WO2022203894A2 - Impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments - Google Patents
Impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022203894A2 WO2022203894A2 PCT/US2022/020247 US2022020247W WO2022203894A2 WO 2022203894 A2 WO2022203894 A2 WO 2022203894A2 US 2022020247 W US2022020247 W US 2022020247W WO 2022203894 A2 WO2022203894 A2 WO 2022203894A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- impact
- fronting
- forces
- impacting
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000013467 fragmentation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000006062 fragmentation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007779 soft material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 244000291473 Musa acuminata Species 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000018290 Musa x paradisiaca Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000003700 epoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004021 metal welding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 23
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 22
- 229910000710 Rolled homogeneous armour Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910000760 Hardened steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 102100027754 Mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000234295 Musa Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000928591 Ochanostachys amentacea Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000271 Kevlar® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004699 Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004761 kevlar Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000785 ultra high molecular weight polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013590 bulk material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011056 performance test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41H—ARMOUR; ARMOURED TURRETS; ARMOURED OR ARMED VEHICLES; MEANS OF ATTACK OR DEFENCE, e.g. CAMOUFLAGE, IN GENERAL
- F41H5/00—Armour; Armour plates
- F41H5/02—Plate construction
- F41H5/04—Plate construction composed of more than one layer
- F41H5/0442—Layered armour containing metal
- F41H5/0457—Metal layers in combination with additional layers made of fibres, fabrics or plastics
Definitions
- This invention relates to impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments, and more particularly relates to novel combinations of materials which enhance overall performance in comparison to the materials when used independently.
- MIL DTL military details
- MIL DTL 12560 for rolled homogeneous armor (RHA) with a Brinell hardness near 370.
- MIL DTL 46100 explains the requirements for 500 Brinell high hard armor (HHA) plate.
- MIL DTL 32332 is the most recent specification delineating the benchmarks for ultra hard armor (UHA) at 600 Brinell.
- UHA ultra hard armor
- each MIL DTL prescribes what ballistic threat should be used for testing.
- a tabulation is included that provides an armor plate thickness, the testing round to be fired at the armor, and the velocity required for a passing result.
- Bullets include M80 ball round, M2 armor piercing (AP) rounds, 0.30 caliber fragmentation simulating penetrators (0.30-cal FSP), 0.50 caliber fragmentation simulating penetrators (0.50-cal FSP), and 20 millimeter fragmentation simulating penetrators (20mm FSP) to name just a few of the many. While the bullets are representative of the actual threat, the FSP rounds are a standardized construction meant to represent a large piece of metal that could be encountered in the flurry of metallic pieces that armor could be impacted by in a blast event.
- the softest steel armor RHA
- the harder HHA provides increased protection against AP rounds and, in thicknesses near 6.4mm, offers increased protection from 20mm FSP.
- RHA offers better protection than HHA against 20mm FSP.
- the UHA hardest of all steel armors, offers yet further increased protection against AP rounds. Being harder, UHA has a more brittle tendency and is well known to be a poor performer against 20mm FSP, blast fragments, and blast forces.
- each armor can be used in differing locations of an armored vehicle to optimize protection.
- 25mm thick sections of RHA could be used in the floor construction.
- HHA at 6.4mm to 9.5mm is often used in the bodyside construction of vehicles to offer midrange protection from bullets while retaining some level of blast fragment protection.
- UHA with minimal blast fragment resistivity performance, is the best candidate for the vehicle roof. Being higher performing against bullets, thinner UHA is not needed to protect from ground borne blast fragments and forces. Thinner, lighter UHA also keeps the vehicle center of gravity lower than heavier RHA would.
- the defense industry prides itself on many generations of development using various grades of armor to make the lightest, most protective vehicles.
- vehicle builders have focused on a layered approach to armored protection.
- the basic vehicle hull called the A-cab, is typically constructed of a single steel thickness, often 6.4 to 9.5mm.
- the A-cab provides a basic level of protection which is similarly safe as the typical armored tracks used by the banking industry.
- a material solution known as the B-kit can be added.
- the B-kit is often comprised of various layers of metals, ceramics, epoxies, and bullet resistant fabrics like kevlar. B-kits are mostly bolted to the doors of the vehicle and other areas where passengers are at most risk.
