be understood that not all progeny are exactly identical to the parental cell (due to deliberate or inadvertent mutations or differences in environment), however, such altered progeny are included in these terms, so long as the progeny retain the same functionality as that of the originally transformed cell. The term “host cell line” refers to a cell line of host cells as used for expressing a recombinant gene to produce recombinant polypeptides such as recombinant antibodies. The term “cell line” as used herein refers to an established clone of a particular cell type that has acquired the ability to proliferate over a prolonged period of time. Such host cell or host cell line may be maintained in cell culture and/or cultivated to produce a recombinant polypeptide. The term "gene" or "gene sequence" refers to the coding sequence or control sequence, or fragments thereof. A gene may include any combination of coding sequence and control sequence, or fragments thereof. Thus, a "gene" as referred to herein may be all or part of a native gene. A polynucleotide sequence as referred to herein may be used interchangeably with the term "gene”, or may include any coding sequence, non-coding sequence or control sequence, fragments thereof, and combinations thereof. The term "gene" or "gene sequence" includes, for example, control sequences upstream of the coding sequence. "Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" (sometimes referred to as a “carrier”) means a carrier or excipient that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical or therapeutic composition that is generally safe and non-toxic, and includes a carrier that is acceptable for veterinary and/or human pharmaceutical or therapeutic use. The terms "carrier" or "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier" can include, but are not limited to, phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion) and/or various types of wetting agents. As used herein, the term “carrier” encompasses any excipient, diluent, filler, salt, buffer, stabilizer, solubilizer, lipid, stabilizer, or other material well known in the art for use in pharmaceutical formulations. The choice of a carrier for use in a composition will depend upon the intended route of administration for the composition. The preparation of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and formulations containing these materials is described in, e.g., Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21st Edition, ed. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2005. Examples of physiologically acceptable carriers include saline, glycerol, DMSO, buffers such as phosphate buffers, citrate buffer, and buffers with other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid; low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, arginine or lysine; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and other carbohydrates including glucose, mannose, or dextrins; chelating agents such as EDTA; sugar alcohols such as mannitol or sorbitol; salt-forming counterions such as sodium; and/or nonionic surfactants such as TWEENTM (ICI, Inc.; Bridgewater, New Jersey), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and PLURONICSTM (BASF; Florham Park, NJ). To provide for the administration of such dosages for the desired therapeutic treatment, compositions disclosed herein can advantageously comprise between about 0.1% and 99% by weight of the total of one or more of the subject compounds based on the weight of the total composition including carrier or diluent. The term “specificity” refers to the number of different types of antigens or antigenic determinants to which a particular antigen-binding molecule (such as the recombinant antibody of the invention) can bind. As used herein, the term "specifically binds," as used herein with respect to a recombinant antibody refers to the recombinant antibody’s preferential binding to one or more epitopes as compared with other epitopes. Specific binding can depend upon binding affinity and the stringency of the conditions under which the binding is conducted. In one example, an antibody specifically binds an epitope when there is high affinity binding under stringent conditions. It should be understood that the specificity of an antigen-binding molecule (e.g., the recombinant antibodies of the present invention) can be determined based on affinity and/or avidity. The affinity, represented by the equilibrium constant for the dissociation of an antigen with an antigen-binding molecule (KD), is a measure for the binding strength between an antigenic determinant and an antigen-binding site on the antigen-binding molecule: the lesser the value of the KD, the stronger the binding strength between an antigenic determinant and the antigen-binding molecule (alternatively, the affinity can also be expressed as the affinity constant (KA), which is 1/ KD). As will be clear to the skilled person (for example on the basis of the further disclosure herein), affinity can be determined in a manner known per se, depending on the specific antigen of interest. Avidity is the measure of the strength of binding between an antigen-binding molecule (such as the recombinant antibodies of the present invention) and the pertinent antigen. Avidity is related to both the affinity between an antigenic determinant and its antigen binding site on the antigen-binding molecule and the number of pertinent binding sites present on the antigen-binding molecule. Typically, antigen-binding proteins (such as the recombinant antibodies of the invention) will bind to their antigen with a dissociation constant (KD) of 10−5 to 10−12 moles/liter or less, and preferably 10−7 to 10−12 moles/liter or less, and more preferably 10−8 to 10−12 moles/liter. “Therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount of a composition such as recombinant antibody that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal, or human that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or other clinician over a generalized period of time. In some embodiments, a desired response is reduction of coronaviral titers in a subject. In some embodiments, the desired response is mitigation of coronavirus infection and/or related symptoms. In some instances, a desired biological or medical response is achieved following administration of multiple dosages of the composition to the subject over a period of days, weeks, or years. The therapeutically effective amount will vary depending on the composition, the disorder or conditions and its severity, the route of administration, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, judgment of the treating physician, dosage form, and the age, weight, general health, sex and/or diet of the subject to be treated. The therapeutically effective amount of recombinant antibodies as described herein can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. A therapeutically significant reduction in a symptom is, e.g. at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 30%, at least about 40%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 100%, at least about 125%, at least about 150% or more in a measured parameter as compared to a control or non-treated subject. Measured or measurable parameters include clinically detectable markers of disease, for example, elevated or depressed levels of a biological marker, such as decreased viral titers, decreased viral RNA levels, increase in CD4 T lymphocyte counts, and/or prolonged survival of a subject. It will be understood, that the total daily usage of the compositions and formulations as disclosed herein will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment. The exact amount required will vary depending on factors such as the type of disease being treated. The terms “treat,” “treating,” “treatment,” and grammatical variations thereof as used herein, include partially or completely delaying, alleviating, mitigating or reducing the intensity of one or more attendant symptoms. Treatments according to the invention may be applied preventively, prophylactically, palliatively or remedially. Prophylactic treatments are administered to a subject prior to onset (e.g., before obvious