WO2022251947A1 - Compositions for use in fish silage - Google Patents
Compositions for use in fish silage Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022251947A1 WO2022251947A1 PCT/CA2022/000024 CA2022000024W WO2022251947A1 WO 2022251947 A1 WO2022251947 A1 WO 2022251947A1 CA 2022000024 W CA2022000024 W CA 2022000024W WO 2022251947 A1 WO2022251947 A1 WO 2022251947A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- acid
- composition
- fish
- urea
- fish waste
- Prior art date
Links
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 title claims abstract description 201
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 163
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 41
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- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/001—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from waste materials, e.g. kitchen waste
- A23J1/002—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from waste materials, e.g. kitchen waste from animal waste materials
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/04—Animal proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/14—Pretreatment of feeding-stuffs with enzymes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/105—Aliphatic or alicyclic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/142—Amino acids; Derivatives thereof
- A23K20/147—Polymeric derivatives, e.g. peptides or proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K30/00—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K40/00—Shaping or working-up of animal feeding-stuffs
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
Definitions
- the present invention is directed to the use of modified acid composition in the preparation of fish silage, more specifically it is directed to the use of modified acids to prepare fish silage.
- Fish silage is understood to be a liquid product made from whole fish or discarded parts of fish including fish viscera which contains the enzymes for hydrolysis (after processing the best parts for human consumption) that are liquefied by the action of enzymes in the fish in the presence of an added acid.
- the enzymes break down fish proteins into smaller soluble units, and the acid added helps to speed up the enzymatic degradation and prevent bacterial spoilage at the same time.
- fish silage allows the recovery of the protein, lipids, nutrients and minerals present in the discarded fish waste remaining after the processing of fish.
- the protein recovered from the fish silage is an excellent source of feed for animals. Converting fish waste or by-products into silage, preserves the raw material and increases the bioavailability of the nutrients. This makes fish silage an excellent way of reducing waste and at the same time converting the waste into a valuable product both in terms of nutrition and in economic terms. It is currently used as a feed additive for chicken and pork, it can also be used in feeding fish grown in aquaculture.
- the recovered fish waste material is first minced using a grinder (industrial or manual); suitably small particles can be obtained by using a hammer mill grinder fitted with a screen containing 10 mm diameter holes.
- a grinder industrial or manual
- suitably small particles can be obtained by using a hammer mill grinder fitted with a screen containing 10 mm diameter holes.
- 3.5 per cent by weight of 85 per cent formic acid is added to the fish waste at room temperature.
- Thorough mixing of the mixture is important to ensure that the ground fish waste comes into contact with acid, because pockets of untreated material will spoil through the presence of bacteria and will ruin the entire mixture.
- the enzymes from the fish viscera liquefy the protein through hydrolysis, which generates a highly nutritious liquid product.
- the silage process starts naturally, but occasional stirring helps to ensure uniformity. It is the enzymes present in the fish waste which digest and liquefy the protein present in the fish
- the vessel in which the fish waste is mixed with the acidic composition is unreactive to the acids used since corrosion inhibitors cannot be used as they will become part of the fish silage.
- examples of such vessels include but are not limited to polyethylene drums, pails, or the like.
- the rate of liquefaction depends on the type of fish waste used and how fresh it is as well as the ambient temperature. Fresher fish waste will yield a better fish silage than fish waste which is even as old as one day. The rates of liquefaction will vary between fish silage being prepared in the tropics compared to the same composition being prepared in a northern country such as a Scandinavian country. Of course, there are other factors which affect the rate of liquefaction of fish waste. The type of fish waste used has an impact as fatty fish waste typically liquefies more quickly than white fish waste. As well, fresh fish waste will also liquefy more quickly. Several acids can be used including mineral acid and organic acids.
- While conventional mineral acids are cheaper than organic acids, they are stronger and thus more prone to corroding surfaces (metallic drums and the like).
- Organic acids such acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid and the like, have a higher pH than the above mineral acids and thus are somewhat less prone to corroding metallic surfaces and pose little or no need to be neutralized prior to being dispensed as animal feed or before spreading over fields.
- mineral acids are used to make fish silage the final composition might need to be neutralized prior to being used in order to avoid damaging the crops, the soil or harming the animals being fed the fish silage.
- Formic acid is capable of imparting to the composition a pH ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 when added to the fish waste to make the fish silage.
- Formic acid is relatively high (compared to mineral acids), there is no need to neutralize prior to adding it to the fish waste because preservation is achieved at a slightly higher pH, all the while preventing bacterial growth.
- the handling of acid is a very dangerous step and the operators handling the acid must take proper care when doing so.
- Formic acid is no exception as it is extremely fuming and dangerous for those handling it. Operators are required to, at the very least, wear rubber gloves and goggles and preferably breathing apparatus such as mask or the like to prevent inhaling the dangerous toxic fumes it generates.
- the silage can be handled like any other liquid, and transported in bulk or in containers. It can also be blended with rice, cereals or the like to make a semidry animal feed.
