WO2022237864A1 - Compositions and methods of macropinocytosis inhibitors and photodynamic therapy to treat cancers - Google Patents
Compositions and methods of macropinocytosis inhibitors and photodynamic therapy to treat cancers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022237864A1 WO2022237864A1 PCT/CN2022/092398 CN2022092398W WO2022237864A1 WO 2022237864 A1 WO2022237864 A1 WO 2022237864A1 CN 2022092398 W CN2022092398 W CN 2022092398W WO 2022237864 A1 WO2022237864 A1 WO 2022237864A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cancer
- subject
- pdt
- macropinocytosis
- inhibitor
- Prior art date
Links
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 212
- 230000034701 macropinocytosis Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 211
- 238000002428 photodynamic therapy Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 197
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 191
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 128
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title description 64
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 139
- 239000003504 photosensitizing agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 121
- QDERNBXNXJCIQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylisopropylamiloride Chemical group CCN(C(C)C)C1=NC(N)=C(C(=O)N=C(N)N)N=C1Cl QDERNBXNXJCIQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 80
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- OYINILBBZAQBEV-UWJYYQICSA-N (17s,18s)-18-(2-carboxyethyl)-20-(carboxymethyl)-12-ethenyl-7-ethyl-3,8,13,17-tetramethyl-17,18,22,23-tetrahydroporphyrin-2-carboxylic acid Chemical group N1C2=C(C)C(C=C)=C1C=C(N1)C(C)=C(CC)C1=CC(C(C)=C1C(O)=O)=NC1=C(CC(O)=O)C([C@@H](CCC(O)=O)[C@@H]1C)=NC1=C2 OYINILBBZAQBEV-UWJYYQICSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 108091052347 Glucose transporter family Proteins 0.000 claims description 21
- 101000713302 Rattus norvegicus Sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 1 Proteins 0.000 claims description 21
- 102000018711 Facilitative Glucose Transport Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 20
- -1 GCS-100 Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000037396 body weight Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000003833 cell viability Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000035899 viability Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- ZGXJTSGNIOSYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 88755TAZ87 Chemical compound NCC(=O)CCC(O)=O ZGXJTSGNIOSYLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 13
- IDGQXGPQOGUGIX-VIFPVBQESA-N O-BENZYL-l-SERINE Chemical group OC(=O)[C@@H](N)COCC1=CC=CC=C1 IDGQXGPQOGUGIX-VIFPVBQESA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229960002749 aminolevulinic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- SDZRWUKZFQQKKV-JHADDHBZSA-N cytochalasin D Chemical compound C([C@H]1[C@@H]2[C@@H](C([C@@H](O)[C@H]\3[C@]2([C@@H](/C=C/[C@@](C)(O)C(=O)[C@@H](C)C/C=C/3)OC(C)=O)C(=O)N1)=C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 SDZRWUKZFQQKKV-JHADDHBZSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- LZYXPFZBAZTOCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexyl 5-amino-4-oxopentanoate;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCCCCCOC(=O)CCC(=O)CN LZYXPFZBAZTOCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229940002612 prodrug Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000651 prodrug Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000035755 proliferation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- YTZALCGQUPRCGW-ZSFNYQMMSA-N verteporfin Chemical compound N1C(C=C2C(=C(CCC(O)=O)C(C=C3C(CCC(=O)OC)=C(C)C(N3)=C3)=N2)C)=C(C=C)C(C)=C1C=C1C2=CC=C(C(=O)OC)[C@@H](C(=O)OC)[C@@]2(C)C3=N1 YTZALCGQUPRCGW-ZSFNYQMMSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 108010016102 glutamine transport proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 208000020816 lung neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003827 upregulation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 206010058467 Lung neoplasm malignant Diseases 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000006377 glucose transport Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001959 radiotherapy Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 108700042226 ras Genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 7
- 208000005718 Stomach Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- XSDQTOBWRPYKKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N amiloride Chemical compound NC(=N)NC(=O)C1=NC(Cl)=C(N)N=C1N XSDQTOBWRPYKKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229960002576 amiloride Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009702 cancer cell proliferation Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M chlorophyll a Chemical compound C1([C@@H](C(=O)OC)C(=O)C2=C3C)=C2N2C3=CC(C(CC)=C3C)=[N+]4C3=CC3=C(C=C)C(C)=C5N3[Mg-2]42[N+]2=C1[C@@H](CCC(=O)OC\C=C(/C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)[C@H](C)C2=C5 ATNHDLDRLWWWCB-AENOIHSZSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 201000005202 lung cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 229940109328 photofrin Drugs 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001356 surgical procedure Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- DGLDSNPMIYUWGN-OOJQBDKLSA-N (13as)-3,10-dimethoxy-7-methyl-6,8,13,13a-tetrahydro-5h-isoquinolino[2,1-b]isoquinolin-7-ium-2,11-diol;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C1CC2=CC(OC)=C(O)C=C2[C@H]2[N+]1(C)CC(C=C(C(=C1)O)OC)=C1C2 DGLDSNPMIYUWGN-OOJQBDKLSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZMPDEBWNVHAKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[2-oxo-2-[4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]phenyl]ethyl]-5-pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonylpyridin-2-one Chemical compound FC(C=1C=C(C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C=C1)C(CN1C(C=CC(=C1)S(=O)(=O)N1CCCC1)=O)=O)(F)F ZMPDEBWNVHAKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- NZORQKRPSGFQLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[3-(3,4-dihydro-1h-isoquinolin-2-yl)propyl]-3-[4-methyl-2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)quinolin-6-yl]thiourea Chemical compound C1CN(C)CCN1C1=CC(C)=C(C=C(NC(=S)NCCCN2CC3=CC=CC=C3CC2)C=C2)C2=N1 NZORQKRPSGFQLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CCQZQMGCZLOFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[[3-(2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)pyrazol-4-yl]methyl]-4-pyridin-4-ylpiperazine Chemical compound S1C(C)=CC(C=2C(=CN(N=2)C=2C(=CC=CC=2)F)CN2CCN(CC2)C=2C=CN=CC=2)=C1C CCQZQMGCZLOFGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LSECOAJFCKFQJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(morpholin-4-ylmethyl)-5-[5-[7-(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]sulfanylpentoxy]pyran-4-one;dihydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.Cl.C=1C=NC2=CC(C(F)(F)F)=CC=C2C=1SCCCCCOC(C(C=1)=O)=COC=1CN1CCOCC1 LSECOAJFCKFQJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VHVPQPYKVGDNFY-DFMJLFEVSA-N 2-[(2r)-butan-2-yl]-4-[4-[4-[4-[[(2r,4s)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]phenyl]-1,2,4-triazol-3-one Chemical compound O=C1N([C@H](C)CC)N=CN1C1=CC=C(N2CCN(CC2)C=2C=CC(OC[C@@H]3O[C@](CN4N=CN=C4)(OC3)C=3C(=CC(Cl)=CC=3)Cl)=CC=2)C=C1 VHVPQPYKVGDNFY-DFMJLFEVSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- MHIITNFQDPFSES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 25,26,27,28-tetrazahexacyclo[16.6.1.13,6.18,11.113,16.019,24]octacosa-1(25),2,4,6,8(27),9,11,13,15,17,19,21,23-tridecaene Chemical class N1C(C=C2C3=CC=CC=C3C(C=C3NC(=C4)C=C3)=N2)=CC=C1C=C1C=CC4=N1 MHIITNFQDPFSES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- UZFPOOOQHWICKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[13-[1-[1-[8,12-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-17-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,7,13,18-tetramethyl-21,24-dihydroporphyrin-2-yl]ethoxy]ethyl]-18-(2-carboxyethyl)-8-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,7,12,17-tetramethyl-22,23-dihydroporphyrin-2-yl]propanoic acid Chemical compound N1C(C=C2C(=C(CCC(O)=O)C(C=C3C(=C(C)C(C=C4N5)=N3)CCC(O)=O)=N2)C)=C(C)C(C(C)O)=C1C=C5C(C)=C4C(C)OC(C)C1=C(N2)C=C(N3)C(C)=C(C(O)C)C3=CC(C(C)=C3CCC(O)=O)=NC3=CC(C(CCC(O)=O)=C3C)=NC3=CC2=C1C UZFPOOOQHWICKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- MVBCOYVJSZKRIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[10,15-diphenyl-20-(4-sulfophenyl)-2,3,22,24-tetrahydroporphyrin-5-yl]benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C1C(C1=CC=C(N1)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)=C1C=CC(=N1)C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)=C1C=CC(N1)=C1C=2C=CC(=CC=2)S(O)(=O)=O)=C2N=C1CC2 MVBCOYVJSZKRIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- AFTZZRFCMOAFCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-n-(9-ethylcarbazol-3-yl)-2-n-(3-morpholin-4-ylpropyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine Chemical compound C=1C=C2N(CC)C3=CC=CC=C3C2=CC=1NC(N=1)=CC=NC=1NCCCN1CCOCC1 AFTZZRFCMOAFCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- DHUJCQOUWQMVCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-[2-chloro-4-(1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]-8-ethyl-2-[4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)anilino]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one Chemical compound N=1C=C2C=C(C=3C(=CC(=CC=3)C=3SC=NC=3)Cl)C(=O)N(CC)C2=NC=1NC(C=C1)=CC=C1N1CCN(C)CC1 DHUJCQOUWQMVCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CWHUFRVAEUJCEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N BKM120 Chemical compound C1=NC(N)=CC(C(F)(F)F)=C1C1=CC(N2CCOCC2)=NC(N2CCOCC2)=N1 CWHUFRVAEUJCEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000003174 Brain Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010006187 Breast cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000026310 Breast neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- UJKPHYRXOLRVJJ-MLSVHJFASA-N CC(O)C1=C(C)/C2=C/C3=N/C(=C\C4=C(CCC(O)=O)C(C)=C(N4)/C=C4\N=C(\C=C\1/N\2)C(C)=C4C(C)O)/C(CCC(O)=O)=C3C Chemical compound CC(O)C1=C(C)/C2=C/C3=N/C(=C\C4=C(CCC(O)=O)C(C)=C(N4)/C=C4\N=C(\C=C\1/N\2)C(C)=C4C(C)O)/C(CCC(O)=O)=C3C UJKPHYRXOLRVJJ-MLSVHJFASA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- VSEIDZLLWQQJGK-CHOZPQDDSA-N CCC1=C(C)C2=N\C\1=C/C1=C(C)C(C(O)=O)=C(N1)\C(CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O)=C1/N=C(/C=C3\N/C(=C\2)C(C=C)=C3C)[C@@H](C)[C@@H]1CCC(O)=O Chemical compound CCC1=C(C)C2=N\C\1=C/C1=C(C)C(C(O)=O)=C(N1)\C(CC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(O)=O)=C1/N=C(/C=C3\N/C(=C\2)C(C=C)=C3C)[C@@H](C)[C@@H]1CCC(O)=O VSEIDZLLWQQJGK-CHOZPQDDSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000000461 Esophageal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 102100029974 GTPase HRas Human genes 0.000 claims description 5
- 101000584633 Homo sapiens GTPase HRas Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 101000744505 Homo sapiens GTPase NRas Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- CZQHHVNHHHRRDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N LY294002 Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)C=C(N3CCOCC3)OC2=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 CZQHHVNHHHRRDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- LYPFDBRUNKHDGX-SOGSVHMOSA-N N1C2=CC=C1\C(=C1\C=CC(=N1)\C(=C1\C=C/C(/N1)=C(/C1=N/C(/CC1)=C2/C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)\C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1 Chemical compound N1C2=CC=C1\C(=C1\C=CC(=N1)\C(=C1\C=C/C(/N1)=C(/C1=N/C(/CC1)=C2/C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)\C1=CC(O)=CC=C1)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1 LYPFDBRUNKHDGX-SOGSVHMOSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010061535 Ovarian neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- QZVCTJOXCFMACW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenoxybenzamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CN(CCCl)C(C)COC1=CC=CC=C1 QZVCTJOXCFMACW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000000236 Prostatic Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- GUGOEEXESWIERI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terfenadine Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1C(O)CCCN1CCC(C(O)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)CC1 GUGOEEXESWIERI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000024313 Testicular Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000002495 Uterine Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- JXLYSJRDGCGARV-WWYNWVTFSA-N Vinblastine Natural products O=C(O[C@H]1[C@](O)(C(=O)OC)[C@@H]2N(C)c3c(cc(c(OC)c3)[C@]3(C(=O)OC)c4[nH]c5c(c4CCN4C[C@](O)(CC)C[C@H](C3)C4)cccc5)[C@@]32[C@H]2[C@@]1(CC)C=CCN2CC3)C JXLYSJRDGCGARV-WWYNWVTFSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- HGVNLRPZOWWDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ZSTK-474 Chemical compound FC(F)C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2N1C(N=1)=NC(N2CCOCC2)=NC=1N1CCOCC1 HGVNLRPZOWWDKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- AUJRCFUBUPVWSZ-XTZHGVARSA-M auranofin Chemical compound CCP(CC)(CC)=[Au]S[C@@H]1O[C@H](COC(C)=O)[C@@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@H]1OC(C)=O AUJRCFUBUPVWSZ-XTZHGVARSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960005207 auranofin Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229950003628 buparlisib Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- IWXNYAIICFKCTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cariporide Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C(=O)N=C(N)N)C=C1S(C)(=O)=O IWXNYAIICFKCTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229950008393 cariporide Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229930002868 chlorophyll a Natural products 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010017758 gastric cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960003569 hematoporphyrin Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- BCGWQEUPMDMJNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N imipramine Chemical compound C1CC2=CC=CC=C2N(CCCN(C)C)C2=CC=CC=C21 BCGWQEUPMDMJNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960004801 imipramine Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960004130 itraconazole Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000014018 liver neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- YUUAYBAIHCDHHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 5-aminolevulinate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCC(=O)CN YUUAYBAIHCDHHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- WIQKYZYFTAEWBF-UHFFFAOYSA-L motexafin lutetium hydrate Chemical compound O.[Lu+3].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.C1=C([N-]2)C(CC)=C(CC)C2=CC(C(=C2C)CCCO)=NC2=CN=C2C=C(OCCOCCOCCOC)C(OCCOCCOCCOC)=CC2=NC=C2C(C)=C(CCCO)C1=N2 WIQKYZYFTAEWBF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- PWYCXXIBNGYTHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-nitro-4-(1-phenyltetrazol-5-yl)sulfanylbenzenesulfonamide Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC(S(=O)(=O)NCCN2CCOCC2)=CC=C1SC1=NN=NN1C1=CC=CC=C1 PWYCXXIBNGYTHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 108010013121 palladium-bacteriopheophorbide Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960003418 phenoxybenzamine Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- MCTOGTBIQBEIBZ-QHWUVJKOSA-K photrex Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C([C@@]1([C@H]2C)CC)=CC3=C1N([Sn](N14)(Cl)Cl)C2=CC(C(=C2C)CC)=NC2=CC1=C(CC)C(C)=C4C=C1C(CC)=C(C)C3=N1 MCTOGTBIQBEIBZ-QHWUVJKOSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960004293 porfimer sodium Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- JACPFCQFVIAGDN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sipc iv Chemical compound [OH-].[Si+4].CN(C)CCC[Si](C)(C)[O-].C=1C=CC=C(C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=N3)C=1C3=CC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 JACPFCQFVIAGDN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 201000011549 stomach cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 229950010924 talaporfin Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960002197 temoporfin Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960000351 terfenadine Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960003048 vinblastine Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- JXLYSJRDGCGARV-XQKSVPLYSA-N vincaleukoblastine Chemical compound C([C@@H](C[C@]1(C(=O)OC)C=2C(=CC3=C([C@]45[C@H]([C@@]([C@H](OC(C)=O)[C@]6(CC)C=CCN([C@H]56)CC4)(O)C(=O)OC)N3C)C=2)OC)C[C@@](C2)(O)CC)N2CCC2=C1NC1=CC=CC=C21 JXLYSJRDGCGARV-XQKSVPLYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229940061392 visudyne Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- QDLHCMPXEPAAMD-QAIWCSMKSA-N wortmannin Chemical compound C1([C@]2(C)C3=C(C4=O)OC=C3C(=O)O[C@@H]2COC)=C4[C@@H]2CCC(=O)[C@@]2(C)C[C@H]1OC(C)=O QDLHCMPXEPAAMD-QAIWCSMKSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QDLHCMPXEPAAMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N wortmannin Natural products COCC1OC(=O)C2=COC(C3=O)=C2C1(C)C1=C3C2CCC(=O)C2(C)CC1OC(C)=O QDLHCMPXEPAAMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 206010009944 Colon cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 102100030708 GTPase KRas Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 102100039788 GTPase NRas Human genes 0.000 claims description 4
- 101000584612 Homo sapiens GTPase KRas Proteins 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010033128 Ovarian cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010060862 Prostate cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000029742 colonic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000004101 esophageal cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000007270 liver cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000025189 neoplasm of testis Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 201000003120 testicular cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- 206010046766 uterine cancer Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- YGKNVAAMULVFNN-HKBQPEDESA-N (2S)-2-amino-4-[bis[[2-[(3-methylphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]amino]butanoic acid Chemical compound Cc1cccc(COc2ccccc2CN(CC[C@H](N)C(O)=O)Cc2ccccc2OCc2cccc(C)c2)c1 YGKNVAAMULVFNN-HKBQPEDESA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OJEVFSFTVARWQX-FVGYRXGTSA-N (2s)-2-amino-5-(4-nitroanilino)-5-oxopentanoic acid;hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 OJEVFSFTVARWQX-FVGYRXGTSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XKOYTLRGOQTKAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-[6-ethoxy-4-[4-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)anilino]quinazolin-2-yl]phenoxy]-N-propan-2-ylacetamide Chemical compound N1N=CC(=C1)C1=CC=C(C=C1)NC1=NC(=NC2=CC=C(C=C12)OCC)C=1C=C(OCC(=O)NC(C)C)C=CC=1 XKOYTLRGOQTKAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NGQPRVWTFNBUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[[(4-tert-butylphenyl)sulfonylamino]methyl]-n-pyridin-3-ylbenzamide Chemical compound C1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NCC1=CC=C(C(=O)NC=2C=NC=CC=2)C=C1 NGQPRVWTFNBUHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FRSWCCBXIHFKKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-fluoro-2-(3-hydroxybenzoyl)oxyphenyl] 3-hydroxybenzoate Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(C(=O)OC=2C(=C(F)C=CC=2)OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C=CC=2)=C1 FRSWCCBXIHFKKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GNYIJZMBLZXJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-oxobutanamide Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(=O)NC1=CC=C(Cl)C(C(F)(F)F)=C1 GNYIJZMBLZXJEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 abstract description 43
- 230000001093 anti-cancer Effects 0.000 abstract description 14
- SURLGNKAQXKNSP-DBLYXWCISA-N chlorin Chemical group C\1=C/2\N/C(=C\C3=N/C(=C\C=4NC(/C=C\5/C=CC/1=N/5)=CC=4)/C=C3)/CC\2 SURLGNKAQXKNSP-DBLYXWCISA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 208000016691 refractory malignant neoplasm Diseases 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 126
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 49
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 30
- 238000002648 combination therapy Methods 0.000 description 29
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 21
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 21
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 description 20
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 16
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 16
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 15
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 description 14
- 230000001404 mediated effect Effects 0.000 description 14
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 14
- 208000009956 adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 13
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 13
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000003826 tablet Substances 0.000 description 12
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 11
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229940024606 amino acid Drugs 0.000 description 10
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 210000004881 tumor cell Anatomy 0.000 description 10
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000003642 reactive oxygen metabolite Substances 0.000 description 9
- 206010041823 squamous cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 8
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000003642 hunger Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 201000001441 melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 7
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000037351 starvation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 7
- 201000009030 Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 6
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000011374 additional therapy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 238000013265 extended release Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229960003180 glutathione Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 6
- 210000004379 membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920002307 Dextran Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 206010039491 Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- 102000003705 Syndecan-1 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108090000058 Syndecan-1 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102000013530 TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108010065917 TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000022534 cell killing Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AOJJSUZBOXZQNB-TZSSRYMLSA-N Doxorubicin Chemical compound O([C@H]1C[C@@](O)(CC=2C(O)=C3C(=O)C=4C=CC=C(C=4C(=O)C3=C(O)C=21)OC)C(=O)CO)[C@H]1C[C@H](N)[C@H](O)[C@H](C)O1 AOJJSUZBOXZQNB-TZSSRYMLSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 108050001049 Extracellular proteins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 201000008808 Fibrosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 206010025323 Lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010027476 Metastases Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 206010061902 Pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 4
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000030833 cell death Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 4
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 4
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000684 flow cytometry Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003834 intracellular effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000009401 metastasis Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011275 oncology therapy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 4
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000004614 tumor growth Effects 0.000 description 4
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 3
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 3
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 208000007452 Plasmacytoma Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000052126 Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 102100022897 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10 Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 108091006672 Sodium–hydrogen antiporter Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 3
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004900 autophagic degradation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011278 co-treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011284 combination treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920006237 degradable polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000003111 delayed effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003937 drug carrier Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012729 immediate-release (IR) formulation Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108020004201 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 102000006639 indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 3
- 208000032839 leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 3
- HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium stearate Substances [Mg+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HQKMJHAJHXVSDF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000003550 marker Substances 0.000 description 3
- KKZJGLLVHKMTCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N mitoxantrone Chemical compound O=C1C2=C(O)C=CC(O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1C(NCCNCCO)=CC=C2NCCNCCO KKZJGLLVHKMTCM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GLDOVTGHNKAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 201000002528 pancreatic cancer Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000000546 pharmaceutical excipient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000004393 prognosis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000069 prophylactic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000003076 Angiosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010004146 Basal cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000013830 Calcium-Sensing Receptors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010050543 Calcium-Sensing Receptors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- GAGWJHPBXLXJQN-UORFTKCHSA-N Capecitabine Chemical compound C1=C(F)C(NC(=O)OCCCCC)=NC(=O)N1[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](C)O1 GAGWJHPBXLXJQN-UORFTKCHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 201000000274 Carcinosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000272194 Ciconiiformes Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000007644 Colony-Stimulating Factors Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010071942 Colony-Stimulating Factors Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000001333 Colorectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 2
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl phthalate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylamine Chemical compound CNC ROSDSFDQCJNGOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930091371 Fructose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000005715 Fructose Substances 0.000 description 2
- RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N Fructose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@](O)(CO)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O RFSUNEUAIZKAJO-ARQDHWQXSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 108010024636 Glutathione Proteins 0.000 description 2
- ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Guanidine Chemical compound NC(N)=N ZRALSGWEFCBTJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000001258 Hemangiosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000017604 Hodgkin disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000010747 Hodgkins lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 206010069755 K-ras gene mutation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000018142 Leiomyosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl acrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C=C BAPJBEWLBFYGME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methylamine Chemical compound NC BAVYZALUXZFZLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000010190 Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance Diseases 0.000 description 2
- YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Morpholine Chemical compound C1COCCN1 YNAVUWVOSKDBBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010057269 Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010061309 Neoplasm progression Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000010191 Osteitis Deformans Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102100032341 PCNA-interacting partner Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710196737 PCNA-interacting partner Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000027868 Paget disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 206010057249 Phagocytosis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000007641 Pinealoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 102000010780 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010038512 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 208000006265 Renal cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 201000000582 Retinoblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 108091006647 SLC9A1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZFOZVQLOBQUTQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tributyl citrate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CC(O)(C(=O)OCCCC)CC(=O)OCCCC ZFOZVQLOBQUTQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000002517 adenoid cystic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000012387 aerosolization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007900 aqueous suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008135 aqueous vehicle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000090 biomarker Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010006007 bone sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019438 castor oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000022131 cell cycle Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 230000006790 cellular biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000010980 cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002301 cellulose acetate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000013043 chemical agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960004316 cisplatin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DQLATGHUWYMOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-L cisplatin Chemical compound N[Pt](N)(Cl)Cl DQLATGHUWYMOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000008199 coating composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001072 colon Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- VFLDPWHFBUODDF-FCXRPNKRSA-N curcumin Chemical compound C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(\C=C\C(=O)CC(=O)\C=C\C=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 VFLDPWHFBUODDF-FCXRPNKRSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940127089 cytotoxic agent Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003745 diagnosis Methods 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl phthalate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC FLKPEMZONWLCSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960004679 doxorubicin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000012202 endocytosis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007515 enzymatic degradation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000003722 extracellular fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- SDUQYLNIPVEERB-QPPQHZFASA-N gemcitabine Chemical compound O=C1N=C(N)C=CN1[C@H]1C(F)(F)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 SDUQYLNIPVEERB-QPPQHZFASA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N glycerol triricinoleate Natural products CCCCCC[C@@H](O)CC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](COC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@@H](O)CCCCCC)OC(=O)CCCCCCCC=CC[C@H](O)CCCCCC ZEMPKEQAKRGZGQ-XOQCFJPHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010073071 hepatocellular carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000008172 hydrogenated vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001477 hydrophilic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010979 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001866 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003088 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical compound OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002147 killing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 206010024627 liposarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 210000003750 lower gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019359 magnesium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 208000027202 mammary Paget disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002503 metabolic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229960001156 mitoxantrone Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 201000005328 monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000021231 nutrient uptake Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000003463 organelle Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000007530 organic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 201000008968 osteosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229960001756 oxaliplatin Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DWAFYCQODLXJNR-BNTLRKBRSA-L oxaliplatin Chemical compound O1C(=O)C(=O)O[Pt]11N[C@@H]2CCCC[C@H]2N1 DWAFYCQODLXJNR-BNTLRKBRSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000006213 oxygenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008782 phagocytosis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001126 phototherapy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000747 poly(lactic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001606 poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002791 poly-4-hydroxybutyrate Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000004032 porphyrins Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229960004063 propylene glycol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylparaben Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 201000009410 rhabdomyosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 201000007416 salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000003248 secreting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940126586 small molecule drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 208000017572 squamous cell neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 206010042863 synovial sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012222 talc Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000008685 targeting Effects 0.000 description 2
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010044412 transitional cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000011269 treatment regimen Methods 0.000 description 2
- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005751 tumor progression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002792 vascular Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000005166 vasculature Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000001262 western blot Methods 0.000 description 2
- JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N (2r,3r,4s)-2-[(1r)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]oxolane-3,4-diol Chemical class OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O JNYAEWCLZODPBN-JGWLITMVSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDDMACCNBZAMSG-BDVNFPICSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r)-3,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-2-(methylamino)hexanal Chemical compound CN[C@@H](C=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO LDDMACCNBZAMSG-BDVNFPICSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 1
- PVOAHINGSUIXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Methylpiperazine Chemical compound CN1CCNCC1 PVOAHINGSUIXLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methyl-2,4-dioxo-1,3-diazinane-5-carboximidamide Chemical compound CN1CC(C(N)=N)C(=O)NC1=O IXPNQXFRVYWDDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-monostearoylglycerol Chemical class CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)CO VBICKXHEKHSIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-bis(12-hydroxyoctadecanoyloxy)propyl 12-hydroxyoctadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCC(O)CCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCC(O)CCCCCC WCOXQTXVACYMLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol;hydron;chloride Chemical compound Cl.OCC(N)(CO)CO QKNYBSVHEMOAJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PZUJQWHTIRWCID-HXUWFJFHSA-N 2-chloro-6-[(2r)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2-methyl-1-naphthalen-2-ylpropan-2-yl)amino]propoxy]benzonitrile Chemical compound C([C@H](O)CNC(C)(CC=1C=C2C=CC=CC2=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC(Cl)=C1C#N PZUJQWHTIRWCID-HXUWFJFHSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100033793 ALK tyrosine kinase receptor Human genes 0.000 description 1
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010000599 Acromegaly Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002126 Acrylic acid copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000007469 Actins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010085238 Actins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010000830 Acute leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024893 Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014697 Acute lymphocytic leukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000856 Amylose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000001446 Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010002240 Anaplastic thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004475 Arginine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000416162 Astragalus gummifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010003571 Astrocytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010839 B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000035821 Benign schwannoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bicarbonate Chemical class OC([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010073106 Bone giant cell tumour malignant Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010006143 Brain stem glioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GAGWJHPBXLXJQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Capecitabine Natural products C1=C(F)C(NC(=O)OCCCCC)=NC(=O)N1C1C(O)C(O)C(C)O1 GAGWJHPBXLXJQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010007275 Carcinoid tumour Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920000623 Cellulose acetate phthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 206010008342 Cervix carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001661 Chitosan Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000005243 Chondrosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000009047 Chordoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006332 Choriocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009798 Craniopharyngioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl decanedioate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCC PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010061818 Disease progression Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Elaidinsaeure-aethylester Natural products CCCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000009051 Embryonal Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010014733 Endometrial cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010014759 Endometrial neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010014967 Ependymoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031637 Erythroblastic Acute Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000036566 Erythroleukaemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acrylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C=C JIGUQPWFLRLWPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylenediamine Chemical compound NCCN PIICEJLVQHRZGT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000006168 Ewing Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010037362 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000010834 Extracellular Matrix Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010016935 Follicular thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022072 Gallbladder Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000021309 Germ cell tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032612 Glial tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010018338 Glioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010018404 Glucagonoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100031181 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010053759 Growth retardation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002907 Guar gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000001554 Hemoglobins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010054147 Hemoglobins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004354 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000663 Hydroxyethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002153 Hydroxypropyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000005726 Inflammatory Breast Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010021980 Inflammatory carcinoma of the breast Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000012695 Interfacial polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000037396 Intraductal Noninfiltrating Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010073086 Iris melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009164 Islet Cell Adenoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007766 Kaposi sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008839 Kidney Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N L-glutamine Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(N)=O ZDXPYRJPNDTMRX-VKHMYHEASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930182816 L-glutamine Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 240000007472 Leucaena leucocephala Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010643 Leucaena leucocephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108090001030 Lipoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004895 Lipoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000031422 Lymphocytic Chronic B-Cell Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lysine Natural products NCCCCC(N)C(O)=O KDXKERNSBIXSRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004472 Lysine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 102000008135 Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010035196 Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000009018 Medullary thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000172 Medulloblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010027406 Mesothelioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methacrylic acid Chemical compound CC(=C)C(O)=O CERQOIWHTDAKMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl methacrylate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000168 Microcrystalline cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000003445 Mouth Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010073101 Mucinous breast carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000034578 Multiple myelomas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 1
- 201000003793 Myelodysplastic syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033776 Myeloid Acute Leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- ZDZOTLJHXYCWBA-VCVYQWHSSA-N N-debenzoyl-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-10-deacetyltaxol Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@H]2[C@@](C([C@H](O)C3=C(C)[C@@H](OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C=4C=CC=CC=4)C[C@]1(O)C3(C)C)=O)(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@H]1OC[C@]12OC(=O)C)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 ZDZOTLJHXYCWBA-VCVYQWHSSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methyl-guanidine Natural products CNC(N)=N CHJJGSNFBQVOTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBBZMMPHUWSWHV-BDVNFPICSA-N N-methylglucamine Chemical compound CNC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO MBBZMMPHUWSWHV-BDVNFPICSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000034176 Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010029488 Nodular melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000010133 Oligodendroglioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007571 Ovarian Epithelial Carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010053869 POEMS syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010033701 Papillary thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009565 Pharyngeal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010034972 Photosensitivity reaction Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010050487 Pinealoblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000010067 Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007913 Pituitary Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000020627 Pituitary-dependent Cushing syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010035226 Plasma cell myeloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002732 Polyanhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001273 Polyhydroxy acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001213 Polysorbate 20 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000006664 Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000003946 Prolactin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010057464 Prolactin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010029485 Protein Isoforms Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000001708 Protein Isoforms Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 238000003559 RNA-seq method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011529 RT qPCR Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000015634 Rectal Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100038042 Retinoblastoma-associated protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091006650 SLC9A2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091006649 SLC9A3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091006655 SLC9A4 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108091006654 SLC9A5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000004337 Salivary Gland Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000010208 Seminoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001800 Shellac Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000000453 Skin Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010041067 Small cell lung cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004346 Smoldering Multiple Myeloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102100030980 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030382 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030375 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100030707 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 4 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 102100029973 Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 5 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 208000021712 Soft tissue sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 102000005157 Somatostatin Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010056088 Somatostatin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 1
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 206010042553 Superficial spreading melanoma stage unspecified Diseases 0.000 description 1
- OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Superoxide Chemical compound [O-][O] OUUQCZGPVNCOIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 206010043276 Teratoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024770 Thyroid neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001615 Tragacanth Polymers 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DOOTYTYQINUNNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethyl citrate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(O)(C(=O)OCC)CC(=O)OCC DOOTYTYQINUNNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010073104 Tubular breast carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007097 Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006105 Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005969 Uveal melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000009311 VIPoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014070 Vestibular schwannoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010047741 Vulval cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004354 Vulvar Neoplasms Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000033559 Waldenström macroglobulinemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000008383 Wilms tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012018 Yolk sac tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002494 Zein Polymers 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal;sodium Chemical compound [Na].CC(O)=O.OCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(O)C=O DPXJVFZANSGRMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000004064 acoustic neuroma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000017733 acquired polycythemia vera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010000583 acral lentiginous melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000021841 acute erythroid leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007059 acute toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000403 acute toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000008395 adenosquamous carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000002671 adjuvant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000020990 adrenal cortex carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005188 adrenal gland cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024447 adrenal gland neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000007128 adrenocortical carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 208000026935 allergic disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000730 antalgic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005809 anti-tumor immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011394 anticancer treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 229940041181 antineoplastic drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N arginine Natural products OC(=O)C(N)CCCNC(N)=N ODKSFYDXXFIFQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004036 bacteriochlorins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000003373 basosquamous carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013871 bee wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012166 beeswax Substances 0.000 description 1
- UPABQMWFWCMOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N benethamine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1CNCCC1=CC=CC=C1 UPABQMWFWCMOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940092714 benzenesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019445 benzyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003613 bile acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010256 biochemical assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000018420 bone fibrosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000007476 breast mucinous carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000135 breast papillary carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000003362 bronchogenic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007975 buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 1
- SXFILQHETIJGQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N but-3-enoic acid;phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC=C.OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O SXFILQHETIJGQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMQGVNUXMIRLCK-OAGWZNDDSA-N cabazitaxel Chemical compound O([C@H]1[C@@H]2[C@]3(OC(C)=O)CO[C@@H]3C[C@@H]([C@]2(C(=O)[C@H](OC)C2=C(C)[C@@H](OC(=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](NC(=O)OC(C)(C)C)C=3C=CC=CC=3)C[C@]1(O)C2(C)C)C)OC)C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 BMQGVNUXMIRLCK-OAGWZNDDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001573 cabazitaxel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001506 calcium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011010 calcium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium stearate Chemical compound [Ca+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O CJZGTCYPCWQAJB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000013539 calcium stearate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008116 calcium stearate Substances 0.000 description 1
