WO2022230318A1 - 量子計算制御装置、量子コンピュータ及び量子計算制御方法 - Google Patents
量子計算制御装置、量子コンピュータ及び量子計算制御方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a quantum computation control device, a quantum computer, and a quantum computation control method.
- Patent Document 1 A superconducting decoding quantum computing circuit with a three-dimensional structure in which signal lines enter and leave the qubit from the bottom surface or top surface of the substrate has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the present invention has been made in view of these problems, and its purpose is to reduce the number of wires in a device using quantum bits. Another object of the present invention is to achieve robust control against variations in circuit parameters even if the number of wires is reduced.
- a quantum computation control device includes a control signal generation unit, an observation unit that receives an observation signal indicating the state of each qubit, and a qubit module.
- the qubit module includes a qubit substrate section on which a plurality of qubits are mounted, a control circuit section, an observation circuit section, and a signal processing circuit section.
- the plurality of qubits are grouped into a plurality of groups each composed of a plurality of qubits having the same positional relationship among the qubits, and arranged on the qubit substrate.
- the control signal generator performs one or more types of spatially uniform first operations and one or more types of first operations less frequently on the qubits on the qubit substrate.
- a control signal for performing a second, spatially non-uniform operation to be performed and command signals for causing the control circuitry to perform control of the first and second operations are generated.
- the control circuit section divides the control signal into groups and controls transmission of the control signal to each quantum bit on the quantum bit substrate section according to the command signal.
- the observation circuitry observes the state of each quantum bit subjected to the first operation or the second operation.
- the signal processing circuit unit transmits an observation signal of each quantum bit to the observation unit.
- the number of wires in a device using quantum bits can be reduced.
- control circuit unit transmits control signals to all the qubits on the qubit substrate unit in the first operation based on the command signal, and performs the second operation.
- transmission of the control signal may be controlled so as to transmit the control signal only to a specific control target qubit on the qubit substrate unit.
- the first operation may be a syndrome extraction operation and the second operation may be a logical quantum gate operation.
- the signal processing circuit section may perform quantum error correction decoding processing.
- control circuit unit transmits a common control signal to each group of the qubit substrate units in the first operation based on the command signal, and in the second operation may send control signals individually to each qubit on the qubit substrate.
- the control signal generation unit and the quantum bit module are connected.
- the number of wires may be k'+s or less.
- the signal processing circuit unit transmits only the quantum state of the logical qubit to which the error correction processing is applied to the observation unit, thereby reducing wiring that connects the observation unit and the qubit module. You can reduce the number.
- the ratio between the frequency of the first operation and the frequency of the second operation is d or more good too.
- the qubits may be solid-state qubits.
- At least the qubit module may be placed inside the refrigerator.
- the qubits may be qubits that operate at cryogenic temperatures, including superconducting qubits.
- control circuit section may include a memory that stores the waveform of the control signal.
- quantum computer includes the quantum computation control device of any of the above-described embodiments.
- Yet another aspect of the present invention is a quantum computation control method using a quantum bit substrate section, a control circuit section, an observation circuit section, and a signal processing circuit section.
- This method is an operation for a plurality of qubits arranged on the qubit substrate portion by grouping them into a plurality of groups each composed of a plurality of qubits having the same positional relationship between the qubits.
- the number of wires in a device using quantum bits can be reduced.
- the number of wires in a device using quantum bits can be reduced. Moreover, even if the number of wirings is reduced, it is possible to realize robust control against variations in circuit parameters.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a conventional quantum computer;
- FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a quantum computation control device according to a first embodiment;
- FIG. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a unit cell of a qubit arranged on a qubit substrate.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing qubits arranged in groups on a qubit substrate;
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing how a syndrome extraction operation and a logic quantum gate operation are performed;
- FIG. 3 is a detailed diagram of a control signal generator, a qubit substrate, and a control circuit of the quantum computation controller of FIG. 2;
- 3 is a detailed diagram of a control switch of the quantum computation controller of FIG. 2;
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing control switches related to the syndrome extraction operation; Fig. 10 shows the control switches involved in the syndrome extraction operation and the subsequent logic quantum gate operation; FIG. 10 is a detailed diagram of a quantum bit substrate section and a control circuit section of a quantum computation control device according to a second embodiment; FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a quantum computation control method according to a fourth embodiment; FIG. It is a functional block diagram of a quantum computation control device according to a modification.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing qubits arranged in a square lattice;
- qubits and associated electronic circuits are placed inside a refrigerator.
- the inside of the refrigerator is kept at a low temperature of several K (Kelvin) to several tens of mK (milliKelvin).
- superconducting qubits are placed under cryogenic temperatures of the order of 10 mK.
- syndrome extraction operations and logic quantum gate operations for quantum error correction processing on qubits are performed from a control device or PC placed outside the refrigerator.
- the outside of such a refrigerator is normally in a normal temperature environment.
- the observation signal output from the quantum bit is also observed by a measuring device placed in a room temperature environment outside the refrigerator.
- Conventionally, such manipulations and observations have been performed mainly using software. For this reason, it is necessary to connect the electronic circuits in the refrigerator and the device under the normal temperature environment with a large number of cables. For example, if the total number of qubits is N, typically 2 ⁇ N cables are required to individually control and observe each qubit.
- the cables used for such wiring are radio coaxial or microwave coaxial and have dimensions of a few millimeters. Since this is larger than the wiring used in current integrated circuits, it poses a major problem in integration. Therefore, in order to integrate a superconducting quantum computer, it is important to reduce the number of wires connecting the refrigerator and the normal temperature environment.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the configuration of a conventional quantum computer 100.