- a thicker and higher performance C-kit is installed rather than, or in addition to, a B-kit.
- Both B-kits and C- kits often have components, like ceramics, that are extremely hard and encapsulated within the kit itself.
- Defense industry vernacular often calls the internal components of the B-kit or C-kit as the “cake battef’.
- a component known as a strike face is the outermost surface of the B-kit and C-kit which is designed to protect the inner components. This strike face has the ability to deflect hand gun or non-armor piercing rounds while keeping the inner cake batter ready to protect against higher powered rounds and blast events.
- the strike face should be made from at least HHA and often UHA to offer a higher hardness for initial bullet and impact stopping power combined with the multi hit capability of steel.
- Using softer materials is not considered viable as they can be easily damaged by minor impact events from pistols or even thrown rocks and then allow damage to the encapsulated ceramic, kevlar, and the like which constitutes the cake batter.
- Measuring the weight of an armored solution can be difficult when the components of the cake batter have differing densities.
- calculating the armor’s mass per square foot is a simple math problem.
- the defense industry measures the weight of armored solutions in pounds per square foot (psf).
- steel at 1/4” thick has an areal density of 10.2psf which is calculated by 12” wide X 12” long X 1/4" thick X 0.284 pounds per cubic inch density.
- An aluminum plate of the same dimensions would have an areal density of only 3.6psf. While the aluminum plate is only 35% of the steel’s mass, the aluminum plate only has about 20% of the ballistic and energy resistance.
- Both the aluminum and steel are known to be able to absorb multiple impacts without compromising the integrity of the metal a few inches away from the point of impact. This multi-hit capability is important in vehicle construction for long term robustness. Ceramics are known to have even lower areal densities than metals, significantly higher ballistic impact performance, but lack a general multi-hit capacity and are prone to cracking both visually and internally, thus compromising their performance.
- Front plates in tested examples ranged in thickness from 0.040” to 0.127” thick made of perforated aluminum with 50% hole reduction or simple sheets of plastic.
- the front plate in these examples have a bulk material density of up to 3 grams per cubic centimeter but a front plate with up to 5 or even 8 grams per cubic centimeter fronting a harder backing plate would offer improved protection from penetration as well. Further, the front plate will have a maximum areal density of 4psf.
- FIG. 1 is a plate of 0.147” thick Flash UHA and plastic front plate after testing
- FIG. 2 is a plate of 0.147” thick Flash UHA and perforated aluminum front plate after testing;
- FIG. 3 is an example of a test report from NTS Chesapeake Labs showing the details of the testing of the Flash UHA plate;
- FIG. 4 is an example of a test report from NTS Chesapeake Labs showing the details of the testing of the Flash UHA plate and perforated aluminum front plate;
- FIG. 5 is an example of adiabatic shear plugging in a typical >535 Brinell iron based alloy plate
- FIG. 6 is an example of the bulge, crack, petal energy absorption defeat mechanism that shows the bulging of the iron based alloy plate which has led to cracking;
- FIG. 7 is an example of the bulge, crack, petal energy absorption defeat mechanism that shows the bulging and cracking of the iron based alloy plate which has led to petaling;
- FIG. 8 is an example of a fragmentation simulating penetrator which has impacted a hardened iron based alloy plate.
- a superior impact resistant material and methods therefore ballistic performance is measured by the velocity and type of projectile impacting the armor solution.
- the velocity 50 th percentile, known as the V50 protection limit, for armor plate is defined as the average velocity of six impacts, of a maximum of ten total rounds fired at the armor, in which the three lowest velocity complete penetrations (CP) and the three highest incomplete penetrations, known by industry as partial penetrations (PP), are averaged. Further, the total spread between the three highest velocity partial penetrations and the three lowest velocity complete penetrations must be less than 150 feet per second per the US Army MIL DTLs.
- the US Army armor performance specification MIL DTL 32332A incorporated herein in its entirety, further clarifies the V50 requirement against 0.30 caliber M2 armor piercing rounds to be 2465fps V50 performance for 0.25” (6.35mm) thick plates made of UHA steel.
- MIL DTL 32332A reduced thicknesses of UHA will have lower V50 requirements while thicker pieces will have higher V50s.