- the composition of the resulting fish silage will reflect its starting material. Waste from fatty fishes such as salmon contains substantially more fat than other fish species. Depending on the protein and fat content, some fish silage may be more appropriate than other depending on the intended future use. Samples from a batch of silage for analysis of fat, ash and protein content should be taken only after thorough mixing and liquefaction. It is preferable upon measuring fat, ash and protein content to measure the pH and thus adjustments to the composition’s pH can be made so as to enable a long-term storage. It is also preferable, in order to maintain the quality of the resulting fish silage as high as possible to remove the fat from the vessel as the liquefaction occurs. It is known that the presence of fat in fish silage will result in a shorter storage period and thus to ensure one as long as possible, it is desirable to remove as much fat as possible. The fat may be further processed according to other methods for other future use.
- the composition of fish silage can last several months even up to 2 years.
- a person skilled in the art may experiment to achieve the most desirable pH level to perform fish silage. Properly prepared and stored fish silage can be stored at room temperature for a couple of years without decomposing. Correct pH is necessary to avoid bacterial growth in the fish silage and spoilage thereof.
- fish silage can be used in the same way as fish meal is incorporated in animal feed. While fish silage contains much less protein than does fish meal (contains 15% vs 65%), the main advantage of the fish silage process is that, in areas where there is no fish meal factory, fish waste can be used rather than being discarded.
- Some advantages of implementing fish silage include, but are not limited to, the capital cost of a fish meal plant is high while the cost of silage equipment is low, the processing of fish meal requires a number of skilled individuals such as engineers and technical staff, while silage can be prepared by unskilled labor, the smell emanating from fish meal plants can be overwhelming for some despite the presence of specialized equipment to reduce the smells. When done properly, fish silage generates little to no odor.
- the silage process can be advantageously implemented in areas where fish waste is present in large amounts but the transport costs to send it to a fish meal plant can be prohibitive.
- Replacing the current acid being used in fish silage would provide a safer approach to individuals wanting to make their own fish silage, which would in turn, increase the adoption of fish silage by various industries such as a replacement (partial or full) of chemical fertilizers.
- the acidic composition should overcome at least one drawback from the prior art acid compositions used in the preparation of fish silage.
- a modified acid composition for use in the processing of fish waste to make animal feed from fish silage.
- the modified acid composition provides safer handling conditions for an operator as there are, in many cases, a substantial volume of acid necessary to process fish waste into fish silage.
- a safer acidic composition demonstrates an immediate advantage to the operator.
- the modified acid composition also comprises a compound which allows to enhance (or fortify) the end result fish silage composition by incorporating the compound in situ during the liquefaction of fish waste into fish silage.
- a method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
- the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
- an amine-containing compound such as urea
- amino acid such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine
- creatine biuret
- a method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
- the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as fertilizer.
- an amine-containing compound such as urea
- amino acid such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine
- creatine biuret
- a modified acid composition for treating fish waste to obtain animal feed comprising a modified aqueous acid composition an acid selected from the group consisting of: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
- the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5.
- the acidic composition comprises HC1 and lysine in a molar ratio ranging from 2: 1 to 4: 1.
- the acidic composition comprises H2SO4 and lysine in a molar ratio ranging from 2: 1 to 4: 1.
- the acidic composition comprises HC1 and urea in a molar ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 : 1.5.
- a modified acid composition for treating fish waste to obtain an enhanced animal feed where the enhancement comes from an acid-modifying compound present in said modified acid
- said use comprises a modified aqueous acid composition an acid selected from the group consisting of: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; lysine; ⁇ glycine;
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
- the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5.
- the expression ‘acidified fish waste product’ in the context of the invention disclosed herein refers to fish waste when combined with a modified acid composition comprising: an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine; creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- a composition comprising an acidified fish waste product and an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed, where the composition has a pH ranging from 3.5-4.5.
- amino acid such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine
- creatine biuret
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed, where the composition has a pH ranging from 3.5-4.5.
- a method to neutralize a fish silage composition comprising liquefied fish waste and a modified acid composition, said method comprising: providing fish waste; optionally, grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition an acid selected from the group consisting of: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
- the resulting modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; adding an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed or as a fertilizer.
- an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine
- said method produces an enhanced fish silage composition (over a conventionally obtained fish silage), said enhanced fish silage composition comprising a greater amount of nutrients than what is obtained by a conventional fish silaging process.
- the acid is sulfuric acid.
- a modified acid composition which has a pH low enough to perform the liquefaction of fish waste to achieve fish silage.
- the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid selected from the group consisting of: HCl-urea;
- HCl-alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons
- the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid selected from the group consisting of:
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons
- methanesulfonic acid
- the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid HCl-lysine where the HC1 and lysine are present in a molar ratio ranging from 2.5:1 to 4: 1 as long as the resulting pH ranges from 0 to 5, more preferably the pH ranges from 1 to 4, even more preferably, the pH ranges from 2.5 to 3.5.