- Quantum computer 100 includes control device 101 , observation device 102 , qubit substrate 103 on which qubits are mounted, first electronic circuit 104 , and second electronic circuit 105 .
- the control device 101 and observation device 102 are placed in a normal temperature environment.
- the qubit substrate 103 and the first electronic circuit 104 are placed in a cryogenic environment of about 0.01 K inside the refrigerator 106 .
- the second electronic circuit 105 is placed in a low temperature environment of about 4K inside the refrigerator 106 .
- Control device 101 and refrigerator 106 are connected by control line 107 .
- Observation device 102 and refrigerator 106 are connected by observation line 108 .
- N be the number of qubits mounted on the qubit substrate 103 . It is said that N is practically required to be about 10 8 . Therefore, N control lines 107 and N observation lines 108 are required to independently control and observe all the qubits on the qubit substrate 103, and the total number of these lines is 2 ⁇ 10 8 . As described above, in the current method, which requires such a large number of wirings, it is difficult to integrate the device due to the limitation of the space inside the refrigerator and the cooling capacity.
- quantum computers use quantum error correction using surface codes (hereinafter simply referred to as "codes”) as a method for protecting information from noise.
- codes surface codes
- one logical qubit is redundantly encoded using a plurality of physical qubits (hereinafter, “physical qubits” are simply abbreviated as “qubits”).
- qubits are arranged in a grid on a two-dimensional plane. Increasing the size of the lattice (ie, increasing the number of physical qubits) can increase code redundancy and increase error resilience.
- Quantum bit operations in quantum computers handled in this specification are roughly divided into “syndrome extraction operations” and “logical quantum gate operations”.
- a syndrome extraction operation (an operation to read syndrome bits at high speed for quantum error correction) is an operation that has translational symmetry in a two-dimensional space (that is, the positional relationship between quantum bits is the same). It is to perform the same control operation on multiple groups composed of a certain number of qubits).
- the control signal for the syndrome extraction operation can be generated by the control signal generation unit, branched by the control circuit unit, and transmitted to each quantum bit group.
- the syndrome extraction operation is a spatially uniform operation. Furthermore, the syndrome extraction operation is performed periodically in time.
- logical quantum gate operations on qubits do not have spatial translational symmetry. That is, a control signal for logical quantum gate operation is transmitted only to a specific control target qubit. In other words, logical quantum gate operations are spatially non-uniform operations. Logical quantum gate operations are performed between syndrome extraction operations that are performed periodically and repeatedly.
- the frequency of logical quantum gate operations is lower than the frequency of syndrome extraction operations.
- the code length of the logical qubit formed by the physical qubit is d
- the ratio of the frequency of the syndrome extraction operation and the frequency of the logical quantum gate operation is d or more, the logical quantum after error correction Bits enable logical quantum gate operations.
- FIG. 2 shows a functional block diagram of the quantum computation control device 1 according to the first embodiment.
- the quantum computation control device 1 includes a control signal generator 11 , an observer 12 and a quantum bit module 13 .
- the qubit module 13 includes a qubit substrate section 14 on which a plurality of qubits are mounted, a control circuit section 15 , an observation circuit section 16 and a signal processing circuit section 17 .
- the control signal generation section 11 and the control circuit section 15 are connected by a control line 20 .
- the observation section 12 and the signal processing circuit section 17 are connected by an observation line 21 .
- the qubit substrate section 14 and the control circuit section 15 are connected by a first internal wiring 22 .
- the qubit substrate section 14 and the observation circuit section 16 are connected by a second internal wiring 23 .
- the observation circuit section 16 and the signal processing circuit section 17 are connected by a third observation line 24 .
- the control signal generation unit 11 generates control signals for performing operations on the qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14 and command signals for causing the control circuit unit 15 to control these operations. These control and command signals will be described in detail later.
- the observation unit 12 receives an observation signal indicating the state of each quantum bit.
- a plurality of qubits are mounted on the qubit substrate section 14 . These qubits are grouped into a plurality of groups each composed of a plurality of qubits having the same positional relationship, and arranged on the qubit substrate section 14 . This grouping will be described in detail later.
- the control circuit unit 15 branches control signals into the above groups, and controls transmission of control signals to the respective qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14 according to the command signal generated by the control signal generation unit 11 .
- the observation circuit unit 16 observes the state of each quantum bit subjected to the above operation.
- the signal processing circuit unit 17 transmits the observation signal of each quantum bit to the observation unit 12.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the quantum bits arranged on the quantum bit substrate section 14 in this embodiment.
- Each quantum bit is regularly arranged in a two-dimensional space. Specifically, this arrangement has one qubit at each vertex, edge, and interior (a total of 4 qubits, with 1/4 qubits at the vertices and 1/2 qubits on the edges). It has a structure in which the provided rectangular configuration (hereinafter referred to as "unit cell") is repeated in two dimensions. That is, the quantum bits are arranged on the quantum bit substrate 14 so as to have translational symmetry.
- the qubits located on the sides of the unit cell are used to form a code and called data qubits.
- the qubits located in the vertex and unit cell are used as auxiliary qubits for observing the quantum state of the data qubits by cross-resonant gating operations, and are called syndrome qubits.
- These qubits may be fixed-frequency transmon-type qubits, each having a unique resonant frequency.