- a 0.147” thick 6.0psf plate of UHA had a V50 of 2045fps against 0.30-cal FSP baseline test case #1.
- a 0.147” thick 6.0psf plate of UHA fronted by a 0.29psf, 0.058” thick high density polyethylene plastic had a V50 of 25471ps against 0.30-cal FSP for the 6.29psf combination solution.
- a 0.147” thick 6.0psf plate of UHA fronted by a 0.35psf, 0.069” thick ultra high molecular weight polyethylene plastic had a V50 of 2560fps against 0.30-cal FSP for the 6.35psf combination solution.
- a 0.147” thick 6.0psf plate of UHA fronted by a 0.56psf, 0.115” thick ultra high molecular weight polyethylene plastic had a V50 of 2791fps against 0.30-cal FSP for the 6.56psf combination solution.
- Two stacked plates of 0.260” thick 10.6psf UHA (21.2psf)) had a V50 of 37001ps against 0.50-cal FSP for baseline test case #2.
- Two stacked plates of 0.260” thick 10.6psf UHA (21.2psf) fronted by a 0.9psf, 0.125” thick perforated aluminum sheet (51% open area, 3/16” holes) had a V50 of 4150fps against 0.50-cal FSP for the 22.1psf combination solution.
- the Velocity VS Mass column is the comparison of the Flash Processed UHA plate with and without the front plate added. This is not a mass efficiency calculation but purely based on the percentage increased velocity of the blast fragment simulating penetrator threats that can be stopped.
- the mass efficiency, Em VS RHA column is based on a comparison of the Flash UHA to RHA. In the three rows for the baseline analysis without front plates added, it can be seen that Flash UHA under performs RHA as illustrated by the negative number. against 0.30-cal FSP, the backing plate alone has 11.6% lower performance than RHA of the same areal density.
- the combination of two stacked plates of UHA without the fronting material has 1% lower performance than RHA of the same areal density.
- the combination of three stacked plates of UHA without the fronting material has 5.1% lower performance than RHA of the same areal density.
- the Flash UHA with front plate at a lower areal density, outperforms RHA at higher areal density. This performance increase spans multiple common hard armor thicknesses ranging from 0.144” to 0.780”. Projectiles tested ranged in size from 0.30-cal to 20mm FSPs demonstrating a wide variety of threats.
- This aspect is a design of a product for an impact resistant protective material for increased safety in hostile environments that is comprised of providing a hardened backing material with protective properties whose construction includes any combinations of the fabrication techniques, thickness, density, areal density, localized placement of constituent materials, and/or temporal processing to optimize performance of the hardened backing material which could be used singularly to resist impact from attack by ballistic, blast, sonic, directed energy, or similar harmful threats with the ability to penetrate the material and adversely affect the environment behind the hardened backing material.
- a fronting material is provided, measured to be at least 25% softer in the Brinell scale than the hard backing material, whose construction includes any combinations of the fabrication techniques, thickness, density, areal density, localized placement of constituent materials, and/or temporal processing, and singularly lias lower resistance to impact from attack by ballistic, blast, sonic, directed energy, or similar harmful threats designed to penetrate the material and adversely affect the environment than the hardened backing material.
- the fronting material to the backing material is assembled to create a protective combination that increases the impact threat resistive performance at an aggregate areal density lower than the mass increase that would have been required by simply increasing the thickness of the harder backing material alone to achieve the combination’s increased threat resistive performance.
- the harder back plate and softer front plate were bolted together.
- Non-mechanical fastening such as brazing, dissimilar metal welding, adhesives, or epoxies are just some of the many other ways to connect together the harder back plate and softer front plate.
- Options to the above aspect include a design which employs an aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, plastic, epoxy, rubber, polymer, or other soft materials as the fronting plate. Combinations of material selected from the group of aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, plastic, epoxy, rubber, polymer, or other soft materials as the fronting plate are possible. It has been found that employing at least one perforated material as the fronting plate is beneficial. This design blunts the impacting blast fragment with the soft front plate which then induces the fragment to deform by flattening the front of the fragment peel back to form a mushroom shape and shred during deformation, increasing its frontal surface area, and spreading out the impact forces by distributing the forces over a larger area making localized forces impacting the protective surface lower reducing loading pressure which makes it easier to defeat the threat.