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Inorganic materials [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000004204 candelilla wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013868 candelilla wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940073532 candelilla wax Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004117 capecitabine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920003123 carboxymethyl cellulose sodium Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940063834 carboxymethylcellulose sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000002458 carcinoid tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000004203 carnauba wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013869 carnauba wax Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000025084 cell cycle arrest Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006721 cell death pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010261 cell growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004663 cell proliferation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003570 cell viability assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000030570 cellular localization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005754 cellular signaling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004700 cellular uptake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940081734 cellulose acetate phthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000010881 cervical cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940082500 cetostearyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000541 cetyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002113 chemopreventative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004035 chlorins Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930002875 chlorophyll Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 235000019804 chlorophyll Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000006990 cholangiocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001684 chronic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000024207 chronic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000032852 chronic lymphocytic leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000005354 coacervation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940110456 cocoa butter Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019868 cocoa butter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002860 competitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004624 confocal microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013270 controlled release Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000012754 curcumin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940109262 curcumin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000004148 curcumin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000035250 cutaneous malignant susceptibility to 1 melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031513 cyst Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002445 cystadenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000135 cytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003013 cytotoxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003599 detergent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940099371 diacetylated monoglycerides Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015872 dietary supplement Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VFLDPWHFBUODDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N diferuloylmethane Natural products C1=C(O)C(OC)=CC(C=CC(=O)CC(=O)C=CC=2C=C(OC)C(O)=CC=2)=C1 VFLDPWHFBUODDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl phthalate Natural products CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylaminoamidine Natural products CN(C)C(N)=N SWSQBOPZIKWTGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960001826 dimethylphthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- AMTWCFIAVKBGOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;methoxy-dimethyl-trimethylsilyloxysilane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.CO[Si](C)(C)O[Si](C)(C)C AMTWCFIAVKBGOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007907 direct compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005750 disease progression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003668 docetaxel Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000001647 drug administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007908 dry granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000028715 ductal breast carcinoma in situ Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940120655 eloxatin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002121 endocytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004651 endocytosis pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000001991 endodermal sinus tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000006274 endogenous ligand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000003914 endometrial carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000052116 epidermal growth factor receptor activity proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108700015053 epidermal growth factor receptor activity proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000037828 epithelial carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008029 eradication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032050 esterification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005886 esterification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCS([O-])(=O)=O CCIVGXIOQKPBKL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)C(C)=C SUPCQIBBMFXVTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N ethyl oleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC LVGKNOAMLMIIKO-QXMHVHEDSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940093471 ethyl oleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005713 exacerbation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000695 excitation spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002744 extracellular matrix Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 201000006569 extramedullary plasmacytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000024519 eye neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002191 fatty alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000008825 fibrosarcoma of bone Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009093 first-line therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 201000003444 follicular lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000015419 gastrin-producing neuroendocrine tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000052 gastrinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007903 gelatin capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960005277 gemcitabine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 108020004445 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000001087 glyceryl triacetate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003102 growth factor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000665 guar gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010417 guar gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960002154 guar gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940093915 gynecological organic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003278 haem Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 201000009277 hairy cell leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000007902 hard capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000025750 heavy chain disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000002222 hemangioblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- IUJAMGNYPWYUPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N hentriacontane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC IUJAMGNYPWYUPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000006359 hepatoblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000844 hepatocellular carcinoma Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000013632 homeostatic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010514 hydrogenated cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000019447 hydroxyethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920003063 hydroxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031574 hydroxymethyl cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010977 hydroxypropyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001863 hydroxypropyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003132 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940031704 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000639 hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005934 immune activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037449 immunogenic cell death Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004653 inflammatory breast carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002664 inhalation therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000266 injurious effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007529 inorganic bases Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 206010022498 insulinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007918 intramuscular administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007912 intraperitoneal administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000002696 invasive tubular breast carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000002529 islet cell tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000244 kidney pelvis Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000003849 large cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 206010024217 lentigo Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003902 lesion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002502 liposome Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229960003088 loratadine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- JCCNYMKQOSZNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N loratadine Chemical compound C1CN(C(=O)OCC)CCC1=C1C2=NC=CC=C2CCC2=CC(Cl)=CC=C21 JCCNYMKQOSZNPW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000007937 lozenge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000005296 lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000005243 lung squamous cell carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000037829 lymphangioendotheliosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000012804 lymphangiosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000003712 lysosome Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001868 lysosomic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000000564 macroglobulinemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002540 macrophage Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036210 malignancy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000002350 malignant ciliary body melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003211 malignant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000004593 malignant giant cell tumor Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000015486 malignant pancreatic neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002483 medication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000030163 medullary breast carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000023356 medullary thyroid gland carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010027191 meningioma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 125000005395 methacrylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002493 microarray Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003094 microcapsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940016286 microcrystalline cellulose Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019813 microcrystalline cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008108 microcrystalline cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003632 microfilament Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006676 mitochondrial damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007491 morphometric analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010172 mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000001611 myxosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- YOHYSYJDKVYCJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[3-[[6-[3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]pyrimidin-4-yl]amino]phenyl]cyclopropanecarboxamide Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(NC=2N=CN=C(NC=3C=C(NC(=O)C4CC4)C=CC=3)C=2)=C1 YOHYSYJDKVYCJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-heptadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO GOQYKNQRPGWPLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-hexadecyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO BXWNKGSJHAJOGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006199 nebulizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001338 necrotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000007538 neurilemmoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 201000000032 nodular malignant melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000002154 non-small cell lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000036963 noncompetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000006286 nutrient intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- GYCKQBWUSACYIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N o-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1O GYCKQBWUSACYIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000002575 ocular melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004006 olive oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000008390 olive oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000771 oncological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006186 oral dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002895 organic esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000009234 osteosclerotic myeloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000036542 oxidative stress Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 210000000496 pancreas Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000008443 pancreatic carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000021255 pancreatic insulinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000022102 pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000004019 papillary adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000010198 papillary carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000007911 parenteral administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007310 pathophysiology Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000010987 pectin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001814 pectin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001277 pectin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940046159 pegylated liposomal doxorubicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent‐4‐en‐2‐one Natural products CC(=O)CC=C PNJWIWWMYCMZRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009521 phase II clinical trial Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000028591 pheochromocytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002165 photosensitisation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000007578 phototoxic dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000018 phototoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 201000003113 pineoblastoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010035059 pineocytoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000031223 plasma cell leukemia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001610 polycaprolactone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004632 polycaprolactone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000037244 polycythemia vera Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920002643 polyglutamic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000010486 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000256 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010482 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000244 polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068977 polysorbate 20 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940068968 polysorbate 80 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920000053 polysorbate 80 Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940068965 polysorbates Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003124 powdered cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000019814 powdered cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000016800 primary central nervous system lymphoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002250 progressing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940097325 prolactin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000002307 prostate Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000013777 protein digestion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003947 protein internalization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001243 pseudopodia Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000010837 receptor-mediated endocytosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000664 rectum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000015347 renal cell adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010039667 schwannoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000008407 sebaceous adenocarcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004208 shellac Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940113147 shellac Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013874 shellac Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N shellac Chemical compound OCCCCCC(O)C(O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O.C1C23[C@H](C(O)=O)CCC2[C@](C)(CO)[C@@H]1C(C(O)=O)=C[C@@H]3O ZLGIYFNHBLSMPS-ATJNOEHPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000019491 signal transduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940083037 simethicone Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000000587 small cell lung carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000000813 small intestine Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 208000010721 smoldering plasma cell myeloma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000010413 sodium alginate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000661 sodium alginate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940005550 sodium alginate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium disulfite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S(=O)S([O-])(=O)=O HRZFUMHJMZEROT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940001584 sodium metabisulfite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000010262 sodium metabisulphite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007901 soft capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007909 solid dosage form Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NHXLMOGPVYXJNR-ATOGVRKGSA-N somatostatin Chemical compound C([C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H](C(N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C=CC=CC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=2C3=CC=CC=C3NC=2)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1)[C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](C)N)C(O)=O)=O)[C@H](O)C)C1=CC=CC=C1 NHXLMOGPVYXJNR-ATOGVRKGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960000553 somatostatin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003206 sterilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010254 subcutaneous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007929 subcutaneous injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000030457 superficial spreading melanoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000375 suspending agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000010965 sweat gland carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007910 systemic administration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007916 tablet composition Substances 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OULAJFUGPPVRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetratriacontyl alcohol Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCO OULAJFUGPPVRBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011287 therapeutic dose Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000002510 thyroid cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030901 thyroid gland follicular carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000030045 thyroid gland papillary carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000019179 thyroid gland undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000287 tissue oxygenation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003325 tomography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000032258 transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005270 trialkylamine group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- WEAPVABOECTMGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl 2-acetyloxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC(C(=O)OCC)(OC(C)=O)CC(=O)OCC WEAPVABOECTMGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001069 triethyl citrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- VMYFZRTXGLUXMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl citrate Natural products CCOC(=O)C(O)(C(=O)OCC)C(=O)OCC VMYFZRTXGLUXMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000013769 triethyl citrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000005591 trimellitate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 208000029729 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 11 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910021642 ultra pure water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012498 ultrapure water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002604 ultrasonography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036967 uncompetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000626 ureter Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003932 urinary bladder Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- VBEQCZHXXJYVRD-GACYYNSASA-N uroanthelone Chemical compound C([C@@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)CC)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CO)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC=1C2=CC=CC=C2NC=1)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(O)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(N)=N)C(O)=O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1NC=NC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CCSC)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)CNC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(N)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H](CC(O)=O)NC(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@H](CS)NC(=O)CNC(=O)[C@H]1N(CCC1)C(=O)[C@H](CC=1C=CC(O)=CC=1)NC(=O)[C@H](CO)NC(=O)[C@@H](N)CC(N)=O)C(C)C)[C@@H](C)CC)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VBEQCZHXXJYVRD-GACYYNSASA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000037965 uterine sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000013139 vaginal neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000008662 verrucous carcinoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229940117958 vinyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920006163 vinyl copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 201000005102 vulva cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229920003176 water-insoluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000005550 wet granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940093612 zein Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005019 zein Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
- A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, pantothenic acid
- A61K31/198—Alpha-aminoacids, e.g. alanine, edetic acids [EDTA]
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
- A61K31/409—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil having four such rings, e.g. porphine derivatives, bilirubin, biliverdine
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
- A61K31/4709—Non-condensed quinolines and containing further heterocyclic rings
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
- A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
- A61K41/0057—Photodynamic therapy with a photosensitizer, i.e. agent able to produce reactive oxygen species upon exposure to light or radiation, e.g. UV or visible light; photocleavage of nucleic acids with an agent
- A61K41/0071—PDT with porphyrins having exactly 20 ring atoms, i.e. based on the non-expanded tetrapyrrolic ring system, e.g. bacteriochlorin, chlorin-e6, or phthalocyanines
Abstract
It has been established that inhibition of macropinocytosis in cancer cells enhances the anti-cancer efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Methods for treating cancer in a subject in need thereof include administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of one or more macropinocytosis inhibitors in combination with PDT. Pharmaceutical compositions including a combination of a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizer are also provided. The methods are particularly effective for treating PDT-resistant cancers. An exemplary macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA). An exemplary photosensitizer is chlorin 6 (Ce6).
Description
This international patent application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.: 63/188,803 filed on May 14, 2021, the entire content of which is incorporated by reference for all purpose.
The invention is generally directed to combination therapies for enhanced anti-cancer treatment, and in particular, inhibition of macropinocytosis for enhanced photo-dynamic therapy for treating cancer.
Photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer therapy that uses photosensitizers and light irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill cancer cells (Castano, et al., Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: part one-photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization, Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 1 (4) (2004) 279-293) . It induces cell death through several mechanisms, including mitochondria damage, cell membrane disintegration, and depletion of oxygen and nutrients (Mroz, et al., Cell death pathways in photodynamic therapy of cancer, Cancers (Basel) 3 (2) (2011) 2516-39) . PDT has been widely studied for various biomedical applications (van Straten, et al., Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Basic Principles, Current Clinical Status and Future Directions, Cancers (Basel) 9 (2) (2017) ) . However, although it could induce fast cell death, single-mode PDT is still limited in clinical implementation due to tumor heterogenicity. Moreover, PDT could not sufficiently inhibit tumor relapse and metastasis (Castano, et al., Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity, Nat. Rev. Cancer 6 (7) (2006) 535-45) . Therefore, developing PDT-involving combination therapy is an emerging trend (Xie, et al., Emerging combination strategies with phototherapy in cancer nanomedicine, Chem. Soc. Rev. (2020) ) . A combination therapy of autophagy inhibition with PDT treatment was found to improve anticancer efficacy (Niu, et al., Inhibition of Autophagy Enhances Curcumin United light irradiation-induced Oxidative Stress and Tumor Growth Suppression in Human Melanoma Cells, Sci Rep 6 (2016) 31383) . Liu et al., provided a strategy of combining PDT with immune system activation, which successfully reduced tumor metastasis (Liu, et al., Redox-Activated Porphyrin-Based Liposome Remote-Loaded with Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase (IDO) Inhibitor for Synergistic Photoimmunotherapy through Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death and Blockage of IDO Pathway, Nano Lett. 19 (10) (2019) 6964-6976) . However, there remains a need for mechanisms of enhancing PDT treatment that selectively target cancer cells and reduce side-effects and toxicity to non-cancer cells.
Macropinocytosis is a process for internalization of extracellular fluid solutes, which plays important roles for tumor cell survival and proliferation. Upregulated macropinocytosis is an important hallmark in Ras-mutated cancer cells and has been shown to confer resistance to therapies associated with cancer cell anabolism. It has been demonstrated that living cells could internalize necrotic cell debris through macropinocytosis to support cell survival, especially when living cells were under stresses from radiotherapy or chemotherapy. (Jayashankar et al. Macropinocytosis confers resistance to therapies targeting cancer anabolism, Nat Commun 11 (1) (2020) 1121) . Other studies have proved that in therapies based on starvation or mTOR inhibition to arrest cell cycles, macropinocytosis activation provided extra nutrition from cellular matrix to help relief these stresses. (Michalopoulou, et al., Macropinocytosis Renders a Subset of Pancreatic Tumor Cells Resistant to mTOR Inhibition, Cell Rep 30 (8) (2020) 2729-2742 e4) .