- the qubit is a transmon-type qubit and the cross-resonant gate is adopted as a two-qubit gate.
- 10 types of quantum bit frequency relationships are assigned, such as syndrome qubits AE and data qubits ae in FIG.
- a square lattice G1 as shown in FIG. 9 is defined.
- the lattice G1 spans multiple unit cells, it has translational symmetry in units of 20 qubits due to the role determined by the sign and the method of operation in the extraction operation.
- FIG. 4 clearly shows gratings G1, G2, G3 and G4 as representatives of such gratings.
- Gratings G1, G2, G3 and G4 have identical qubit arrangements.
- GP all have the same geometrical qubit arrangement. That is, the qubits on the qubit substrate 14 are grouped and arranged in groups each composed of a plurality of qubits having the same positional relationship among the qubits. In other words, these qubits are repeatedly arranged in a tile shape (lattice G1, G2, G3, G4, .
- the above lattice may also be referred to as a "group”.
- the syndrome extraction operation for quantum error correction can be commonly performed on all lattices.
- a control line is connected to each of the k (20 in this example) qubits that make up the lattice G1, and control for the syndrome extraction operation is performed.
- the syndrome extraction operation can then be performed on grids G2, G3, G4, . . . , GP using the same control signals as for grid G1.
- the control signal transmitted from the control circuit unit 15 to the qubit substrate unit 14 is periodically and repeatedly transmitted in units of lattices (groups) to be controlled. In other words, the syndrome extraction operation is periodically performed temporally.
- the syndrome extraction operation can be commonly performed on all lattices.
- the control line 20 connecting the control signal generator 11 and the control circuit unit 15 is made common among the grids (groups), and then branched to each grid (group) by the control circuit unit 15. , the number of wires can be reduced.
- the number of wires can be reduced. For example, if the total number of qubits on the qubit substrate 14 is N, the number of lattices (groups) is N/k.
- the syndrome extraction operation can be performed in common for all lattices, so there are as many control lines 20 as there are qubits in the lattice (group). Therefore, the number of control lines, which conventionally required the order of the total number N of quantum bits, can be reduced to k/N (fold).
- the control line for the syndrome extraction operation can be shared by utilizing the code symmetry and the grouping of the qubits.
- an operation having spatial translational symmetry such as a syndrome extraction operation will be referred to as a "first operation".
- a logical quantum gate operation is performed by manipulating a specific target qubit during a syndrome extraction operation that is periodically and repeatedly performed. That is, logical quantum gate operations do not have spatial translational symmetry and temporal periodicity. Therefore, unlike the syndrome extraction operation, the logical quantum gate operation cannot be performed commonly on the lattices (groups) described above. That is, a control signal for logical quantum gate operation needs to be transmitted only to a specific control target quantum bit. Therefore, the logical quantum gate operation cannot be executed simply by sharing the control line 20 and branching it to each lattice (group).
- an operation without translational symmetry (more generally, a spatially non-uniform operation) such as a logical quantum gate operation will be referred to as a "second operation".
- the number of syndrome extraction operations (quantum error correction) required for one logical quantum gate operation is determined by the code length d (d>1) of the quantum bit. Typically, the number of syndrome extraction operations required is d or more. Therefore, in this case, the ratio between the frequency of the syndrome extraction operation and the frequency of the logic quantum gate operation (the ratio of the execution time of the syndrome extraction operation to the execution time of the logic quantum gate operation) is d or more.
- FIG. 5 schematically shows how the syndrome extraction operation and the logical quantum gate operation are performed.
- lattices G1, G2, and G3 are shown representatively, and each lattice contains 6 qubits. It should be noted that the boxes labeled "syndrome extraction operation" in FIG. 5 mean the same processing, and FIG. 5 shows that this is periodically performed in terms of time.
- the arrangement of qubits on the lattice described above is an example, and is not limited to this.
- FIG. 13 schematically shows qubits arranged in lattices GI, GII, GIII, and GIV different from FIG.
- four types of syndrome qubits AD and four types of data qubits xw that is, eight types of qubits in total are assigned.
- a surface code which is one of the error-correcting codes with translational symmetry, requires only close interaction. That is, no interaction between remote qubits is required. For example, in qubits that are tightly packed in a two-dimensional lattice, it is sufficient if two-qubit gates can be performed only next to adjacent qubits.
- qubits are classified into two types of qubits with different roles.
- One is a qubit for holding a quantum state called a data qubit.
- the other is a qubit for detecting the parity value of the data qubit, which is called a syndrome qubit.
- Data qubits and syndrome qubits are staggered on a square lattice. That is, adjacent qubits above, below, to the left, and to the right of the data qubit are syndrome qubits, and vice versa.
- quantum error correcting codes do not allow direct observation of data qubit values, but allow parity values to be obtained.
- parity values are aggregated into syndrome qubits by executing four 2-qubit gates for one data qubit. Quantum entanglement is used in this process. By measuring only the syndrome qubits, the parity value of the data qubits can be obtained.
- This parity value is obtained by calculating the sum of the bit values (0 in mod 2 for even numbers, 1 in mod 2 for odd numbers) using a two-qubit gate and observing the syndrome qubits. be done.
- Fig. 13 the squares in Fig. 13 are color-coded with two shades of gray.
- the parity value for Quantum error correction constructs a parity check matrix from the parity provided by the syndrome qubits for bit flipping and corrects bit flipping errors through the decoding process.
- Quantum error correction also constructs a parity check matrix from the parity values provided by the syndrome qubits for phase reversal and corrects phase reversal errors through the decoding process.