signs of an infection), during early onset (e.g., upon initial signs and symptoms of an infection), after an established development of an infection, or during chronic infection. Prophylactic administration can occur for several minutes to months prior to the manifestation of an infection. As used herein, the term “preventing” a disorder or unwanted physiological event in a subject refers specifically to the prevention of the occurrence of symptoms and/or their underlying cause, wherein the subject may or may not exhibit heightened susceptibility to the disorder or event. Antibodies and Methods In some aspects, disclosed herein is a recombinant antibody, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% (for example, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235; and CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262. In some embodiments, CDRH3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235. In some embodiments, CDRL3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262. In some embodiments, CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% (for example, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52; and/or CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% (for example, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%) identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156. In some embodiments, CDRH1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52. In some embodiments, CDRL1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156. In some embodiments, CDRH2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78; and/or CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182. In some embodiments, CDRH2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78. In some embodiments, CDRL2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182. In some embodiments, VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-26. In some embodiments, VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:105-130. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 27, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 53, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 79, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 131, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 157, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 183. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 28, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 54, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 80, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 132, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 158, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 184. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 29, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 55, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 81, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 133, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 159, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 185. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 30, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 56, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 82, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 134, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 160, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 186. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 31, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 57, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 83, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 135, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 161, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 187. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 32, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 58, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 84, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 136, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 162, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 188. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 33, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 59, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 85, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 137, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 163, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 189. In some embodiments, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 34, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 60, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 86, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 138, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 164, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 190. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 35, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 61, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 87, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 139, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 165, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 191. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 36, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 62, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 88, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 140, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 166, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 192. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 37, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 63, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 89, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 141, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 167, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 193. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 38, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 64, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 90, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 142, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 168, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 194. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 39, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 65, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 91, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 143, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 169, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 195. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 40, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 66, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 92, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 144, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 170, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 196. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 41, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 67, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 93, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 145, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 171, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 197. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 42, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 68, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 94, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 146, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 172, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 198. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 43, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 69, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 95, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 147, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 173, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 199. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 44, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 70, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 96, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 148, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 174, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 200. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 45, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 71, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 97, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 149, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 175, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 201. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 46, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 72, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 98, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 150, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 176, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 202. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 47, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 73, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 99, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 151, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 177, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 203. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 48, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 74, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 100, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 152, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 178, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 204. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 49, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 75, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 101, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 153, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 179, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 205. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 50, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 76, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 102, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 154, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 180, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 206. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 51, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 77, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 103, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 155, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 181, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 207. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 52, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 78, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 104, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 156, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 182, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 208. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 209, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 236. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 210, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 237. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 211, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 238. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 212, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 239. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 213, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 240. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 214, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 241. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 215, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 242. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 216, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 243. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 217, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 244. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 245. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 219, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 246. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 220, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 247. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 221, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 248. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 222, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 249. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 223, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 250. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 224, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 251. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 225, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 252. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 226, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 253. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 227, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 254. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 228, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 255. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 229, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 256. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 230, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 257. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 231, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 258. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 232, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 259. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 260. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 234, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 261. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 262. In some embodiments, the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 1. In some embodiments, the recombinant antibody is selected from Table 2. In some embodiments, the recombinant antibody is selected from Figure 1. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a nucleic acid encoding a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a recombinant expression cassette or plasmid comprising a sequence to express a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a host cell comprising an expression cassette or a plasmid as disclosed herein. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a method of producing an antibody, comprising cultivating or maintaining a host cell under conditions to produce the antibody. In one aspect, disclosed herein is a method of treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a recombinant antibody as disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. In some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for detecting a coronavirus infection in a subject, comprising: providing a biological sample from the subject, and detecting a coronavirus antigen in the biological sample with an antibody that specifically binds to the coronavirus antigen, wherein the antibody is from any aspect as disclosed herein, and wherein the presence of the coronavirus antigen in the biological sample indicates the subject is infected with a coronavirus. In some embodiments, the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. EXAMPLES The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the antibodies, methods, and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate representative methods and results. These examples are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present invention which are apparent to one skilled in the art. Example 1. Mono- and Cross-Reactive Coronavirus Antibodies and Methods Donor Information The donor had previous laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. The studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Vanderbilt University Medical Center. The sample was obtained after written informed consent was obtained. Antigen Purification A variety of recombinant soluble protein antigens were used in the LIBRA-seq experiment and other experimental assays. Plasmids encoding residues 1–1208 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike with a mutated S1/S2 cleavage site, proline substitutions at positions 817, 892, 899, 942, 986 and 987, and a C-terminal T4-fibritin trimerization