- the perforated fronting material acts to contain and mitigate the spread of the shattered remains of the impacting threat forces.
- the perforated fronting material of aluminum and one or multiple polymer and/or adhesive coating(s) can be applied to adhere the aluminum to the hard backing plate and encapsulate the assembly.
- the thickness of the hard backing plate can be from 0.020” to 8” thick.
- the thickness of the front plate as tested has remained less than 0.200”. However, a more preferred application of this aspect may find thicker front plates up to 4” to perform better against various threats.
- Another aspect is an article product which acts as an impact resistant protective material for increased safety against impacting forces in hostile environments that is comprised of an iron based alloy in excess of 535 Brinell hardness whose incoming energy absorption defeat mechanism employs the highest energy absorbing physical mechanics of bulge, crack, and petal to absorb and dissipate the energy from the impacting force.
- Other materials prior to this invention with hardness greater than 535 Brinell are known to fail by shear plugging and catastrophic cracking in which the impact forces pimch a hole through the iron based alloy in the shape of the impacting force or crack the impacted material like untempered plate glass.
- the present aspect of the article product of this current invention could be comprised of a singular piece of iron based alloy that is 0.020” to 1,500” thick.
- the article could be comprised of multiple pieces, or layers, of the iron based alloy stacked together in which the front piece/lay er upon being impacted by a force will degrade the impacting force distributing the impact energy at a diameter larger than the impacting force followed by the residual impact forces causing a bulge, crack, and petal in the subsequently impacted layer.
- This pattern of impacting force degradation, bulge, crack, petal will continue to absorb impacting forces through each layer of the article until the energy is fully dissipated by subsequent pieces/layers or the forces penetrating through the final piece/layer.
- the impacting force could be an explosive blast fragment, depicted as a fragmentation simulating penetrator known as an FSP, which upon impact causes the fragment’s leading contact surface to change its form and peel back similar to how a banana’s outer layer peels back to expose the edible portion. While the outer surface peels and folds back, the internal part of the fragment, representative of the edible banana, disintegrates on impact with the iron based alloy plate.
- FSP fragmentation simulating penetrator
- bulge, crack, petal is often thought of in respect to ballistic performance when a bullet or blast impacts a plate of armor. Similar threats to material performance exist in the heavy construction industry where vehicles like dump tracks have their beds getting loaded with heavy materials that can similarly get damaged by incoming forces. Larger diameter boulders weighing hundreds of pounds can impart significant forces on the hardened steel plate used to construct the bed of a dump track. The same bulge, crack, petal effects can happen in the production of steel, stamping presses, agricultural equipment, the shipping industry, and many other applications in which high forces are impacted on hardened steel plate.
- an iron based alloy plate hardened to 535 Brinell or harder that lias the ability to absorb energy through the bulge, crack, petal mechanism would increase performance over plates that fail by shear plugging and cracking.
- an iron based alloy such as carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, super alloys, and phosphoric iron are some of the many iron based alloys that can have in excess of 535 Brinell hardness to perform with bulge, crack, petal energy absorption
- FIG. 1 is a plate of 0.147” thick Flash UHA and plastic front plate after testing.
- the Flash UHA plate shown on the left side has both complete and partial penetrations where the 0.30-cal FSP either penetrated the plate or was stopped by the UHA plate and plastic front plate.
- FIG. 2 is a plate of 0.147” thick Flash UHA and perforated aluminum front plate after testing.
- the Flash UHA plate shown on the left side has both complete and partial penetrations where the 0.30-cal FSP either penetrated the plate or was stopped by the UHA plate and perforated aluminum front plate.
- the 0.079” thick aluminum plate has holes which removed about 50% of the overall mass.
- FIG. 3 is an example of a test report from NTS Chesapeake Labs showing the details of the testing of the Flash UHA plate. Details in the report include test panel identification, setup parameters, ammunition used, applicable standards and procedures. Remarks offer a more detailed review of the tested UHA plate.
- the V50 summary tabulates the V50 velocity, high partial penetration, low complete penetration, range of results, range of mixed results, and gap. The V50 is calculated based on the velocity of the FSP shots in the Procedures. The high partial and low complete penetration are a restatement of the Procedures data. A range of mixed results occurs when the low complete penetration is higher than the high partial penetration. If a range of mixed results does not exist, the gap is the difference between the low complete penetration and high partial penetration.