Inhibiting macropinocytosis is demonstrated as a potential strategy to suppress tumor progress since it could limit the nutrition uptake by tumor cells (Caro-Maldonado and
Dying for something to eat: how cells respond to starvation, The Open Cell Signaling Journal 3 (1) (2011) ) . However, there are only few examples of inhibiting macropinocytosis for cancer therapy because inhibition of macropinocytosis is not a sufficient way to suppress the tumor growth since it only partly limits the nutrient supplement.
Although several studies emphasized the importance of macropinocytosis in cancer therapies, they did not provide a practical antitumor strategy from a clinical view. In one study, the macropinocytosis inhibitor 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride, EIPA, was used as the anticancer drug to treat macropinocytotic tumor. (Commisso, et al., Macropinocytosis of protein is an amino acid supply route in Ras-transformed cells, Nature 497 (7451) (2013) 633-7) . However, it was an inefficient method since it only partly limits the extracellular nutrient support (Finicle, et al., Nutrient scavenging in cancer, Nat. Rev. Cancer 18 (10) (2018) 619-633) . The tumor progression could not be sufficiently suppressed only through macropinocytosis inhibition since there are other nutrient endocytosis pathways, such as phagocytosis and receptor-mediated endocytosis.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the invention to provide combination therapies and methods of use thereof for treatment of cancers.
It is another object to provide compositions and methods for enhancing the anticancer efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) .
It is a further object of the invention to provide compositions and methods for treating cancers that are resistant to conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) .
It has been established that inhibition or reduction of nutrition uptake by e.g. inhibition of macropinocytosis, glucose transport pathway or glutamine transport pathway in cancer cells enhances the anti-cancer efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) . Macropinocytosis inhibitors, such as 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) have been shown to enhance the efficacy of photosensitizers, such as chlorin e6 (Ce6) for PDT-mediated reduction in the viability and proliferation of cancer cells. Glucose transporter inhibitors, such as Bay876 have been shown to enhance the efficacy of photosensitizers, such as chlorin e6 (Ce6) for PDT-mediated reduction in the viability of cancer cells. Glutamine transporter inhibitors, such as O-Benzyl-L-Serine have been shown to enhance the efficacy of photosensitizers, such as chlorin e6 (Ce6) for PDT-mediated reduction in the viability of cancer cells. Combination therapies containing nutrition uptake inhibitors (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitors, glucose transporter inhibitors, and glutamine transporter inhibitors) and photosensitizers can be used to improve the efficacy of PDT, or to re-sensitize cancers that have become resistant to a dose (e.g., the maximum dose) of one or more photosensitizers when administered alone. Compositions and methods for reducing and/or inhibiting nutrition uptake e.g. macropinocytosis, glucose transport pathway or glutamine transport pathway, in combination with PDT are provided to treat and/or prevent the development and progression of cancers.
Pharmaceutical compositions for enhancing the efficacy of photo-dynamic therapy in a subject, including an effective amount of a combination of a nutrition uptake inhibitor and a photosensitizer are provided. The nutrition uptake inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor and glutamine transporter inhibitor. Exemplary macropinocytosis inhibitors include 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , cariporide, amiloride, phellodendrine chloride, wortmannin, BKM120, ZSTK474, EHT1864, EHop-016, TBOPP, FRAX597, GCS-100, cytochalasin D, LY294002, terfenadine, itraconazole, phenoxybenzamine, vinblastine, auranofin, imipramine, MLS000394177, MLS000730532 and MLS000733230. In preferred forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EIPA, a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA. An exemplary amount of EIPA is between about 0.1 mg/kg body weight and about 1,000 mg/kg body weight, inclusive. Exemplary glucose transporter inhibitors include Bay876, KL-11743, STF-31, WZB117, Fasentin and SW157765. In preferred forms, the glucose transporter inhibitor is Bay876. Exemplary glutamine transporter inhibitors include O-Benzyl-L-Serine, V-9302 and GPNA hydrochloride. In preferred forms, the glutamine transporter inhibitors is O-Benzyl-L-Serine. Exemplary photosensitizers include chlorin e6 (Ce6) , aminolevulinic acid (ALA) , Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4, m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) , mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) , Porfimer sodium and Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD verteporfin) , Photofrin, Temoporfin, Hematoporphyrin, Chlorophyll a, Tookad, Allumera, Visudyne, Metvix, Hexvix, Cysview, Laserphyrin, Antrin, Photochlor, Photosens, Photrex, Lumacan, Cevira, Visonac, BF-200 ALA, Amphinex and Azadipyrromethenes. In preferred forms, the photosensitizer is chlorin e6 (Ce6) . An exemplary amount of Ce6 is between about 1 mg/kg body weight and about 250 mg/kg body weight.
Methods of treating cancers, including administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a nutrition uptake inhibitor including e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor and glutamine transporter inhibitor, and performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject are also provided. Typically, performing PDT includes one or more steps of administering an effective amount of a photosensitizing agent to the subject, and exposing one or more cancer cells in the subject to light, wherein the light interacts with the photosensitizing agent to reduce cancer cell proliferation and/or viability in the subject. Administration of the combination of a nutrition uptake inhibitor including e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor and glutamine transporter inhibitor and PDT is effective to reduce cancer cell proliferation or viability in a subject with cancer to a greater degree than administering to the subject the same amount of PDT alone.
The nutrition uptake inhibitor (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor or glutamine transporter inhibitor) and the photosensitizer can be part of the same admixture, or administered as separate compositions. In some forms, the separate compositions are administered through the same route of administration. For example, in some forms, a macropinocytosis inhibitor, such as EIPA, and the photosensitizer such as Ce6 are both administered intravenously. In some forms, a glucose transporter inhibitor, such as Bay876, and the photosensitizer such as Ce6 are both administered intravenously. In some forms, a glutamine transporter inhibitor, such as O-Benzyl-L-Serine, and the photosensitizer such as Ce6 are both administered intravenously. In other forms, the separate compositions are administered through different routes of administration.
In some forms, the methods administer the nutrition uptake inhibitor (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor or glutamine transporter inhibitor) to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to administering PDT to the subject. In certain forms, the methods administer the nutrition uptake inhibitor (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor or glutamine transporter inhibitor) to the subject at the same time as administering a photosensitizer to the subject. In some forms, the methods further include one or more steps of performing chemotherapy, surgery or radiation therapy on the subject. In some forms, the methods include treating the subject with one or more additional active agents. Exemplary additional active agents include one or more additional chemotherapeutic agents, for example, Gemcitabine, Oxaliplatin, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Capecitabine, and/or Mitoxantrone.
The compositions and methods are particularly effective for treating a cancer characterized by increased nutrition uptake, such as upregulation of one or more of macropinocytosis, glucose transport and glutamine transport. As used herein, “characterized by” refers to the object being characterized as having or exhibiting the feature it is said to be characterized by. Methods for characterizing the gene expression profile of cancer cells and/or the tumor microenvironment have also been developed to assess the extent to which the cancer cells or tumor associated cells are sensitive to treatment with the nutrition uptake inhibitor (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor or glutamine transporter inhibitor) in combination with PDT. The methods are useful in the diagnosis, prognosis, selection of patients, and the treatment of cancers. In some forms, the methods are effective in treating cancers characterized by mutations in one or more of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS genes. Exemplary cancers that can be treated include breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, testicular tumor, brain cancer, gastric cancer, esophagus cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and colorectal cancer. In some forms, the cancer to be treated is characterized by resistance to PDT in the absence of a nutrition uptake inhibitor (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor or glutamine transporter inhibitor) . In some forms, the methods administer one or more nutrition uptake inhibitors (e.g. macropinocytosis inhibitors, glucose transporter inhibitors or glutamine transporter inhibitors) and one or more photosensitizers to the subject in an amount effective to reduce tumor size, to reduce cancer cell viability, to prevent metastasis, to reduce or prevent one or more symptoms of the cancer, or a combination thereof when PDT is carried out on the subject.
Following preferred embodiments are provided herein:
1. A pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the efficacy of photo-dynamic therapy in a subject, comprising an effective amount of a combination of a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizer.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , cariporide, amiloride, phellodendrine chloride, wortmannin, BKM120, ZSTK474, EHT1864, EHop-016, TBOPP, FRAX597, GCS-100, cytochalasin D, LY294002, terfenadine, itraconazole, phenoxybenzamine, vinblastine, auranofin, imipramine, MLS000394177, MLS000730532 and MLS000733230.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EIPA, a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 3, wherein the dosage of EIPA is between about 0.1 mg/kg body weight and about 1,000 mg/kg body weight, inclusive.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of chlorin e6 (Ce6) , aminolevulinic acid (ALA) , Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4, m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) , mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) , Porfimer sodium and Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD verteporfin) , Photofrin, Temoporfin, Hematoporphyrin, Chlorophyll a, Tookad, Allumera, Visudyne, Metvix, Hexvix, Cysview, Laserphyrin, Antrin, Photochlor, Photosens, Photrex, Lumacan, Cevira, Visonac, BF-200 ALA, Amphinex and Azadipyrromethenes.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of embodiments 1-5, wherein the photosensitizer is chlorin e6 (Ce6) .
7. The pharmaceutical composition of embodiment 6, wherein the dosage of Ce6 is between about 1 mg/kg body weight and about 250 mg/kg body weight.
8. A method of treating cancer, comprising
(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor, and
(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,
wherein administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor enhances the efficacy of PDT for reducing cancer cell proliferation and/or viability in the subject relative to performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject without administering the macropinocytosis inhibitor.
9. The method of embodiment 8, wherein performing PDT comprises administering an effective amount of a photosensitizing agent to the subject and exposing one or more cancer cells in the subject to light, wherein the light interacts with the photosensitizing agent to reduce proliferation and/or viability of the one or more cancer cells in the subject.
10. The method of embodiment 8 or 9, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to or after administration of the PDT to the subject.
11. The method of embodiment 9, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered to the subject at the same time as the administration of the photosensitizer to the subject.
12. The method of any one of embodiments 8-11, further comprising surgery or radiation therapy.
13. The method of any one of embodiments 8-12, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by upregulation of macropinocytosis.
14. The method of any one of embodiments 8-13, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by up-regulation of macropinocytosis, and/or by mutations in one or more RAS genes.
15. The method of embodiments 8-14, wherein one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS.
16. The method of any one of embodiments 8-15, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, testicular tumor, brain cancer, gastric cancer, esophagus cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer.
17. The method of any one of embodiments 8-16, wherein the cancer is resistant to PDT.
18. The method of any one of embodiments 8-17, further comprising administering to the subject one or more additional active agents or procedures.
19. The method of any of embodiments 8-18, wherein the effective amount is effective to reduce tumor size.
20. A method for treating cancer, comprising
(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , and
(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,
wherein performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject comprises administering chlorin e6 (Ce6) to the subject.
Figure 1 is a bar graph of quantified macropinocytosis measured by flow cytometry using FITC-dextran as a macropinocytosis marker. The fluorescence signal of FITC-dextran (0-100,000) is shown for each of control and PDT-treated A549 cells. FTIC signal correlates with macropinocytosis activity. (****P<0.0001) .
Figures 2A-2B are bar graphs showing cell viability analysis of A549 cells under co-treatment of PDT and macropinocytosis inhibition. Figure 2A shows cell viability (0-150%) for A549 cells treated with Ce6 (0-3 μM) , for each A549 cells alone, and A549 cells co-treated with macropinocytosis inhibitor EIPA. Figure 2B shows total intracellular glutathione (%GSH) for each of Control A549 cells, A549 cells treated with EIPA alone, and A549 cells treated with EIPA and PDT, respectively. (n=4, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001)
Figures 3A-3D are graphs showing viability of A549 cells following Ce6-mediated PDT treatment with/without combination treatment with a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Figure 3A is a line graph showing cell viability (0-150%) for each of A549 cells (·) and PDT-resistant A549 cells (rA549 cells,
) treated with Ce6 (0-6 μM) , respectively. n=4. Figure 3B is a line graph showing cell viability (0-150%) for each of A549 cells (·) and rA549 cells
treated with EIPA (0-100 μM) , respectively. Figure 3C is a bar graph showing cellular uptake (0-5 fold change) measured by flow cytometry for each of control groups (A549 cells, and rA549 cells) , and PDT-treated groups (A549 cells, and rA549 cells) , respectively. Figure 3D is a bar graph showing SDC1 protein expression (0-2.0 SDC1/GAPDH) measured by Western Blot for each of A549 cells, and rA549 cells, respectively. (n=3) (***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001) .
Figure 4 is a line graph showing viability (0-150%) of rA549 cells in different concentrations of Ce6 (0-10 μM) , for each of control (·) , EIPA-treated (■) , and Amino-acid free medium (▲) groups, respectively. (n=4, p<0.0001) .
Figures 5A-5B are bar graphs showing cell viability of A549 cells under co-treatment of PDT and glucose or glutamine transporter inhibitor. Figure 5A shows cell viability (0-120%) for each of Control A549 cells, A549 cells treated with Ce6 mediated PDT alone, A549 cells treated with Bay876 alone, and A549 cells treated with Ce6 mediated PDT and Bay876, respectively (n=4, ****P<0.0001) . Figure 5B shows cell viability (0-120%) for each of Control A549 cells, A549 cells treated with Ce6 mediated PDT alone, A549 cells treated with O-Benzyl-L-Serine alone, and A549 cells treated with Ce6 mediated PDT and O-Benzyl-L-Serine, respectively (n=4, ****P<0.0001) .
I. Definitions
The terms “macropinocytosis inhibitor, ” or “inhibitor of macropinocytosis, ” or “macropinocytosis antagonist” refer to a pharmaceutical substance that, when administered to a cell, specifically prevents or reduces the process of cellular macropinocytosis in the cell. An exemplary macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) .
The term “photodynamic therapy” or “PDT” refers to treatment of a cancer by administering one or more photosensitizing agent, followed by exposing the cancer to a light having a wavelength that causes cell killing by the photosensitizing agent. The wavelength of the light source needs to be appropriate for exciting the photosensitizer to produce radicals and/or reactive oxygen species in the tissue. In some forms, performing PDT includes one or more steps of administering an effective amount of a photosensitizing agent to a subject, and exposing one or more cancer cells in the subject to light, wherein the light excites the photosensitizer to reduce cancer cell proliferation and/or viability in the subject.
The term “photosensitizing agent” or “photosensitizer” refers to a pharmaceutical substance that, upon administration into a tissue or organ, produces radicals and/or reactive oxygen species in the tissue or organ upon excitation by an appropriate wavelength of light. The resulting excited oxygen species then selectively degrades the surrounding tissue. Photosensitizers for use in treatment of diseases by photodynamic therapy are known in the art. An exemplary photosensitizer for treatment of a tumor or cancerous mass is as chlorin e6 (Ce6) .
The terms “inhibit” or “reduce” in the context of inhibition, mean to reduce or decrease in activity and quantity. This can be a complete inhibition or reduction in activity or quantity, or a partial inhibition or reduction. Inhibition or reduction can be compared to a control or to a standard level. Inhibition can be measured as a %value, e.g., from 1%up to 100%, such as 5%, 10, 25, 50, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 99, or 100%. For example, compositions including macropinocytosis inhibitors may inhibit or reduce macropinocytosis in cancer cells of the recipient by about 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of the macropinocytosis in the same cancer cells prior to the treatment, or that did not receive, or were not treated with the compositions. In some forms, the inhibition and reduction are compared according to the level of mRNAs, proteins, cells, or tissues in the recipient.
The terms “treating” or “preventing” mean to ameliorate, reduce or otherwise stop a disease, disorder or condition from occurring or progressing in an animal which may be predisposed to the disease, disorder and/or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; inhibiting the disease, disorder or condition, e.g., impeding its progress; and relieving the disease, disorder, or condition, e.g., causing regression of the disease, disorder and/or condition. Treating the disease or condition includes ameliorating at least one symptom of the disease or condition, even if the underlying pathophysiology is not affected, such as treating the pain of a subject by administration of an analgesic agent even though such agent does not treat the cause of the pain. Desirable effects of treatment include decreasing the rate of disease progression, ameliorating, or palliating the disease state, and remission or improved prognosis. For example, an individual is successfully “treated” if one or more symptoms associated with HCC are mitigated or eliminated, including, but are not limited to, reducing and/or inhibiting rate of tumor cell proliferation/growth, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from the disease, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat the disease, delaying the progression of the disease, and/or prolonging survival of individuals.
The term “combination therapy” refers to treatment of a disease or symptom thereof, or a method for achieving a desired physiological change, including administering to an animal, such as a mammal, especially a human being, an effective amount of two or more chemical agents or components to treat the disease or symptom thereof, or to produce the physiological change, wherein the chemical agents or components are administered together, such as part of the same composition, or administered separately and independently at the same time or at different times (i.e., administration of each agent or component is separated by a finite period of time from each other) .