- the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid H 2 S04-lysine where the H 2 SC>4 and lysine are present in a molar ratio ranging from 2.5:1 to 4:1 as long as the resulting pH ranges from 0 to 5, more preferably the pH ranges from 1 to 4, even more preferably, the pH ranges from 2.5 to 3.5.
- a modified acid comprising H 2 S04-lysine will yield a fish silage pH ranging from 3.5 - 4.0.
- a modified acid selected from the group consisting of:
- HC1-alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
- H 2 SO 4 -alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 6 carbons;
- H 2 SO 4 -methanesulfonic acid and a combination thereof; wherein once the fish waste has been fully processed, the pH of the fish silage composition is measured and in the event that the pH of said silage composition is below 3.5, an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; an amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons is added so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
- an amino acid such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine
- creatine biuret
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons is added so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
- Fish silage is accomplished by taking advantage of the enzymes present in the fish guts, and allowing them the time to break down proteins by autolysis, into peptides and amino acids.
- the resulting liquid is rich in low molecular nutrients and, an oil phase. It is generally desirable to not have too high a oil content as it impacts the silaging. It is also desirable to maintain a proper acid pH range so as to optimize the enzymatic activity. It is worth noting that since fish silage is made of minced fish waste unsuitable for human consumption, which is sometimes between 30 and 70% of the fish (depending on the species), the benefits to waste reduction can be quite high.
- the resulting fish silage can have a nutrient composition comparable to that of fish meal and, if performed correctly and kept at the right pH, the fish silage can be kept in its liquid state for long periods of time.
- preferred suitable acidic compositions which have no fuming danger (for example, when compared to formic acid) could be generated and used in fish silage.
- These preferred acidic compositions have a pH that allows for liquefaction of fish waste into usable feed for animals all the while providing minimal or no corrosion to the vessel in which the acidic compositions are prepared and in which the fish waste is being processed.
- the acid is safe for skin, i.e. inadvertent skin exposure to a preferred acidic composition would not cause any blistering or other skin damage provided that the acidic composition is washed off the skin within 5 or 10 minutes from the exposure.
- an enhanced (or fortified) composition comprising a liquefied and acidified fish waste product and an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methane sulfonic acid is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed, where the composition has a pH ranging from 3.5-4.5.
- amino acid such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine
- creatine such as lysine
- biuret alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons
- methane sulfonic acid is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed, where the composition
- the in situ enhancement of nutrient content of the fish silage composition can be brought about in at least one of two ways.
- the first being from the modified acidic composition used, and the second deriving from the addition of a compound at the end of the process in order to increase the pH of the fish silage and make it more palatable as animal feed.
- This allows the use of a lower pH in order to perform the fish silage process and thus, may in some cases, accelerate the processing and conversion of the fish waste into fish silage.
- modified acidic composition allows to introduce into the mixture some nutrients at the same time into the silage as the process is taking place.
- modified acidic composition can be tailored for specific uses by assessing its end use and determining which compound should be used to enhance the composition in order to best serve the end user (operator) in his operations
- the composition can be used in various agricultural settings including but not limited to, wineries; dairy industry; beef and cattle industry; and as a fertilizer.
- the composition when used in wineries, can be sprayed on the foliage every week or every two weeks. It can also be applied to the surrounding soil in the spring and in the fall after the harvest. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the quality of the soil and concentration of the composition.
- the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons.
- amino acid such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine
- creatine biuret
- alkyl urea where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons.
- the silaged composition when used in the dairy industry, can be spread onto the fields a few times per year, preferably once prior to the main growing season (summer) to allow the soil to assimilate the silage. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the qualify of the soil and concentration of the composition.
- the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- urea amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- the silaged composition when used in pastures, can be applied to the soil in the spring and early fall. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the quality of the soil and concentration of the composition. Typically, the amount of composition to be applied is determined as a function of liters per hectare.
- the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- urea amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- the silaged composition when used on crops, can be applied to the soil in the spring before planting the crops. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the quality of the soil and concentration of the composition. Typically, the amount of composition to be applied is determined as a function of liters per hectare.
- the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- urea amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- urea is a desirable option as additive to cattle feed.
- it does have shortcomings if it is used for such a purpose, it is desirable to properly evaluate and control its amount so that it is not present in a concentration which might be detrimental to animals.
- combining urea and another compound such as an amino acid will overcome this and still provide a high nitrogen content fish silage for feed to cattle and other animals (chicken, pork, etc.).
- the other compound is lysine or a salt thereof, such as lysine sulfate.
- the modified acid composition used in the preparation of fish silage comprises an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and a combination of at least two of the modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
- the combination of modifying agent comprises lysine and urea.
- an essential amino acid such as methionine, lysine, isoleucine, threonine and leucine is desirable as an additional enhancing additive in the fish silage when the latter is used as cattle feed.