- FIG. 4 is an example of a test report from NTS Chesapeake Labs showing the details of the testing of the Flash UHA plate and a high density polyethylene front plate. Details in the report include test panel identification, setup parameters, ammunition used, applicable standards and procedures. Remarks offer a more detailed review of the tested UHA plate and soft front sheet.
- the V50 summary tabulates the V50 velocity, high partial penetration, low complete penetration, range of results, range of mixed results, and gap.
- the V50 is calculated based on the velocity of the FSP shots in the Procedures.
- the high partial and low complete penetration are a restatement of the Procedures data.
- a range of mixed results occurs when the low complete penetration is higher than the high partial penetration. If a range of mixed results does not exist, the gap is the difference between the low complete penetration and high partial penetration.
- FIG. 5 is an example of adiabatic shear plugging in a typical >535 Brinell iron based alloy plate. Adiabatic shear plugging is recognized as a low energy absorption penetration mechanism.
- This plate 51 depicts the front side of the impacted plate.
- the back side of the plate 52 is an expanded view showing how the impact threat, in this case a 0.50-cal fragmentation simulating penetrator (FSP), is plugging through the material and pushing its diametral shape 53 through the plate.
- An expanded view of the front side of the plate 54 shows how the 0.50-cal FSP has not changed its shape or expanding in diameter and is simply punching a hole through the plate.
- the two 0.50-cal FSPs shown 54 have been captured by the plate and not caused the plate to bulge.
- the 0.50-cal FSPs shape and mass remains within 5% of prior to impact.
- FIG. 6 is an example of the bulge, crack, petal energy absorption defeat mechanism that shows the bulging of the iron based alloy plate which has led to cracking.
- the bulging of the plate is caused by an impacting energy force.
- the diameter of the bulge is typically twice to ten times the size of the impacting force hitting the plate.
- Depth of the bulge prior to initiation of cracking ranges from one half the thickness of the plate to twice the plate thickness. Once the localized ability of the metal plate to stretch is exceeded, cracking commences often near the deepest part of the bulge. Cracks propagate radially from near the center of the bulge to the outer diameter of the bulged area.
- FIG. 7 is an example of the bulge, crack, petal energy absorption defeat mechanism that shows the bulging and cracking of the iron based alloy plate which has led to petaling 71.
- the cracking 72 occurs often starting in the deepest part of the bulged area once the metal plate’s ability to stretch is exceeded.
- the impacting force continues to push through the metal plate 73 to create a hole in the plate.
- the remaining metal in between the cracks continue to fold and petal 71 inward as the impacting force transitions from the front of the metal plate to the back side.
- the resulting image of the metal plate is called petaling since it looks almost like a flower that has opened up with individual petals.
- FSP 8 is an example of a 0.50-cal fragmentation simulating penetrator (FSP) which has impacted a hardened iron based alloy plate.
- the back side of the FSP is shown 81 while the front side that impacted the >535 Brinell iron based alloy plate is shown 82.
- FSP 0.50-cal fragmentation simulating penetrator
- the original FSP shape is shown 83 as a dashed line since the FSP lias been damaged during impact. High velocity impact causes the fragment’s leading contact surface to have material removed to change its form 84 and peel back 85 similar to how a banana’s outer layer peels back to expose the inner, edible portion.
- the internal part of the fragment 84 disintegrates on impact with the iron based alloy plate.
- the diameter of the 0.50-cal FSP increased 50% from 0.500” to over 1.000” measured across the peeled back material.
- the mass of the 0.50-cal FSP was reduce by over 30%.
- the overall length of the 0.50-cal FSP was reduced by over 40%.
- the present invention includes an iron based alloy in excess of 535 Brinell hardness whose incoming energy absorption defeat mechanism employs the highest energy absorbing physical mechanics of bulge, crack, and petal to absorb and dissipate the energy from the impacting force.
- Such a material includes a singular piece of iron based alloy that is 0.020” to 1.500” thick in combination with at least one more layer or multiple pieces, or layers, of the iron based alloy stacked together in which the front piece/layer upon being impacted by a force will degrade the impacting force distributing the impact energy at a diameter/size larger than tire impacting force followed by the residual impact forces causing a bulge, crack, and petal in the subsequently impacted layer.