The term “dosage regime” refers to drug administration regarding formulation, route of administration, drug dose, dosing interval and treatment duration.
The terms “individual, ” “host, ” “subject, ” and “patient” are used interchangeably, and refer to a mammal, including, but not limited to, murines, simians, humans, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sport animals, and mammalian pets.
The term “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount which is able to treat one or more symptoms of cancer, reverse the progression of one or more symptoms of cancer, halt the progression of one or more symptoms of cancer, or prevent the occurrence of one or more symptoms of cancer in a subject to whom the formulation is administered, for example, as compared to a matched subject not receiving the compound. The actual effective amounts of compound can vary according to the specific compound or combination thereof being utilized, the particular composition formulated, the mode of administration, and the age, weight, condition of the individual, and severity of the symptoms or condition being treated.
The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “biocompatible” refers to compositions, polymers, and other materials and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to pharmaceutically acceptable materials, compositions, or vehicles, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, solvent or encapsulating material involved in carrying or transporting any subject composition, from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of a subject composition and not injurious to the patient. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is art-recognized, and includes relatively non-toxic, inorganic, and organic acid addition salts of compounds. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from mineral acids, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, and those derived from organic acids, such as ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, and p-toluenesulfonic acid. Examples of suitable inorganic bases for the formation of salts include the hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates of ammonia, sodium, lithium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc. Salts may also be formed with suitable organic bases, including those that are non-toxic and strong enough to form such salts. For purposes of illustration, the class of such organic bases may include mono-, di-, and trialkylamines, such as methylamine, dimethylamine, and triethylamine; mono-, di-or trihydroxyalkylamines such as mono-, di-, and triethanolamine; amino acids, such as arginine and lysine; guanidine; N-methylglucosamine; N-methylglucamine; L-glutamine; N-methylpiperazine; morpholine; ethylenediamine; and N-benzylphenethylamine.
II. Compositions
It has been demonstrated that macropinocytosis plays important roles on nutrition uptake for self-repair of cancer cell following PDT. Based on this discovery, a combination therapy involving macropinocytosis inhibition together with PDT has been developed, to overcome PDT resistance and achieve high anticancer efficiency.
The combination therapies include administration of an effective amount of at least two active agents, one being a macropinocytosis inhibitor, and the other being a photosensitizing agent, to a subject in need thereof prior to exposing the subject to a light source for PDT.
A. Macropinocytosis inhibitors
The combination therapies include one or more agents that inhibit or reduce the process of cellular macropinocytosis.
1. Macropinocytosis
Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis that involves the nonspecific uptake of extracellular material, such as soluble molecules, nutrients, and antigens. It is an unselective extracellular protein internalization pathway, providing needed amino acids and nutrients for cell survival and proliferation, and is a widely conserved process amongst cells that take on amoeboid morphology. First observed in 1931 by Warren Lewis while working on rat macrophages, macropinocytosis was described as the inward folding by some of the cell surface ruffles to fuse with the basal membrane, forming vesicular structures called macropinosomes. The macropinosomes are large, uncoated vesicles that greatly vary in size, with their diameters ranging between 0.2 and 5 micrometers. The formation of macropinosomes is an actin-dependent process that is initiated upon stimulation by a growth factor such as colony stimulating factor (CSF-1) , epidermal growth factor (EGF) , or platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (Macropinocytosis: an endocytic pathway for internalising large gulps. Immunol. Cell Biol. 2011; 89 (8) : 836-43. [PMID: 21423264] ) . Signal-induced receptor activation leads to an increase in actin filament polymerization at the cell membrane, which increasingly pushes the membrane forward into ruffles. While most of the lamellipodia-induced ruffles retract back into the membrane, some of them fold inwards and fuse with the basal membrane to form large membrane vesicles called macropinosomes, within which a large volume of extracellular fluid gets encapsulated.
Macropinocytosis contributes to resistance to starvation-induced cell cycle arrest, whereas the tumor microenvironment is often lack of nutrition (Recouvreux, et al., Macropinocytosis: A Metabolic Adaptation to Nutrient Stress in Cancer, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 8 (2017) 261; Muranen, et al., Starved epithelial cells uptake extracellular matrix for survival, Nat Commun 8 (2017) 13989) . During amino acid starvation, macropinocytosis and autophagy are both upregulated. Through macropinocytosis, extracellular proteins and other nutrients are encapsulated into macropinosomes, which then fuse with lysosomes for protein digestion and restoring the homeostasis of amino acids. In cancer cells, especially in Ras-mutated cancer cells, macropinocytosis activity is usually upregulated to support the fast tumor growth (Palm, et al., The Utilization of Extracellular Proteins as Nutrients Is Suppressed by mTORC1, Cell 162 (2) (2015) 259-270; Nofal, et al., mTOR Inhibition Restores Amino Acid Balance in Cells Dependent on Catabolism of Extracellular Protein, Mol. Cell 67 (6) (2017) 936-946 e5) . In chemotherapies based on starvation or mTOR inhibition to arrest cell cycles, macropinocytosis activation provided extra nutrition from cellular matrix to help relief these stresses (Michalopoulou, et al, Macropinocytosis Renders a Subset of Pancreatic Tumor Cells Resistant to mTOR Inhibition, Cell Rep 30 (8) (2020) 2729-2742 e4) .
2. Inhibition of macropinocytosis
Inhibitors of macropinocytosis suppress tumor progress by limiting nutrition uptake by tumor cells, and overcome resistance to therapies associated with cancer cell anabolism, especially cancer cells under stress from radiotherapy or chemotherapy. In some forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor reduces or inhibits the function of one or more cellular receptors associated with macropinocytosis, or reduce or inhibit binding of endogenous ligands including, amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. In some forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is a competitive blocker of one or more cellular receptors associated with macropinocytosis. In other forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor indirectly inhibits one or more cellular receptors associated with macropinocytosis. In other forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is an uncompetitive or noncompetitive blocker of cellular receptors associated with macropinocytosis. In other forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is an antagonist that disrupts formation of the vesicular structure of the macropinosome.
In preferred forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor reduces or inhibits passage of nutrients across the cellular membrane into the cell. For example, the macropinocytosis inhibitor can reduce or inhibit the amount of nutrients within the cell.
In other forms, the mechanism or region of macropinocytosis inhibitor activity is not a receptor or receptor-binding site associated with macropinocytosis. In some forms, the mechanism of the macropinocytosis inhibitor has yet to be determined. In some forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is a Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) antagonist. In some forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is a Sodium-hydrogen exchanger (NHE) antagonist. A preferred macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) .
a. 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA)
In some forms, the combination therapies include 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) ; CAS Number: 1154-25-2, Empirical Formula: C
11H
18ClN
7O, Molecular Weight: 299.76 g/mol.
5- (N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) -Amiloride (EIPA) is a potent inhibitor of several NHE isoforms. Sodium-hydrogen exchangers (NHE) are involved in maintaining sodium and pH balance in a variety of tissues. They are also known as sodium-hydrogen antiporters and solute carrier family 9 members. EIPA inhibits NHE1, NHE2, NHE3, and NHE5 with Ki values of 0.02, 0.5, 2.4, and 0.42 μM, respectively. It less effectively inhibits NHE4 (IC50 ≥10 μM) . EIPA is commonly used at a concentration of 5-10 μM to inhibit cellular HNE activity.
EIPA is commercially available from several sources, including Sigma-Aldrich catalogue number A3085.
The chemical structure of EIPA is shown below.
Formula I: 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA)
In some forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EIPA, a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA.
b. Other macropinocytosis inhibitors
In some forms, the combination therapies include one or more macropinocytosis inhibitor that is a protein, polypeptide, or small molecule drug.
Exemplary macropinocytosis inhibitors include cariporide, amiloride, phellodendrine chloride, wortmannin, BKM120, ZSTK474, EHT1864, EHop-016, TBOPP, FRAX597, GCS-100, cytochalasin D, LY294002, terfenadine, loratadine itraconazole, phenoxybenzamine, vinblastine, auranofin, imipramine, NPS-2143, MLS000394177, MLS000730532 and MLS000733230.
B. Photosensitizing Agents
The combination therapies include one or more agents that act as photosensitizers for cellular killing by photodynamic therapy (PDT) . In some forms, the combination therapies include one or more photosensitizers that is a protein, polypeptide, or small molecule drug. Photosensitizers are molecules which absorb light (hν) and transfer the energy from the incident light into another nearby molecule. This light (preferably near infrared frequency as this allows for the penetration of the skin without acute toxicity) excites the photosensitizer's electrons into the triplet state. Upon excitation, the photosensitizer begins transferring energy to neighboring ground state triplet oxygen to generate excited singlet oxygen. The resulting excited oxygen species then selectively degrades the tumor or cancerous mass.
1. Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance, used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity) . PDT applications involve three components: a photosensitizer, a light source, and tissue oxygen. The wavelength of the light source needs to be appropriate for exciting the photosensitizer to produce radicals and/or reactive oxygen species. PDT is a multi-stage process. First a photosensitizer with negligible dark toxicity is administered, either systemically or topically, in the absence of light. When a sufficient amount of photosensitizer appears in diseased tissue, the photosensitizer is activated by exposure to light for a specified period. The light dose supplies sufficient energy to stimulate the photosensitizer, but not enough to damage neighboring healthy tissue. The reactive oxygen kills the target cells. (Josefsen, et al., Photodynamic Therapy and the Development of Metal-Based Photosensitizers. Metal-Based Drugs. 2008: 276109) . Photodynamic therapy enables selective cell killing by tissue oxygenation, mediated by light penetration into tissue at different wavelengths. To calculate efficiency spectra of PDT on human tissue one needs to know the excitation spectrum of the photosensitizer of interest and the relative fluence rate as a function of depth in the tissue. These values can be measured and computed with an accurate radiative transfer algorithm. The efficiency spectra can be determined as functions of depth for different types of carcinomas (BCC) . In some instances, PDT with different photosensitizers works most effectively at different wavelengths depending on the type and location of a cancer. Exemplary wavelengths of light necessary for excitation are from 300-700 nm, such as 630 nm, or 390 nm. Those skilled in the art are familiar with reagents and procedures required for PDT. For example, in some forms, at 630 nm the light penetration into a tumor depends strongly on the oxygenation of the blood. In some forms, at 390 nm the light penetration into a tumor does not depend on the oxygenation of the blood.
2. Photosensitizers
Many PDT photosensitizers possess a heterocyclic ring structure similar to that of chlorophyll or heme in hemoglobin. Upon capturing light energy by the photosensitizer, a transfer and translation of light energy into chemical reaction in the presence of molecular oxygen produces singlet oxygen (
1O
2) or superoxide (O
2-) and induces cell damagethrough direct and indirect cytotoxicity. Photosensitizers can be categorized by their chemical structures and origins. For clinical PDT photosensitizer should have low dark toxicity but strong photocytotoxicity, good selectivity towards target cells, long-wavelength absorbing, rapid removal from the body, and ease of administration though various routes. In general, they can be divided into three broad families: (i) porphyrin-based photosensitizer (e.g., Photofrin, ALA/PpIX, BPD-MA) , (ii) chlorophyllbased photosensitizer (e.g., chlorins, purpurins, bacteriochlorins) , and (iii) dye (e.g., phtalocyanine, napthalocyanine) .
Multiple photosensitizers for use in anti-cancer PDT are known in the art, and the corresponding wavelengths of photodynamic irradiation required for anti-cancer activity of each photosensitizer are also known in the art. Exemplary photosensitizers include chlorin e6 (Ce6) , Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4, m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) , mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) , Porfimer sodium and Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD verteporfin) , Photofrin, Temoporfin, Hematoporphyrin, Chlorophyll a, Tookad, Allumera, Visudyne, Metvix, Hexvix, Cysview, Laserphyrin, Antrin, Photochlor, Photosens, Photrex, Lumacan, Cevira, Visonac, BF-200 ALA, Amphinex and Azadipyrromethenes. In preferred forms, the photosensitizer is chlorin e6 (Ce6) .
a. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)
In some forms, the combination therapies include Chlorin e6 (Ce6) ; CAS Number: 19660-77-6, Empirical Formula: C
34H
36N
4O
6, Molecular Weight: 596.7 g/mol.
Chlorin e6 (Ce6) is a naturally occurring chlorin commonly used as a photosensitizer. Ce6 is a second-generation photosensitizer with antitumor activity when used in conjunction with irradiation. In a mouse model of implanted fibrosarcoma, Ce6 (2.5-10 mg/kg, i.v. with irradiation at 50-200 J/cm
2) led to complete tumor loss following varying levels of irradiation. (Furukawa, et al., T.A phase I clinical study of photodynamic therapy for early stage lung carcinoma using ME2906 and a diode laser system. Porphyrins. 7, 199-206 (1998) ) . A formulation including Ce6 was tested in a Phase I clinical study for patients with bronchogenic early superficial squamous cell carcinoma with positive results (40 mg/m
2, i.v. with laser irradiation at 100 J/cm
2) . The same dosing paradigm in a Phase II clinical trial for early-stage lung cancer patients led to a complete response in 82.9%of patients. (Kato, et al. Phase II clinical study of photodynamic therapy using mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 and diode laser for early superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Lung Cancer 42 (1) , 103-111 (2003) ) .
Ce6 is commercially available from several sources including Cayman chemical Item No. 21684. In some forms Ce6 exhibits anticancer activity when exposed to photodynamic irradiation at about 650 nm (6 J/cm
2) .
The chemical structure of Chlorin e6 is shown below.
Formula II: Chlorin e6
C. Formulations
Formulations of, and pharmaceutical compositions including, macropinocytosis inhibitors and photosensitizers, alone or in combination, are provided. The formulations can include the active agents together in the same admixture, or in separate formulations. Therefore, the pharmaceutical compositions can include one or more macropinocytosis inhibitor and one or more photosensitizer, or combinations of more than one macropinocytosis inhibitor and more than one photosensitizer. In some forms, the pharmaceutical compositions can include one or more additional active agents. Therefore, in some forms, the pharmaceutical composition includes two, three, or more active agents. The pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated as a pharmaceutical dosage unit, referred to as a unit dosage form.
Formulations typically include an effective amount of an admixture of a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizer, or an effective amount of an admixture of more than one macropinocytosis inhibitor and more than one photosensitizer. Effective amounts of the combined active agents are discussed in more detail below. It will be appreciated that in some forms the effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with a photosensitizer in a combination therapy is different from the amount that would be effective for the macropinocytosis inhibitor or the photosensitizer to achieve the same result when administered individually. For example, in some forms the effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor or a photosensitizer, is a lower dosage of the macropinocytosis inhibitor or a photosensitizer in a combination therapy than the dosage of the macropinocytosis inhibitor or a photosensitizer that is effective when one of the agents is administered without the other. In other forms, the dosage of one agent is higher and the dosage of the other agent is lower than one agent that is administered without the other. In some case, the agents are not effective when administered alone, and only effective when administered in combination.
1. Delivery Vehicles
The active agents can be administered and taken up into the cells of a subject with or without the aid of a delivery vehicle. Appropriate delivery vehicles for the disclosed active agents are known in the art and can be selected to suit the particular agent. For example, in some forms, the active agent (s) is incorporated into or encapsulated by a nanoparticle, microparticle, micelle, synthetic lipoprotein particle, or carbon nanotube. For example, the compositions can be incorporated into a vehicle such as polymeric microparticles which provide controlled release of the active agent (s) . In some forms, release of the drug (s) is controlled by diffusion of the active agent (s) out of the microparticles and/or degradation of the polymeric particles by hydrolysis and/or enzymatic degradation. Suitable polymers include ethylcellulose and other natural or synthetic cellulose derivatives. Polymers which are slowly soluble and form a gel in an aqueous environment, such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose or polyethylene oxide may also be suitable as materials for drug containing microparticles. Other polymers include, but are not limited to, polyanhydrides, poly (ester anhydrides) , polyhydroxy acids, such as polylactide (PLA) , polyglycolide (PGA) , poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) , poly-3-hydroxybut rate (PHB) and copolymers thereof, poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) and copolymers thereof, polycaprolactone and copolymers thereof, and combinations thereof. In some forms, both agents are incorporated into the same particles and are formulated for release at different times and/or over different time periods. For example, in some forms, one of the agents is released entirely from the particles before release of the second agent begins. In other forms, release of the first agent begins followed by release of the second agent before all of the first agent is released. In still other forms, both agents are released at the same time over the same period of time or over different periods of time.