- Lysine sulfate is a particularly desirable additive as it is an essential amino acid, widely available and is an excellent additive to be used as modifying compound in combination with sulfuric acid to yield a modified acid.
- the composition can be used in aquaculture. Since the protein source (fish silage) shares substantial similarities with the target fish grown in aquaculture and is of low cost compared to the alternatives, it is an ideal application for fish silage.
- a preferred composition of the present invention can be added to soy meal, com meal, poultry by-products, or bone and meat powder and be of similar value (in terms of nutrition) when compared to diets based on fish meal.
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Abstract
A method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition is used, said method comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and at least one acid-modifying compound; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
Description
COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN FISH SILAGE
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to the use of modified acid composition in the preparation of fish silage, more specifically it is directed to the use of modified acids to prepare fish silage.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Estimates carried out by various organizations across the globe have pegged the world consumption of fish or fish products in the range of over 100 million tons. Roughly, three quarters come from fishing while the remaining portion comes from aquaculture.
By and large, fish production is substantially less polluting to the environment than are beef, chicken or pork production in order to generate animal protein for human consumption. However, despite this, the preparation of fish for consumption yields a substantial amount of waste, which has been estimated at roughly 50% depending on the fish species. One way to reduce the hazards and environmental impact generated by the large volume of fish waste is to transform it in a product for future use. Fish by-products have been used in the preparation of fish meal used as animal feed. Fish by-products are quite desirable as they contain many nutrients and have therefore a substantial economic value and are not limited only to animal feed.
Since fish waste accounts for, on average, half of the raw material volume of the industry, it is imperative that it be further processed in order to harness the leftover nutrients and to generate further economically attractive products. To do so also simultaneously achieves a substantial reduction in waste handling and all costs associated therewith.
The reduction of fish waste can be done by implementing a technology called fish silage. While it is known in many parts of the world, it hasn’t been widely adopted and thus, there remains a considerable opportunity for the fishing industry to generate extra revenue and to have a substantial trickle-down impact on various areas of agriculture throughout the world. Fish silage is understood to be a liquid product made from whole fish or discarded parts of fish including fish viscera which contains the enzymes for hydrolysis (after processing the best parts for human consumption) that are liquefied by the action of enzymes in the fish in the presence of an added acid. The enzymes break down fish proteins into smaller soluble units, and the acid added helps to speed up the enzymatic degradation and prevent bacterial spoilage at the same time.
The use of fish silage allows the recovery of the protein, lipids, nutrients and minerals present in the discarded fish waste remaining after the processing of fish. The protein recovered from the fish silage is an excellent source of feed for animals. Converting fish waste or by-products into silage, preserves the raw material and increases the bioavailability of the nutrients. This makes fish silage an excellent way of reducing waste and at the same time converting the waste into a valuable product both in terms of nutrition and in economic terms. It is currently used as a feed additive for chicken and pork, it can also be used in feeding fish grown in aquaculture.
Conventional approach to make fish silage
The recovered fish waste material is first minced using a grinder (industrial or manual); suitably small particles can be obtained by using a hammer mill grinder fitted with a screen containing 10 mm diameter holes. According to a conventional method, immediately after mincing, 3.5 per cent by weight of 85 per cent formic acid is added to the fish waste at room temperature. Thorough mixing of the mixture is important to ensure that the ground fish waste comes into contact with acid, because pockets of untreated material will spoil through the presence of bacteria and will ruin the entire mixture. It is preferable to maintain the acidity of the acid-fish waste mixture at pH 4 or lower to prevent bacterial growth. At this pH, the enzymes from the fish viscera liquefy the protein through hydrolysis, which generates a highly nutritious liquid product. After the initial mixing, the silage process starts naturally, but occasional stirring helps to ensure uniformity. It is the enzymes present in the fish waste which digest and liquefy the protein present in the fish waste.
According to a preferred embodiment, the vessel in which the fish waste is mixed with the acidic composition is unreactive to the acids used since corrosion inhibitors cannot be used as they will become part of the fish silage. Examples of such vessels include but are not limited to polyethylene drums, pails, or the like. Preferably, it is desirable to have the vessel size not too large as larger vessels require larger stirring apparatuses to ensure proper contact between the fish waste and the acidic composition.
The rate of liquefaction depends on the type of fish waste used and how fresh it is as well as the ambient temperature. Fresher fish waste will yield a better fish silage than fish waste which is even as old as one day. The rates of liquefaction will vary between fish silage being prepared in the tropics compared to the same composition being prepared in a northern country such as a Scandinavian country. Of course, there are other factors which affect the rate of liquefaction of fish waste. The type of fish waste used has an impact as fatty fish waste typically liquefies more quickly than white fish waste. As well, fresh fish waste will also liquefy more quickly.
Several acids can be used including mineral acid and organic acids. While conventional mineral acids are cheaper than organic acids, they are stronger and thus more prone to corroding surfaces (metallic drums and the like). Organic acids such acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid and the like, have a higher pH than the above mineral acids and thus are somewhat less prone to corroding metallic surfaces and pose little or no need to be neutralized prior to being dispensed as animal feed or before spreading over fields. When mineral acids are used to make fish silage the final composition might need to be neutralized prior to being used in order to avoid damaging the crops, the soil or harming the animals being fed the fish silage.