motif, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (SARS-CoV-2 spike HP); 1– 1208 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike with a mutated S1/S2 cleavage site, proline substitutions at positions 817, 892, 899, 942, 986 and 987, a glycine mutation at 614, and a C-terminal T4-fibritin trimerization motif, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (SARS-CoV-2 spike HP D614G) 1–1208 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike with a mutated S1/S2 cleavage site, proline substitutions at positions 817, 892, 899, 942, 986 and 987, as well as mutations L18F, D80A, L242-244L del, R246I, K417N, E484K, N501Y, and a C-terminal T4-fibritin trimerization motif, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (SARS-CoV-2 spike HP B.1.351); 1–1208 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike with a mutated S1/S2 cleavage site, proline substitutions at positions 817, 892, 899, 942, 986 and 987, as well as mutations 69-70del, Y144del, N501Y, A570D, P681H, and a C-terminal T4-fibritin trimerization motif, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (SARS-CoV-2 spike HP B.1.1.7); residues 1-1190 of the SARS-CoV spike with proline substitutions at positions 968 and 969, and a C-terminal T4-fibritin trimerization motif, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (SARS-CoV S- 2P); residues 1-1291 of the MERS-CoV spike with a mutated S1/S2 cleavage site, proline substitutions at positions 1060 and 1061, and a C-terminal T4-fibritin trimerization motif, an AviTag, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (MERS-CoV S-2P Avi); residues 1-1278 of the HCoV-OC43 spike with proline substitutions at positions 1070 and 1071, and a C-terminal T4- fibritin trimerization motif, an 8x HisTag, and a TwinStrepTag (HCoV-OC43 S-2P); residues 319– 591 of SARS-CoV-2 S with a C-terminal monomeric human IgG Fc-tag and an 8x HisTag (SARS- CoV-2 RBD-SD1); residues 367–589 of MERS-CoV S with a C-terminal monomeric human IgG Fc-tag and an 8x HisTag (MERS-CoV RBD); residues 306–577 of MERS-CoV S with a C- terminal monomeric human IgG Fc-tag and an 8x HisTag (SARS-CoV RBD-SD1) were transiently transfected into FreeStyle293F cells (Thermo Fisher) using polyethylenimine. For all antigens with the exception of SARS-CoV-2 S HP, cells were treated with 1 μM kifunensine to ensure uniform glycosylation three hours post-transfection. Transfected supernatants were harvested after 6 days of expression. SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1 was purified using Protein A resin (Pierce), SARS-CoV-2 S HP, SARS-CoV S-2P, MERS-CoV S-2P, HCoV-HKU1 S-2P and HCoV-OC43 S-2P were purified using StrepTactin resin (IBA). Affinity-purified SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1 was further purified over a Superdex75 column (GE Life Sciences). SARS-CoV-2 S HP, SARS-CoV-2 S HP B.1.351, SARS-CoV-2spikeHP B.1.1.7, SARS-CoV S-2P, MERS-CoV S-2P, HCoV-HKU1 S-2P and HCoV-OC43 S-2P were purified over a Superose6 Increase column (GE Life Sciences). HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E alpha coronavirus spike proteins were purchased from Sino Biological. SARS-CoV-2 S1, SARS-CoV-2 S2, and SARS-CoV-2 NTD truncated proteins were purchased from the commercial vendor, Sino Biological. For the HIV-1 gp140 SOSIP variant from strain ZM197 (clade C) recombinant, soluble antigens contained an AviTag and were expressed in Expi293F cells using polyethylenimine transfection reagent and cultured. FreeStyle F17 expression medium supplemented with pluronic acid and glutamine was used. The cells were cultured at 37°C with 8% CO2 saturation and shaking. After 5-7 days, cultures were centrifuged and supernatant was filtered and run over an affinity column of agarose bound Galanthus nivalis lectin. The column was washed with PBS and antigens were eluted with 30 mL of 1M methyl-a-D-mannopyranoside. Protein elutions were buffer exchanged into PBS, concentrated, and run on a Superdex 200 Increase 10/300 GL Sizing column on the AKTA FPLC system. Fractions corresponding to correctly folded protein were collected, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and antigenicity was characterized by ELISA using known monoclonal antibodies specific to each antigen. Avitagged antigens were biotinylated using BirA biotin ligase (Avidity LLC). Recombinant NC99 HA protein contains the HA ectodomain with a point mutation at the sialic acid-binding site (Y98F), T4 fibritin foldon trimerization domain, AviTag, and hexahistidine-tag, and were expressed in Expi 293F mammalian cells using Expifectamine 293 transfection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific) cultured for 4-5 days. Culture supernatant was harvested and cleared as above, and then adjusted pH and NaC1 concentration by adding 1M Tris- HCl (pH 7.5) and 5M NaC1 to 50 mM and 500 mM, respectively. Ni Sepharose excel resin (GE Healthcare) was added to the supernatant to capture hexahistidine tag. Resin was separated on a column by gravity and captured HA protein was eluted by a Tris-NaC1 (pH 7.5) buffer containing 300 mM imidazole. The eluate was further purified by a size exclusion chromatography with a HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200 column (GE Healthcare). Fractions containing HA were concentrated, analyzed by SDS-PAGE and tested for antigenicity by ELISA with known antibodies. Spike protein used for cryo-EM was expressed by transiently transfecting plasmid encoding the HexaPro spike variant containing additional S383C and D985C substitutions with a C-terminal TwinStrep tag into FreeStyle 293-F cells (Thermo Fisher) using polyethyleneimine. 5 μM kifunensine was added 3h post-transfection. The cell culture was harvested four days after transfection and the spike-containing medium was separated from the cells by centrifugation. Supernatants were passed through a 0.22 μm filter and passaged over StrepTactin resin (IBA). Further purification was achieved by size-exclusion chromatography using a Superose 610/300 column (GE Healthcare) in buffer containing 2 mM Tris pH 8.0, 200 mM NaC1 and 0.02% NaN3. DNA-barcoding of Antigens Oligos were used that possess 15 bp antigen barcode, a sequence capable of annealing to the template switch oligo that is part of the 10X bead-delivered oligos, and contain truncated TruSeq small RNA read 1 sequences in the following structure: 5’- CCTTGGCACCCGAGAATTCCANNNNNNNNNNNNNCCCATATAAGA*A*A-3’ (SEQ ID NO: 290), where Ns represent the antigen barcode. The following antigen barcodes were used: GCAGCGTATAAGTCA (SEQ ID NO: 263) (SARS-CoV-2 S), AACCCACCGTTGTTA (SEQ ID NO: 264) (SARS-CoV-2 S D614G), GCTCCTTTACACGTA (SEQ ID NO: 265) (SARS-CoV S), GGTAGCCCTAGAGTA (SEQ ID NO: 266) (MERS-CoV S), AGACTAATAGCTGAC (SEQ ID NO: 267) (HCoV-OC43 S), GACAAGTGATCTGCA (SEQ ID NO: 268) (HCoV-NL63 S), GTGTGTTGTCCTATG (SEQ ID NO: 269) (HCoV-229E S), TACGCCTATAACTTG (SEQ ID NO: 270) (ZM197 EnV), TCATTTCCTCCGATT (SEQ ID NO: 271) (HA NC99), TGGTAACGACAGTCC (SEQ ID NO: 272) (SARS-CoV RBD-SD1), TTTCAACGCCCTTTC (SEQ ID NO: 273) (SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1), GTAAGACGCCTATGC (SEQ ID NO: 274) (MERS-CoV RBD), CAGTAAGTTCGGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 275) (SARS-CoV-2 NTD), Oligos were ordered from IDT with a 5’ amino modification and HPLC purified. For each antigen, a unique DNA barcode was directly conjugated to the antigen itself. In particular, 5’amino-oligonucleotides were conjugated directly to each antigen using the Solulink Protein-Oligonucleotide Conjugation Kit (TriLink cat no. S-9011) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, the oligo and protein were desalted, and then the amino-oligo was modified with the 4FB crosslinker, and the biotinylated antigen protein was modified with S-HyNic. Then, the 4FB-oligo and the HyNic-antigen were mixed together. This causes a stable bond to form between the protein and the oligonucleotide. The concentration of the antigen-oligo conjugates was determined by a BCA assay, and the HyNic molar substitution ratio of the antigen-oligo conjugates was analyzed using the NanoDrop according to the Solulink protocol guidelines. AKTA FPLC was used to remove excess oligonucleotide from the protein-oligo