- the square grid is filled with squares of two shades of gray (areas of responsibility for syndrome extraction).
- the qubit is They are classified as (1) data qubits and (2) syndrome qubits, which are staggered in a square lattice.
- the syndrome qubit is (2-A) obtains a parity value related to bit inversion and (2-B) obtains a parity related to phase inversion.
- the present inventors controlled the transmission of control signals to the qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14, and used the configuration in which the aforementioned control line 20 was shared to perform the first operation and the second operation. I have found that it is possible to do both. For example, in the first operation, a control signal is sent to all the qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14, and in the second operation, only to specific control target qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14 Both the first operation and the second operation can be performed by controlling the sending of the control signal to send the control signal.
- FIG. 6 shows the details of the control signal generation unit 11, the quantum bit substrate unit 14, and the control circuit unit 15 of the quantum computation control device 1.
- the control circuit unit 15 includes an instruction decoder 151, a maximum of N ⁇ k′ (N is the total number of qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14, k′ is the number of control signal lines described below) control switches 152, Prepare.
- the control line 20 connecting the control signal generation unit 11 and the control circuit unit 15 includes k′ (k ⁇ k′ ⁇ N) control signal lines 201 and s command signal lines 202 .
- FIG. 7 shows the details of the control switch 152 of the control circuit section 15 of the quantum computation control device 1.
- Control switches 152 are arranged in a matrix.
- Each row (horizontal alignment) of this matrix corresponds to the qubit control lines 221 , 222 , 223 , and each column (vertical alignment) corresponds to the control signal line 201 .
- the rows of this matrix are referred to as 1st row, 2nd row, . . . , 18th row from the bottom.
- the columns of this matrix are referred to as the 1st column, the 2nd column, . . . , the 10th column from the left.
- the control signal lines 201 are drawn in the horizontal direction in FIG.
- Each control switch 152 is composed of one input, one output, and one switch control line (not shown).
- the control switch 152 operates to output or not to output the control signal input to the input line to the output line (that is, performs ON/OFF operation) according to the enable signal input to the switch control line.
- the control signal generated by the control signal generation unit 11 is input to the control circuit unit 15 through k′ control signal lines 201 .
- Each control signal input to the control circuit section 15 is P-branched for grids G1, G2, G3, .
- the command signal generated by the control signal generator 11 is input to the command decoder 151 through the command signal line 202 .
- the instruction decoder 151 decodes the input instruction signal and sequentially instructs each control switch 152 on/off timing of the output of the control switch through the switch control line.
- the total number of switch control lines is N ⁇ k'. Also, since the number of signal lines is s, a maximum of 2 s kinds of instructions can be provided by decoding.
- the control signal for executing the first operation generated by the control signal generator 11 is applied to all lattices (G1, G2, G3, . . . , GP), the control switch 152 is controlled so that the corresponding qubits are sent out at the same timing.
- Fig. 8 shows the control switches related to the syndrome extraction operation.
- the control switches used for the syndrome extraction operation are SW(1,6), SW(2,5), SW(3,4), SW(4,3), SW(5,2), SW(6,1), SW(7,6), SW(8,5), SW(9,4), SW(10,3), SW(11,2), SW(12,1), SW (13, 6), SW (14, 5), SW (15, 4), SW (16, 3), SW (17, 2), SW (18, 1), 18 in total.
- the command signal turns on only the switch related to the specific control target qubit among the N ⁇ k′ control switches 152 .
- the control signal for executing the second operation generated by the control signal generation unit 11 is sent only to the specific control target qubit on the qubit substrate unit 14 .
- FIG. 9 extracts and shows only the necessary control switches related to the first operation and the subsequent second operation.
- Quantum bits included in each lattice G1, G2, G3 are denoted by Q1, Q2, . . . , Q6 in order from the top.
- each qubit on the qubit substrate 14 is expressed as Q(G1, Q1) using lattice numbers G1, G2, G3 and qubit numbers Q1, Q2, . . . , Q6 in each lattice. , Q (G1, Q2), ..., Q (G1, Q6), Q (G2, Q1), ..., Q (G2, Q6), Q (G3, Q1), ..., Q (G3, Q6) .
- the control signal line 201 includes ten control signal lines 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 20110.
- Instruction A and instruction B are indicated by upward and downward triangles, respectively.
- Commands A and B command simultaneous and independent control of 10 qubits to be controlled, respectively.
- Instruction A is Q(G1, Q1), Q(G1, Q2), Q(G2, Q1), Q(G2, Q3), Q(G2, Q4), Q(G2, Q6), Q(G3, Q3), Q (G3, Q4), Q (G3, Q5), and Q (G3, Q6) are controlled.
- Instruction B is Q(G1, Q2), Q(G1, Q3), Q(G1, Q4), Q(G2, Q1), Q(G2, Q2), Q(G2, Q5), Q(G2, Q6), Q (G3, Q4), Q (G3, Q5), and Q (G3, Q6) are to be controlled.
- Control signal line 2011 carries control signals for the syndrome extraction operation, and instruction A and instruction B for Q(G2, Q1).
- Control signal lines 2012 carry control signals for the syndrome extraction operation, and instruction A and instruction B for Q(G1, Q2).
- Control signal lines 2013 carry control signals for the syndrome extraction operation and instruction A for Q(G3, Q3) and instruction B for Q(G1, Q3).
- Control signal lines 2014 carry control signals for the syndrome extraction operation, and instruction A and instruction B for Q(G3, Q4).