One of the more commonly used organic acid in preparing fish silage is formic acid. This acid is capable of imparting to the composition a pH ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 when added to the fish waste to make the fish silage. As the pH reached with formic acid is relatively high (compared to mineral acids), there is no need to neutralize prior to adding it to the fish waste because preservation is achieved at a slightly higher pH, all the while preventing bacterial growth. It must be remembered that in the processing steps, the handling of acid, whether it be a mineral acid or an organic acid, is a very dangerous step and the operators handling the acid must take proper care when doing so. Formic acid is no exception as it is extremely fuming and dangerous for those handling it. Operators are required to, at the very least, wear rubber gloves and goggles and preferably breathing apparatus such as mask or the like to prevent inhaling the dangerous toxic fumes it generates.
Once the silage is prepared it can be handled like any other liquid, and transported in bulk or in containers. It can also be blended with rice, cereals or the like to make a semidry animal feed. During the process to make the fish silage, it is preferable to mix the fish waste and acid mixture regularly, sometimes even daily in order to maintain the mixture well mixed and keep the fish waste in contact with the acid. Regular mixing also allows to complete the liquefaction faster and allows the bones to settle at the bottom of the vessel over time.
The composition of the resulting fish silage will reflect its starting material. Waste from fatty fishes such as salmon contains substantially more fat than other fish species. Depending on the protein and fat content, some fish silage may be more appropriate than other depending on the intended future use. Samples from a batch of silage for analysis of fat, ash and protein content should be taken only after thorough mixing and liquefaction. It is preferable upon measuring fat, ash and protein content to measure the pH and thus adjustments to the composition’s pH can be made so as to enable a long-term storage. It is also preferable, in order to maintain the quality of the resulting fish silage as high as possible to remove
the fat from the vessel as the liquefaction occurs. It is known that the presence of fat in fish silage will result in a shorter storage period and thus to ensure one as long as possible, it is desirable to remove as much fat as possible. The fat may be further processed according to other methods for other future use.
When the pH ranges from 3.5 to 4, the composition of fish silage can last several months even up to 2 years. A person skilled in the art may experiment to achieve the most desirable pH level to perform fish silage. Properly prepared and stored fish silage can be stored at room temperature for a couple of years without decomposing. Correct pH is necessary to avoid bacterial growth in the fish silage and spoilage thereof.
Preferably, fish silage can be used in the same way as fish meal is incorporated in animal feed. While fish silage contains much less protein than does fish meal (contains 15% vs 65%), the main advantage of the fish silage process is that, in areas where there is no fish meal factory, fish waste can be used rather than being discarded. Some advantages of implementing fish silage include, but are not limited to, the capital cost of a fish meal plant is high while the cost of silage equipment is low, the processing of fish meal requires a number of skilled individuals such as engineers and technical staff, while silage can be prepared by unskilled labor, the smell emanating from fish meal plants can be overwhelming for some despite the presence of specialized equipment to reduce the smells. When done properly, fish silage generates little to no odor.
The silage process can be advantageously implemented in areas where fish waste is present in large amounts but the transport costs to send it to a fish meal plant can be prohibitive. Replacing the current acid being used in fish silage would provide a safer approach to individuals wanting to make their own fish silage, which would in turn, increase the adoption of fish silage by various industries such as a replacement (partial or full) of chemical fertilizers.
In light of the prior art, there still exists a need for an acidic composition which can be safer to handle than the conventionally used acids, preferably, the acidic composition should overcome at least one drawback from the prior art acid compositions used in the preparation of fish silage.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a modified acid composition for use in the processing of fish waste to make animal feed from fish silage. Preferably, the modified acid composition provides safer handling conditions for an operator as there are, in many cases, a substantial
volume of acid necessary to process fish waste into fish silage. A safer acidic composition demonstrates an immediate advantage to the operator. More preferably, the modified acid composition also comprises a compound which allows to enhance (or fortify) the end result fish silage composition by incorporating the compound in situ during the liquefaction of fish waste into fish silage.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition is used, said method comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition is used, said method comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as fertilizer.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a modified acid composition for treating fish waste to obtain animal feed, wherein said use comprises a modified aqueous acid composition an acid selected from the group consisting of:
o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and
■ a combination thereof; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the acidic composition comprises HC1 and lysine in a molar ratio ranging from 2: 1 to 4: 1.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the acidic composition comprises H2SO4 and lysine in a molar ratio ranging from 2: 1 to 4: 1.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the acidic composition comprises HC1 and urea in a molar ratio ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 : 1.5.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a use of a modified acid composition for treating fish waste to obtain an enhanced animal feed, where the enhancement comes from an acid-modifying compound present in said modified acid, wherein said use comprises a modified aqueous acid composition an acid selected from the group consisting of: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and
■ a combination thereof; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5.