conjugates, which were also verified using SDS-PAGE with a silver stain. Antigen-oligo conjugates were also used in flow cytometry titration experiments. Antigen-specific B cell sorting Cells were stained and mixed with DNA-barcoded antigens and other antibodies, and then sorted using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). First, cells were counted and viability was assessed using Trypan Blue. Then, cells were washed three times with DPBS supplemented with 0.1% Bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cells were resuspended in DPBS-BSA and stained with cell markers including viability dye (Ghost Red 780), CD14-APC-Cy7, CD3-FITC, CD19-BV711, and IgG-PE-Cy5. Additionally, antigen-oligo conjugates were added to the stain. After staining in the dark for 30 minutes at room temperature, cells were washed three times with DPBS-BSA at 300 g for five minutes. Cells were then incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature with Streptavidin-PE to label cells with bound antigen. Cells were washed three times with DPBS-BSA, resuspended in DPBS, and sorted by FACS. Antigen positive cells were bulk sorted and delivered to the Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics (VANTAGE) sequencing core at an appropriate target concentration for 10X Genomics library preparation and subsequent sequencing. FACS data were analyzed using FlowJo. Sample preparation, library preparation, and sequencing Single-cell suspensions were loaded onto the Chromium Controller microfluidics device (10X Genomics) and processed using the B-cell Single Cell V(D)J solution according to manufacturer’s suggestions for a target capture of 10,000 B cells per 1/810X cassette, with minor modifications in order to intercept, amplify and purify the antigen barcode libraries as previously described. Sequence processing and bioinformatic analysis The previously described pipeline was utilized and modified to use paired-end FASTQ files of oligo libraries as input, process and annotate reads for cell barcode, unique molecular identifier (UMI), and antigen barcode, and generate a cell barcode - antigen barcode UMI count matrix. BCR contigs were processed using Cell Ranger (10X Genomics) using GRCh38 as reference. Antigen barcode libraries were also processed using Cell Ranger (10X Genomics). The overlapping cell barcodes between the two libraries were used as the basis of the subsequent analysis. Cell barcodes were removed that had only non-functional heavy chain sequences as well as cells with multiple functional heavy chain sequences and/or multiple functional light chain sequences, reasoning that these may be multiplets. Additionally, the BCR contigs were aligned (filtered_contigs.fasta file output by Cell Ranger, 10X Genomics) to IMGT reference genes using HighV-Quest. The output of HighV-Quest was parsed using ChangeO. and merged with an antigen barcode UMI count matrix. Finally, the LIBRA-seq score was determined for each antigen in the library for every cell as previously described. Antibody Expression and Purification For each antibody, variable genes were inserted into custom plasmids encoding the constant region for the IgG1 heavy chain as well as respective lambda and kappa light chains (pTwist CMV BetaGlobin WPRE Neo vector, Twist Bioscience). Antibodies were expressed in Expi293F mammalian cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific) by co-transfecting heavy chain and light chain expressing plasmids using polyethylenimine transfection reagent and cultured for 5-7 days. Cells were maintained in FreeStyle F17 expression medium supplemented at final concentrations of 0.1% Pluronic Acid F-68 and 20% 4mM L-Glutamine. These cells were cultured at 37°C with 8% CO2 saturation and shaking. After transfection and 5-7 days of culture, cell cultures were centrifuged and supernatant was 0.45 μm filtered with Nalgene Rapid Flow Disposable Filter Units with PES membrane. Filtered supernatant was run over a column containing Protein A agarose resin equilibrated with PBS. The column was washed with PBS, and then antibodies were eluted with 100 mM Glycine HCl at 2.7 pH directly into a 1:10 volume of 1M Tris-HCl pH 8.0. Eluted antibodies were buffer exchanged into PBS 3 times using Amicon Ultra centrifugal filter units and concentrated. Antibodies were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. High-throughput Antibody Expression For high-throughput production of recombinant antibodies, approaches were used that are designated as microscale. For antibody expression, microscale transfection were performed (~1 ml per antibody) of CHO cell cultures using the Gibco ExpiCHO Expression System and a protocol for deep 96-well blocks (Thermo Fisher Scientific). In brief, synthesized antibody-encoding DNA (~2 μg per transfection) was added to OptiPro serum free medium (OptiPro SFM), incubated with ExpiFectamine CHO Reagent and added to 800 μl of ExpiCHO cell cultures into 96-deep-well blocks using a ViaFlo 384 liquid handler (Integra Biosciences). The plates were incubated on an orbital shaker at 1,000 r.p.m. with an orbital diameter of 3 mm at 37 °C in 8% CO2. The next day after transfection, ExpiFectamine CHO Enhancer and ExpiCHO Feed reagents (Thermo Fisher Scientific) were added to the cells, followed by 4 d incubation for a total of 5 d at 37 °C in 8% CO2. Culture supernatants were collected after centrifuging the blocks at 450g for 5 min and were stored at 4°C until use. For high-throughput microscale antibody purification, fritted deep-well plates were used containing 25 μl of settled protein G resin (GE Healthcare Life Sciences) per well. Clarified culture supernatants were incubated with protein G resin for antibody capturing, washed with PBS using a 96-well plate manifold base (Qiagen) connected to the vacuum and eluted into 96-well PCR plates using 86 μl of 0.1 M glycine-HCL buffer pH 2.7. After neutralization with 14 μl of 1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, purified antibodies were buffer-exchanged into PBS using Zeba Spin Desalting Plates (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and stored at 4°C until use. ELISA To assess antibody binding, soluble protein was plated at 2 μg/ml overnight at 4°C. The next day, plates were washed three times with PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween-20 (PBS-T) and coated with 5% milk powder in PBS-T. Plates were incubated for one hour at room temperature and then washed three times with PBS-T. Primary antibodies were diluted in 1% milk in PBS-T, starting at 10 μg/ml with a serial 1:5 dilution and then added to the plate. The plates were incubated at room temperature for one hour and then washed three times in PBS-T. The secondary antibody, goat anti-human IgG conjugated to peroxidase, was added at 1:10,000 dilution in 1% milk in PBS-T to the plates, which were incubated for one hour at room temperature. Plates were washed three times with PBS-T and then developed by adding 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate to each well. The plates were incubated at room temperature for ten minutes, and then 1N sulfuric acid was added to stop the reaction. Plates were read at 450 nm. Data are represented as mean ± SEM for one ELISA experiment. ELISAs were repeated 2 or more times. The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using GraphPad Prism 8.0.0. Competition ELISA Competition ELISA was performed as done previously. Briefly, antibodies were biotinylated using NHS-PEG4-biotin (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat# A39259) according to manufacturer protocol. Following biotinylation, specific binding of biotinylated antibodies was confirmed using ELISA. Wells of 384-well microtiter plates were coated with 1 μg/mL SARS- CoV-2 S HP protein at 4ºC overnight. Plates were washed with PBS-T and blocked for 1 h with blocking buffer (1% BSA in PBS-T). Plates were then washed with PBS-T and unlabeled antibodies were added at a concentration of 10 μg/mL in a total volume of 25 μL blocking buffer and incubated 1 h. Without washing, biotinylated antibodies diluted in blocking buffer were added directly to each well in a volume of 5 μL per well (such that the final concentrations