- Control signal line 2015 carries control signals for the syndrome extraction operation, and instruction A and instruction B for Q(G3, Q5).
- Control signal line 2016 carries control signals for the syndrome extraction operation and for instruction A and instruction B for Q(G2, Q6).
- Control signal line 2017 carries control signals for instruction A for Q(G2, Q3) and instruction B for Q(G2, Q2).
- Control signal line 2018 carries control signals for instruction A and instruction B to Q(G3, Q6).
- Control signal line 2019 carries control signals for instruction A for Q(G1, Q1) and instruction B for Q(G1, Q4).
- Control signal line 20110 carries control signals for instruction A for Q(G2, Q4) and instruction B for Q(G2, Q5).
- SW(1,6), SW(2,5), SW(3,4), SW(4,3), SW(5,2), SW(6,1) , SW(7,6), SW(8,5), SW(9,4), SW(10,3), SW(11,2), SW(12,1), SW(13,6), SW (14, 5), SW (15, 4), SW (16, 3), SW (17, 2) and SW (18, 1) are turned on.
- the switching operations when executing the logic quantum gate operations of instruction A are as follows. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G1, Q1), SW(6, 9) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G1, Q2), SW(5,2) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G2, Q1), SW(12, 1) is turned on. When executing the logical quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G2, Q3), SW(10, 3) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G2, Q4), SW(9, 4) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G2, Q6), SW(7,6) is turned on.
- SW(16, 3) When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G3, Q3), SW(16, 3) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G3, Q4), SW(15, 4) is turned on. When executing the logical quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G3, Q5), SW(14, 5) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction A on Q(G3, Q6), SW(13, 8) is turned on.
- the switching operations when executing the logical quantum gate operations of instruction B are as follows.
- SW(5, 2) is turned on.
- SW(4, 3) is turned on.
- SW(3, 9) is turned on.
- SW(12, 1) is turned on.
- SW(11,7) is turned on.
- SW(8, 10) is turned on.
- SW(7,6) When executing the logical quantum gate operation of instruction B on Q(G2, Q6), SW(7,6) is turned on. When executing the logical quantum gate operation of instruction B on Q(G3, Q4), SW(15, 4) is turned on. When executing the logic quantum gate operation of instruction B on Q(G3, Q5), SW(14, 5) is turned on. When executing the logical quantum gate operation of instruction B on Q(G3, Q6), SW(13, 8) is turned on.
- control signal line 2011 and the control signal line 2019 correspond to the control of Q (G1, Q1).
- Control signal line 2016 is used for syndrome extraction operations via SW(6,1).
- Control signal line 2019 is used for logic quantum gate operation via SW(6,9).
- Q(G1, Q1) a plurality of control lines correspond to one quantum bit. The same applies to Q(1,4), Q(2,2), Q(2,3), Q(2,4), Q(2,5) and Q(3,6).
- one control line corresponds to one quantum bit.
- control circuit unit 15 sends control signals to all the qubits on the qubit substrate unit 14 in the first operation based on the command signal, and in the second operation, The transmission of the control signal is controlled so that the control signal is transmitted only to a specific control target quantum bit on the quantum bit substrate section 14 .
- control circuit unit 15 transmits a common control signal to each group of the qubit substrate unit 14 in the first operation based on the command signal generated by the control signal generation unit 11, and in the second operation may individually transmit a control signal to each qubit on the qubit substrate unit 14 .
- This allows a spatially uniform first operation to be performed commonly to all groups, while a spatially non-uniform second operation performed less frequently than the first operation is performed on a specific quantum. Can only be executed on bits.
- the quantum bit module 13 including the control circuit section 15, the observation circuit section 16, and the signal processing circuit section 17 described above is preferably implemented using hardware. As described above, in this embodiment, the quantum bit module 13 can be placed in the refrigerator by offloading the quantum computation processing conventionally performed by software to hardware.
- the number of control lines 20 can be increased to k'+s. can.
- the number of control lines which conventionally required the order of the total number N of quantum bits, can be reduced to (k'+s)/N (fold).
- the number of 20 can be k'+s. Furthermore, when the frequencies of the control signals are different, it is possible to save lines by performing frequency multiplexing in the control signal generator 11 . Also, when the control signal is a digital signal, it is possible to save lines by time-division multiplexing. In such a case, the number of control lines 20 can be set to k'+s or less.
- the signal processing circuit unit 17 may perform quantum error correction decoding processing. Quantum error correction requires a large number of fast reads. For example, error information of 1 logical qubit consisting of 2000 physical qubits generates information of about 1 Gbps. This output signal is used only for estimating errors in the qubit.
- the signal bandwidth between the refrigerator and the room temperature environment can be reduced by executing the quantum error correction decoding process (estimation process of the error location) under the low temperature environment inside the refrigerator. For example, by using a signal processing circuit using a superconducting digital logic circuit, the circuit can be operated online. That is, there is no need to hold the acquired signal in the circuit, and the information used for estimating the error location can be discarded.
- the signal bandwidth between the refrigerator and the room temperature environment is reduced, and wiring for connecting the refrigerator and the room temperature environment can be reduced.
- the observation lines which conventionally required the order of the total number N of qubits, to only the observation lines of the data qubits after error correction. Note that the number of observation lines can be further reduced by multiplexing processing or the like.