It is to be understood by the person skilled in the art that the expression ‘acidified fish waste product’ in the context of the invention disclosed herein refers to fish waste when combined with a modified acid composition comprising: an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine; creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composition comprising an acidified fish waste product and an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed, where the composition has a pH ranging from 3.5-4.5.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method to neutralize a fish silage composition comprising liquefied fish waste and a modified acid composition, said method comprising: providing fish waste; optionally, grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition an acid selected from the group consisting of: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and
o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and
■ a combination thereof; where the resulting modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; adding an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed or as a fertilizer.
Preferably, said method produces an enhanced fish silage composition (over a conventionally obtained fish silage), said enhanced fish silage composition comprising a greater amount of nutrients than what is obtained by a conventional fish silaging process.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the acid is sulfuric acid.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a modified acid composition which has a pH low enough to perform the liquefaction of fish waste to achieve fish silage.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid selected from the group consisting of:
HCl-urea;
HC1- lysine;
HCl-glycine;
HCl-histidine;
HCl-arginine;
HCl-creatine;
HCl-biuret;
HCl-alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and
HCl-methanesulfonic acid.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid selected from the group consisting of:
H2S04-urea;
H2S04-lysine;
H2S04-glycine;
H2S04-histidine;
H2S04-arginine;
H2S04-creatine;
H2S04-biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
According to preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid HCl-lysine where the HC1 and lysine are present in a molar ratio ranging from 2.5:1 to 4: 1 as long as the resulting pH ranges from 0 to 5, more preferably the pH ranges from 1 to 4, even more preferably, the pH ranges from 2.5 to 3.5.
According to preferred embodiment of the present invention, the aqueous acidic composition comprises a modified acid H2S04-lysine where the H2SC>4 and lysine are present in a molar ratio ranging from 2.5:1 to 4:1 as long as the resulting pH ranges from 0 to 5, more preferably the pH ranges from 1 to 4, even more preferably, the pH ranges from 2.5 to 3.5. Preferably, when used a modified acid comprising H2S04-lysine will yield a fish silage pH ranging from 3.5 - 4.0.
DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method to process fish silage using an acidic composition comprising a modified acid selected from the group consisting of:
HC1-urea;
HC1- lysine;
HC1-glycine;
HC1-histidine;
HCl-arginine;
HC1-creatine;
HC1-biuret;
HC1-alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
HC1-methanesulfonic acid;
H2SO4-urea;
H2SO4-lysine;
H2SO4-glycine;
H2SO4-histidine;
H2SO4-arginine;
H2SO4-creatine;
H2SO4-biuret;
H2SO4-alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 6 carbons;
H2SO4-methanesulfonic acid; and a combination thereof; wherein once the fish waste has been fully processed, the pH of the fish silage composition is measured and in the event that the pH of said silage composition is below 3.5, an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; an amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons is added so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed. This has at least two visible and immediate advantages, it allows to initially process (silage) the fish waste at a pH lower than the conventional method (i.e. formic acid) as well as adding extra nutrients to the animal feed at the same time as it increases the pH of the composition to a more tolerable pH for feed.
Fish silage is accomplished by taking advantage of the enzymes present in the fish guts, and allowing them the time to break down proteins by autolysis, into peptides and amino acids. The resulting liquid is rich in low molecular nutrients and, an oil phase. It is generally desirable to not have too high a oil content as it impacts the silaging. It is also desirable to maintain a proper acid pH range so as to optimize the enzymatic activity. It is worth noting that since fish silage is made of minced fish waste unsuitable for human consumption, which is sometimes between 30 and 70% of the fish (depending on the species), the benefits to waste reduction can be quite high. The resulting fish silage can have a nutrient composition comparable to that of fish meal and, if performed correctly and kept at the right pH, the fish silage can be kept in its liquid state for long periods of time.
As fish silage provides a high protein content in the form of amino acids, it is an ideal food source for non-ruminants such as pigs. It can also be a very good source of readily available minerals such as calcium and phosphorus, to name a few.
Because the fish silage is to be used as animal feed, it is imperative to avoid the use of corrosion inhibitors which have inherent toxicity. Moreover, as corrosion inhibitors are typically quite expensive, it stands to reason that the use of such would be economically undesirable as it would increase processing costs unnecessarily over the current approach being widely employed (formic acid). Because of the absence of corrosion inhibitors, it is desirable to have an acidic composition which does not readily attack metals, especially any metals which it will come in contact with. Hence a modified acid is an excellent choice for use in silaging as they provide, in some instances, excellent corrosion protection.
It is highly desirable to provide an acidic composition which removes substantially all of the risks associated with the handling of formic acid which is mostly associated with its fuming (i.e. volatility) as such requires any operator handling the acid to wear a face shield (goggles or glasses) as well as a mask to protect the airways from the extremely dangerous fumes emitted by such an acid.