The active agent (s) can be incorporated into a delivery vehicle prepared from materials which are insoluble in aqueous solution or slowly soluble in aqueous solution but are capable of degrading within the GI tract by means including enzymatic degradation, surfactant action of bile acids, and/or mechanical erosion. As used herein, the term “slowly soluble in water” refers to materials that are not dissolved in water within a period of 30 minutes. Preferred examples include fats, fatty substances, waxes, wax-like substances and mixtures thereof. Suitable fats and fatty substances include fatty alcohols (such as lauryl, myristyl stearyl, cetyl or cetostearyl alcohol) , fatty acids and derivatives, including, but not limited to, fatty acid esters, fatty acid glycerides (mono-, di-, and tri-glycerides) , and hydrogenated fats. Specific examples include, but are not limited to hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated oils available under the trade name
stearic acid, cocoa butter, and stearyl alcohol. Suitable waxes and wax-like materials include natural or synthetic waxes, hydrocarbons, and normal waxes.
Specific examples of waxes include beeswax, glycowax, castor wax, carnauba wax, paraffins and candelilla wax. As used herein, a wax-like material is defined as any material which is normally solid at room temperature and has a melting point of from about 30 to 300 ℃. The release point and/or period of release can be varied as discussed above.
2. Pharmaceutical Compositions
Pharmaceutical compositions including active agent (s) with or without a delivery vehicle are provided. Pharmaceutical compositions can be for administration by parenteral (intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous (IV) or subcutaneous injection) , enteral, or transmucosal (nasal, vaginal, rectal, or sublingual) routes of administration or using bioerodible inserts and can be formulated in dosage forms appropriate for each route of administration.
In certain forms, the compositions are administered locally, for example, by injection directly into a site to be treated (e.g., into a tumor) . In some forms, the compositions are injected or otherwise administered directly into the vasculature onto vascular tissue at the intended site of treatment. In some forms, the compositions are injected or otherwise administered directly into the vasculature onto vascular tissue adjacent to the intended site of treatment. Typically, local administration causes an increased localized concentration of the compositions which is greater than that which can be achieved by systemic administration. Targeting of the molecules or formulation can be used to achieve more selective delivery.
a. Formulations for Parenteral Administration
Active agent (s) and pharmaceutical compositions thereof can be administered in an aqueous solution, by parenteral injection. The formulation may also be in the form of a suspension or emulsion. In general, pharmaceutical compositions are provided including effective amounts of the active agent (s) and optionally include pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, preservatives, solubilizers, emulsifiers, adjuvants and/or carriers. Such compositions include diluents sterile water, buffered saline of various buffer content (e.g., Tris-HCl, acetate, phosphate) , pH and ionic strength; and optionally, additives such as detergents and solubilizing agents (e.g.,
also referred to as polysorbate 20 or 80) , antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite) , and preservatives (e.g., Thimersol, benzyl alcohol) and bulking substances (e.g., lactose, mannitol) . Examples of non-aqueous solvents or vehicles are propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, vegetable oils, such as olive oil and corn oil, gelatin, and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate. The formulations may be lyophilized and redissolved/resuspended immediately before use. The formulation may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria retaining filter, by incorporating sterilizing agents into the compositions, by irradiating the compositions, or by heating the compositions.
b. Enteral Formulations
Suitable oral dosage forms include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and lozenges. Tablets can be made using compression or molding techniques well known in the art. Gelatin or non-gelatin capsules can prepared as hard or soft capsule shells, which can encapsulate liquid, solid, and semi-solid fill materials, using techniques well known in the art. Formulations may be prepared using a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As generally used herein “carrier” includes, but is not limited to, diluents, preservatives, binders, lubricants, disintegrators, swelling agents, fillers, stabilizers, and combinations thereof. For example, macropinocytosis inhibitors such as amiloride and photosynthesized such as ALA could be administrated enterally.
c. Extended Release, and Other Formulations
Alternatively, extended release formulations can be prepared using osmotic systems or by applying a semi-permeable coating to the dosage form. In the latter case, the desired drug release profile can be achieved by combining low permeable and high permeable coating materials in suitable proportion.
The devices with different drug release mechanisms described above can be combined in a final dosage form including single or multiple units. Examples of multiple units include, but are not limited to, multilayer tablets and capsules containing tablets, beads, or granules. An immediate release portion can be added to the extended release system by means of either applying an immediate release layer on top of the extended release core using a coating or compression process or in a multiple unit system such as a capsule containing extended and immediate release beads.
Extended release tablets containing hydrophilic polymers are prepared by techniques commonly known in the art, such as direct compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation processes. Their formulations usually incorporate polymers, diluents, binders, and lubricants as well as the active pharmaceutical ingredient. The usual diluents include inert powdered substances such as starches, powdered cellulose, especially crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose, sugars such as fructose, mannitol and sucrose, grain flours and similar edible powders. Typical diluents include, for example, various types of starch, lactose, mannitol, kaolin, calcium phosphate or sulfate, inorganic salts such as sodium chloride and powdered sugar. Powdered cellulose derivatives are also useful. Typical tablet binders include substances such as starch, gelatin and sugars such as lactose, fructose, and glucose. Natural and synthetic gums, including acacia, alginates, methylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone can also be used. Polyethylene glycol, hydrophilic polymers, ethylcellulose and waxes can also serve as binders. A lubricant is necessary in a tablet formulation to prevent the tablet and punches from sticking in the die. The lubricant is chosen from slippery solids such as talc, magnesium and calcium stearate, stearic acid and hydrogenated vegetable oils.
Extended release tablets containing wax materials are generally prepared using methods known in the art such as a direct blend method, a congealing method, and an aqueous dispersion method. In congealing method, the drug is mixed with a wax material and either spray-congealed or congealed and screened and processed.
Delayed release formulations can be created by coating a solid dosage form with a polymer film, which is insoluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, and soluble in the neutral environment of the small intestine.
The delayed release dosage units can be prepared, for example, by coating a drug or a drug-containing composition with a selected coating material. The drug-containing composition may be, e.g., a tablet for incorporation into a capsule, a tablet for use as an inner core in a "coated core" dosage form, or a plurality of drug-containing beads, particles or granules, for incorporation into either a tablet or capsule. Preferred coating materials include bioerodible, gradually hydrolyzable, gradually water-soluble, and/or enzymatically degradable polymers, and may be conventional "enteric" polymers. Enteric polymers, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, become soluble in the higher pH environment of the lower gastrointestinal tract or slowly erode as the dosage form passes through the gastrointestinal tract, while enzymatically degradable polymers are degraded by bacterial enzymes present in the lower gastrointestinal tract, particularly in the colon. Suitable coating materials for effecting delayed release include, but are not limited to, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose phthalate, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetate trimellitate and carboxymethylcellulose sodium; acrylic acid polymers and copolymers, preferably formed from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate and/or ethyl methacrylate, and other methacrylic resins that are commercially available under the tradename
(Rohm Pharma; Westerstadt, Germany) , including
L30D-55 and L100-55 (soluble at pH 5.5 and above) ,
L-100 (soluble at pH 6.0 and above) ,
S(soluble at pH 7.0 and above, as a result of a higher degree of esterification) , and
NE, RL and RS (water-insoluble polymers having different degrees of permeability and expandability) ; vinyl polymers and copolymers such as polyvinyl pyrrolidone, vinyl acetate, vinylacetate phthalate, vinylacetate crotonic acid copolymer, and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer; enzymatically degradable polymers such as azo polymers, pectin, chitosan, amylose and guar gum; zein and shellac. Combinations of different coating materials may also be used. Multi-layer coatings using different polymers may also be applied.
The preferred coating weights for particular coating materials may be readily determined by those skilled in the art by evaluating individual release profiles for tablets, beads and granules prepared with different quantities of various coating materials. It is the combination of materials, method and form of application that produce the desired release characteristics, which one can determine only from the clinical studies.
The coating composition may include conventional additives, such as plasticizers, pigments, colorants, stabilizing agents, glidants, etc. A plasticizer is normally present to reduce the fragility of the coating, and will generally represent about 10 wt. %to 50 wt. %relative to the dry weight of the polymer. Examples of typical plasticizers include polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triacetin, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl sebacate, triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate, triethyl acetyl citrate, castor oil and acetylated monoglycerides. A stabilizing agent is preferably used to stabilize particles in the dispersion. Typical stabilizing agents are nonionic emulsifiers such as sorbitan esters, polysorbates and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Glidants are recommended to reduce sticking effects during film formation and drying, and will generally represent approximately 25 wt. %to 100 wt. %of the polymer weight in the coating solution. One effective glidant is talc. Other glidants such as magnesium stearate and glycerol monostearates may also be used. Pigments such as titanium dioxide may also be used. Small quantities of an anti-foaming agent, such as a silicone (e.g., simethicone) , may also be added to the coating composition.
Preferably, the aqueous solution is water, physiologically acceptable aqueous solutions containing salts and/or buffers, such as phosphate buffered saline (PBS) , or any other aqueous solution acceptable for administration to an animal or human. Such solutions are well known to a person skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, distilled water, de-ionized water, pure or ultrapure water, saline, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) . Other suitable aqueous vehicles include, but are not limited to, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride. Aqueous suspensions may include suspending agents such as cellulose derivatives, sodium alginate, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and gum tragacanth, and a wetting agent such as lecithin. Suitable preservatives for aqueous suspensions include ethyl and n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate.
In another form, solvents that are low toxicity organic (i.e., non-aqueous) class 3 residual solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, ethyl ether, and propanol may be used for the formulations. The solvent is selected based on its ability to readily aerosolize the formulation. The solvent should not detrimentally react with the compounds. An appropriate solvent should be used that dissolves the compounds or forms a suspension of the compounds. The solvent should be sufficiently volatile to enable formation of an aerosol of the solution or suspension. Additional solvents or aerosolizing agents, such as freons, can be added as desired to increase the volatility of the solution or suspension.
In one form, compositions may contain minor amounts of polymers, surfactants, or other excipients well known to those of the art. In this context, "minor amounts" means no excipients are present that might affect or mediate uptake of the compounds in the lungs and that the excipients that are present are present in amount that do not adversely affect uptake of compounds in the lungs.
Dry lipid powders can be directly dispersed in ethanol because of their hydrophobic character. For lipids stored in organic solvents such as chloroform, the desired quantity of solution is placed in a vial, and the chloroform is evaporated under a stream of nitrogen to form a dry thin film on the surface of a glass vial. The film swells easily when reconstituted with ethanol. To fully disperse the lipid molecules in the organic solvent, the suspension is sonicated. Nonaqueous suspensions of lipids can also be prepared in absolute ethanol using a reusable PARI LC Jet+ nebulizer (PARI Respiratory Equipment, Monterey, CA) .
Dry powder formulations ( "DPFs" ) with large particle size have improved flowability characteristics, such as less aggregation, easier aerosolization, and potentially less phagocytosis. Dry powder aerosols for inhalation therapy are generally produced with mean diameters primarily in the range of less than 5 microns, although a preferred range is between one and ten microns in aerodynamic diameter. Large "carrier" particles (containing no drug) have been co-delivered with therapeutic aerosols to aid in achieving efficient aerosolization among other possible benefits.
Polymeric particles may be prepared using single and double emulsion solvent evaporation, spray drying, solvent extraction, solvent evaporation, phase separation, simple and complex coacervation, interfacial polymerization, and other methods well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Particles may be made using methods for making microspheres or microcapsules known in the art. The preferred methods of manufacture are by spray drying and freeze drying, which entails using a solution containing the surfactant, spraying to form droplets of the desired size, and removing the solvent.
D. Adjunct and Additional Therapies and Procedures
The combination therapies can be administered to a subject in combination with one or more adjunct therapies or procedures or can be an adjunct therapy to one or more primary therapies or producers. The additional therapy or procedure can be simultaneous or sequential with the combination therapy. In some form the additional therapy is performed between drug cycles or during a drug holiday that is part of the combination therapy dosage regime. In preferred form, the additional therapy is a conventional treatment for cancer. For example, in some forms, the additional therapy or procedure is surgery, transplant surgery, a radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. For example, in a particular form, combination therapies used simultaneously or sequentially with a regime of a chemotherapeutic agent, e.g., Gemcitabine (Gemzar) , Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin) , Cisplatin, Doxorubicin (pegylated liposomal doxorubicin) , Capecitabine (Xeloda) , Mitoxantrone (Novantrone) , docetaxel or cabazitaxel. As discussed in more detail below, in some form, the adjunct or additional therapy is part of the combination therapy.
III. Methods of Treatment
It has been established that inhibiting macropinocytosis can be used to enhance the antitumor efficacy of Photodynamic therapy (PDT) . PDT includes administering to a subject one or more photosensitizing agents and subsequent exposure of the cancer to light to bring about excitation of the photosensitizing agent and cell killing.
Methods for treating cancer by administering one or more macropinocytosis inhibitor, or a derivative, analog or prodrug, or a pharmacologically active salt thereof in combination with one or more photosensitizer can sensitize cancers to photodynamic therapy (PDT) . Therefore, the compositions and methods described herein enable profoundly greater killing of cancers by photodynamic therapy. Therapeutic treatment involves administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and subsequent PDT of the subject. In some forms the methods include administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor, or a derivative, analog or prodrug, or a pharmacologically active salt thereof in combination with one or more photosensitizer to enhance the anti-cancer efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the subject.
Methods of treating one or more symptoms of cancer in a subject are provided. In certain forms, the methods include administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of macropinocytosis inhibitor, or a derivative, analog or prodrug, or a pharmacologically active salt thereof, and performing Photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject to reduce or inhibit one or more symptoms of the cancer. In some forms, the methods administer macropinocytosis inhibitors in combination with one or more photosensitizing agents to provide enhanced PDT. For example, the methods administer a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizing agent to a subject with cancer prior to exposing the cancer to a light source for PDT. In preferred forms, the methods administer the macropinocytosis inhibitor 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) and the photosensitizing agent Chlorin e6 (Ce6) to a subject with cancer prior to exposing the cancer to light having a wavelength of between about 650 nm and about 670 nm, inclusive. In preferred forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor and photosensitizing agent are be used in combination to provide enhanced PDT-antitumor efficacy as compared to the use of either agent alone. Typically, the methods decrease or inhibit the proliferation and/or viability of the cancer cells compared to untreated control cancer cells.
Compositions for use in methods for enhancing PDT treatment of cancer are also provided. For example, a composition including a macropinocytosis inhibitor for use in a method of treating a subject with cancer, wherein the subject is a subject to whom a composition including a photosensitizing agent has previously been or is concurrently being administered, and wherein the response achieved following the administration of PDT to the subject is greater than the response achieved by administering either the macropinocytosis inhibitor alone or the PDT alone are disclosed.
Resistance to PDT has been shown to occur in multiple tumors, having significant clinical impact on tumor treatment and prognosis. In certain forms the methods are effective in treating cancer in a subject having cancer cells that exhibit resistance to PDT in the absence of macropinocytosis inhibition. In some forms, the methods are effective in treating cancer in a subject having cancer cells that exhibit one or more mutations in the RAS genes relative to non-cancer cells. In some forms, the methods are effective in treating cancer in a subject having cancer cells that exhibit increased macropinocytosis relative to non-cancer cells. Typically, the methods administer an effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor to reduce or prevent nutrient intake into the cancer cells relative to untreated cancer cells. The macropinocytosis inhibitor and photosensitizing agent can be administered systemically or locally to the subject, or coated or incorporated onto, or into a device. Therefore, in some forms, a macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered locally or systemically to the subject, at the same time, or before, or after a photosensitizing agent is administered locally or systemically to the same subject.
A. Selecting Patients for Combination Therapies
In some forms, the methods include one or more steps of identifying a subject in need of cancer therapy. Therefore, methods for selecting a patient for treatment with macropinocytosis inhibition combined with PDT are provided. Typically, the subject to be treated is one with one or more solid tumors. A solid tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that usually does not contain cysts or liquid areas. Solid tumors may be benign (not cancer) , or malignant (cancer) . Examples of solid tumors are sarcomas, carcinomas, and lymphomas.