of each biotinylated mAb were equal to the respective EC90 of each mAb), and then incubated for 30 min at ambient temperature. Plates were then washed with PBS-T and incubated for 1 h with HRP- conjugated avidin (Sigma, 25 μL of a 1:3,500 dilution in blocking buffer). Plates were washed with PBS-T and 25 μL TMB substrate was added to each well. After sufficient development, the reactions were quenched by addition 25 μL 1M HC1 and absorbance at 450 nm was quantified using a plate reader. After subtracting the background signal, the signal obtained for binding of the biotin-labeled reference mAb in the presence of the unlabeled tested mAb was expressed as a percentage of the binding of the reference antibody in the presence of 10 μg/mL of the anti-dengue mAb DENV 2D22, which served as a no-competition control. Tested antibodies were considered competing if their presence reduced the reference mAb binding to less than 41% of its maximal binding and non-competing if the signal was greater than 71%. Real-time Cell Analysis (RTCA) Neutralization Assay Screen To screen for neutralizing activity in the panel of recombinantly expressed antibodies, a high-throughput and quantitative RTCA assay and xCelligence RTCA HT Analyzer (ACEA Biosciences) were used that assesses kinetic changes in cell physiology, including virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Twenty μl of cell culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS) was added to each well of a 384-well E-plate using a ViaFlo384 liquid handler (Integra Biosciences) to obtain background reading. Six thousand (6,000) Vero-furin cells in 20 μl of cell culture medium were seeded per well, and the plate was placed on the analyzer. Sensograms were visualized using RTCA HT software version 1.0.1 (ACEA Biosciences). For a screening neutralization assay, equal amounts of virus were mixed with micro-scale purified antibodies in a total volume of 40 μL using DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS as a diluent and incubated for 1 h at 37 °C in 5% CO2. At ~17–20 h after seeding the cells, the virus–antibody mixtures were added to the cells in 384-well E-plates. Wells containing virus only (in the absence of antibody) and wells containing only Vero cells in medium were included as controls. Plates were measured every 8– 12 h for 48–72 h to assess virus neutralization. Micro-scale antibodies were assessed in four 5- fold dilutions (starting from a 1:20 sample dilution), and their concentrations were not normalized. Neutralization was calculated as the percent of maximal cell index in control wells without virus minus cell index in control (virus-only) wells that exhibited maximal CPE at 40–48 h after applying virus–antibody mixture to the cells. An antibody was classified as fully neutralizing if it completely inhibited SARS-CoV-2-induced CPE at the highest tested concentration, while an antibody was classified as partially neutralizing if it delayed but did not fully prevent CPE at the highest tested concentration. RTCA Potency Neutralization Screening Assay To determine neutralizing activity of IgG, real-time cell analysis (RTCA) assay was used on an xCELLigence RTCA MP Analyzer (ACEA Biosciences Inc.) that measures virus- induced cytopathic effect (CPE) (Suryadevara N et al., 2021). Briefly, 50 μL of cell culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS) was added to each well of a 96-well E-plate using a ViaFlo384 liquid handler (Integra Biosciences) to obtain background reading. A suspension of 18,000 Vero-E6 cells in 50 μL of cell culture medium was seeded in each well, and the plate was placed on the analyzer. Measurements were taken automatically every 15 min, and the sensograms were visualized using RTCA software version 2.1.0 (ACEA Biosciences Inc). VSV-SARS-CoV- 2 (0.01 MOI, ~120 PFU per well) was mixed 1:1 with a dilution of antibody in a total volume of 100 μL using DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS as a diluent and incubated for 1 h at 37°C in 5% CO2. At 16 h after seeding the cells, the virus-antibody mixtures were added in replicates to the cells in 96-well E-plates. Triplicate wells containing virus only (maximal CPE in the absence of antibody) and wells containing only Vero cells in medium (no-CPE wells) were included as controls. Plates were measured continuously (every 15 min) for 48 h to assess virus neutralization. Normalized cellular index (CI) values at the endpoint (48 h after incubation with the virus) were determined using the RTCA software version 2.1.0 (ACEA Biosciences Inc.). Results are expressed as percent neutralization in a presence of respective antibody relative to control wells with no CPE minus CI values from control wells with maximum CPE. RTCA IC50 values were determined by nonlinear regression analysis using Prism software. Epitope mapping of antibodies by alanine scanning. Epitope mapping was performed essentially as described previously using a SARS-CoV-2 (strain Wuhan-Hu-1) spike protein RBD shotgun mutagenesis mutation library, made using an expression construct for full-length spike protein. 184 residues of the RBD (between spike residues 335 and 526) were mutated individually to alanine, and alanine residues to serine and clones arrayed in 384-well plates, one mutant per well. Antibody binding to each mutant clone was determined, in duplicate, by high-throughput flow cytometry. Each spike protein mutant was transfected into HEK- 293T cells and allowed to express for 22 hrs. Cells were fixed in 4% (v/v) paraformaldehyde (Electron Microscopy Sciences), and permeabilized with 0.1% (w/v) saponin (Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS plus calcium and magnesium (PBS++) before incubation with antibodies diluted in PBS++, 10% normal goat serum (Sigma), and 0.1% saponin. Antibody screening concentrations were determined using an independent immunofluorescence titration curve against cells expressing wild-type spike protein to ensure that signals were within the linear range of detection. Antibodies were detected using 3.75 μg/mL of AlexaFluor488-conjugated secondary antibody (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories) in 10% normal goat serum with 0.1% saponin. Cells were washed three times with PBS++/0.1% saponin followed by two washes in PBS, and mean cellular fluorescence was detected using a high-throughput Intellicyte iQue flow cytometer (Sartorius). Antibody reactivity against each mutant spike protein clone was calculated relative to wild-type spike protein reactivity by subtracting the signal from mock- transfected controls and normalizing to the signal from wild-type S-transfected controls. Mutations within clones were identified as critical to antibody binding if they did not support reactivity of the test antibody, but supported reactivity of other SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This counter-screen strategy facilitates the exclusion of spike mutants that are locally misfolded or have an expression defect. Plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) The virus neutralization with live authentic SARS-CoV-2 virus was performed in the BSL- 3 facility of the Galveston National Laboratory using Vero E6 cells (ATCC CRL-1586) following the standard procedure. Briefly, Vero E6 cells were cultured in 96-well plates
Figure imgf000042_0001