In the context of the present invention, the inventors have determined that preferred suitable acidic compositions which have no fuming danger (for example, when compared to formic acid) could be generated and used in fish silage. These preferred acidic compositions have a pH that allows for liquefaction of fish waste into usable feed for animals all the while providing minimal or no corrosion to the vessel in which the acidic compositions are prepared and in which the fish waste is being processed. Moreover, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the acid is safe for skin, i.e.
inadvertent skin exposure to a preferred acidic composition would not cause any blistering or other skin damage provided that the acidic composition is washed off the skin within 5 or 10 minutes from the exposure.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an enhanced (or fortified) composition comprising a liquefied and acidified fish waste product and an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methane sulfonic acid is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed, where the composition has a pH ranging from 3.5-4.5. According to a preferred embodiment, the in situ enhancement of nutrient content of the fish silage composition can be brought about in at least one of two ways. The first being from the modified acidic composition used, and the second deriving from the addition of a compound at the end of the process in order to increase the pH of the fish silage and make it more palatable as animal feed. This allows the use of a lower pH in order to perform the fish silage process and thus, may in some cases, accelerate the processing and conversion of the fish waste into fish silage.
What is to be understood by the use of the term enhanced in this case is that, in comparison to commonly obtained fish silage using the conventional approach of organic or mineral acids, the use of a modified acidic composition allows to introduce into the mixture some nutrients at the same time into the silage as the process is taking place. Moreover, the modified acidic composition can be tailored for specific uses by assessing its end use and determining which compound should be used to enhance the composition in order to best serve the end user (operator) in his operations
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition can be used in various agricultural settings including but not limited to, wineries; dairy industry; beef and cattle industry; and as a fertilizer.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when used in wineries, the composition can be sprayed on the foliage every week or every two weeks. It can also be applied to the surrounding soil in the spring and in the fall after the harvest. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the quality of the soil and concentration of the composition. Preferably, the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of
the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when used in the dairy industry, the silaged composition (comprising the broken down fish and the modified acid composition) can be spread onto the fields a few times per year, preferably once prior to the main growing season (summer) to allow the soil to assimilate the silage. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the qualify of the soil and concentration of the composition. Preferably, the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when used in pastures, the silaged composition (comprising the broken down fish and the modified acid composition) can be applied to the soil in the spring and early fall. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the quality of the soil and concentration of the composition. Typically, the amount of composition to be applied is determined as a function of liters per hectare. Preferably, the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, when used on crops, the silaged composition (comprising the broken down fish and the modified acid composition) can be applied to the soil in the spring before planting the crops. It will be understood by the person skilled in the art that the amount to be applied will depend on the quality of the soil and concentration of the composition. Typically, the amount of composition to be applied is determined as a function of liters per hectare. Preferably, the fish silage to be used in this instance would be one which would be free of chlorides, thus the modified acid used to process fish silage would contain sulfuric acid along with one of the listed modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine);
creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid.
Because of its high nitrogen content urea is a desirable option as additive to cattle feed. However, it does have shortcomings if it is used for such a purpose, it is desirable to properly evaluate and control its amount so that it is not present in a concentration which might be detrimental to animals. Hence, combining urea and another compound such as an amino acid will overcome this and still provide a high nitrogen content fish silage for feed to cattle and other animals (chicken, pork, etc.). Preferably, the other compound is lysine or a salt thereof, such as lysine sulfate.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the modified acid composition used in the preparation of fish silage comprises an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and a combination of at least two of the modifying compounds selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and methanesulfonic acid. Preferably, the combination of modifying agent comprises lysine and urea. Preferably, the presence of an essential amino acid such as methionine, lysine, isoleucine, threonine and leucine is desirable as an additional enhancing additive in the fish silage when the latter is used as cattle feed. Lysine sulfate is a particularly desirable additive as it is an essential amino acid, widely available and is an excellent additive to be used as modifying compound in combination with sulfuric acid to yield a modified acid.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the composition can be used in aquaculture. Since the protein source (fish silage) shares substantial similarities with the target fish grown in aquaculture and is of low cost compared to the alternatives, it is an ideal application for fish silage. A preferred composition of the present invention can be added to soy meal, com meal, poultry by-products, or bone and meat powder and be of similar value (in terms of nutrition) when compared to diets based on fish meal.
While the foregoing invention has been described in some detail for purposes of clarify and understanding, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the relevant arts, once they have been made familiar with this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can be made without departing from the true scope of the invention in the appended claims.
Claims
1. A method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition is used, said method comprises the steps of: providing fish waste; optionally, grinding said fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons; and
■ methanesulfonic acid; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
2. A method to perform fish silage wherein a low fuming acid composition is used, said method comprises the steps of:
providing fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, preferably from 1 to 4; mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; optionally, adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
3. Use of a modified acid composition for treating fish waste to obtain animal feed, wherein said use comprises applying a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of: urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and
■ a combination thereof; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, preferably from 1 to 4 to a fish waste to break down the fish waste into readily absorbable proteins and minerals.