In some forms the methods characterize tumors and/or characterize the tumor microenvironment in a subject with cancer to assess the extent to which the tumor cells and/or tumor infiltrating cells or tumor associated cells express genes associated with sensitivity to combination therapy with macropinocytosis inhibition combined with PDT. For example, in some forms, tumor cells and/or tumor infiltrating cells or tumor associated cells that are sensitive to more than additive effects of combination therapy with macropinocytosis inhibition combined with PDT express genes associated with enhanced nutrient uptake, and/or show resistance to PDT prior to combination treatment. Therefore, in particular forms, the methods include one or more steps for determining whether a cell of a tumor expresses one or more of the genes and/or signaling pathways involved in enhanced nutrient uptake, increased macropinocytosis, and/or resistance to PDT. In other forms, the methods include determining whether a cell of the tumor includes one or more mutations in one or more RAS genes, such as HRAS mutations, NRAS mutations and KRAS mutations. Suitable methods of detection are known in the art. For example, in specific forms, the methods include a step of contacting the cell of the tumor with a molecule that immuno-specifically or physio-specifically binds proteins involved in or associated with enhanced macropinocytosis, or examining RNA expression for genes involved in macropinocytosis using qPCR, microarray methods, or RNA-Seq.
Methods for assessing the anti-cancer efficacy of macropinocytosis inhibition combined with PDT in a subject in need thereof are also disclosed. In some forms the methods include steps of assessing tumor size and viability in a subject prior to and following administering the combination treatment to the subject. For example, in some forms, cancer patient tumor samples are characterized prior to and following treatment with macropinocytosis inhibition combined with PDT, in order to monitor changes in tumor size and viability as well as phenotypic and/or genetic changes within the tumor microenvironment.
In some forms, the subject is a subject that has cancer, and that is currently or has previously been administered PDT for cancer, and wherein the anti-cancer response achieved following the administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with PDT is greater than the response achieved by administering PDT alone. In other forms, the subject has been previously administered a macropinocytosis inhibitor, but not in combination with PDT, and the anti-cancer response achieved following the administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with PDT is greater than the anti-cancer response achieved by administering a macropinocytosis inhibitor alone. In some forms, the cancer may have developed a resistance to the PDT when administered in the absence of the combination with a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Therefore, in some forms, the subject population being treatment is defined as one in which the cancer being treated is resistant or insensitive to PDT, or to a macropinocytosis inhibitor when administered alone.
B. Methods of Administration and Dosage Regimes
The combination therapies and treatment regimens typically include treatment of a cancer, including administering to an animal, such as a mammal, especially a human being, an effective amount of macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with PDT to treat the cancer, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent are administered together, such as part of the same composition, or administered separately and independently at the same time or at different times (i.e., administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent/PDT is separated by a finite period of time from each other) . Therefore, the term “combination” or “combined” is used to refer to concomitant, simultaneous, or sequential administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent/PDT. The macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent can be administered concomitantly (e.g., as an admixture) , separately but simultaneously (e.g., via separate intravenous lines into the same subject; one agent is given orally while the other agent is given by infusion or injection, etc. ) , or sequentially (e.g., one agent is given first followed by the second) . PDT is completed by subsequent exposure of the cancer to light having a wavelength that induces cell killing by the photosensitizing agent.
The amount of macropinocytosis inhibitor present in a pharmaceutical dosage unit, or otherwise administered to a subject can be the amount effective to reduce the proliferation, viability, or a combination thereof of the cancer cells when administered in combination with PDT. Likewise, the amount of photosensitizing agent present in a pharmaceutical dosage unit, or otherwise administered to a subject can be the amount effective to reduce the proliferation, viability, or a combination thereof of the cancer cells by PDT when administered in combination with a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Therefore, in some forms the amount of the active agents is effective to decrease or inhibit the proliferation and/or viability of the cancer cells compared to untreated control cancer cells.
In some forms, the amount of the active agents is effective to reduce, slow or halt tumor progression, or to reduce tumor burden in one or more tumors in the recipient, or a combination thereof. In some forms, the amount of the active agents is effective to alter a measurable biochemical or physiological marker. In preferred forms, administration of a macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with PDT achieves a result greater than when the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the PDT are administered alone or in isolation. For example, in some forms, the result achieved by the combination is partially or completely additive of the results achieved by the individual components alone. In the most preferred forms, the result achieved by the combination is more than additive of the results achieved by the individual components alone. In some forms, the effective amount of one or both agents used in combination is lower than the effective amount of each agent when administered separately. In some forms, the amount of one or both agents when used in the combination therapy is sub-therapeutic when used alone.
The effect of the combination therapy, or individual agents thereof can depend on the cancer to be treated or progression thereof. For example, as illustrated in the Examples below, an agent such as the photosensitizing agent Chlorin e6 (Ce6) can be used in first or second line PDT for treatment of cancer. However, over time, the cancer can develop a resistance to Ce6-based PDT. Subsequent treatment of the cancer with Ce6-based PDT in combination with a macropinocytosis inhibitor such as 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) “re-sensitizes” the cancer to PDT with Ce6 treatment. Accordingly, in some forms, the antitumor effect of the macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with PDT can be compared to the effect of the PDT alone, or the macropinocytosis inhibitor agent alone on the cancer.
A treatment regimen of the combination therapy can include one or multiple administrations of macropinocytosis inhibitor, and one or multiple administrations of PDT. In certain forms a macropinocytosis inhibitor can be administered simultaneously with a photosensitizing agent. Where a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizing agent are administered at the same time, the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent can be in the same pharmaceutical composition. In other forms a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizing agent are administered sequentially, for example, in two or more different pharmaceutical compositions. In certain forms the macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered prior to the first administration of the photosensitizing agent. In other forms the photosensitizing agent is administered prior to the first administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor. Therefore, in some forms the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent are administered to a subject on the same day. In other forms the macropinocytosis inhibitor and the photosensitizing agent are administered to the subject on different days. For example, in some forms the photosensitizing agent is administered at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 30 hours or days prior to or after administering the macropinocytosis inhibitor. In other forms, the macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or 30 hours or days prior to or after administering the photosensitizing agent. In certain forms, additive or more than additive effects of the administration of one or more macropinocytosis inhibitor in combination with one or more photosensitizing agent (s) is evident when the tumor is exposed to light having a wavelength that induces cell killing by the photosensitizing agent (s) after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 or more hours, one day, two days, three days, four days, five days, six days, one week, or more than one week following administration.
Dosage regimens or cycles of the agents can be completely or partially overlapping, or can be sequential. For example, in some forms, all such administration (s) of the macropinocytosis inhibitor occur before administration of one or more cycles of PDT (i.e., administration of the photosensitizing agent (s) , and subsequent exposure to light for PDT) . Alternatively, administration of one or more doses of the macropinocytosis inhibitor can be temporally staggered with the administration of photosensitizing agent (s) to form a uniform or non-uniform course of treatment whereby one or more doses of macropinocytosis inhibitor are administered, followed by one or more cycles of PDT. In some forms, one or more cycles of PDT is followed by one or more doses of macropinocytosis inhibitor; and one or more subsequent rounds of PDT; etc., all according to whatever schedule is selected or desired by the researcher or clinician administering the therapy.
An effective amount of one, or both of the macropinocytosis inhibitor (s) and photosensitizing agent (s) can be administered as a single unit dosage (e.g., as dosage unit) , or sub-therapeutic doses that are administered over a finite time interval. Such unit doses may be administered on a daily basis for a finite time period, such as up to 3 days, or up to 5 days, or up to 7 days, or up to 10 days, or up to 15 days or up to 20 days or up to 25 days, are all specifically contemplated.
Suppression of a cancer’s ability to grow can be measured using a biochemical assay, for example, measuring a decline in one or more biomarkers for the cancer in the blood, or by a morphometric analysis, for example by computerized tomography (CT) , magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasound. Therefore, in some forms the methods include the step of measuring the concentration of one or more biomarkers in the blood of the recipient. The measurements can be made before and after administration of the combination of a macropinocytosis inhibitor and PDT to the subject.
In some forms the methods treat a cancer that has reacquired an ability to grow following prior treatment. For example, in some forms, the cancer has acquired resistance to PDT. A cancer that has reacquired an ability to grow can be an increase in tumor growth, the emergence, reemergence, or aggravation of symptoms, or new sites of metastasis.
In further forms, the methods are used for prophylactic use, i.e., prevention, delay in onset, diminution, eradication, or delay in exacerbation of signs or symptoms after onset, and prevention of relapse. For prophylactic use, a therapeutically effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor, together with PDT is administered to a subject during early onset (e.g., upon initial signs and symptoms of cancer) , or after an established development of cancer. Prophylactic administration can be used, for example, in the chemopreventative treatment of subjects presenting precancerous lesions, and those diagnosed with early stage malignancies.
C. Cancers to be Treated
Methods of administering a macropinocytosis inhibitor prior to, or in combination with PDT are effective for enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of PDT treatment for multiple types of cancer.
In some forms, the methods treat cancers characterized by up-regulated expression of one or more genes involved in macropinocytosis, or PDT resistance. In some forms, the methods treat cancers characterized by mutation of one or more RAS genes. Cancers characterized by mutation of one or more RAS genes include pancreatic, lung, and colorectal cancers. In some forms, the cancers are characterized as having one or more KRAS-mutations, HRAS-mutations, NRAS-mutations, EGFR mutations, ALK mutations, RB1 mutations, HIF mutations, KEAP mutations, NRF mutations, or other metabolic-related mutations, or combinations thereof.
In preferred forms, the compositions and methods are effective in treating one or more symptoms of cancers of the skin, lung, liver, pancreas, brain, kidney, breast, prostate, colon and rectum, bladder, etc. In further form, the tumor is a focal lymphoma or a follicular lymphoma.
Exemplary tumor cells that can be treated according to the described methods include, but are not limited to, tumor cells of cancers, including leukemias including, but not limited to, acute leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemias such as myeloblastic, promyelocytic, myelomonocytic, monocytic, erythroleukemia leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, chronic leukemias such as, but not limited to, chronic myelocytic (granulocytic) leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, hairy cell leukemia; polycythemia vera; lymphomas such as, but not limited to, Hodgkin’s disease, non-Hodgkin’s disease; multiple myelomas such as, but not limited to, smoldering multiple myeloma, nonsecretory myeloma, osteosclerotic myeloma, plasma cell leukemia, solitary plasmacytoma and extramedullary plasmacytoma;
macroglobulinemia; monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; benign monoclonal gammopathy; heavy chain disease; bone and connective tissue sarcomas such as, but not limited to, bone sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, fibrosarcoma of bone, chordoma, periosteal sarcoma, soft-tissue sarcomas, angiosarcoma (hemangiosarcoma) , fibrosarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, lymphangiosarcoma, neurilemmoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma; brain tumors including, but not limited to, glioma, astrocytoma, brain stem glioma, ependymoma, oligodendroglioma, nonglial tumor, acoustic neurinoma, craniopharyngioma, medulloblastoma, meningioma, pineocytoma, pineoblastoma, primary brain lymphoma; breast cancer including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, lobular (small cell) carcinoma, intraductal carcinoma, medullary breast cancer, mucinous breast cancer, tubular breast cancer, papillary breast cancer, Paget’s disease, and inflammatory breast cancer; adrenal cancer, including, but not limited to, pheochromocytoma and adrenocortical carcinoma; thyroid cancer such as but not limited to papillary or follicular thyroid cancer, medullary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer; pancreatic cancer, including, but not limited to, insulinoma, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, vipoma, somatostatin-secreting tumor, and carcinoid or islet cell tumor; pituitary cancers including, but not limited to, Cushing’s disease, prolactin-secreting tumor, acromegaly, and diabetes insipius; eye cancers including, but not limited to, ocular melanoma such as iris melanoma, choroidal melanoma, and ciliary body melanoma, and retinoblastoma; vaginal cancers, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and melanoma; vulvar cancer, including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and Paget’s disease; cervical cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma; uterine cancers including, but not limited to, endometrial carcinoma and uterine sarcoma; ovarian cancers including, but not limited to, ovarian epithelial carcinoma, borderline tumor, germ cell tumor, and stromal tumor; esophageal cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cancer, adenocarcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma, plasmacytoma, verrucous carcinoma, and oat cell (small cell) carcinoma; stomach cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, fungating (polypoid) , ulcerating, superficial spreading, diffusely spreading, malignant lymphoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, and carcinosarcoma; colon cancers; rectal cancers; liver cancers including, but not limited to, hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma, gallbladder cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma; cholangiocarcinomas including, but not limited to, papillary, nodular, and diffuse; lung cancers including, but not limited to, non-small cell lung cancer, squamous cell carcinoma (epidermoid carcinoma) , adenocarcinoma, large-cell carcinoma and small-cell lung cancer; testicular cancers including, but not limited to, germinal tumor, seminoma, anaplastic, classic (typical) , spermatocytic, nonseminoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma carcinoma, choriocarcinoma (yolk-sac tumor) , prostate cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma; penal cancers; oral cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cell carcinoma; basal cancers; salivary gland cancers including, but not limited to, adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and adenoidcystic carcinoma; pharynx cancers including, but not limited to, squamous cell cancer, and verrucous; skin cancers including, but not limited to, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma, lentigo malignant melanoma, acral lentiginous melanoma; kidney cancers including, but not limited to, renal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, hypernephroma, fibrosarcoma, transitional cell cancer (renal pelvis and/or ureter) ; Wilms’ tumor; bladder cancers including, but not limited to, transitional cell carcinoma, squamous cell cancer, adenocarcinoma, carcinosarcoma. Cancers that can be prevented, treated or otherwise diminished by the compositions include myxosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, endotheliosarcoma, lymphangioendotheliosarcoma, mesothelioma, synovioma, hemangioblastoma, epithelial carcinoma, cystadenocarcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma, sweat gland carcinoma, sebaceous gland carcinoma, papillary carcinoma, papillary adenocarcinomas, and gastric cancer (for a review of such disorders, see Fishman et al., 1985, Medicine, 2d Ed., J. B. Lippincott Co., Philadelphia and Murphyet al., 1997, Informed Decisions: The Complete Book of Cancer Diagnosis, Treatment, and Recovery, Viking Penguin, Penguin Books U.S.A., Inc., United States of America) .
IV. Kits
Medical kits are also disclosed. The medical kits can include, for example, a dosage supply of an macropinocytosis inhibitor, a photosensitizer, or a combination thereof, separately or together in the same admixture. The active agents can be supplied alone (e.g., lyophilized) , or in a pharmaceutical composition. The active agents can be in a unit dosage, or in a stock that should be diluted prior to administration. In some forms, the kit includes a supply of pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The kit can also include devices for administration of the active agents or compositions, for example, syringes. The kits can include printed instructions for administering the compound in a method as described above.
The disclosed compositions and methods can be further understood through the following numbered paragraphs.
1. A pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the efficacy of photo-dynamic therapy in a subject, comprising an effective amount of a combination of a macropinocytosis inhibitor and a photosensitizer.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 1, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , cariporide, amiloride, phellodendrine chloride, wortmannin, BKM120, ZSTK474, EHT1864, EHop-016, TBOPP, FRAX597, GCS-100, cytochalasin D, LY294002, terfenadine, itraconazole, phenoxybenzamine, vinblastine, auranofin, imipramine, MLS000394177, MLS000730532 and MLS000733230.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 1 or 2, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EIPA, a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 3, wherein the dosage of EIPA is between about 0.1 mg/kg body weight and about 1,000 mg/kg body weight, inclusive.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs 1-4, wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of chlorin e6 (Ce6) , aminolevulinic acid (ALA) , Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4, m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) , mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) , Porfimer sodium and Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD verteporfin) , Photofrin, Temoporfin, Hematoporphyrin, Chlorophyll a, Tookad, Allumera, Visudyne, Metvix, Hexvix, Cysview, Laserphyrin, Antrin, Photochlor, Photosens, Photrex, Lumacan, Cevira, Visonac, BF-200 ALA, Amphinex and Azadipyrromethenes.
6. The pharmaceutical composition of any one of paragraphs 1-5, wherein the photosensitizer is chlorin e6 (Ce6) .
7. The pharmaceutical composition of paragraph 6, wherein the dosage of Ce6 is between about 1 mg/kg body weight and about 250 mg/kg body weight.
8. A method of treating cancer, comprising
(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a macropinocytosis inhibitor, and
(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,
wherein administration of the macropinocytosis inhibitor enhances the efficacy of PDT for reducing cancer cell proliferation and/or viability in the subject relative to performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject without administering the macropinocytosis inhibitor.
9. The method of paragraph 8, wherein performing PDT comprises administering an effective amount of a photosensitizing agent to the subject and exposing one or more cancer cells in the subject to light, wherein the light interacts with the photosensitizing agent to reduce proliferation and/or viability of the one or more cancer cells in the subject.