cells/well). Next day, 4-fold serial dilutions of antibodies were made using MEM-2% FBS, as to get an initial concentration of 100 μg/ml. Equal volume of diluted antibodies (60 μl) were mixed gently with original SARS-CoV-2 or UK variant or SA variant (60 μl containing 200 pfu) and incubated for 1 h at 37°C/5% CO2 atmosphere. The virus-serum mixture (100 μl) was added to cell monolayer in duplicates and incubated for 1 at h 37°C/5% CO2 atmosphere. Later, virus-serum mixture was discarded gently, and cell monolayer was overlaid with 0.6% methylcellulose and incubated for 2 days. The overlay was removed, and the plates were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde twice following BSL-3 protocol. The plates were stained with 1% crystal violet and virus-induced plaques were counted. The per cent neutralization and/or NT50 of antibody was calculated by dividing the plaques counted at each dilution with plaques of virus-only control. For antibodies, the inhibitory concentration at 50% (IC50) values were calculated in GraphPad Prism software by plotting the midway point between the upper and lower plateaus of the neutralization curve among dilutions. BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) Purified 54042-4 IgG was immobilized to AHC sensortips (FortéBio) to a response level of approximately 1.4 nm in a buffer composed of 10 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 150 mM NaC1, 3 mM EDTA, 0.05% Tween 20 and 0.1% (w/v) BSA. Immobilized IgG was then dipped into wells containing four-fold dilutions of SARS-CoV-2 RBD-SD1 ranging in concentration from 100- 1.5625 nM, to measure association. Dissociation was measured by dipping sensortips into wells containing only running buffer. Data were reference subtracted and kinetics were calculated in Octet Data Analysis software v10.0 using a 1:1 binding model. ACE2 Binding Inhibition Assay 96-well plates were coated with 2 μg/mL purified recombinant SARS-CoV-2 at 4°C overnight. The next day, plates were washed three times with PBS supplemented with 0.05% Tween-20 (PBS-T) and coated with 5% milk powder in PBS-T. Plates were incubated for one hour at room temperature and then washed three times with PBS-T. Purified antibodies were diluted in blocking buffer at 10 μg/mL in triplicate, added to the wells, and incubated at room temperature. Without washing, recombinant human ACE2 protein with a mouse Fc tag was added to wells for a final 0.4 μg/mL concentration of ACE2 and incubated for 40 minutes at room temperature. Plates were washed three times with PBS-T, and bound ACE2 was detected using HRP-conjugated anti- mouse Fc antibody and TMB substrate. The plates were incubated at room temperature for ten minutes, and then 1N sulfuric acid was added to stop the reaction. Plates were read at 450 nm. ACE2 binding without antibody served as a control. Experiment was done in biological replicate and technical triplicates. Neutralization Escape A real-time cell analysis assay (RTCA) and xCELLigence RTCA MP Analyzer (ACEA Biosciences Inc.) were used with modification of previously described assays (Gilchuk et al., 2020a; Weisblum et al., 2020, Suryadevara et al.,2021). Fifty (50) μL of cell culture medium (DMEM supplemented with 2% FBS) was added to each well of a 96-well E-plate to obtain a background reading. Eighteen thousand (18,000) Vero E6 cells in 50 μL of cell culture medium were seeded per each well, and plates were placed on the analyzer. Measurements were taken automatically every 15 min and the sensograms were visualized using RTCA software version 2.1.0 (ACEA Biosciences Inc). COV2-2130 or COV2-2499 or wt VSV-SARS-CoV-2 virus (5e3 plaque forming units [PFU] per well, ~0.3 MOI) was mixed with a saturating neutralizing concentration of individual antibody (5 μg/mL) in a total volume of 100 μL and incubated for 1 h at 37°C. At 16-20 h after seeding the cells, the virus-antibody mixtures were added into 8 to 96 replicate wells of 96-well E-plates with cell monolayers. Wells containing only virus in the absence of antibody and wells containing only Vero E6 cells in medium were included on each plate as controls. Plates were measured continuously (every 15 min) for 72 h. The escapes from 54042-4 was confirmed by delayed CPE in wells containing antibody while mAb2381 was used as positive control. EM sample prep and data collection To form the spike-Fab complex, a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL spike protein and 5X molar excess of Fab were combined in buffer containing 2mM Tris-Cl pH 8.0, 200 mM NaC1, and 0.02% NaN3. The complex was incubated on ice for 30 min before 3 μL of the sample was deposited on Au-300 1.2/1.3 grids (UltrAuFoil) that had been plasma cleaned in a Solarus 950 plasma cleaner (Gatan) for 4 minutes using a 4:1 ratio of O2:H2. A force of -4 was used to blot excess liquid for 3 s using a Vitrobot Mark IV (Thermo Fisher) followed by plunge-freezing with liquid ethane. 3,762 micrographs were collected from a single grid using a Titan Krios (Thermo Fisher) equipped with a K3 detector (Gatan) with the stage set at a 30° tilt. SerialEM was used to collect movies at 29,000X nominal magnification with a calibrated pixel size of 0.81 Å/pixel. Cryogenic electron microscopy (Cryo-EM) Motion correction, CTF estimation, particle picking, and preliminary 2D classification were performed using cryoSPARC v3.2.0 live processing. The final iteration of 2D class averaging distributed 374,669 particles into 60 classes using an uncertainty factor of 2. From that, 241,732 particles were used to perform an ab inito reconstruction with four classes followed by heterogeneous refinement of those four classes. Particles from the two highest quality classes were used for homogenous refinement of the best volume with applied C3 symmetry. Non-uniform refinement was performed on the resulting volume using per-particle defocus and per-group CTF optimizations applied. To improve the 54042-4 Fab-RBD density, C3 symmetry expansion was performed followed by local refinement using a mask created in ChimeraX that encompassed the entire 54042-4 Fab and RBD. Local refinement was performed using a pose/shift gaussian prior during alignment, 3° standard deviation of prior over rotation and 1 Å standard deviation of prior over shifts. Additionally, maximum alignment resolution was limited to 2.8 Å resolution to avoid over-refining. To improve map quality, the focused refinement volumes were processed using the DeepEMhancer tool via COSMIC science gateway, which included the use of a refinement mask to help define noise while sharpening. An initial model was generated by docking PDBID: 6XKL and a Fab model based on the 54042-4 sequence built using SAbPred ABodyBuilder into map density via ChimeraX. The model was iteratively refined and completed using a combination of Phenix, Coot, and ISOLDE. GISAID Mutation Frequency Calculation To evaluate the conservation of 54042-4 epitope residues, the GISAID database was utilized, comprising sequences from 1229459 SARS-CoV-2 variants (as of May 6th, 2021). The spike glycoprotein sequences were extracted and translated, and pairwise sequence alignment with the reference sequence hCoV-19/Wuhan/WIV04/2019 was then performed. After removing incomplete sequences and sequences with alignment errors, the pairwise alignments for the remaining 1,148,887 spike protein sequences were combined to compute the conservation of each residue position using in-house perl scripts. RMSD Calculation Differences Between Antibodies The SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain coordinates present in each antibody- antigen complex were aligned in PyMOL (The PyMOL Molecular Graphics System, Version 1.2r3pre, Schrödinger, LLC.) using an all-atom alignment with 5 cycles of outlier rejection of atom pairs having an RMSD greater than 2. The alignment was performed for RBD residues 329-529 in mAb 54042-4 (PDB ID: TBD chain A), 329-529 in mAb 2-7 (PDB ID: 7LSS chain B), and 333-526 in mAb REGN10987 (PDB ID: 6XDG chain A). This resulted in RMSD values of 0.751 Å between 54042-4 and REGN10987’s RBDs, 1.044 Å between 54042-4 and mAb 2-7’s RBDs, and 1.067 Å between REGN10987 and mAb 2-7’s RBDs with well-aligned epitope residues. Next the residues comprising the N-termini through the end of framework region 3 were determined for the heavy and light chains of all three antibodies using IMGT Domain Gap Align. Each pair of antibodies was aligned using a pairwise sequence alignment of this region in PyMOL. Finally, the alpha carbon root mean square deviation between antibodies was calculated over this region in the heavy and light chains using residue pairs from the sequence alignment. RMSD values were calculated from 183, 183, and 180 alpha carbon pairs for the 54042-4 vs REGN1087, REGN1087 vs 2-7, and 54042-4 vs 2-7 comparisons respectively. In the examples above, a number of antibody sequences were determined (see sequences provided below). The following paired heavy chain and light chain sequences are used herein for methods of treating, preventing, or detecting coronavirus infections.