4. Use according to claim 3, where the acidic composition comprises said acid and lysine in a molar ratio ranging from 2:1 to 4:1.
5. Use according to claim 3, where the acidic composition comprises said acid and urea in a molar ratio ranging from 1:1 to 1:1.5.
6. A nutrient-enhanced acidified fish waste composition comprising:
- fish waste;
- a modified acid composition consisting of: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons, where said compound is added to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed and where the composition has a pH ranging from 3.5-6.0.
7. A method to neutralize a fish silage composition comprising liquefied fish waste and a modified acid composition, said method comprising: providing fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and
■ a combination thereof; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, preferably from 1 to 4; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container;
- allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the
composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5;
- adding an amine-containing compound such as urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to the silage composition so as to increase the pH of the composition prior to being used as animal feed.
8. A use of an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to enhance a fish silage composition having an acidic pH of between 2.5 and 4.5, wherein said amine-containing compound has a dual purpose of increasing the pH of the fish silage and adding nutrients to said fish silage.
9. A method of adding nutrients while simultaneously increasing the pH of a fish silage composition comprising liquefied fish waste and a modified acid composition, said method comprising: providing fish waste; providing a container adapted to receive said fish waste; providing a modified aqueous acid composition comprising: o an acid selected from the group consisting of: hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and combinations thereof; and o at least one acid-modifying compound selected from the group consisting of:
■ urea;
■ lysine;
■ glycine;
■ histidine;
■ arginine;
■ creatine;
■ biuret;
■ alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons;
■ methanesulfonic acid; and
■ a combination thereof; such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, preferably from 1 to 4;
such that the modified acid composition has a pH ranging from 0 to 5, mixing the fish waste with the modified aqueous acid composition together in said container; allowing the modified aqueous acidic composition to be in contact with the fish waste for a period of time sufficient to convert the fish waste into animal feed, wherein the pH of the composition comprising the modified aqueous acid and the fish waste ranges from 2 to 4 preferably from 2 to 4, more preferably from 2.5 to 3.5; adding an amine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of: urea; amino acid (such as lysine; glycine; histidine; arginine); creatine; biuret; alkyl urea, where the alkyl group comprises a carbon chain ranging from 1 carbon to 3 carbons to enhance said fish silage composition having an acidic pH of between 2.5 and 4.5, wherein said amine-containing compound has a dual purpose of increasing the pH of the fish silage and adding nutrients to said fish silage.
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| CA3121072A CA3121072A1 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2021-06-04 | Compositions for use in fish silage |
| CA3121072 | 2021-06-04 |
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| WO2022251947A1 true WO2022251947A1 (en) | 2022-12-08 |
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| US2806790A (en) * | 1954-05-07 | 1957-09-17 | Robert H Bedford | Hydrolysis of fish materials |
| EP0348506A1 (en) * | 1987-10-01 | 1990-01-03 | Asahi Denka Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for preparing proteinaceous material |
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| EP1438901A1 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2004-07-21 | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. | Silage additive and a process for preparing silage using it |
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2021
- 2021-06-04 CA CA3121072A patent/CA3121072A1/en active Pending
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- 2022-06-03 WO PCT/CA2022/000024 patent/WO2022251947A1/en active Application Filing
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| US2806790A (en) * | 1954-05-07 | 1957-09-17 | Robert H Bedford | Hydrolysis of fish materials |
| EP0348506A1 (en) * | 1987-10-01 | 1990-01-03 | Asahi Denka Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Process for preparing proteinaceous material |
| KR100186685B1 (en) * | 1996-08-22 | 1999-03-20 | 오동빈 | Silage additions made of tuna viscus |
| EP1438901A1 (en) * | 2003-01-14 | 2004-07-21 | Ajinomoto Co., Inc. | Silage additive and a process for preparing silage using it |
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| AL-ABRI ABDULLAH S., MAHGOUB OSMAN, KADIM ISAM T., AL-MARZOOQI WALEED, GODDARD STEPHEN J., AL-FARSI MARIAM: "Processing and evaluation of nutritive value offish silage for feeding Omani sheep", JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH, vol. 42, no. 4, 2014, pages 406 - 413, XP093014007, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.taiidfonlme.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/09712119.2013.875909> [retrieved on 20220902] * |
| MOUSAVII ET AL.: "Silage production from fish waste in cannery factories of Bushehr city using mineral acid, organic acid, and biological method", INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND CROP SCIENCES, vol. 6, no. 10, June 2013 (2013-06-01), pages 310 - 313, XP093014012, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:htlns://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mehran-Kevsami/publication/285322549SilageproductionfromfishwasteincanneryfactoriesofBushehrcityusingmineralacidorganicacidandbiologicalmethod/links/565d665a08ae4988a7bbdcfe/Silage-production-from-fish-waste-in-cannerv-factories-of-Bushehr-city-using-mineral-acid-organic-acid-and-biological-method.ndf> [retrieved on 20220902] * |
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