- This pattern of impacting force degradation, bulge, crack, petal will continue to absorb impacting forces through each layer of the article until the energy is fully dissipated by subsequent pieces/layers or the forces penetrate through the final piece/layer.
- the iron based alloy plate causes the impacting force of an explosive blast fragment, depicted as a fragmentation simulating penetrator known as an FSP, which upon impact causes the fragment’s leading contact surface have material removed to change its form and peel back similar to how a banana’s outer layer peels back to expose the inner, edible portion. While the outer surface of the FSP peels and folds back, the internal part of the fragment, representative of the edible banana, disintegrates on impact with the iron based alloy plate.
- an explosive blast fragment depicted as a fragmentation simulating penetrator known as an FSP
- FSP fragmentation simulating penetrator
- the iron based alloy may be any suitable steel including carbon steel, alloy steel, stainless steel, super alloy s, phosphoric iron or combinations of multiple layers of these materials acting as back plates.
- a softer fronting plate or fronting plates In combination with the back plate is a softer fronting plate or fronting plates. T he back plate and fronting plate may be assembled together using bolts, rivets, screws, clamping, brazing, dissimilar metal welding, adhesives, or epoxies, or they may simply layered.
- An aluminum alloy may be employed as the fronting plate, as well as plastic, epoxy, titanium alloy, rubber, polymer, or other soft materials as the fronting plate.
- preferred materials may be selected from the group of aluminum, titanium, plastic, epoxy, rubber, polymer, and other soft materials as the fronting plate.
- at least one perforated material is preferred as the fronting plate.
- the perforated fronting material acts to contain and mitigate the spread of the shattered remains of the impacting threat forces.
- the perforated fronting material is aluminum and a poly mer coating is applied to adhere the aluminum to the hard backing plate, and may encapsulate the assembly.
- a method to create an impact resistant protective material for increased safety in hostile environments includes the steps of providing a hardened backing material with protective properties whose construction includes any combinations of the fabrication techniques, thickness, density, areal density, localized placement of constituent materials, and/or temporal processing to optimize performance of the hardened backing material which could be used singularly to resist impact from attack by ballistic, blast, sonic, directed energy, or similar harmful threats designed to penetrate the material and adversely affect the environment behind the hardened backing material, providing a fronting material, measured to be at least 25% softer in the Brinell scale than the hard backing material, whose construction includes any combinations of the fabrication techniques, thickness, density, areal density, localized placement of constituent materials, and/or temporal processing, and singularly has lower resistance to impact from attack by ballistic, blast, sonic, directed energy', or similar harmful threats designed to penetrate the material and adversely affect the environment than the hardened backing material, and assembling the fronting material to the backing material to create a protective combination that increases the impact threat resistive performance at an
- the present invention finds applicability in the defense and construction industries and finds particular utility for use in the fabrication of protective vehicles and enclosures by providing a lightweight solution that offers higher impact resistance performance.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US18/271,807 US20240085152A1 (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-03-14 | Impact Resistant Protective Materials For Increased Safety In Hostile Environments |
CA3208768A CA3208768A1 (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-03-14 | Impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments |
EP22776321.6A EP4278145A2 (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-03-14 | Impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments |
AU2022245122A AU2022245122A1 (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-03-14 | Impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202163136283P | 2021-01-12 | 2021-01-12 | |
US63/136,283 | 2021-01-12 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2022203894A2 true WO2022203894A2 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
WO2022203894A9 WO2022203894A9 (en) | 2022-11-17 |
WO2022203894A3 WO2022203894A3 (en) | 2023-01-26 |
Family
ID=83398106
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2022/020247 WO2022203894A2 (en) | 2021-01-12 | 2022-03-14 | Impact resistant protective materials for increased safety in hostile environments |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20240085152A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4278145A2 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2022245122A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3208768A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022203894A2 (en) |
Family Cites Families (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2008130451A2 (en) * | 2006-12-04 | 2008-10-30 | Battelle Memorial Institute | Composite armor and method for making composite armor |
US8381631B2 (en) * | 2008-12-01 | 2013-02-26 | Battelle Energy Alliance, Llc | Laminate armor and related methods |
US9322621B2 (en) * | 2009-10-27 | 2016-04-26 | Edan Administration Services (Ireland) Limited | Armor system |
US20110203452A1 (en) * | 2010-02-19 | 2011-08-25 | Nova Research, Inc. | Armor plate |
CA2864692C (en) * | 2011-06-08 | 2018-12-11 | American Technical Coatings, Inc. | Enhanced ballistic protective system |
US9028769B2 (en) * | 2011-12-15 | 2015-05-12 | Pacific Precision Products Mfg. | Handheld portable oxygen generator for use in extreme environments |
CH712405B1 (en) * | 2016-04-28 | 2020-07-15 | Delta Shield Sa C/O Fiduciaria Fontana Sa | Ballistic plate and associated bulletproof vest. |
-
2022
- 2022-03-14 AU AU2022245122A patent/AU2022245122A1/en active Pending
- 2022-03-14 EP EP22776321.6A patent/EP4278145A2/en active Pending
- 2022-03-14 US US18/271,807 patent/US20240085152A1/en active Pending
- 2022-03-14 WO PCT/US2022/020247 patent/WO2022203894A2/en active Application Filing
- 2022-03-14 CA CA3208768A patent/CA3208768A1/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA3208768A1 (en) | 2022-09-29 |
US20240085152A1 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
WO2022203894A9 (en) | 2022-11-17 |
AU2022245122A1 (en) | 2023-08-31 |
EP4278145A2 (en) | 2023-11-22 |
WO2022203894A3 (en) | 2023-01-26 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8297177B2 (en) | Ballistic projectile armour | |
US8468926B2 (en) | Ballistic armor system | |
DE19643757B4 (en) | Kit for an armor | |
US9207048B1 (en) | Multi-ply heterogeneous armor with viscoelastic layers and hemispherical, conical, and angled laminate strikeface projections | |
US10197363B1 (en) | Porous refractory armor substrate | |
WO2014200596A2 (en) | Bullet proof vest | |
US20240085152A1 (en) | Impact Resistant Protective Materials For Increased Safety In Hostile Environments | |
Showalter et al. | Ballistic testing of SSAB ultra-high-hardness steel for armor applications | |
Hassouna et al. | Numerical study of ballistic impact of hard bulletproof vests: Effect of the multilayered armors design | |
Mosa et al. | Influence of selection materials and construction techniques on the ballistic performance of armors: A review | |
Acar et al. | Ballistic performances of Ramor 500, Armox Advance and Hardox 450 steels under monolithic, double-layered, and perforated conditions | |
Cegła | Special ceramics in multilayer ballistic protection systems | |
RU2315257C1 (en) | Armored component | |
Sastranegara et al. | Experimental study on the performance of multi-layered bulletproof vest | |
RU2559434C1 (en) | Armour protection | |
Sanusi et al. | RESEARCH PAPER NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CERAMIC/STEEL COMPO-SITE FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS | |
Odanović et al. | Ballistic protection efficiency of composite ceramics/metal armours | |
Li et al. | A study of the ballistic protection mechanism of two kinds of structure against 7.62× 54 mm ball ammunition | |
Ślęzak | Employment of the new advanced structural materials in the military vehicles and heavy equipment | |
Miranda Vicario | Improvement of the robustness of ballistic helmets to rifle ammunition | |
Sanusi et al. | Mechanical and Ballistic Characterization of Armour Steel Plate against 0.30-Calibre APM2 Armour Piercing Projectile | |
RU2652416C1 (en) | Protective armour barrier | |
Nuraisha et al. | Ballistic Limit of Double Layered Cockleshell Reinforced Carbon Fiber using Numerical Simulation | |
Zahraee et al. | Ballistic Performance of Hybrid Armor with Ceramic Inserts and Polymeric Matrix for Different Threat Levels | |
Hussain et al. | Normal and Oblique Experimental Ballistic Impact on Bi Layered Metallic Configurations. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 3208768 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 18271807 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1020237027326 Country of ref document: KR |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2022776321 Country of ref document: EP |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2022245122 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20220314 Kind code of ref document: A |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2022776321 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20230814 |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22776321 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A2 |