Table 1. Paired heavy and light chains and the CDRs thereof.
Figure imgf000047_0001
Table 2: Sequences
Figure imgf000048_0001
Figure imgf000049_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000054_0001
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which the disclosed invention belongs. Publications cited herein and the materials for which they are cited are specifically incorporated by reference. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that numerous changes and modifications can be made to the preferred embodiments of the invention and that such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. It is, therefore, intended that the appended claims cover all such equivalent variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A recombinant antibody, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and/or a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235; and CDRL3 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262.
2. The recombinant antibody of claim 1, wherein CDRH3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 79-104 and 209-235.
3. The recombinant antibody of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein CDRL3 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 183-208 and 236-262.
4. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: CDRH1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52; and/or CDRL1 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156.
5. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein CDRH1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 27-52.
6. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein CDRL1 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 131-156.
7. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein: CDRH2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78; and/or CDRL2 comprises an amino acid sequence at least 60% identical to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182.
8. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein CDRH2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 53-78.
9. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein CDRL2 comprises at least one amino acid substitution when compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 157-182.
10. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 1-26.
11. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:105-130.
12. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 27, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 53, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 79, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 131, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 157, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 183.
13. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 28, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 54, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 80, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 132, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 158, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 184.
14. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 29, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 55, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 81, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 133, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 159, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 185.
15. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 30, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 56, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 82, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 134, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 160, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 186.
16. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 31, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 57, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 83, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 135, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 161, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 187.
17. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 32, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 58, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 84, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 136, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 162, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 188.
18. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 33, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 59, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 85, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 137, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 163, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 189.
19. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 34, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 60, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 86, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 138, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 164, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 190.
20. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 35, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 61, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 87, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 139, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 165, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 191.
21. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 36, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 62, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 88, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 140, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 166, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 192.
22. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 37, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 63, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 89, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 141, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 167, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 193.
23. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 38, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 64, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 90, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 142, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 168, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 194.
24. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 39, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 65, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 91, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 143, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 169, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 195.
25. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 40, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 66, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 92, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 144, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 170, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 196.
26. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 41, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 67, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 93, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 145, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 171, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 197.
27. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 42, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 68, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 94, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 146, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 172, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 198.
28. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 43, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 69, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 95, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 147, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 173, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 199.
29. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 44, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 70, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 96, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 148, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 174, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 200.
30. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 45, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 71, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 97, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 149, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 175, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 201.
31. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 46, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 72, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 98, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 150, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 176, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 202.
32. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 47, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 73, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 99, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 151, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 177, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 203.
33. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 48, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 74, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 100, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 152, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 178, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 204.
34. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 49, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 75, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 101, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 153, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 179, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 205.
35. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 50, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 76, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 102, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 154, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 180, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 206.
36. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 51, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 77, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 103, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 155, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 181, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 207.
37. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH1 is SEQ ID NO: 52, CDRH2 is SEQ ID NO: 78, CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 104, CDRL1 is SEQ ID NO: 156, CDRL2 is SEQ ID NO: 182, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 208.
38. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 209, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 236.
39. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 210, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 237.
40. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 211, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 238.
41. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 212, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 239.
42. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 213, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 240.
43. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 214, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 241.
44. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 215, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 242.
45. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 216, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 243.
46. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 217, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 244.
47. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 218, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 245.
48. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 219, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 246.
49. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 220, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 247.
50. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 221, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 248.
51. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 222, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 249.
52. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 223, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 250.
53. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 224, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 251.
54. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 225, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 252.
55. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 226, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 253.
56. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 227, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 254.
57. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 228, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 255.
58. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 229, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 256.
59. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 230, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 257.
60. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 231, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 258.
61. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 232, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 259.
62. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 233, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 260.
63. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 234, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 261.
64. The recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the antibody comprises a light chain variable region (VL) that comprises a light chain complementarity determining region (CDRL)1, CDRL2, and CDRL3 and a heavy chain variable region (VH) that comprises a heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDRH)1, CDRH2, and CDRH3, wherein: CDRH3 is SEQ ID NO: 235, and CDRL3 is SEQ ID NO: 262.
65. A nucleic acid encoding the recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1-64.
66. A recombinant expression cassette or plasmid comprising a sequence to express a recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1-64.
67. A host cell comprising the expression cassette or the plasmid of claim 66.
68. A method of producing an antibody, comprising cultivating or maintaining the host cell of claim 67 under conditions to produce the antibody.
69. A method of preventing or treating a coronavirus infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the recombinant antibody of any one of claims 1-64.
70. The method of claim 69, where the coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2.
PCT/US2022/034311 2021-06-18 2022-06-21 Cross-reactive coronavirus antibodies WO2022266546A2 (en)

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