- the outline of the quantum error correction decoding process is as follows. Performing the above first operation once on a qubit yields information about the qubit error. The error location is estimated for this error information, and the inversion information of the quantum bit value is stored in the signal processing circuit section 17 . On the other hand, some of the second operations mentioned above obtain information about the qubits (eg, parity values, logical qubit values, etc.). The values obtained after executing the instructions for such operations are modified by the stored inversion information of the qubit values.
- the quantum bit module 13 is placed in a cryogenic environment of about 0.01 K inside the refrigerator 18, and the control signal generator 11 and the observation unit 12 are placed in a normal temperature environment.
- the qubit module 13 may be placed in a cryogenic environment inside a refrigerator.
- the control signal generation unit 11 and the observation unit 12 may be distributed in a room temperature environment to a low temperature environment.
- not all components within the qubit module 13 within the refrigerator 18 need be placed under cryogenic temperatures of the order of 0.01K.
- only the qubit substrate section 14 of the qubit module 13 is placed under an extremely low temperature of about 0.01 K, and the control circuit section 15, the observation circuit section 16, the signal processing circuit section 17, etc. It may be placed in a high temperature environment of several K or several 100 mK.
- This embodiment is effective when applied to a superconducting quantum computer.
- the qubits mounted on the qubit substrate are superconducting qubits.
- the qubit module is placed in a low temperature environment.
- the qubits may be, for example, solid-state qubits.
- the qubit module may be in a room temperature environment. Both the above-described first and second operations can be performed on such a qubit module as well, using hardware consisting of an instruction decoder and a control switch.
- FIG. 10 shows details of the quantum bit substrate section 14 and the control circuit section 15 of the quantum computation control device 2 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 10 corresponds to FIG.
- the quantum computation control device 2 further includes a waveform memory 153 in contrast to the quantum computation control device 1 of FIG.
- Other configurations of the quantum computation control device 2 are common to the quantum computation control device 1 .
- the waveform memory 153 stores the waveform of the control signal generated by the control signal generator 11 for executing the first operation.
- the waveform memory 153 may store, for example, k kinds of signal waveforms for one cycle.
- the waveform memory 153 reads the stored signal waveform and inputs it to the control switch 152 when the first operation is performed.
- the waveform of the control signal once generated may be stored in the waveform memory 153 and read out periodically for use. Then, when the control signal generator 11 generates a new signal waveform, the stored signal waveform may be rewritten with the new signal waveform.
- control signal input from the control signal generator 11 to the control circuit unit 15 during operation is only the control signal for executing the second operation. bandwidth can be reduced.
- a third embodiment is a quantum computer.
- This quantum computer is characterized by comprising the quantum computation control device of the above embodiment.
- Existing technology may be used for the basic configuration of the quantum computer.
- FIG. 11 shows a flowchart of a quantum computation control method according to the fourth embodiment.
- step S1 the method comprises performing one or more types of spatially uniform first operations and one or more types of less frequent operations on qubits on a qubit substrate portion. and command signals for causing control circuitry to perform control of the first and second operations.
- step S2 the method uses the control circuitry to branch control signals to groups of qubits and to control delivery of the control signals to each qubit on the qubit substrate in response to command signals.
- step S3 the method observes the state of each qubit subjected to the first operation or the second operation using the observation circuitry.
- the method uses the signal processing circuitry to perform a quantum error correction decoding process.
- step S5 the method determines whether the computation using the qubit is finished. If the determination result is negative, the process returns to step S1. If the judgment result is affirmative, the process ends.
- the qubits on the qubit substrate unit are grouped and arranged in a plurality of groups each composed of a plurality of qubits having the same positional relationship among the qubits.
- FIG. 12 shows a functional block diagram of a quantum computation control device 1a according to a modification.
- the quantum computation control device 1a includes a control signal generator 11a, an observer 12a, and a quantum bit module 13a.
- the qubit module 13a includes a qubit substrate section 14a on which a plurality of qubits are mounted, a control circuit section 15a, an observation circuit section 16a, and a signal processing circuit section 17a.
- the control signal generation section 11a and the control circuit section 15a are connected by a control line 20a.
- the observation section 12a and the signal processing circuit section 17a are connected by an observation line 21a.
- the quantum bit substrate section 14a and the control circuit section 15a are connected by a first internal wiring 22a.
- the qubit substrate section 14a and the observation circuit section 16a are connected by a second internal wiring 23a.
- the observation circuit section 16a and the signal processing circuit section 17a are connected by a third observation line 24a.
- the control signal generation unit 11 through the control circuit unit 15 through the qubit substrate unit 14 and the observation unit 12 through the signal processing circuit unit 17 through the observation circuit unit 16 through the qubit substrate unit 14 configured in parallel.
- This is a “reflection type” configuration in which when a control signal and a command signal are input from the control signal generator 11 into the refrigerator 18 , the observation signal is reflected back from the refrigerator 18 .
- the control signal generation section 11a the control circuit section 15a, the qubit substrate section 14a, the observation circuit section 16a, the signal processing circuit section 17a, and the observation section 12a are configured in series.
- This is a "transmission type” configuration in which when a control signal and a command signal are input from the control signal generator 11a into the refrigerator 18, the signal passes through the refrigerator 18 and then an observation signal is output. .
- the present invention can be used for quantum computation control devices, quantum computers, and quantum computation control methods.
- S1 Step of generating control signals and command signals.
- S2 Step of controlling transmission of the control signal to each qubit on the qubit substrate section.
- S3 A step of observing the qubits on the qubit substrate.
- S4 a step of executing a quantum error correction decoding process.
- S5 A step of determining whether the calculation is completed.
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Abstract
Description
図2に、第1の実施の形態に係る量子計算制御装置1の機能ブロック図を示す。量子計算制御装置1は、制御信号生成部11と、観測部12と、量子ビットモジュール13と、を備える。量子ビットモジュール13は、複数の量子ビットを搭載する量子ビット基板部14と、制御回路部15と、観測回路部16と、信号処理回路部17と、を備える。制御信号生成部11と制御回路部15とは、制御線20で接続される。観測部12と信号処理回路部17とは、観測線21で接続される。量子ビット基板部14と制御回路部15とは、第1の内部配線22で接続される。量子ビット基板部14と観測回路部16とは、第2の内部配線23で接続される。観測回路部16と信号処理回路部17とは、第3の観測線24で接続される。
(1)データ量子ビット
(2)シンドローム量子ビット
に分類されており、正方格子に互い違いに配置されている。このうちシンドローム量子ビットは、
(2-A)ビット反転に関するパリティ値を取得するもの
(2-B)位相反転に関するパリティを取得するもの
に分類される。
制御信号線2011は、シンドローム抽出操作、並びにQ(G2、Q1)に対する命令A及び命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2012は、シンドローム抽出操作、並びにQ(G1、Q2)に対する命令A及び命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2013は、シンドローム抽出操作、並びにQ(G3、Q3)に対する命令A及びQ(G1、Q3)に対する命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2014は、シンドローム抽出操作、並びにQ(G3、Q4)に対する命令A及び命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2015は、シンドローム抽出操作、並びにQ(G3、Q5)に対する命令A及び命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2016は、シンドローム抽出操作、並びにQ(G2、Q6)に対する命令A及び命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2017は、Q(G2、Q3)に対する命令A及びQ(G2、Q2)に対する命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2018は、Q(G3、Q6)に対する命令A及び命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線2019は、Q(G1、Q1)に対する命令A及びQ(G1、Q4)に対する命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
制御信号線20110は、Q(G2、Q4)に対する命令A及びQ(G2、Q5)に対する命令Bのための制御信号を伝える。
Q(G1、Q1)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(6、9)をオンにする。
Q(G1、Q2)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(5、2)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q1)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(12、1)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q3)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(10、3)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q4)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(9、4)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q6)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(7、6)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q3)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(16、3)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q4)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(15、4)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q5)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(14、5)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q6)に命令Aの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(13、8)をオンにする。
Q(G1、Q2)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(5、2)をオンにする。
Q(G1、Q3)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(4、3)をオンにする。
Q(G1、Q4)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(3、9)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q1)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(12、1)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q2)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(11、7)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q5)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(8、10)をオンにする。
Q(G2、Q6)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(7、6)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q4)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(15、4)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q5)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(14、5)をオンにする。
Q(G3、Q6)に命令Bの論理量子ゲート操作を実行するときは、SW(13、8)をオンにする。
図10に、第2の実施の形態に係る量子計算制御装置2の量子ビット基板部14、制御回路部15の詳細を示す。図10は図6に対応する。量子計算制御装置2は、図6の量子計算制御装置1に対して、波形メモリ153をさらに備える。量子計算制御装置2のその他の構成は、量子計算制御装置1と共通である。
第3の実施の形態は、量子コンピュータである。この量子コンピュータは、前述の実施の形態の量子計算制御装置を備えることを特徴とする。量子コンピュータの基本的な構成については、既存の技術を用いてよい。
図11に、第4の実施の形態に係る量子計算制御方法のフローチャートを示す。
2・・量子計算制御装置。
1a・・量子計算制御装置。
11・・制御信号生成部。
11a・・制御信号生成部。
12・・観測部。
12a・・観測部。
13・・量子ビットモジュール。
13a・・量子ビットモジュール。
14・・量子ビット基板部。
14a・・量子ビット基板部。
15・・制御回路部。
15a・・制御回路部。
16・・観測回路部。
16a・・観測回路部。
17・・信号処理回路部。
17a・・信号処理回路部。
18・・冷凍機。
18a・・冷凍機。
20・・制御線。
20a・・制御線。
21・・観測線。
21a・・観測線。
22・・第1の内部配線。
22a・・第1の内部配線。
23・・第2の内部配線。
23a・・第2の内部配線。
24・・第3の内部配線。
24a・・第3の内部配線。
100・・量子コンピュータ。
101・・制御装置。
102・・観測装置。
103・・量子ビット基板。
104・・第1電子回路。
105・・第2電子回路。
106・・冷凍機。
107・・制御線。
108・・観測線。
151・・命令デコーダ。
152・・制御スイッチ。
153・・波形メモリ。
201・・制御信号線。
202・・命令信号線。
221・・量子ビット制御線。
222・・量子ビット制御線。
223・・量子ビット制御線。
G1・・格子。
G2・・格子。
G3・・格子。
SW(1、1)~SW(18、10)・・制御スイッチ。
S1・・制御信号と、命令信号とを生成するステップ。
S2・・量子ビット基板部上の各量子ビットへの前記制御信号の送出を制御するステップ。
S3・・量子ビット基板部上の量子ビットを観測するステップ。
S4・・量子誤り訂正復号処理を実行するステップ。
S5・・計算が終了したかを判断するステップ。
Claims (14)
- 制御信号生成部と、
各量子ビットの状態を示す観測信号を受信する観測部と、
複数の量子ビットを搭載する量子ビット基板部と、制御回路部と、観測回路部と、信号処理回路部と、を備えた量子ビットモジュールと、を備え、
前記複数の量子ビットは、各量子ビット同士の位置関係が同一である複数の量子ビットから構成される複数のグループにグループ化して前記量子ビット基板部上に配置され、
前記制御信号生成部は、前記量子ビット基板部上の量子ビットに対する操作であって1つ以上の種類の空間的に一様な第1の操作及び1つ以上の種類の前記第1の操作より低い頻度で行われる空間的に非一様な第2の操作を実行するための制御信号と、前記第1の操作及び前記第2の操作の制御を前記制御回路部に実行させるための命令信号と、を生成し、
前記制御回路部は、前記制御信号を前記グループに分岐し、前記命令信号に応じて前記量子ビット基板部上の各量子ビットへの前記制御信号の送出を制御し、
前記観測回路部は、前記第1の操作又は前記第2の操作を受けた前記各量子ビットの状態を観測し、
前記信号処理回路部は、前記各量子ビットの観測信号を前記観測部に送信することを特徴とする量子計算制御装置。 - 前記制御回路部は、前記命令信号に基づいて、
前記第1の操作においては、前記量子ビット基板部上のすべての量子ビットに前記制御信号を送出し、
前記第2の操作においては、前記量子ビット基板部上の特定の制御対象の量子ビットにのみ前記制御信号を送出するように、前記制御信号の送出を制御することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の量子計算制御装置。 - 前記第1の操作はシンドローム抽出操作であり、前記第2の操作は論理量子ゲート操作であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記信号処理回路部は、量子誤り訂正復号処理を行うことを特徴とする請求項3に記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記制御回路部は、前記命令信号に基づいて、
前記第1の操作においては、前記量子ビット基板部の各グループに共通の制御信号を送信し、
前記第2の操作においては、前記量子ビット基板部上の各量子ビットに個別に制御信号を送信することを特徴とする請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置。 - 前記制御信号を伝達する信号線の数をk’、前記命令信号を伝達する信号線の数をsとしたとき、前記制御信号生成部と前記量子ビットモジュールとを結ぶ配線の数はk’+s以下であることを特徴とする請求項1から5のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記信号処理回路部は、誤り訂正処理を適用した論理量子ビットの量子状態のみを前記観測部に送信することで、前記観測部と前記量子ビットモジュールとを結ぶ配線の数を削減することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記量子ビットが形成する論理量子ビットの符号長をdとしたとき、前記第1の操作の頻度と前記第2の操作の頻度との比はd以上であることを特徴とする請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記量子ビットは、固体量子ビットであることを特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 少なくとも前記量子ビットモジュールは、冷凍機内に置かれることを特徴とする請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記量子ビットは、超伝導量子ビットを含む極低温下で動作する量子ビットであることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 前記制御回路部は、前記制御信号の波形を記憶するメモリを備えることを特徴とする請求項1から11のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置。
- 請求項1から12のいずれかに記載の量子計算制御装置を備えることを特徴とする量子コンピュータ。
- 量子ビット基板部と、制御回路部と、観測回路部と、信号処理回路部と、を用いた量子計算制御方法であって、
各量子ビット同士の位置関係が同一である複数の量子ビットから構成される複数のグループにグループ化して前記量子ビット基板部上に配置された複数の量子ビットに対する操作であって1つ以上の種類の空間的に一様な第1の操作及び1つ以上の種類の前記第1の操作より低い頻度で行われる空間的に非一様な第2の操作を実行するための制御信号と、前記第1の操作及び前記第2の操作の制御を前記制御回路部に実行させるための命令信号と、を生成するステップと、
前記制御回路部を用いて、前記制御信号を前記グループに分岐し、前記命令信号に応じて前記量子ビット基板部上の各量子ビットへの前記制御信号の送出を制御するステップと、
前記観測回路部を用いて、前記量子ビット基板部上の量子ビットを観測するステップと、
前記信号処理回路部を用いて、量子誤り訂正復号処理を実行するステップと、
前記量子ビットを用いた計算が終了したかを判断するステップと、を備えることを特徴とする量子計算制御方法。
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EP3300004A1 (en) * | 2016-09-27 | 2018-03-28 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO | Method for executing a quantum error correction cycle in a quantum computer |
JP2020061447A (ja) | 2018-10-09 | 2020-04-16 | 国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 | 超伝導複合量子計算回路 |
CN111967603A (zh) * | 2020-09-01 | 2020-11-20 | 腾讯科技(深圳)有限公司 | 量子芯片、量子处理器及量子计算机 |
JP2021091832A (ja) | 2019-12-12 | 2021-06-17 | 三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス株式会社 | 樹脂組成物、成形体および成形体の製造方法 |
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EP3300004A1 (en) * | 2016-09-27 | 2018-03-28 | Nederlandse Organisatie voor toegepast- natuurwetenschappelijk onderzoek TNO | Method for executing a quantum error correction cycle in a quantum computer |
JP2020061447A (ja) | 2018-10-09 | 2020-04-16 | 国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 | 超伝導複合量子計算回路 |
JP2021091832A (ja) | 2019-12-12 | 2021-06-17 | 三菱エンジニアリングプラスチックス株式会社 | 樹脂組成物、成形体および成形体の製造方法 |
CN111967603A (zh) * | 2020-09-01 | 2020-11-20 | 腾讯科技(深圳)有限公司 | 量子芯片、量子处理器及量子计算机 |
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