10. The method of paragraph 8 or 9, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to or after administration of the PDT to the subject.
11. The method of paragraph 9, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is administered to the subject at the same time as the administration of the photosensitizer to the subject.
12.The method of any one of paragraphs 8-11, further comprising surgery or radiation therapy.
13. The method of any one of paragraphs 8-12, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by upregulation of macropinocytosis.
14. The method of any one of paragraphs 8-13, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by up-regulation of macropinocytosis, and/or by mutations in one or more RAS genes.
15. The method of any one of paragraphs 8-14, wherein one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS.
16. The method of any one of paragraphs 8-15, wherein the cancer is breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, testicular tumor, brain cancer, gastric cancer, esophagus cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer.
17. The method of any one of paragraphs 8-16, wherein the cancer is resistant to PDT.
18. The method of any one of paragraphs 8-17, further comprising administering to the subject one or more additional active agents or procedures.
19. The method of any of paragraphs 8-18, wherein the effective amount is effective to reduce tumor size.
20. A method for treating cancer, comprising
(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , and
(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,
wherein performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject comprises administering chlorin e6 (Ce6) to the subject.
The disclosed compositions and methods can be further understood through the following non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Macropinocytosis is upregulated after PDT treatment
It was demonstrated that in a Ras-mutated macropinocytotic cancer cell line, A549, macropinocytosis activity is elevated to reconstruct the damaged organelles and to restore the nutrition balance after PDT treatment.
FITC-dextran was used as a fluorescence marker to indicate macropinocytosis activity. As shown in Figure 1, the results of confocal microscope images and flow cytometry analysis indicate that the uptake of FITC-dextran in cells was higher following PDT treatment with chlorin 6 (Ce6) , than in control cells, indicating the macropinocytosis was upregulated potentially for cell reconstruction after PDT treatment.
Example 2: Inhibition of macropinocytosis improved PDT efficiency
The cell viability of co-treatment of macropinocytosis inhibitor 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) with Ce6 mediated PDT was evaluated.
As shown in Figure 2A, A549 was more sensitive to PDT after inhibiting macropinocytosis, demonstrating the synergistic effect of macropinocytosis inhibition with PDT. The intracellular antioxidant, glutathione (GSH) , which played critical role in eliminating ROS, was quantified with a commercial kit (Abcam, ab138881) . EIPA treatment induced a great decrement of intracellular GSH concentration (Figure 2B) , presenting a redox dysregulated cell status. The macropinocytosis activity and intracellular ROS were examined with confocal microscopy. The lower tetramethylrhodamine-dextran (TMR-dextran) signal were observed in EIPA-treated cells, indicating the successful inhibition of macropinocytosis (data not shown) . Meanwhile, the significantly improved ROS level were observed in these cells, which may be the direct reason for cell death. Therefore, inhibition of macropinocytosis reduces GSH content and increases ROS level in cancer cells, resulting in the cell sensitization to PDT treatment.
Example 3: Improved macropinocytosis activity and high EIPA sensitivity in PDT-resistant cell lines.
After repeated single-mode PDT treatment, cells may gain PDT resistance (A. Casas, G. Di Venosa, T. Hasan, A. Batlle, Mechanisms of resistance to photodynamic therapy, Curr. Med. Chem. 18 (16) (2011) 2486-2515. ) .
A PDT-resistant A549 cell line (rA549) was screened after 20 cycles of PDT treatment to assess whether combination therapy with macropinocytosis inhibition and PDT could overcome or reduce the PDT resistance. rA549 cells showed high tolerance to PDT treatment (Figure 3A) , as well as higher sensitivity to EIPA treatment than A549 cells (Figure 3B) . Macropinocytosis activity was also measured through flow cytometry (Figure 3C) and expression of the protein syndecan 1 (SDC1) , which is a mediator for macropinosome formation, was also shown through western blot (Figure 3D) . The upregulation of macropinocytosis activity and SDC1 protein expression in rA549 cells were observed and indicated that PDT-resistance mechanisms involve improved macropinocytosis activity. The high sensitivity to EIPA treatment of rA549 may also result from the upregulated macropinocytosis activity, which provides a potential for using macropinocytosis inhibition to kill the PDT-resistant cell line.
Example 4: Inhibition of macropinocytosis gives rise to improved PDT efficiency in PDT-resistant cell lines.
Viability of the rA549 cells was measured after three different treatments: single-mode PDT, PDT with EIPA, and PDT with amino acid starvation medium.
As shown in Figure 4, the last two groups showed significantly decreased viability compared with the single-mode PDT-treated group. As in the amino acid starvation condition, EIPA reduced the extracellular nutrition supply for cancer cells’ reconstruction after PDT treatment, thus providing a synergistic effect for the higher antitumor efficacy.
Example 5: Inhibition of glucose or glutamine transport improved PDT efficiency
In addition, the correlation among PDT and other endocytosis or nutrient transport pathways, including glucose transport and glutamine transport pathways, was further investigated. It is hypothesized that these pathways may also play important roles in reconstructing damaged organelles and restoring nutrition balance after PDT to help the cancer cell survive. And inhibition of these pathways may also provide strategies to sensitize the cancer cells to PDT.
To verify the effect of inhibition of glucose transport pathway on PDT efficiency, the cell viability of the A549 cells was measured after four different treatments: control, Ce6 mediated PDT, a glucose transporter inhibitor Bay876, and Ce6 mediated PDT in combination with Bay876.
To verify the effect of inhibition of glutamine transport pathway on PDT efficiency, the cell viability of the A549 cells was measured after four different treatments: control, Ce6 mediated PDT, a glutamine transporter inhibitor O-Benzyl-L-Serine, and Ce6 mediated PDT in combination with O-Benzyl-L-Serine.
The results were shown in Figures 5A and 5B. The results indicated that the glucose transporter inhibitor Bay876 sensitized A549 cells to PDT treatment (Figure 5A) and the glutamine transporter inhibitor O-Benzyl-L-Serine sensitized A549 cells to PDT treatment (Figure 5B) , suggesting that blocking glucose or glutamine transport pathway enhanced PDT therapeutic efficiency.
In summary, investigation of the relationship between nutrition uptake and PDT resistance revealed one mechanism for PDT resistance, and provided a synergistic strategy involving nutrition uptake inhibition, including macropinocytosis inhibition, glucose transport inhibition and glutamine transport inhibition, in combination with PDT to overcome PDT resistance with high anticancer efficacy.
Claims (29)
- A pharmaceutical composition for enhancing the efficacy of photo-dynamic therapy in a subject, comprising an effective amount of a combination of a nutrition uptake inhibitor and a photosensitizer.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the nutrition uptake inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor and glutamine transporter inhibitor.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , cariporide, amiloride, phellodendrine chloride, wortmannin, BKM120, ZSTK474, EHT1864, EHop-016, TBOPP, FRAX597, GCS-100, cytochalasin D, LY294002, terfenadine, itraconazole, phenoxybenzamine, vinblastine, auranofin, imipramine, MLS000394177, MLS000730532 and MLS000733230.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the macropinocytosis inhibitor is 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EIPA, a prodrug, analog, or derivative of EIPA.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the dosage of EIPA is between about 0.1 mg/kg body weight and about 1,000 mg/kg body weight, inclusive.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the glucose transporter inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of Bay876, KL-11743, STF-31, WZB117, Fasentin and SW157765.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein the glucose transporter inhibitor is Bay876.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the glutamine transporter inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of O-Benzyl-L-Serine, V-9302 and GPNA hydrochloride.
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8, wherein the glutamine transporter inhibitor is O-Benzyl-L-Serine.
- The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of chlorin e6 (Ce6) , aminolevulinic acid (ALA) , Silicon Phthalocyanine Pc 4, m-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin (mTHPC) , mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) , Porfimer sodium and Benzoporphyrin derivative (BPD verteporfin) , Photofrin, Temoporfin, Hematoporphyrin, Chlorophyll a, Tookad, Allumera, Visudyne, Metvix, Hexvix, Cysview, Laserphyrin, Antrin, Photochlor, Photosens, Photrex, Lumacan, Cevira, Visonac, BF-200 ALA, Amphinex and Azadipyrromethenes.
- The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the photosensitizer is chlorin e6 (Ce6) .
- The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the dosage of Ce6 is between about 1 mg/kg body weight and about 250 mg/kg body weight.
- A method of treating cancer, comprising(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a nutrition uptake inhibitor, and(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,wherein administration of the nutrition uptake inhibitor enhances the efficacy of PDT for reducing cancer cell proliferation and/or viability in the subject relative to performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject without administering the nutrition uptake inhibitor.
- The method of claim 13, wherein performing PDT comprises administering an effective amount of a photosensitizing agent to the subject and exposing one or more cancer cells in the subject to light, wherein the light interacts with the photosensitizing agent to reduce proliferation and/or viability of the one or more cancer cells in the subject.
- The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the nutrition uptake inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of macropinocytosis inhibitor, glucose transporter inhibitor and glutamine transporter inhibitor.
- The method of any one of claims 13-15, wherein the nutrition uptake inhibitor is administered to the subject 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, or 24 hours, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 days, 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, or any combination thereof prior to or after administration of the PDT to the subject.
- The method of claim 14, wherein the nutrition uptake inhibitor is administered to the subject at the same time as the administration of the photosensitizer to the subject.
- The method of any one of claims 13-17, further comprising surgery or radiation therapy.
- The method of any one of claims 13-18, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by increased nutrition uptake.
- The method of claim 19, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by upregulation of one or more of macropinocytosis, glucose transport and glutamine transport.
- The method of any one of claims 13-20, wherein the cancer to be treated is characterized by up-regulation of macropinocytosis, and/or by mutations in one or more RAS genes.
- The method of claim 21 , wherein one or more genes are selected from the group consisting of KRAS, HRAS and NRAS.
- The method of any one of claims 13-22, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, prostate cancer, testicular tumor, brain cancer, gastric cancer, esophagus cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer.
- The method of any one of claims 13-23, wherein the cancer is resistant to PDT.
- The method of any one of claims 13-24, further comprising administering to the subject one or more additional active agents or procedures.
- The method of any of claims 13-25, wherein the effective amount is effective to reduce tumor size.
- A method for treating cancer, comprising(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of a 5- (N-Ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA) , and(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,wherein performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject comprises administering chlorin e6 (Ce6) to the subject.
- A method for treating cancer, comprising(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of Bay876, and(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,wherein performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject comprises administering chlorin e6 (Ce6) to the subject.
- A method for treating cancer, comprising(a) administering to a subject with cancer an effective amount of O-Benzyl-L-Serine, and(b) performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject,wherein performing photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the subject comprises administering chlorin e6 (Ce6) to the subject.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN202280034093.2A CN117295522A (en) | 2021-05-14 | 2022-05-12 | Compositions and methods for megalin inhibitors and photodynamic therapy for the treatment of cancer |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202163188803P | 2021-05-14 | 2021-05-14 | |
US63/188,803 | 2021-05-14 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2022237864A1 true WO2022237864A1 (en) | 2022-11-17 |
Family
ID=84028099
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/CN2022/092398 WO2022237864A1 (en) | 2021-05-14 | 2022-05-12 | Compositions and methods of macropinocytosis inhibitors and photodynamic therapy to treat cancers |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN117295522A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022237864A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106924731A (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-07 | 复旦大学 | One kind is based on PDT and chemotherapeutic combination tumor targeted therapy system |
CN108653288A (en) * | 2018-05-29 | 2018-10-16 | 福建医科大学孟超肝胆医院 | A kind of weary oxygen responsive polymer nanoparticle and its application |
CN109172824A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-01-11 | 中南大学湘雅三医院 | A kind of pharmaceutical composition and preparation method thereof for treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma |
CN111744014A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-10-09 | 新疆医科大学 | Photodynamic combined medicine composition and preparation method and application thereof |
CN112618727A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-04-09 | 中国药科大学 | Preparation for enhancing photodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumor and preparation method and application thereof |
-
2022
- 2022-05-12 WO PCT/CN2022/092398 patent/WO2022237864A1/en unknown
- 2022-05-12 CN CN202280034093.2A patent/CN117295522A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN106924731A (en) * | 2015-12-30 | 2017-07-07 | 复旦大学 | One kind is based on PDT and chemotherapeutic combination tumor targeted therapy system |
CN108653288A (en) * | 2018-05-29 | 2018-10-16 | 福建医科大学孟超肝胆医院 | A kind of weary oxygen responsive polymer nanoparticle and its application |
CN109172824A (en) * | 2018-11-26 | 2019-01-11 | 中南大学湘雅三医院 | A kind of pharmaceutical composition and preparation method thereof for treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma |
CN111744014A (en) * | 2020-05-29 | 2020-10-09 | 新疆医科大学 | Photodynamic combined medicine composition and preparation method and application thereof |
CN112618727A (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2021-04-09 | 中国药科大学 | Preparation for enhancing photodynamic therapy of hypoxic tumor and preparation method and application thereof |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
GUI LI, ZHOU JIAHONG, ZHOU LIN, WEI SHAOHUA: "A smart copper-phthalocyanine framework nanoparticle for enhancing photodynamic therapy in hypoxic conditions by weakening cells through ATP depletion", JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. B, vol. 6, no. 14, 1 January 2018 (2018-01-01), GB , pages 2078 - 2088, XP093004956, ISSN: 2050-750X, DOI: 10.1039/C8TB00334C * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN117295522A (en) | 2023-12-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US20210030771A1 (en) | Combination therapies and methods of use thereof for treating cancer | |
US8911786B2 (en) | Nanoparticle comprising rapamycin and albumin as anticancer agent | |
Yan et al. | Improved photodynamic therapy efficacy of protoporphyrin IX-loaded polymeric micelles using erlotinib pretreatment | |
Filonenko et al. | 5-Aminolevulinic acid in intraoperative photodynamic therapy of bladder cancer (results of multicenter trial) | |
Satouchi et al. | Efficacy and safety of weekly nab-paclitaxel plus carboplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer | |
Ganthala et al. | Co-encapsulated nanoparticles of Erlotinib and Quercetin for targeting lung cancer through nuclear EGFR and PI3K/AKT inhibition | |
CN101730526A (en) | Nanoparticle comprising rapamycin and albumin as anticancer agent | |
JP2022081527A (en) | Use of bipolar trans carotenoids with chemotherapy and radiotherapy for treatment of cancer | |
Mondon et al. | MPEG‐hexPLA micelles as novel carriers for hypericin, a fluorescent marker for use in cancer diagnostics | |
CN106344924B (en) | It is a kind of combine metabolic block nano-formulation and its drug resistance inversion application | |
Yu et al. | Self‐Assembled Nanoparticle‐Mediated Chemophototherapy Reverses the Drug Resistance of Bladder Cancers through Dual AKT/ERK Inhibition | |
WO2022237864A1 (en) | Compositions and methods of macropinocytosis inhibitors and photodynamic therapy to treat cancers | |
EP2296706A2 (en) | Photochemical internalisation of kinase inhibitors | |
Hu et al. | Enhanced uptake and improved anti-tumor efficacy of doxorubicin loaded fibrin gel with liposomal apatinib in colorectal cancer | |
Dai et al. | One pot preparation of muti-mode nanoplatform to combat ovarian cancer | |
EP3873485A1 (en) | Flavin adenine dinucleotide (fad) for use in the prevention and/or treatment of cancer | |
US20230020319A1 (en) | Compositions and methods for optochemical control of mtor signaling and mtor-dependent autophagy | |
Feng et al. | Drug Self‐Delivery Nanocubes Enhance O2‐Economized Photodynamic‐Immunotherapy of Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer by Downregulating Wnt/β‐catenin Signaling | |
EP4000602A1 (en) | Novel zn(ii)-nsaid-complex composition | |
TWI607766B (en) | Nucleic acid, medical nanoparticle(s), and pharmaceutical composition thereof | |
AU2015271950B2 (en) | Nanoparticle comprising rapamycin and albumin as anticancer agent | |
Umar et al. | Platinum-based targeted chemotherapies and reversal of cisplatin resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | |
WO2022265880A1 (en) | Improved methods and compositions for drug delivery relating to ionic liquids | |
CN115887416A (en) | Targeting nano preparation for treating melanoma and carrier and application thereof | |
WO2020014522A1 (en) | Binary lipid bilayer-containing vesicles comprising embedded cytotoxic agents and methods of making and using the same |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22806826 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |