WO2022198009A1 - Dry powder compositions of glycopeptide derivative compounds and methods of use thereof - Google Patents

Dry powder compositions of glycopeptide derivative compounds and methods of use thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022198009A1
WO2022198009A1 PCT/US2022/020890 US2022020890W WO2022198009A1 WO 2022198009 A1 WO2022198009 A1 WO 2022198009A1 US 2022020890 W US2022020890 W US 2022020890W WO 2022198009 A1 WO2022198009 A1 WO 2022198009A1
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Prior art keywords
dry powder
powder composition
infection
total weight
glycopeptide
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PCT/US2022/020890
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French (fr)
Inventor
Donna M. Konicek
Sachin GHARSE
Adam J. PLAUNT
Amruta SABNIS
Vladimir S. MALININ
Walter R. Perkins
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Insmed Incorporated
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Publication of WO2022198009A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022198009A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K9/00—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids, containing saccharide radicals and having a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1617—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/16—Agglomerates; Granulates; Microbeadlets ; Microspheres; Pellets; Solid products obtained by spray drying, spray freeze drying, spray congealing,(multiple) emulsion solvent evaporation or extraction
    • A61K9/1605—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
    • A61K9/1617—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
    • A61K9/1623—Sugars or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose; Derivatives thereof; Homeopathic globules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K9/00—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids, containing saccharide radicals and having a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K9/006—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids, containing saccharide radicals and having a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof the peptide sequence being part of a ring structure
    • C07K9/008—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids, containing saccharide radicals and having a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof the peptide sequence being part of a ring structure directly attached to a hetero atom of the saccharide radical, e.g. actaplanin, avoparcin, ristomycin, vancomycin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0043—Nose
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/007—Pulmonary tract; Aromatherapy
    • A61K9/0073—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy
    • A61K9/0075—Sprays or powders for inhalation; Aerolised or nebulised preparations generated by other means than thermal energy for inhalation via a dry powder inhaler [DPI], e.g. comprising micronized drug mixed with lactose carrier particles

Definitions

  • the present disclosure provides dry powder compositions comprising glycopeptide derivative compounds useful for pulmonary administration, and methods for administering the same to patients in need of treatment to address this and other needs.
  • the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, comprising, (a) from about 75 wt% to about 95 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) the balance being trileucine, leucine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), wherein the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%.
  • (b) is trileucine.
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein:
  • Formula (I) Glycopeptide–R 1 wherein R 1 is conjugated to the Glycopeptide at a primary amine group of the Glycopeptide; R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-(CO)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 or –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 18 linear alkyl, C 1 -C 18 branched alkyl, R 5 -Y-R 6 -(Z) n , or ;
  • R 2 is –OH or –NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 7 ;
  • R 3 is H or R 4 is H or CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 ;
  • n is 1 or 2;
  • q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
  • X is O, S, or NH;
  • each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic;
  • R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene, wherein the alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted al
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) is present at from about 80 wt% to about 93 wt%, from about 82 wt% to about 90 wt%, from about 85 wt% to about 89 wt%, or at about 87 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (II) or (III).
  • (b) is trileucine.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II)
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • n1 is 2
  • n2 is 10
  • the dry powder composition comprises a compound of the following formula, referred to as “RV62” herein: (RV62), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II)
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9, i.e., the dry powder composition comprises a compound of the following formula, referred to as “RV94” herein:
  • the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III)
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) 2 -NH-(CH 2 ) 9 -CH 3
  • X is O
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 and R 4 are H
  • the dry powder composition comprises a compound of the following formula, referred to as “RV40” herein: (RV40), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 35 wt% of trehalose, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%.
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (II) or (III).
  • (c) is trileucine.
  • the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 25 wt% of mannitol, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%.
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (II) or (III).
  • (c) is trileucine.
  • a method for treating a bacterial infection in a patient in need thereof includes administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition disclosed herein, i.e., a dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler (DPI).
  • the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection.
  • the patient treated according to the disclosed methods is a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient.
  • the methods include, in one embodiment, administering a dry powder composition comprising RV62, RV94, or RV40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the lungs of the CF patient via a DPI.
  • the dry powder composition administered comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the bacterial infection is a Gram-positive bacterial infection.
  • the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive bacterial infection.
  • the pulmonary Gram-positive bacterial infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive cocci infection.
  • the pulmonary Gram-positive cocci infection is a pulmonary Staphylococcus infection.
  • the pulmonary Staphylococcus infection is a pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection.
  • the pulmonary S. aureus infection is a pulmonary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the patient treated according to the disclosed methods is a cystic fibrosis patient.
  • Figure 1 is a graph showing RV62 deposition on the various NGI components for spray dried powder formulation #13c-1.
  • Figure 2A is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 containing trileucine.
  • Figure 2B is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #21 containing leucine.
  • Figure 2C is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #22 containing DPPC.
  • Figure 3 is a graph showing the distribution of RV94 from formulation #20 in the impactor stages.
  • Figure 5A is a graph showing lung PK data following a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 administration by nose-only inhalation to healthy rats.
  • Figure 5B is a graph showing plasma PK data following a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 administration by nose-only inhalation to healthy rats.
  • Figure 6A is a graph showing treatment results with RV94 dry powder formulation #20 in rats prior to challenge in an acute pulmonary MRSA infection.
  • Figure 6B is a graph showing treatment results with RV94 dry powder formulation #20 in rats after challenge in an acute pulmonary MRSA infection.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0033] Throughout the present disclosure, the term “about” may be used in conjunction with numerical values and/or ranges. The term “about” is understood to mean those values near to a recited value.
  • “about 40 [units]” may mean within ⁇ 25% of 40 (e.g., from 30 to 50), within ⁇ 20%, ⁇ 15%, ⁇ 10%, ⁇ 9%, ⁇ 8%, ⁇ 7%, ⁇ 6%, ⁇ 5%, ⁇ 4%, ⁇ 3%, ⁇ 2%, ⁇ 1 %, less than ⁇ 1%, or any other value or range of values therein or there below.
  • References to compounds herein also include “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the compounds.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is HCl, TFA, lactate or acetate. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a lactic salt.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt retains the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Inorganic salts include the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts.
  • Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2- diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like.
  • basic ion exchange resins such as
  • Organic bases that can be used to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt include isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine.
  • ranges are provided for certain quantities. It is to be understood that these ranges comprise all subranges therein.
  • the range “50-80” includes all possible ranges therein (e.g., 51-79, 52-78, 53-77, 54-76, 55-75, 60-70, etc.).
  • all values within a given range may be an endpoint for the range encompassed thereby (e.g., the range 50-80 includes the ranges with endpoints such as 55-80, 50-75, etc.).
  • Effective amount means an amount of a dry powder composition or the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the dry powder composition, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of the present disclosure that is sufficient to result in the desired therapeutic response.
  • the present disclosure relates to dry powder compositions comprising glycopeptide derivative compounds, and methods of treating bacterial infection in a patient by administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition disclosed herein to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler.
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound for use in the dry powder compositions disclosed herein is one of the compounds described in International Application Publication No.
  • WO 2018/217800, WO 2018/217808, WO 2020/106787, or WO 2020/106791 the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • a stereoisomer e.g., enantiomer, diastereomer
  • a combination of stereoisomers of the respective compounds are provided.
  • the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, comprising, (a) from about 75 wt% to about 95 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) the balance being trileucine, leucine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), wherein the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%.
  • DSPC distearoylphosphatidylcholine
  • DPPC dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
  • the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%.
  • (b) is trileucine.
  • (b) is leucine.
  • (b) is DSPC.
  • the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein.
  • the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the compound of Formula (I), is a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: wherein R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 ; –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-NH-(CH
  • Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of (a) a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), and (b) trileucine, leucine, DSPC, or DPPC, expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, are provided in Tables 1A-1D below.
  • a glycopeptide derivative compound e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III)
  • trileucine, leucine, DSPC, or DPPC expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition
  • the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 35 wt% of trehalose, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III) are defined above.
  • (c) is trileucine.
  • (c) is leucine.
  • Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of (a) a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), (b) trehalose, and (c) trileucine or leucine, expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, are provided in Tables 2A and 2B below.
  • a glycopeptide derivative compound e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III)
  • trehalose e.g., trehalose
  • trileucine or leucine trileucine or leucine
  • the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 25 wt% of mannitol, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), (II) and (III) are defined above.
  • (c) is trileucine.
  • (c) is leucine.
  • a glycopeptide derivative compound e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III)
  • mannitol e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III)
  • trileucine or leucine expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin, chloroeremomycin or decaplanin. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is telavancin, chloroeremomycin or decaplanin.
  • the structures of hundreds of natural and semisynthetic glycopeptides have been determined. These structures are highly related and fall within five structural subtypes, I-V, and the present disclosure is not limited to a particular subtype, so long as the glycopeptide includes a primary amine group to conjugate the R 1 group.
  • type I structures contain aliphatic chains, whereas types II, III, and IV include aromatic side chains within these amino acids. Unlike types I and II, types III and IV contain an extra F-O-G ring system.
  • Type IV structures have, in addition, a long fatty-acid chain attached to the sugar moiety. Structures of type V, such as complestatin, chloropeptin I, and kistamincin A and B, contain the characteristic tryptophan moiety linked to the central amino acid.
  • the glycopeptide is one of the glycopeptides described in International Application Publication No.
  • the glycopeptide is A477, A35512, A40926, A41030, A42867, A47934, A80407, A82846, A83850, A84575, AB-65, actaplanin, actinoidin, ardacin, avoparcin, azureomycin, chloroorienticin, chloropolysporin, chloroeremomycin, decaplanin, N-demethylvancomycin, eremomycin, galacardin, helvecardin A, helvecardin B, izupeptin, kibdelin, LL-AM374, mannopeptin, MM45289, MM47761, MM47766.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • the glycopeptide is telavancin.
  • the glycopeptide is chloroeremomycin.
  • the glycopeptide is decaplanin.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0054] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 1 is so defined, in one embodiment, n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
  • n2 is 10.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13 in.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3 and n2 is 10 or 11.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • R 1 is –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
  • n2 is 10 or 11.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin.
  • the glycopeptide is vancomycin.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms of the compound of Formula (I) are replaced with a deuterium atom.
  • R 3 and/or R 4 is deuterium.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Formula (II) is defined above.
  • Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of a compound of Formula (II) are provided in Tables 1-3, above.
  • Formula (II) specifics [0068] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R 2 is OH. In a further embodiment, R 4 is H. [0069] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R 2 is OH.
  • R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • R 2 is —NH–(CH 2 ) 3 –R 5 .
  • R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • R 2 is —NH–(CH 2 ) 3 –R 5 .
  • R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • R 2 is —NH–(CH 2 ) q –R 5 .
  • R 2 is —NH–(CH 2 ) 3 –N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 2 is —NH– (CH 2 ) 3 –N + (CH 3 ) 3 .
  • R 2 is —NH–(CH 2 ) 3 –N + (CH 3 ) 2 (n-C 14 H 29 ).
  • R 2 is . [0073] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R 2 is –NH–(CH 2 ) q –N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 2 is —NH–(CH 2 ) q –N + (CH 3 ) 3 . In another embodiment, R 2 is–NH–(CH 2 ) q –R 5 and R 5 is –N + (CH 3 ) 2 (n-C 14 H 29 ). In yet another embodiment, R 2 is–NH–(CH 2 ) q –R 5 and R 5 is [0074] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 or –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is H and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • n1 is 2
  • n2 is 10
  • the compound of Formula (II) is of the following formula, referred to as “RV62” herein:
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is H and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is H and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is H
  • n1 is 1
  • n2 is 9, i.e., the compound of Formula (II)
  • RV94 has the following structure, referred to herein as “RV94”.
  • R 1 is –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH and R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 or –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0084] In yet another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 . In a further embodiment, R 2 is OH, R 3 is and R 4 is H. In one embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9.
  • R 1 is –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is 4 and R is H.
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 or –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is H and R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H
  • R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9.
  • R 1 is –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 is H and R 4 is CH 2 -NH- CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 .
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 or –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is –NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 5
  • R 3 is H and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • q is 2 or 3 and R 5 is N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -NH-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is –NH–(CH 2 ) q –R 5 , R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R 5 is N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -O-C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is –NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 5 , R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-O-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is –NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 5 , R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • q is 2 or 3 and R 5 is N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) n1 -C(O)-NH-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is –NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 5
  • R 3 is H and R 4 is H.
  • n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n1 is 2 and n2 is 10.
  • n1 is 1 and n2 is 9.
  • q is 2 or 3 and R 5 is N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 1 is –C(O)-(CH 2 ) n2 -CH 3 .
  • R 2 is –NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 5
  • R 3 is H and R 4 is H.
  • n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14.
  • n2 is 10.
  • q is 2 or 3 and R 5 is N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • one or more hydrogen atoms of a compound Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are replaced with a deuterium atom, for example, R 3 and/or R 4 is deuterium.
  • the compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) can be prepared according to methods and steps known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the compounds may be prepared according to methods described in U.S. Patent No.6,392,012; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2017/0152291 and 2016/0272682, and International Application Publication Nos. WO 2018/08197 and WO 2018/217808, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
  • Dry powder compositions provided herein can also include a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Various embodiments of compositions comprising a compound of Formula (III) are provided in Tables 1-3 above.
  • Formula (III) specifics [00103] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), Y of is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NR 8 –, –S(O)– , –SO 2 –, –OSO 2 –, –NR 8 SO 2 –, –SO 2 NR 8 –, –SO 2 O–, –P(O)(OR 8 )O–, –P(O)(OR 8 )NR 8 –, – OP(O)(OR 8 )O–, –OP(O)(OR 8 )NR 8 –,NR 8 C(O)NR 8 –, and –NR 8 SO 2 NR 8 –.
  • R 1 does not include an amide or ester moiety.
  • R 1 is R 5 -Y-R 6 -(Z) n .
  • R 5 is –(CH 2 ) 2 –
  • R 6 is –(CH 2 ) 10 –
  • Z is hydrogen
  • n is 1.
  • X is O.
  • Y is NR 8 .
  • R 8 is hydrogen.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) 2 -NH-(CH 2 ) 9 -CH 3 .
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) 2 -NH-(CH 2 ) 9 -CH 3
  • X is O
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 and R 4 are H
  • the compound of Formula (III) is of the following formula, which is referred to as “RV40” herein.
  • R 1 is –CH 2 -NH-(CH 2 ) 10 -CH 3 .
  • X is O, R 2 is OH and R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) 2 -NH-(CH 2 ) 10 -CH 3 .
  • X is O, R 2 is OH and R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • R 1 is –(CH 2 ) 2 -NH-(CH 2 ) 11 -CH 3 .
  • X is O
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 and R 4 are H.
  • R 1 is X is O
  • R 2 is -NH-(CH 2 ) q -R 7 .
  • R 2 is -NH-(CH 2 ) 3 -R 7 .
  • R 1 is 7 and R is –N + (CH 2 ) 3 or -N(CH 2 ) 2 .
  • R 1 is C 10 -C 16 alkyl. In a further embodiment, R 1 is C 10 alkyl.
  • R 2 is OH, R 3 and R 4 are H and X is O. In a further embodiment, R 1 is or R 5 -Y-R 6 -(Z) n .
  • R 1 is R 5 -Y-R 6 - (Z)n
  • R 5 is methylene, ethylene or propylene
  • R 6 is —(CH 2 ) 9 –, –(CH 2 ) 10 –, –(CH 2 ) 11 –, or –(CH 2 ) 12 –
  • Z is H and n is 1.
  • R 5 is –(CH 2 ) 2 –
  • R 6 is –(CH 2 ) 10 –
  • Y is NR 8 .
  • R 8 is hydrogen.
  • the compound is one of the compounds provided in Table 4 below.
  • the compound in Table 4 are identified by their respective R 1 , R 2 and X groups. Compounds of Table 4, in a further embodiment, are defined as having R 3 and R 4 as both H. In another embodiment, R 3 is and R 4 3 is H in each compound of Table 4. In yet another embodiment, R is H and R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 in each compound of Table 4. In even another embodiment, R 3 is and R 4 is CH 2 -NH-CH 2 -PO 3 H 2 in each compound of Table 4.
  • the compound is Compound #40 of Table 4. In a further embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are each H in Compound #40.
  • the compound is Compound #79 of Table 4. In a further embodiment, R 3 and R 4 are each H in Compound #79.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms of the compound are replaced with a deuterium atom.
  • Compounds of Formula (III) are synthesized, in one embodiment, by the methods provided in U.S. Patent No.6,455,669, U.S.
  • the dry powder compositions of the present disclosure may be produced from liquid compositions using lyophilization or spray-drying techniques. When lyophilization is used, the lyophilized composition may be milled to obtain the finely divided dry powder containing particles within the desired size range described herein.
  • the dry powder compositions of the present disclosure are prepared by the following process.
  • a spray drying feed solution is prepared by dissolving a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more excipients, e.g., trileucine, leucine, DSPC, DPPC, a combination of leucine with DSPC or DPPC, a combination of trileucine or leucine with trehalose, or a combination of trileucine or leucine with mannitol, in a binary or ternary solvent system comprising water and one or two organic solvents, such as an alcohol (e.g., 3-methyl-1-butanol, or a C 1 -C 5 primary alcohol, such as 1-propanol), DMF, or a mixture of two organic solvents of the foregoing, including a mixture of two alcohols (e.g.
  • a stock solution of the phospholipid may be prepared using an organic solvent, such as an alcohol (e.g., 1 -propanol) or isobutyl acetate. Afterwards a required amount of the phospholipid stock solution, as well as a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally other excipients, is added to a binary or ternary solvent system to form a spray drying feed solution.
  • the volume ratio of the organic solvent to water may be from about 7:1 to about 1: 1, or from about 4:1 to 1: 1.
  • Spray drying is initiated by starting the drying gas flow and heating up the drying gas by setting the desired inlet temperature at, for example, from about 80 °C to about 155 °C, from about 80 °C to about 135 °C, from about 90 °C to about 135 °C, from about 80 °C to about 100 °C, from about 100 °C to about 135 °C, or from about 120 °C to about 135 °C.
  • the liquid skid inlet is set to allow blank solvents to be atomized with the aid of nitrogen into the spray dryer, and the system is allowed to stabilize. After the system stabilizes, the liquid skid inlet is switched to the feed solution prepared above and the process is continued till the feed solution runs out. Powder is collected over the entire duration of the feed solution spray drying.
  • the liquid skid inlet is switched back to blank solvents, which are allowed to spray for from about 10 to about 15 minutes.
  • the system is shut down by, for example, in the case of a Buchi B-290 spray dryer, shutting down the feed pump and heater, the drying gas and finally the aspirator.
  • a method for treating a bacterial infection in a patient in need thereof includes administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition disclosed herein, i.e., a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler.
  • a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof
  • treating in one embodiment, includes: (1) preventing or delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition developing in the subject that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the state, disorder or condition but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition; (2) inhibiting the state, disorder or condition (e.g., arresting, reducing or delaying the development of the disease, or a relapse thereof in case of maintenance treatment, of at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof); and/or (3) relieving the condition (e.g., causing regression of the state, disorder or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms).
  • “treating” refers to inhibiting the state, disorder or condition (e.g., arresting, reducing or delaying the development of the disease, or a relapse thereof in case of maintenance treatment, of at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof). In another embodiment, “treating” refers to relieving the condition (for example, by causing regression of the state, disorder or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms).
  • the benefit to a subject to be treated is either statistically significant as compared to the state or condition of the same subject before the treatment, or as compared to the state or condition of an untreated control subject, or the benefit is at least perceptible to the subject or to the physician.
  • the administering includes aerosolizing the dry powder composition via a DPI to provide an aerosolized dry powder composition, and administering the aerosolized dry powder composition to the lungs of the patient via inhalation by the DPI.
  • the DPI is a single dose dry powder inhaler.
  • the unit dose of a dry powder composition used in a DPI device is often a dry powder blister disc of a hard capsule.
  • Exemplary DPI devices suitable for delivering the dry powder compositions of the present disclosure include the devices described in the following paragraphs, as well as the DPIs described in U.S.
  • the AIR ® inhaler includes a small, breath-activated system that delivers porous powder from a capsule.
  • the porous particles have an aerodynamic diameter of 1- 5 ⁇ m. See International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 1999/066903 and WO 2000/010541, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • AerolizerTM Novartis is a single dose dry powder inhaler.
  • BANG OLUFSEN provides a breath actuated inhaler using blister strips with up to sixty doses. The dose is made available only during the inhalation by a novel trigger mechanism. The device is equipped with a dose counter and can be disposed of after all doses have been used. See EP 1522325, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • EclipseTM is a breath actuated re-usable capsule device capable of delivering up to 20 mg of a dry power composition. The powder is sucked from the capsule into a vortex chamber where a rotating ball assists in powder disaggregation as a subject inhales. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,707 and WO 1995/003846, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • Flexhaler ® is a plastic breath-activated dry powder inhaler and is amenable for use with the dry powder compositions provided herein.
  • FlowCaps ® (Hovione) is a capsule-based, re-fillable, re-usable passive dry-powder inhaler that holds up to 14 capsules. The inhaler itself is moisture-proof. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,686, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Gyrohaler ® (Vectura) is a passive disposable DPI containing a strip of blisters. See GB2407042, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the HandiHaler ® (Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH) is a single dose DPI device. It can deliver up to 30 mg of a dry powder composition in capsules.
  • MicroDose ® DPI (Microdose Technologies) is a small electronic DPI device. It uses piezoelectric vibrator (ultrasonic frequencies) to disaggregate the drug powder in an aluminum blister (single or multiple dose). See U.S. Patent No.6,026,809, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Nektar Dry Powder Inhaler ® (Nektar) is a palm-sized and easy-to-use device. It provides convenient dosing from standard capsules and flow-rate-independent lung deposition.
  • Nektar Pulmonary Inhaler ® efficiently removes powders from the packaging, breaks up the particles and creates an aerosol cloud suitable for deep lung delivery. It enables the aerosolized particles to be transported from the device to the deep lung during a patient's breath, reducing losses in the throat and upper airways. Compressed gas is used to aerosolize the powder. See AU4090599 and U.S. Patent No. 5,740,794, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • NEXT DPITM is a device featuring multidose capabilities, moisture protection, and dose counting. The device can be used regardless of orientation (upside down) and doses only when proper aspiratory flow is reached.
  • Neohaler ® is a capsule-based plastic breath-activated dry powder inhaler.
  • OrielTM DPI is an active DPI that utilizes a piezoelectric membrane and nonlinear vibrations to aerosolize powder formulations. See International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2001/068169, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • RS01 monodose dry powder inhaler developed by Plastiape in Italy features a compact size and a simple and effective perforation system and is suited to both gelatin and HMPC capsules.
  • the RS01 monodose DPI can be selected based on inspiratory resistances, with low, medium, high or ultra-high inspiratory resistances available.
  • PressairTM is a plastic breath-activated dry powder inhaler.
  • Pulvinal ® inhaler (Chiesi) is a breath-actuated multi-dose (100 doses) dry powder inhaler. The dry powder is stored in a reservoir which is transparent and clearly marked to indicate when the 100th dose has been delivered. See U.S. Patent No.
  • Rotohaler ® (GlaxoSmithKline) is a single use device that utilizes capsules. See U.S. Patent Nos. 5,673,686 and 5,881,721, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • Rexam DPI (Rexam Pharma) is a single dose, reusable device designed for use with capsules. See U.S. Patent No. 5,651,359 and EP 0707862, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • S2 (Innovata PLC) is a re-useable or disposable single-dose DPI for the delivery of a dry powder composition in high concentrations. Its dispersion mechanism requires minimal patient effort to achieve excellent drug delivery to the patients' lungs. S2 is easy to use and has a passive engine so no battery or power source is required. See AU3320101, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • SkyeHaler ® DPI (SkyePharma) is a multidose device containing up to 300 individual doses in a single-use, or replaceable cartridge. The device is powered by breath and requires no coordination between breathing and actuation. See U.S.
  • Taifun ® DPI (LAB International) is a multiple-dose (up to 200) DPI device. It is breath actuated and flow rate independent. The device includes a unique moisture-balancing drug reservoir coupled with a volumetric dose metering system for consistent dosing. See U.S. Patent No.6,132,394, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the TurboHaler ® (AstraZeneca) is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,983,893, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • This DPI device is an inspiratory flow-driven, multi-dose dry-powder inhaler with a multi-dose reservoir that provides up to 200 doses of a dry powder composition and a dose range from a few micrograms to 0.5 mg.
  • the Twisthaler ® (Schering-Plough) is a multiple dose device with a dose counting feature and is capable of 14-200 actuations.
  • a dry powder composition is packaged in a cartridge that contains a desiccant. See U.S. Patent No. 5,829,434, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • Ultrahaler ® (Aventis) combines accurate dose metering and good dispersion.
  • XcelovairTM (Meridica/Pfizer) holds 60 pre-metered, hermetically sealed doses in the range of 5-20 mg.
  • the device provides moisture protection under accelerated conditions of 40°C/75% RH. The dispersion system maximizes the fine particle fraction, delivering up to 50% fine particle mass.
  • a dry powder composition administered by one of the methods provided herein is aerosolized via a DPI to provide aerosolized particles of the composition.
  • Mass median aerodynamic diameter is the value of aerodynamic diameter for which 50% of the mass in a given aerosol is associated with particles smaller than the median aerodynamic diameter (MAD), and 50% of the mass is associated with particles larger than the MAD.
  • MAD median aerodynamic diameter
  • MMAD can be determined by impactor measurements, e.g., the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) or the Next Generation Impactor (NGI).
  • the aerosolized dry powder composition comprises particles with an MMAD of from about 1 ⁇ m to about 5 ⁇ m, from about 1 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m, from about 2 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m, from about 1 ⁇ m to about 3 ⁇ m, from about 1 ⁇ m to about 2 ⁇ m, or about 1.5 ⁇ m as measured by NGI.
  • the MMAD is from about 1 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m as measured by NGI.
  • the MMAD is from about 1 ⁇ m to about 3 ⁇ m as measured by NGI.
  • the MMAD is from about 1 ⁇ m to about 2 ⁇ m as measured by NGI.
  • the aerosolized dry powder composition comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the MMAD is about 1.5 ⁇ m as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the MMAD is from about 2 ⁇ m to about 4 ⁇ m as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the MMAD is from about 3 ⁇ m to about 3.5 ⁇ m as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the MMAD is from about 2 ⁇ m to about 3 ⁇ m as measured by NGI.
  • “Fine particle fraction” or “FPF” refers to the fraction of an aerosol having a particle size less than 5 ⁇ m in diameter, as measured by cascade impaction.
  • the aerosolized dry powder composition has an FPF of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, from about 60% to about 99%, from about 60% to about 80%, from about 60% to about 75%, from about 70% to about 99%, from about 80% to about 95%, from about 85% to about 95%, or about 90%, as measured by NGI.
  • the FPF is from about 80% to about 95% as measured by NGI.
  • the FPF is from about 85% to about 95% as measured by NGI.
  • the FPF is about 90% as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF is from about 60% to about 80% as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the FPF is from about 60% to about 75% as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF is from about 60% to about 70% as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF is from about 70% to about 75% as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the aerosolized dry powder composition comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). [00156] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection. [00157] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Gram- positive bacterial infection.
  • the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive bacterial infection.
  • the Gram-positive bacterial infection includes, but is not limited to, a Staphylococcus infection, a Streptococcus infection, an Enterococcus infection, a Bacillus infection, a Corynebaclerium infection, a Nocardia infection, a Clostridium infection and a Listeria infection.
  • the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a Gram-positive cocci infection.
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Streptococcus infection, an Enterococcus infection, a Staphylococcus infection, or a combination thereof.
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive cocci infection.
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Streptococcus infection.
  • the Streptococcus infection is a pulmonary Streptococcus infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • Streptococci are Gram-positive, non-motile cocci that divide in one plane, producing chains of cells.
  • the primary pathogens include S. pyrogenes and S. pneumoniae but other species can be opportunistic. S.
  • pyrogenes is the leading cause of bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis. It can also produce sinusitis, otitis, arthritis, and bone infections. Some strains prefer skin, producing either superficial (impetigo) or deep (cellulitis) infections. Streptoccocus pnemoniae is treated, in one embodiment, in a patient that has been diagnosed with community- acquired pneumonia or purulent meningitis. [00160] S. pneumoniae is the major cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults, and in one embodiment, an infection due to S. pneumoniae is treated with the methods provided herein. The virulence of S. pneumoniae is dictated by its capsule.
  • Toxins produced by streptococci include: streptolysins (S & O), NADase, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, DNAses, erythrogenic toxin (which causes scarlet fever rash by producing damage to blood vessels; requires that bacterial cells are lysogenized by phage that encodes toxin).
  • Streptococcus infections treatable with the methods provided herein include, S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. canis, S. constellatus, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi, S. equinus, S. intermedins, S. mitis, S. mutans, S.
  • the Streptococcus infection is an S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. dysgalactiae, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. sanguinis, or S.
  • the Streptococcus infection is an S. mutans infection.
  • the Streptococcus infection is an S. pneumoniae infection.
  • the Streptococcus infection is a penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP) infection.
  • the Streptococcus infection is an S. dysgalactiae infection.
  • the Streptococcus infection is an S. pyogenes infection.
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection is an Enterococcus infection.
  • the Enterococcus infection is a pulmonary Enterococcus infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the Enterococcus infection is a vancomycin resistant Enterococcus infection (VRE).
  • the Enterococcus infection is a vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus infection (VSE).
  • VRE vancomycin resistant Enterococcus infection
  • VSE vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus infection
  • the genus Enterococci includes Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic organisms that are ovoid in shape and appear on smear in short chains, in pairs, or as single cells. Enterococci are important human pathogens that are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Examples of Enterococci treatable with the methods provided herein are E. avium, E.
  • the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus ⁇ aecalis (E. faecalis) infection. In a further embodiment, the E. faecalis infection is a pulmonary E. faecalis infection. [00165] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus ⁇ aecium (E. faecium) infection. In a further embodiment, the E. faecium infection is a pulmonary E. faecium infection.
  • the Enterococcus infection treated is resistant or sensitive to vancomycin or resistant or sensitive to penicillin.
  • the Enterococcus infection is an E. faecalis or E. faecium infection.
  • the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) infection.
  • the E. faecalis infection is a vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis infection.
  • the E. faecalis infection is a vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis infection.
  • the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) infection.
  • the E. faecium infection is a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infection.
  • the E. faecium infection is a vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium infection.
  • the E. faecium infection is an ampicillin-resistant E. faecium infection.
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Staphylococcus infection.
  • the Staphylococcus infection is a pulmonary Staphylococcus infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • Staphylococcus is Gram-positive non-motile bacteria that colonizes skin and mucus membranes. Staphylococci are spherical and occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. The natural habitat of Staphylococcus is nose; it can be isolated in 50% of normal individuals. 20% of people are skin carriers and 10% of people harbor Staphylococcus in their intestines. Examples of Staphylococci infections treatable with the methods provided herein include S.
  • the Staphylococcal infection treated with the methods provided herein causes endocarditis or septicemia (sepsis).
  • the patient in need of treatment with the methods provided herein in one embodiment, is an endocarditis patient.
  • the patient is a septicemia (sepsis) patient.
  • the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection.
  • the S. aureus infection is a pulmonary S. aureus infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • S. aureus colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most anatomical locales, including skin oral cavity, and gastrointestinal tract.
  • the S. aureus infection can be healthcare associated, i.e., acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting, or community-acquired.
  • the S. aureus infection can be healthcare associated, i.e., acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting, or community-acquired.
  • aureus infection is a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection.
  • MRSA infection is a pulmonary MRSA infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the patient is a cystic fibrosis patient.
  • the S. aureus infection is a methicillin- sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • aureus infection is a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infection.
  • the S. aureus infection is an erythromycin-resistant (erm R ) vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infection.
  • the S. aureus infection is a heterogeneous vancomycin- intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the S. aureus infection is a vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) infection.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) infection.
  • the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus epidermis (S. epidermis) infection.
  • the Staphylococcus infection is an S. epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) infection.
  • a Staphylococcus infection e.g., an S.
  • the aureus infection is treated in one embodiment, in a patient that has been diagnosed with mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia.
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection e.g., a Streptococccus infection, an Enterococcus infection, or a Staphylococcus infection
  • the resistant bacterial infection is a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus infection, e.g., methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) infection.
  • MRSA methicillin-resistant S. aureus
  • MRSE methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • the resistant bacterial infection is an oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus (e.g., S. aureus) infection, a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection or a penicillin-resistant Streptococcus (e.g., S. pneumoniae) infection.
  • oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus e.g., S. aureus
  • vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection e.g., S. pneumoniae
  • the Gram-positive cocci infection is an infection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, which is also resistant to teicoplanin (VRE Fm Van A), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium sensitive to teicoplanin (VRE Fm Van B), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis also resistant to teicoplanin (VRE Fs Van A), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis sensitive to teicoplanin (VRE Fs Van B), or penicillin- resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP).
  • VRE vancomycin-resistant enterococci
  • VRE Fm Van A vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium sensitive to teicoplanin
  • VRE Fm Van B vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis also resistant to teicoplanin
  • VRE Fs Van A
  • the bacterial infection is a Bacillus infection.
  • Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are aerobic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive rods, and infections due to such bacteria are treatable via the methods provided herein.
  • Bacillus species can be found in soil, air, and water where they are involved in a range of chemical transformations. Examples of pathogenic Bacillus species whose infection is treatable with the methods provided herein, include, but are not limited to, B. anthracis, B. cereus and B. coagulans.
  • B. anthracis e.g., B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, as well as B.
  • Bacillus anthracis Bacillus anthracis
  • Bacillus anthracis the infection of which causes anthrax, is acquired via direct contact with infected herbivores or indirectly via their products.
  • the clinical forms of anthrax include cutaneous anthrax, from handling infected material, intestinal anthrax, from eating infected meat, and pulmonary anthrax from inhaling spore- laden dust.
  • the bacterial infection is a Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) infection.
  • Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram- negative, rod-shaped coccobacillus, an aerobe bacterium. It is non-spore forming, non-motile and the causative agent of tularemia, the pneumonic form of which is often lethal without treatment. It is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium which requires cysteine for growth.
  • the bacterial infection is a Burkholderia infection, which is a Gram-negative infection.
  • the Burkholderia infection is a Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), B. dolosa, B. fungorum, B. gladioli, B. multivorans, B. vietnamiensis, B. ambifaria, B. andropogonis, B. anthina, B. brasilensis, B. calcdonica, B. caribensis, B. caryophylli infection, or a combination of the above infections.
  • B. pseudomallei Burkholderia pseudomallei
  • B. dolosa B. fungorum
  • B. gladioli B. multivorans
  • B. vietnamiensis B. ambifaria
  • B. andropogonis B. anthina
  • B. brasilensis B. calcdonica
  • B. caribensis B. caryophylli infection
  • Burkholderia is a genus of Proteobacteria whose pathogenic members include, among others, the Burkholderia cepacia complex which attacks humans; Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis; and Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis.
  • the Burkholderia (previously part of Pseudomonas) genus name refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella, with the exception of Burkholderia mallei which is nonmotile.
  • the bacterial infection is a Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) infection.
  • Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a Gram-negative, rod- shaped coccobacillus, non-mobile with no spores. It is a facultative anaerobic organism that can infect humans via the oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague, which takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues.
  • the bacterial infection is a Clostridium infection.
  • Clostridia are spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobes, and infections due to such bacteria are treatable via the methods provided herein.
  • the bacterial infection is a Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) infection, the etiological agent of tetanus.
  • the bacterial infection is a Clostridium botidinum (C. botidinum) infection, the etiological agent of botulism.
  • the bacterial infection is a C. perfringens infection, one of the etiological agents of gas gangrene.
  • the bacterial infection is a C. sordellii infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a Corybacterium infection.
  • Corynebacteria are small, generally non-motile, Gram-positive, non sporalating, pleomorphic bacilli, and infections due to these bacteria are treatable via the methods provided herein.
  • Corybacterium diphtheria is the etiological agent of diphtheria, an upper respiratory disease mainly affecting children, and is treatable via the methods provided herein.
  • the bacterial infection is a Nocardia infection.
  • the bacteria of the genus Nocardia are Gram-positive, partially acid-fast rods, which grow slowly in branching chains resembling fungal hyphae.
  • Exemplary Nocardial infections treatable with the methods provided herein include N. aerocolonigenes, N. africana, N. argentinensis, N. asteroides, N.
  • the bacterial infection is one selected from the group consisting of an N.
  • the bacterial infection is a Listeria infection.
  • Listeria are non-spore-forming, nonbranching Gram-positive rods that occur individually or form short chains.
  • Non-limiting examples of Listeria infections treatable with the methods provided herein include L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, L. seeligeri, L. murrayi, and L. welshimeri infections, and a combination thereof.
  • the bacterial infection is a Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) infection.
  • the bacterial infection is an L.
  • the bacterial infection treatable by the methods provided herein may be present as planktonic free-floating bacteria, a biofilm, or a combination thereof.
  • the bacterial infection is a planktonic bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a bacterial biofilm infection.
  • the bacterial infection is acquired in a healthcare setting, e.g., acquired at a hospital, a nursing home, rehabilitation facility, outpatient clinic, etc.
  • the bacterial infection is community associated or acquired.
  • the bacterial infection is a respiratory tract infection, e.g., pneumonia.
  • the bacterial infection treated in a pneumonia patient is a S.
  • the bacterial infection treated in a pneumonia patient is Mycoplasma pneumonia or a Legionella species.
  • the bacterial infection in a pneumonia patient is penicillin resistant, e.g., penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae.
  • the pneumonia is due to S. aureus, e.g., MRSA.
  • Respiratory bacterial infections and in particular pulmonary bacterial infections are quite problematic for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In fact, such infections are the main cause of pulmonary deterioration in this population of patients. The lungs of CF patients are colonized and infected by bacteria from an early age. These bacteria thrive in the altered mucus, which collects in the small airways of the lungs.
  • the methods disclosed herein are useful in treating a patient with CF having a bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection.
  • the pulmonary bacterial infection is a pulmonary MRSA infection.
  • the pulmonary infection is comprised of a biofilm.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the patient is administered the dry powder composition once daily.
  • the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt).
  • the patient is administered the dry powder composition twice daily.
  • the patient is administered the dry powder composition three or more times daily.
  • the administration is with food.
  • each administration comprises 1 to 5 doses (puffs) from a DPI, for example 1 dose (1 puff), 2 doses (2 puffs), 3 doses (3 puffs), 4 doses (4 puffs) or 5 doses (5 puffs).
  • the DPI in one embodiment, is small and transportable by the patient.
  • the dry powder inhaler is a single dose dry powder inhaler.
  • the DPI includes (a) a reservoir comprising the dry powder composition disclosed herein, and (b) a means for introducing the dry powder composition into the patient via inhalation.
  • the reservoir in one embodiment, comprises the dry powder composition of the present disclosure in a capsule or in a blister pack.
  • the material for the shell of a capsule can be gelatin, cellulose derivatives, starch, starch derivatives, chitosan, or synthetic plastics.
  • the DPI may be a single dose or a multidose inhaler. In addition, the DPI may be pre-metered or device-metered.
  • the dry powder inhaler is a single dose dry powder inhaler.
  • the system in one embodiment, is used for treating a bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection, e.g., pulmonary methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection, e.g., in CF patients.
  • MRSA pulmonary methicillin-resistant S. aureus
  • Other types of bacterial infections amenable to treatment by using the system are as described above.
  • the system includes a DPI and the dry powder composition disclosed herein, i.e., a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the dry powder inhaler may be one described above, may be a single dose or a multidose inhaler, and/or may be pre-metered or device-metered. In one embodiment, the dry powder inhaler is a single dose dry powder inhaler.
  • EXAMPLES [00187] The present invention is further illustrated by reference to the following Examples. However, it should be noted that these Examples, like the embodiments described above, are illustrative and are not to be construed as restricting the scope of the invention in any way.
  • Example 1 Development and characterization of dry powder formulations containing RV40, RV62, or RV94 [00188] This example describes the development and characterization of dry powder formulations containing RV40, RV62, or RV94. 1.
  • RV40 dry powder for inhalation using various solvent systems and excipients and a Buchi B-290 spray dryer was prepared.
  • the spray drying process parameters were varied as follows: inlet temperature: 80-155°C; feed concentration: 5-20 mg/mL; pump rate: 12-17%.
  • the morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size by using a Sympatec RODOS HELOS particle sizer, moisture content by using Karl Fischer titrimetry, as well as aerodynamic properties by NGI, crystalline or amorphous nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and moisture absorption by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), of the dry powder formulations, as detailed in Table 5 below.
  • RV40 dry powder formulations with 10 or 20 wt% trileucine spray dried from a 1-butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20) solvent system and at the inlet temperature of about 120°C-135°C (e.g., 120°C, or 135°C), and outlet temperature of about 59°C-78°C (e.g., 59°C, 69°C, 74°C, 77°C, or 78°C), displayed the desired particle morphology, good powder stability and a unimodal particle size distribution (geometric particle size between 1.89 and 3.52 ⁇ m).
  • Formulation #2 contained 80 wt% RV40 and 20 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. At T0, the dry powder exhibited wrinkled surface as determined by SEM with a mean size of 3.33 ⁇ m.
  • Formulations #4a to #6 each contained 60 wt% or more RV40 and exhibited a high recovery rate of over 70%. Dry powder of formulations #5a-#5c were prepared with DMF, a high boiling point cosolvent that led to slower drying, and exhibited a lesser tendency to break, as compared to dry powder of formulations #4a, #4b, #4c and #6, which were prepared with n- propanol, a low boiling point co-solvent, and high inlet temperatures.
  • formulation #4a contained 60 wt% RV40, 30 wt% trehalose and 10 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C.
  • Formulation #6 contained 80 wt% RV40 and 20 wt% DSPC, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 105°C. The dry powder showed a lesser tendency to break and appeared wrinkled and collapsed as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #8a contained 80 wt% RV40, 10 wt% DSPC and 10 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 120°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with fibers, which increased after 1.5 months, as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #7b contained 90 wt% RV40 and 10 wt% trileucine.
  • the dry powder exhibited wrinkled surface but no fibers as determined by SEM, indicating that the dry powder was stable.
  • the choice of the excipients and solvent systems affected RV40 dry powder morphology and stability. All powders had a low residual moisture content of less than 4%. Powders spray dried at a higher feed flow rate displayed larger particle size. Most of the powders had a wrinkled surface. The choice of solvent system played a role in the possibility of particle breakage during spray drying.
  • RV40 dry powders displayed similar MMAD of from 3 ⁇ m to 3.5 ⁇ m and had a typical FPF of from 62% to 71%, as measured by NGI.
  • RV40 dry powders with trileucine were most stable with a unimodal particle size distribution and did not display the fiber formation on storage.
  • the surface morphology of powders containing DPPC was not as wrinkled as those containing amino acids. Particle breakage was observed in the powders containing DPPC. Geometric particle size was between 4 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m. Powder morphology and size did not change over 1 month of stability storage at room temperature in a desiccator. Powders with DPPC were observed to be amorphous by XRD. [00200] RV40 dry powders containing DSPC had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance. Broken particles were also observed. Particle breakage was observed to depend on the solvent system. Use of 1-propanol (low boiling point solvent) in the solvent system led to particle breakage.
  • Geometric particle size was between 3 ⁇ m and 5 ⁇ m.
  • Powders containing DSPC and leucine displayed a wrinkled appearance with the presence of fiber-like structures. The amount of fiber-like structures increased after 1.5 months of stability storage. Geometric particle size was about 4 ⁇ m and did not change significantly over 1.5 months. Powders containing DSPC and leucine were observed to be amorphous by XRD, in spite of the presence of leucine.
  • Powders containing DPPC and leucine displayed a wrinkled and broken appearance with the presence of fiber-like structures on particle surface.
  • Geometric particle size was about 3 ⁇ m and increased to about 4.5 ⁇ m after storage, indicating possible aggregation.
  • Powders containing trehalose and leucine had a wrinkled and fragmented appearance with fiber-like structures on the particle surface.
  • Geometric particle size depended on the solvent system used for spray drying. Powders spray dried using 1:1 water:1-propanol system displayed a larger particle size of about 6.5 ⁇ m, with particle fragments observed on the surface of some particles. Powders spray dried using the 1-butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20) displayed a smaller particle size of about 3.5 ⁇ m, with no particle breakage.
  • Powders containing DPPC, leucine and sodium chloride were spray dried using 1- butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20). Increasing the proportion of leucine in the powder increased the powder recovery ( ⁇ 70% recovery with 10% leucine vs ⁇ 78% recovery with 20% leucine). Powders had a geometric size between 3 ⁇ m and 4 ⁇ m. Powders had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance with fiber-like structures on the surface. 2.
  • RV62 dry powder for inhalation was prepared using a tri-solvent system consisting of 1-butanol, 1-propanol, and water, and various excipients and a Buchi B-290 spray dryer.
  • the spray drying process parameters were varied as follows: inlet temperature: 90-135°C; feed concentration: 10-20 mg/mL; feed flow rate: 4.05 mL/min.
  • the morphology was determined by SEM, particle size by using a Sympatec RODOS HELOS particle sizer, moisture content by using Karl Fischer titrimetry, as well as aerodynamic properties by NGI, crystalline or amorphous nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD), moisture absorption by DVS, and composition of the surface of the powder particles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, of the dry powder formulations, as detailed in Table 6A below.
  • RV62 dry powder formulations with 10, 12.5, or 20 wt% trileucine spray dried from a 50:25:251-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system and at the inlet temperature of about 90°C-135°C (e.g., 90°C, 115°C, or 135°C) and outlet temperature of about 53°C-78°C (e.g., 53°C, 67°C, 69°C, 76°C, or 78°C), displayed the desired particle morphology, high surface deposition of trileucine, good aerosol properties with typical FPF of about 68% and MMAD of about 2.64 ⁇ m, and good powder stability. Trileucine deposited on particle surface during spray drying; surface deposition of trileucine increased with increase in inlet temperature during spray drying.
  • 90°C-135°C e.g., 90°C, 115°C, or 135°C
  • 53°C-78°C e.g., 53°
  • Formulation #10 contained 80 wt% RV62 and 20 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C.
  • the dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with fibers on the surface, with the amount of fibers increasing after a month, as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #11a contained 90 wt% RV62 and 10 wt% DPPC, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with no fibers as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #12b contained 90 wt% RV62 and 10 wt% DSPC, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C.
  • the dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with no fibers as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #13a contained 80 wt% RV62 and 20 wt% trileucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C.
  • Formulations #13c-1 and #13c-2 contained 87.5 wt% RV62 and 12.5 wt% trileucine, and were prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperatures of 135°C and 115 °C respectively. The dry powder formulations exhibited bimodal particle size distribution.
  • the lower proportion of trileucine in the dry powder formulations as compared to formulation #13a may lead to lower surface deposition of trileucine, resulting in particle aggregation and hence, the second peak in the bimodal distribution.
  • the dry powder formulations were also observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis.
  • the aerosol performance of formulation #13c-1 was evaluated using APSD analysis by NGI.
  • the dry powder formulation displayed MMAD of 2.64 ⁇ m and FPF of about 68%.
  • Figure 1 shows RV62 deposition of formulation #13c-1 on the various NGI components.
  • Table 6B shows the calculated amounts of the dry powder formulation deposited in various NGI stages.
  • Formulation #14 contained 80 wt% RV62, 10 wt% DPPC and 10 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C.
  • Formulation #15 contained 70 wt% RV62, 8 wt% DPPC, 20 wt% leucine, and 2 wt% NaCl. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C.
  • the dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with fibers appearing by 1 month as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #16a contained 60 wt% RV62, 20 wt% trehalose, and 20 wt% trileucine. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 115°C.
  • the dry powder had a wrinkled fissured appearance with no fiber as determined by SEM.
  • Formulation #17b contained 60 wt% RV62, 30 wt% mannitol, and 10 wt% trileucine. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 115°C. The dry powder crystalized with fibers appearing after 1 month as determined by SEM.
  • XPS analysis was performed to study the compositions of the surface of some exemplified RV62 dry powder formulations. Table 6C summarizes the results.
  • RV62 dry powder formulations containing trileucine, leucine, DPPC or DSPC displayed an increased proportion of these excipients on the powder’s surface compared to RV62, despite RV62 forming the bulk of the spray dried powder.
  • a higher inlet temperature led to a greater proportion of trileucine on the particle surface.
  • multiple RV62 dry powder formulations were prepared using spray drying. SEM imaging was used to screen the powders. The choice of the excipients and solvent systems affected powder morphology and stability. All powders had a low residual moisture content of less than 4%.
  • Powders spray dried at a higher feed flow rate displayed larger particle size. Most of the powders had a wrinkled surface. The choice of solvent system played a role in the possibility of particle breakage during spray drying.
  • RV62 dry powders with trileucine spray dried from a 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system were most stable with a high yield of 78-84% and a unimodal (when containing 20% trileucine) or bimodal (when containing 12.5% trileucine) particle size distribution. Powders had very low residual moisture content ( ⁇ 2%), following a secondary drying step in a vacuum oven at room temperature overnight after spray drying. Showing no fibers or crystallization on storage, RV62 dry powders with trileucine displayed desired particle morphology and good powder stability.
  • Trileucine affected the surface of the dry powder particles, giving it a wrinkled and fissured appearance.
  • the amorphous nature of the powders with trileucine was confirmed by XRD analysis.
  • RV62 powders with DPPC were spray dried using the 50:25:25 1-butanol:1- propanol:water solvent system.
  • the DPPC proportion in the powder was either 10% or 20%.
  • the yield of spray dried powder depended on the proportion of DPPC in the powder. Powders with 20% DPPC had a higher recovery ( ⁇ 76%) compared to powders with 10% DPPC ( ⁇ 59%).
  • the residual moisture content was about 2%.
  • the particle surface had wrinkled and collapsed appearance. Geometric particle size was between 3 ⁇ m and 4 ⁇ m.
  • RV62 powders with DSPC were spray dried using the 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system.
  • the DSPC proportion in the powder was either 10% or 20%.
  • DSPC proportion had a minor effect on the powder yield (71% for 20% DSPC vs 77% for 10% DSPC).
  • the powders had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance.
  • Increasing the DSPC proportion led to reduced geometric particle size ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ m for 10% DSPC vs ⁇ 3 ⁇ m for 20% DSPC) and greater residual moisture content ( ⁇ 1.8% for 10% DSPC vs ⁇ 3.5% for 20% DSPC).
  • RV62 powder containing 20% DSPC was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis.
  • RV62 powder with DPPC and leucine was spray dried using 50:25:251-butanol:1- propanol:water solvent system.
  • the powder had a high yield ( ⁇ 83%).
  • the fiber-like structures were observed at the 1-month stability timepoint, indicating possible crystallization of leucine over the duration of storage in a desiccator at room temperature.
  • the powder had a low residual moisture content of about 1.2%.
  • the geometric particle size was about 5 ⁇ m and did not change significantly over 1 month.
  • the spray-dried powder yield depended on the trehalose:trileucine proportion, with higher yield ( ⁇ 82%) observed for 30:10 trehalose:trileucine than 20:20 trehalose:trileucine ( ⁇ 69%).
  • the particles had a wrinkled and fissured surface appearance.
  • RV62 powder containing trehalose and trileucine in 1:1 ratio was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis.
  • RV62 powders containing mannitol and trileucine were spray dried using a 50:25:251-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system.
  • Mannitol:trileucine proportion did not have a major effect on powder yield, with slightly higher yield ( ⁇ 78%) observed for 20:20 mannitol:trileucine than 30:10 mannitol:trileucine ( ⁇ 72%).
  • RV62 dry powder containing mannitol and trileucine in 1:1 ratio was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis, despite the tendency of mannitol to crystallize on spray drying.
  • the proportion of mannitol affected the geometric particle size of the powders.
  • Powders with DPPC and sodium chloride were prepared using the 50:25:25 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system.
  • the proportions of RV62:DPPC:NaCl were either 80:18:2 or 90:8:2.
  • Powder yield was high (78-82%).
  • Powder with 18% DPPC displayed higher geometric particle size (4.3 ⁇ m) than powder with 8% DPPC ( ⁇ 2.8 ⁇ m). Particle size did not change over 1-month stability storage in a desiccator at room temperature. Powder with 18% DPPC also had a lower residual moisture content (1.8%) compared to powder with 8% DPPC (3%). Powder appearance was wrinkled and collapsed.
  • RV62 powder containing DPPC, leucine and sodium chloride was spray dried using 50:25:25 1-butanol:1-propanol:water.
  • the powder had a high yield of 85% and low residual moisture content ( ⁇ 2%).
  • the powder had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance, and was observed to be crystalline from XRD analysis. The crystallinity can be attributed to leucine, which tends to remain crystalline after spray drying.
  • the spray drying process parameters were varied as follows: inlet temperature: 80-135°C; feed concentration: 10-15.63 mg/mL; pump rate: 12%; Q-flow: 30-37 mm.
  • the morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size by using a Sympatec RODOS HELOS particle sizer, moisture content by using Karl Fischer titrimetry, as well as aerodynamic properties, such as MMAD and FPF, by NGI, crystalline or amorphous nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), of the dry powder formulations, as detailed in Table 7 below.
  • RV94 dry powder formulations with 12.5% trileucine displayed desirable particle morphology and 1-month powder stability, with a unimodal particle size distribution, as well as good aerodynamic properties with typical MMAD of 1.96 ⁇ m and FPF of 73.4%.
  • the formulations were prepared by spray drying from a 1-propanol:water solvent system with the inlet temperature of 80°C-100°C (e.g., 80°C or 100°C) and outlet temperature of 44°C-71°C (e.g., 44°C, 47°C, 50°C or 57°C). Prior to spray drying, the pH of the spray drying stock of the formulation was adjusted to about 5.88 with NaOH at the NaOH to RV94 lactic salt molar ratio of 0.4:1.
  • formulation #19a Prior to spray drying, the pH of the spray drying stock was either not adjusted (formulation #19a), or adjusted with NaOH at a NaOH to RV94 lactic salt molar ratio of 0.4:1 (formulation #19b) or 0.6:1 (formulation #19c) to attain pH of about 5.88 and about 6.44, respectively.
  • the dry powder from the stock with pH of about 5.88 exhibited the best morphology with the largest particle size.
  • Formulations #20-#22 were prepared to determine the effect of leucine and DPPC on dry powder as compared to trileucine.
  • RV94 dry powder formulations with various formulation parameters were prepared using spray drying under various process parameters (choice and proportions of solvents, inlet temperature, feed concentration, etc).
  • Solvent systems used were either biphasic or triphasic and consisted of a high boiling point and a low boiling point solvent to control the order of solvent evaporation and resultingly, excipient deposition on the dried particle surface.
  • RV94 dry powder formulations containing trileucine were spray dried using the 1- propanol:water (60:40) co-solvent system.
  • the proportion of trileucine varied from 0 to 20%. Particles displayed a collapsed morphology, with particle breakage more apparent at lower trileucine concentration of 7.5% (formulation #23) compared to higher concentrations of 12.5% (formulation #20) and 20% (formulation #24). However, increasing the trileucine proportion in the powder did not affect the overall morphology of the powder. All of the trileucine-containing RV94 dry powder formulations maintained their amorphous form as determined by XRD; RV94 dry powder formulation containing 12.5% trileucine (formulation #20) retained its amorphous nature after 1 month of storage in a desiccator at room temperature.
  • XPS analysis demonstrated greater surface deposition of trileucine (approximately 32-56%) compared to the proportion of trileucine in the powder. While there was no significant difference in the surface composition of powders containing 7.5 and 12.5% trileucine (32.9 and 32.3% trileucine on the surface, respectively), the powder containing 20% trileucine displayed a significantly higher amount of trileucine on the surface (56%). Increasing the proportion of trileucine in the powder from 7.5% to 20% did not significantly affect the mean geometric particle size of the powder. The powder containing 12.5% trileucine (e.g., formulation #20) did not display any change in particle size distribution after 1 month of storage in desiccator at room temperature, indicating good stability.
  • 12.5% trileucine e.g., formulation #20
  • an RV94 dry powder formulation containing 87.5 wt% RV94 and 12.5 wt% trileucine (formulation #20) was prepared that was characterized by the desired particle morphology, good powder stability, unimodal particle size distribution (geometric particle size between 2.50 and 3.00 ⁇ m) and suitable aerodynamic properties (MMAD of 1.96 ⁇ m and FPF of 73.4%).
  • the formulation was prepared using 1-propanol:H 2 O (about 60:40) co-solvent system and by spray drying with the following parameters: inlet temperature of 100 °C; solid concentration of 15 mg/mL; feed flow of 4.05 mL/min; and aspiration of 100%.
  • Example 2 Evaluation of RV94 dry powder formulation for the treatment of pulmonary MRSA in cystic fibrosis [00239] There are no approved inhaled therapies in the U.S. to treat chronic pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) in cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease that affects approximately 25% of CF patients and is associated with shortened life expectancy. In this example, the efficacy of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 (described in Example 1) administered once daily via inhalation for treating pulmonary MRSA in a CF rat model was evaluated.
  • Lung and plasma PK results from a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 given by nose-only inhalation to healthy rats are shown in Figure 5 A and Figure 5B, respectively.
  • the average dose delivered at the nose was 4 mg/kg.
  • IPD immediate post dose
  • Data fitting was performed using a one-phase decay.
  • the average IPD (0.5 h) concentration of RV94 measured in the lung was 86.7 pg/g.
  • RV94 lung Cmax occurred at 3 h and was 127 ⁇ g/g.
  • RV94 lung concentration was reduced to 70 pg/g by Day 1 and ⁇ 20 pg/g by Day 14, where it plateaued.
  • RV94 AUCo-2iDay was calculated to be 787.3 pg*day/g and the plasma RV94 AUCo-2iDay was 0.31 pg*day/mL yielding an AUC ratio of approximately 2500: 1 lung:plasma.
  • Table 10 below shows the derived PK parameters for the inhaled RV94 dry powder formulation #20 as compared to those for nebulized vancomycin.
  • RV94 dry powder formulation #20 administered 24 h after infection led to a reduction in lung MRSA titer vs control in an acute pulmonary MRSA (ATCC BAA 1556; USA300) infection in neutropenic rats.
  • RV94 dry powder formulation #20 is efficacious in vivo as demonstrated by a single dose administered via inhalation before and after challenge in a rat acute pulmonary MRSA infection.
  • RV94 dry powder formulation #20 possesses preclinical PK characteristics supportive of once daily (or less frequent) administration.
  • In vivo efficacy of the RV94 dry powder formulation was established with both pre- and post-challenge single dose administrations in a rat acute pulmonary MRSA infection model, where a statistically significant reduction in lung MRSA titer versus control was observed with both dosing paradigms.

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Abstract

The present disclosure provides dry powder compositions comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, and methods of administering the same to a patient to treat bacterial infection by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler, for example, infections in cystic fibrosis patients.

Description

DRY POWDER COMPOSITIONS OF GLYCOPEPTIDE DERIVATIVE COMPOUNDS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Serial No.63/162,841, filed March 18, 2021, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The high frequency of multidrug resistant bacteria, and in particular, Gram-positive bacteria, both in the hospital setting and the community present a significant challenge for the management of infections (Krause et al. (2008). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52(7), pp. 2647-2652). [0003] The treatment of invasive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections has relied significantly on vancomycin. However, the treatment and management of such infections is a therapeutic challenge because certain S. aureus isolates, and in particular, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, have been shown to be resistant to vancomycin (Shaw et al. (2005). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49(1), pp.195-201; Mendes et al. (2015). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59(3), pp. 1811-1814). [0004] Because of the resistance displayed by many Gram-positive organisms to antibiotics, and the general lack of susceptibility to existing antibiotics, there is a need for new therapeutic strategies to combat infections due to these bacteria. The present disclosure provides dry powder compositions comprising glycopeptide derivative compounds useful for pulmonary administration, and methods for administering the same to patients in need of treatment to address this and other needs. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0005] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, comprising, (a) from about 75 wt% to about 95 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) the balance being trileucine, leucine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), wherein the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%. [0006] In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, (b) is trileucine. [0007] In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein: Formula (I) Glycopeptide–R1 wherein R1 is conjugated to the Glycopeptide at a primary amine group of the Glycopeptide; R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; n1 is 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5; and n2 is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. [0008] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
wherein
Figure imgf000005_0001
R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; n1 is 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5; n2 is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15; R2 is OH or NH–(CH2)q–R5; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5;
Figure imgf000005_0002
R3 is H or
Figure imgf000005_0003
; R4 is H or CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2; and R5 is –N(CH3)2, –N+(CH3)3, –N+(CH3)2(n-C14H29), or
Figure imgf000005_0004
[0009] In one embodiment, the glycopeptide derivative is a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
Figure imgf000006_0001
wherein R1 is C1-C18 linear alkyl, C1-C18 branched alkyl, R5-Y-R6-(Z)n, or
Figure imgf000006_0002
; R2 is –OH or –NH-(CH2)q-R7; R3 is H or
Figure imgf000006_0003
R4 is H or CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2; n is 1 or 2; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; X is O, S, or NH; each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic; R5 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene, wherein the alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, –SO–alkyl, – SO–substituted alkyl, –SO–aryl, –SO–heteroaryl, –SO2–alkyl, –SO2–substituted alkyl, –SO2–aryl and –SO2–heteroaryl; R7 is –N(CH2)2; –N+(CH2)3; or
Figure imgf000007_0001
Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NR8 –, –S(O)–, –SO2– , – NR8C(O)–, –OSO2–, –OC(O)–, –NR8SO2–, –C(O)NR8–, –C(O)O–, –SO2NR8–, –SO2O–, – P(O)(OR8)O–, –P(O)(OR8)NR8–, –OP(O)(OR8)O–, –OP(O)(OR8)NR8–, –OC(O)O–, – NR8C(O)O–, –NR8C(O)NR8–, –OC(O)NR8– and –NR8SO2NR8–; and each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic. [0010] In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, the glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), is present at from about 80 wt% to about 93 wt%, from about 82 wt% to about 90 wt%, from about 85 wt% to about 89 wt%, or at about 87 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (II) or (III). In a further embodiment, (b) is trileucine. [0011] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0012] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. When R1 is so defined, in one embodiment, n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0013] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3, R2 is OH, R3 is H, R4 is H, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10, i.e., the dry powder composition comprises a compound of the following formula, referred to as “RV62” herein: (RV62),
Figure imgf000008_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0014] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3, R2 is OH, R3 is H, R4 is H, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9, i.e., the dry powder composition comprises a compound of the following formula, referred to as “RV94” herein:
Figure imgf000009_0001
(RV94), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0015] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is –(CH2)2-NH-(CH2)9-CH3, X is O, R2 is OH and R3 and R4 are H, i.e., the dry powder composition comprises a compound of the following formula, referred to as “RV40” herein:
Figure imgf000009_0002
(RV40), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. [0016] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 35 wt% of trehalose, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (II) or (III). In a further embodiment, (c) is trileucine. [0017] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III) defined above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 25 wt% of mannitol, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (II) or (III). In a further embodiment, (c) is trileucine. [0018] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for treating a bacterial infection in a patient in need thereof is provided. The method includes administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition disclosed herein, i.e., a dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler (DPI). [0019] In a further embodiment, the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection. [0020] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the patient treated according to the disclosed methods is a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient. The methods include, in one embodiment, administering a dry powder composition comprising RV62, RV94, or RV40, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the lungs of the CF patient via a DPI. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). [0021] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Gram-positive bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the pulmonary Gram-positive bacterial infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive cocci infection. In a further embodiment, the pulmonary Gram-positive cocci infection is a pulmonary Staphylococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the pulmonary Staphylococcus infection is a pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. In a further embodiment, the pulmonary S. aureus infection is a pulmonary methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In a further embodiment, the patient treated according to the disclosed methods is a cystic fibrosis patient. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES [0022] Figure 1 is a graph showing RV62 deposition on the various NGI components for spray dried powder formulation #13c-1. [0023] Figure 2A is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 containing trileucine. [0024] Figure 2B is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #21 containing leucine. [0025] Figure 2C is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #22 containing DPPC. [0026] Figure 3 is a graph showing the distribution of RV94 from formulation #20 in the impactor stages. [0027] Figure 4A is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 before storage at room temperature (T=0). [0028] Figure 4B is an SEM image showing the dry powder morphology of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 after storage at room temperature for 1 month (T=1 month). [0029] Figure 5A is a graph showing lung PK data following a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 administration by nose-only inhalation to healthy rats. [0030] Figure 5B is a graph showing plasma PK data following a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 administration by nose-only inhalation to healthy rats. [0031] Figure 6A is a graph showing treatment results with RV94 dry powder formulation #20 in rats prior to challenge in an acute pulmonary MRSA infection. [0032] Figure 6B is a graph showing treatment results with RV94 dry powder formulation #20 in rats after challenge in an acute pulmonary MRSA infection. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0033] Throughout the present disclosure, the term “about” may be used in conjunction with numerical values and/or ranges. The term “about” is understood to mean those values near to a recited value. For example, “about 40 [units]” may mean within ± 25% of 40 (e.g., from 30 to 50), within ± 20%, ± 15%, ± 10%, ± 9%, ± 8%, ± 7%, ± 6%, ± 5%, ± 4%, ± 3%, ± 2%, ± 1 %, less than ± 1%, or any other value or range of values therein or there below. [0034] References to compounds herein also include “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of the compounds. A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” includes both acid and base addition salts. A pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable, and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, but are not limited to, hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid and the like, and organic acids such as, but not limited to, acetic acid, 2,2-dichloroacetic acid, adipic acid, alginic acid, ascorbic acid, aspartic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, benzoic acid, 4-acetamidobenzoic acid, camphoric acid, camphor-10-sulfonic acid, capric acid, caproic acid, caprylic acid, carbonic acid, cinnamic acid, citric acid, cyclamic acid, dodecylsulfuric acid, ethane-1,2-disulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, galactaric acid, gentisic acid, glucoheptonic acid, gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, glutamic acid, glutaric acid, 2-oxo-glutaric acid, glycerophosphoric acid, glycolic acid, hippuric acid, isobutyric acid, lactic acid (e.g., as lactate), lactobionic acid, lauric acid, maleic acid, malic acid, malonic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, mucic acid, naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid, naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, nicotinic acid, oleic acid, orotic acid, oxalic acid, palmitic acid, pamoic acid, propionic acid, pyroglutamic acid, pyruvic acid, salicylic acid, 4-aminosalicylic acid, sebacic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid (e.g., as acetate), tartaric acid, thiocyanic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), undecylenic acid, and the like. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is HCl, TFA, lactate or acetate. In a further embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a lactic salt. [0035] A pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salt retains the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acids, which are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. These salts are prepared from addition of an inorganic base or an organic base to the free acid. Salts derived from inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, the sodium, potassium, lithium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, aluminum salts and the like. Inorganic salts include the ammonium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Salts derived from organic bases include, but are not limited to, salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines and basic ion exchange resins, such as ammonia, isopropylamine, trimethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, deanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, 2- diethylaminoethanol, dicyclohexylamine, lysine, arginine, histidine, caffeine, procaine, hydrabamine, choline, betaine, benethamine, benzathine, ethylenediamine, glucosamine, methylglucamine, theobromine, triethanolamine, tromethamine, purines, piperazine, piperidine, N-ethylpiperidine, polyamine resins and the like. Organic bases that can be used to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt include isopropylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, trimethylamine, dicyclohexylamine, choline and caffeine. [0036] Throughout the present specification, numerical ranges are provided for certain quantities. It is to be understood that these ranges comprise all subranges therein. Thus, the range “50-80” includes all possible ranges therein (e.g., 51-79, 52-78, 53-77, 54-76, 55-75, 60-70, etc.). Furthermore, all values within a given range may be an endpoint for the range encompassed thereby (e.g., the range 50-80 includes the ranges with endpoints such as 55-80, 50-75, etc.). [0037] “Effective amount” means an amount of a dry powder composition or the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the dry powder composition, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, of the present disclosure that is sufficient to result in the desired therapeutic response. [0038] The present disclosure relates to dry powder compositions comprising glycopeptide derivative compounds, and methods of treating bacterial infection in a patient by administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition disclosed herein to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler. In one embodiment, the glycopeptide derivative compound for use in the dry powder compositions disclosed herein is one of the compounds described in International Application Publication No. WO 2018/217800, WO 2018/217808, WO 2020/106787, or WO 2020/106791, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. In the present disclosure, when the compounds and formulae are set forth graphically without depicting stereochemistry, one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the compounds described herein each have a stereochemical configuration. In some embodiments, a stereoisomer (e.g., enantiomer, diastereomer) or a combination of stereoisomers of the respective compounds are provided. [0039] In a first aspect, the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, comprising, (a) from about 75 wt% to about 95 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) the balance being trileucine, leucine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), wherein the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%. [0040] In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, (b) is trileucine. In another embodiment, (b) is leucine. In another embodiment, (b) is DSPC. In still another embodiment, (b) is DPPC. [0041] In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as described herein. [0042] Formula (I) Glycopeptide–R1 (I), wherein R1 is conjugated to the Glycopeptide at a primary amine group of the Glycopeptide; R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; n1 is 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5; and n2 is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. [0043] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the compound of Formula (I), is a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
Figure imgf000015_0001
wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; n1 is 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5; n2 is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15; R2 is OH or NH–(CH2)q–R5; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; R3 is H or
Figure imgf000015_0002
R4 is H or CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2; and R5 is –N(CH3)2, –N+(CH3)3, –N+(CH3)2(n-C14H29), or
Figure imgf000016_0001
[0044] In one embodiment, the glycopeptide derivative is a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:
Figure imgf000016_0002
wherein R1 is C1-C18 linear alkyl, C1-C18 branched alkyl, R5-Y-R6-(Z)n, or
Figure imgf000016_0003
R2 is –OH or –NH-(CH2)q-R7; R3 is H or
Figure imgf000016_0004
R4 is H or CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2; n is 1 or 2; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; X is O, S, or NH; each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic; R5 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene, wherein the alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, –SO–alkyl, – SO–substituted alkyl, –SO–aryl, –SO–heteroaryl, –SO2–alkyl, –SO2–substituted alkyl, –SO2–aryl and –SO2–heteroaryl; N+ R7 is –N(CH2)2; –N+(CH2)3; or ; Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NR8 –, –S(O)–, –SO2– , – NR8C(O)–, –OSO2–, –OC(O)–, –NR8SO2–, –C(O)NR8–, –C(O)O–, –SO2NR8–, –SO2O–, – P(O)(OR8)O–, –P(O)(OR8)NR8–, –OP(O)(OR8)O–, –OP(O)(OR8)NR8–, –OC(O)O–, – NR8C(O)O–, –NR8C(O)NR8–, –OC(O)NR8– and –NR8SO2NR8–; each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic. [0045] Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of (a) a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), and (b) trileucine, leucine, DSPC, or DPPC, expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, are provided in Tables 1A-1D below.
Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000018_0002
Figure imgf000019_0001
Figure imgf000019_0002
[0046] In a second aspect, the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 35 wt% of trehalose, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%. The compounds of Formula (I), (II), or (III) are defined above. In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, (c) is trileucine. In another embodiment, (c) is leucine. Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of (a) a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II) or (III), (b) trehalose, and (c) trileucine or leucine, expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, are provided in Tables 2A and 2B below.
Figure imgf000020_0001
Figure imgf000021_0001
[0047] In a third aspect, the present disclosure provides a dry powder composition that includes: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 25 wt% of mannitol, and the balance being (c) trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%. The compounds of Formula (I), (II) and (III) are defined above. In one embodiment of the dry powder compositions, (c) is trileucine. In another embodiment, (c) is leucine. Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of (a) a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), (b) mannitol, and (c) trileucine or leucine, expressed as wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, are provided in Tables 3A and 3B below.
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000022_0002
Figure imgf000023_0001
Formula (I) specifics [0048] In one embodiment of a dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin, chloroeremomycin or decaplanin. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is telavancin, chloroeremomycin or decaplanin. [0049] The structures of hundreds of natural and semisynthetic glycopeptides have been determined. These structures are highly related and fall within five structural subtypes, I-V, and the present disclosure is not limited to a particular subtype, so long as the glycopeptide includes a primary amine group to conjugate the R1 group. Of the varying structural subtypes, type I structures contain aliphatic chains, whereas types II, III, and IV include aromatic side chains within these amino acids. Unlike types I and II, types III and IV contain an extra F-O-G ring system. Type IV structures have, in addition, a long fatty-acid chain attached to the sugar moiety. Structures of type V, such as complestatin, chloropeptin I, and kistamincin A and B, contain the characteristic tryptophan moiety linked to the central amino acid. [0050] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the glycopeptide is one of the glycopeptides described in International Application Publication No. WO 2014/085526, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein for all purposes. [0051] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the glycopeptide is A477, A35512, A40926, A41030, A42867, A47934, A80407, A82846, A83850, A84575, AB-65, actaplanin, actinoidin, ardacin, avoparcin, azureomycin, chloroorienticin, chloropolysporin, chloroeremomycin, decaplanin, N-demethylvancomycin, eremomycin, galacardin, helvecardin A, helvecardin B, izupeptin, kibdelin, LL-AM374, mannopeptin, MM45289, MM47761, MM47766. MM55266, MM55270, OA-7653, orienticin, parvodicin, ristocetin, ristomycin, synmonicin, teicoplanin, telavancin, UK-68597, UK-69542, UK- 72051, vancomycin, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of one of the foregoing. [0052] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the glycopeptide is vancomycin. In another embodiment, the glycopeptide is telavancin. In another embodiment, the glycopeptide is chloroeremomycin. In another embodiment, the glycopeptide is decaplanin. [0053] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0054] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0055] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. When R1 is so defined, in one embodiment, n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In still another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0056] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0057] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0058] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n2 is 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0059] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13 in. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0060] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0061] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. When R1 is so defined, in one embodiment, n1 is 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13. In another embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3 and n2 is 10 or 11. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0062] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0063] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3; and n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 11. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0064] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10 or 11. In a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin or chloroeremomycin. In even a further embodiment, the glycopeptide is vancomycin. [0065] In yet another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), one or more hydrogen atoms of the compound of Formula (I) are replaced with a deuterium atom. For example, in one embodiment, R3 and/or R4 is deuterium. [0066] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (II), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Formula (II) is defined above. [0067] Exemplary embodiments of the dry powder composition comprising various amounts of a compound of Formula (II) are provided in Tables 1-3, above. Formula (II) specifics [0068] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is OH. In a further embodiment, R4 is H. [0069] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is OH. In a further embodiment, R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. [0070] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is –NH–(CH2)3–R5. In a further embodiment, R3 and R4 are H. [0071] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is –NH–(CH2)3–R5. In a further embodiment, R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. [0072] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is –NH–(CH2)q–R5. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH–(CH2)3–N(CH3)2. In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is –NH– (CH2)3–N+(CH3)3. In yet another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is –NH–(CH2)3–N+(CH3)2(n-C14H29). In a further embodiment, R2 is
Figure imgf000027_0001
. [0073] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R2 is –NH–(CH2)q–N(CH3)2. In another embodiment, R2 is –NH–(CH2)q–N+(CH3)3. In another embodiment, R2 is–NH–(CH2)q–R5 and R5 is –N+(CH3)2(n-C14H29). In yet another embodiment, R2 is–NH–(CH2)q–R5 and R5 is
Figure imgf000027_0002
[0074] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In one embodiment, R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12. [0075] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0076] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3, R2 is OH, R3 is H, R4 is H, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10, i.e., the compound of Formula (II), is of the following formula, referred to as “RV62” herein:
Figure imgf000028_0001
[0077] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In one embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12. [0078] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0079] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is H. In a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In still another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. [0080] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3, R2 is OH, R3 is H, R4 is H, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9, i.e., the compound of Formula (II), has the following structure, referred to herein as “RV94”.
Figure imgf000029_0001
[0081] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH and R3 and R4 are H. In a further embodiment, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10. [0082] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is
Figure imgf000029_0002
and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12. In yet even a further embodiment, R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. [0083] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is and R4
Figure imgf000029_0003
is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0084] In yet another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is
Figure imgf000030_0001
and R4 is H. In one embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12. [0085] In yet another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is
Figure imgf000030_0002
and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0086] In yet another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is
Figure imgf000030_0003
and R4 is H. In one embodiment, n1 is 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. [0087] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is 4
Figure imgf000030_0004
and R is H. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10. [0088] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12. In yet even a further embodiment, R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. [0089] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0090] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. In one embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12. [0091] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. [0092] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2. In one embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. [0093] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is OH, R3 is H and R4 is CH2-NH- CH2-PO3H2. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10. [0094] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH-(CH2)q-R5, R3 is H and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10 or 12. In yet even a further embodiment, R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R5 is N(CH3)2. [0095] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH–(CH2)q–R5, R3 and R4 are H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R5 is N(CH3)2. [0096] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH-(CH2)q-R5, R3 and R4 are H. In one embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 12. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R5 is N(CH3)2. [0097] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH-(CH2)q-R5, R3 and R4 are H. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R5 is N(CH3)2. [0098] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH-(CH2)q-R5, R3 is H and R4 is H. In one embodiment, n1 is 1, 2 or 3, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In another embodiment, n1 is 2 and n2 is 10. In another embodiment, n1 is 1 and n2 is 9. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R5 is N(CH3)2. [0099] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (II), R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3. In a further embodiment, R2 is –NH-(CH2)q-R5, R3 is H and R4 is H. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14. In even a further embodiment, n2 is 10. In yet even a further embodiment, q is 2 or 3 and R5 is N(CH3)2. [00100] In yet another embodiment of the disclosed dry powder composition, one or more hydrogen atoms of a compound Formula (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are replaced with a deuterium atom, for example, R3 and/or R4 is deuterium. [00101] The compounds of Formulae (I) and (II) can be prepared according to methods and steps known to those of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the compounds may be prepared according to methods described in U.S. Patent No.6,392,012; U.S. Patent Application Publication Nos. 2017/0152291 and 2016/0272682, and International Application Publication Nos. WO 2018/08197 and WO 2018/217808, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. [00102] Dry powder compositions provided herein can also include a compound of Formula (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Various embodiments of compositions comprising a compound of Formula (III) are provided in Tables 1-3 above. Formula (III) specifics [00103] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), Y of is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NR8 –, –S(O)– , –SO2–, –OSO2–, –NR8SO2–, –SO2NR8–, –SO2O–, –P(O)(OR8)O–, –P(O)(OR8)NR8–, – OP(O)(OR8)O–, –OP(O)(OR8)NR8–,NR8C(O)NR8–, and –NR8SO2NR8–. [00104] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 does not include an amide or ester moiety. [00105] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is R5-Y-R6-(Z)n. In a further embodiment, R5 is –(CH2)2–, R6 is –(CH2)10–, Z is hydrogen, and n is 1. In a further embodiment, X is O. In a further embodiment, Y is NR8. In a further embodiment, R8 is hydrogen. In another embodiment, R1 is –(CH2)2-NH-(CH2)9-CH3. [00106] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is –(CH2)2-NH-(CH2)9-CH3, X is O, R2 is OH and R3 and R4 are H, i.e., the compound of Formula (III), is of the following formula, which is referred to as “RV40” herein.
Figure imgf000034_0001
[00107] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is –CH2-NH-(CH2)10-CH3. In a further embodiment, X is O, R2 is OH and R3 and R4 are H. [00108] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is –(CH2)2-NH-(CH2)10-CH3. In a further embodiment, X is O, R2 is OH and R3 and R4 are H. [00109] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is –(CH2)2-NH-(CH2)11-CH3. In a further embodiment, X is O, R2 is OH and R3 and R4 are H. [00110] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is X is O; and R2 is -NH-(CH2)q-R7. In a further
Figure imgf000034_0002
embodiment, R2 is -NH-(CH2)3-R7. In a further embodiment, R1 is 7
Figure imgf000034_0003
and R is –N+(CH2)3 or -N(CH2)2. [00111] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R1 is C10-C16 alkyl. In a further embodiment, R1 is C10 alkyl. [00112] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), R2 is OH, R3 and R4 are H and X is O. In a further embodiment, R1 is
Figure imgf000035_0003
or R5-Y-R6-(Z)n. In even a further embodiment, R1 is R5-Y-R6- (Z)n, R5 is methylene, ethylene or propylene; R6 is –(CH2)9–, –(CH2)10–, –(CH2)11–, or –(CH2)12–, Z is H and n is 1. In even a further embodiment, R5 is –(CH2)2–, R6 is –(CH2)10–, Y is NR8. In even a further embodiment, R8 is hydrogen. [00113] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), the compound is one of the compounds provided in Table 4 below. It should be noted that the compound can also be provided as a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. The compounds in Table 4 are identified by their respective R1, R2 and X groups. Compounds of Table 4, in a further embodiment, are defined as having R3 and R4 as both H. In another embodiment, R3 is and R4 3
Figure imgf000035_0001
is H in each compound of Table 4. In yet another embodiment, R is H and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2 in each compound of Table 4. In even another embodiment, R3 is
Figure imgf000035_0002
and R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2 in each compound of Table 4.
Figure imgf000035_0004
Figure imgf000036_0001
Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000038_0001
Figure imgf000039_0001
Figure imgf000040_0001
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000042_0001
Figure imgf000043_0001
[00114] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), the compound is Compound #40 of Table 4. In a further embodiment, R3 and R4 are each H in Compound #40. [00115] In another embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), the compound is Compound #79 of Table 4. In a further embodiment, R3 and R4 are each H in Compound #79. [00116] In one embodiment of the dry powder composition comprising a compound of Formula (III), one or more hydrogen atoms of the compound are replaced with a deuterium atom. [00117] Compounds of Formula (III) are synthesized, in one embodiment, by the methods provided in U.S. Patent No.6,455,669, U.S. Patent No.7,160,984, U.S. Patent No.6,392,012; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2017/0152291; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0272682, International Publication Nos. WO 2018/08197 and WO 2018/217800, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. Manufacturing [00118] The dry powder compositions of the present disclosure may be produced from liquid compositions using lyophilization or spray-drying techniques. When lyophilization is used, the lyophilized composition may be milled to obtain the finely divided dry powder containing particles within the desired size range described herein. When spray-drying is used, the process is carried out under conditions that result in a finely divided dry powder containing particles within the desired size range described herein. Exemplary methods of preparing dry powder forms of pharmaceutical compositions are disclosed in WO 1996/032149, WO 1997/041833, WO 1998/029096, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,976,574, 5,985,248, and 6,001,336; the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Exemplary spray drying methods are described in U.S. Application No. 16/860,428, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,848,197 and 8,197,845, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00119] In some embodiments, the dry powder compositions of the present disclosure are prepared by the following process. A spray drying feed solution is prepared by dissolving a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and one or more excipients, e.g., trileucine, leucine, DSPC, DPPC, a combination of leucine with DSPC or DPPC, a combination of trileucine or leucine with trehalose, or a combination of trileucine or leucine with mannitol, in a binary or ternary solvent system comprising water and one or two organic solvents, such as an alcohol (e.g., 3-methyl-1-butanol, or a C1-C5 primary alcohol, such as 1-propanol), DMF, or a mixture of two organic solvents of the foregoing, including a mixture of two alcohols (e.g., a mixture of 3-methyl- 1-butanol and 1-propanol; or a mixture of two C1-C5 primary alcohols, such as a mixture of 1- propanol and 1-butanol). Alternatively, when the excipients include a phospholipid, e.g., DSPC or DPPC, a stock solution of the phospholipid may be prepared using an organic solvent, such as an alcohol (e.g., 1 -propanol) or isobutyl acetate. Afterwards a required amount of the phospholipid stock solution, as well as a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally other excipients, is added to a binary or ternary solvent system to form a spray drying feed solution. In the spray drying feed solution, the volume ratio of the organic solvent to water may be from about 7:1 to about 1: 1, or from about 4:1 to 1: 1.
[00120] Spray drying is initiated by starting the drying gas flow and heating up the drying gas by setting the desired inlet temperature at, for example, from about 80 °C to about 155 °C, from about 80 °C to about 135 °C, from about 90 °C to about 135 °C, from about 80 °C to about 100 °C, from about 100 °C to about 135 °C, or from about 120 °C to about 135 °C. After the spray dryer outlet temperature reaches a suitable temperature, for example, at from about 40 °C to about 85 °C, from about 44 °C to about 71 °C, from about 53 °C to about 78 °C, or from about 59 °C to about 78 °C, the liquid skid inlet is set to allow blank solvents to be atomized with the aid of nitrogen into the spray dryer, and the system is allowed to stabilize. After the system stabilizes, the liquid skid inlet is switched to the feed solution prepared above and the process is continued till the feed solution runs out. Powder is collected over the entire duration of the feed solution spray drying. At the point when the feed solution runs out, the liquid skid inlet is switched back to blank solvents, which are allowed to spray for from about 10 to about 15 minutes. After spraying the blank solvents, the system is shut down by, for example, in the case of a Buchi B-290 spray dryer, shutting down the feed pump and heater, the drying gas and finally the aspirator.
Methods of treatment
[00121] In another aspect of the present disclosure, a method for treating a bacterial infection in a patient in need thereof is provided. The method includes administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition disclosed herein, i.e., a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler.
[00122] The term “treating” in one embodiment, includes: (1) preventing or delaying the appearance of clinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition developing in the subject that may be afflicted with or predisposed to the state, disorder or condition but does not yet experience or display clinical or subclinical symptoms of the state, disorder or condition; (2) inhibiting the state, disorder or condition (e.g., arresting, reducing or delaying the development of the disease, or a relapse thereof in case of maintenance treatment, of at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof); and/or (3) relieving the condition (e.g., causing regression of the state, disorder or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms). In one embodiment, “treating” refers to inhibiting the state, disorder or condition (e.g., arresting, reducing or delaying the development of the disease, or a relapse thereof in case of maintenance treatment, of at least one clinical or subclinical symptom thereof). In another embodiment, “treating” refers to relieving the condition (for example, by causing regression of the state, disorder or condition or at least one of its clinical or subclinical symptoms). The benefit to a subject to be treated is either statistically significant as compared to the state or condition of the same subject before the treatment, or as compared to the state or condition of an untreated control subject, or the benefit is at least perceptible to the subject or to the physician. [00123] In one embodiment of the methods, the administering includes aerosolizing the dry powder composition via a DPI to provide an aerosolized dry powder composition, and administering the aerosolized dry powder composition to the lungs of the patient via inhalation by the DPI. [00124] In one embodiment of the methods, the DPI is a single dose dry powder inhaler. The unit dose of a dry powder composition used in a DPI device is often a dry powder blister disc of a hard capsule. Exemplary DPI devices suitable for delivering the dry powder compositions of the present disclosure include the devices described in the following paragraphs, as well as the DPIs described in U.S. Patent Nos.6,766,799, 7,278,425 and 8,496,002, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. Other exemplary DPIs for use with the methods provided herein are provided below. [00125] The AIR® inhaler (Alkermes) includes a small, breath-activated system that delivers porous powder from a capsule. The porous particles have an aerodynamic diameter of 1- 5 μm. See International Patent Application Publication Nos. WO 1999/066903 and WO 2000/010541, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00126] Aerolizer™ (Novartis) is a single dose dry powder inhaler. In this device, dry powder medicament is stored in a capsule and released by piercing the capsule wall with TEFLON- coated steel pins. See U.S. Patent Nos. 6,488,027 and 3,991,761, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00127] BANG OLUFSEN provides a breath actuated inhaler using blister strips with up to sixty doses. The dose is made available only during the inhalation by a novel trigger mechanism. The device is equipped with a dose counter and can be disposed of after all doses have been used. See EP 1522325, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00128] Clickhaler® (Innovata PLC) is a large reservoir breath-activated multidose device. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,270, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00129] DirectHaler™ (Direct-Haler A/S) is a single dose, pre-metered, pre-filled, disposable DPI device made from polypropylene. See U.S. Patent No. 5,797,392, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00130] Diskus™ (GlaxoSmithKline) is a disposable small DPI device that holds up to 60 doses contained in double foil blister strips to provide moisture protection. See GB2242134, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00131] Eclipse™ (Aventis) is a breath actuated re-usable capsule device capable of delivering up to 20 mg of a dry power composition. The powder is sucked from the capsule into a vortex chamber where a rotating ball assists in powder disaggregation as a subject inhales. See U.S. Pat. No. 6,230,707 and WO 1995/003846, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00132] Flexhaler® is a plastic breath-activated dry powder inhaler and is amenable for use with the dry powder compositions provided herein. [00133] FlowCaps® (Hovione) is a capsule-based, re-fillable, re-usable passive dry-powder inhaler that holds up to 14 capsules. The inhaler itself is moisture-proof. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,673,686, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00134] Gyrohaler® (Vectura) is a passive disposable DPI containing a strip of blisters. See GB2407042, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00135] The HandiHaler® (Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH) is a single dose DPI device. It can deliver up to 30 mg of a dry powder composition in capsules. See International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2004/024156, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00136] MicroDose® DPI (Microdose Technologies) is a small electronic DPI device. It uses piezoelectric vibrator (ultrasonic frequencies) to disaggregate the drug powder in an aluminum blister (single or multiple dose). See U.S. Patent No.6,026,809, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00137] Nektar Dry Powder Inhaler® (Nektar) is a palm-sized and easy-to-use device. It provides convenient dosing from standard capsules and flow-rate-independent lung deposition. [00138] Nektar Pulmonary Inhaler® (Nektar) efficiently removes powders from the packaging, breaks up the particles and creates an aerosol cloud suitable for deep lung delivery. It enables the aerosolized particles to be transported from the device to the deep lung during a patient's breath, reducing losses in the throat and upper airways. Compressed gas is used to aerosolize the powder. See AU4090599 and U.S. Patent No. 5,740,794, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00139] NEXT DPI™ is a device featuring multidose capabilities, moisture protection, and dose counting. The device can be used regardless of orientation (upside down) and doses only when proper aspiratory flow is reached. See EP 1196146, U.S. Patent No. 6,528,096, WO 2001/078693, and WO 2000/053158, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00140] Neohaler® is a capsule-based plastic breath-activated dry powder inhaler. [00141] Oriel™ DPI is an active DPI that utilizes a piezoelectric membrane and nonlinear vibrations to aerosolize powder formulations. See International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2001/068169, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00142] RS01 monodose dry powder inhaler developed by Plastiape in Italy features a compact size and a simple and effective perforation system and is suited to both gelatin and HMPC capsules. The RS01 monodose DPI can be selected based on inspiratory resistances, with low, medium, high or ultra-high inspiratory resistances available. [00143] Pressair™ is a plastic breath-activated dry powder inhaler. [00144] Pulvinal® inhaler (Chiesi) is a breath-actuated multi-dose (100 doses) dry powder inhaler. The dry powder is stored in a reservoir which is transparent and clearly marked to indicate when the 100th dose has been delivered. See U.S. Patent No. 5,351,683, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00145] The Rotohaler® (GlaxoSmithKline) is a single use device that utilizes capsules. See U.S. Patent Nos. 5,673,686 and 5,881,721, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00146] Rexam DPI (Rexam Pharma) is a single dose, reusable device designed for use with capsules. See U.S. Patent No. 5,651,359 and EP 0707862, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00147] S2 (Innovata PLC) is a re-useable or disposable single-dose DPI for the delivery of a dry powder composition in high concentrations. Its dispersion mechanism requires minimal patient effort to achieve excellent drug delivery to the patients' lungs. S2 is easy to use and has a passive engine so no battery or power source is required. See AU3320101, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00148] SkyeHaler® DPI (SkyePharma) is a multidose device containing up to 300 individual doses in a single-use, or replaceable cartridge. The device is powered by breath and requires no coordination between breathing and actuation. See U.S. Patent No.6,182,655 and WO 1997/020589, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00149] Taifun® DPI (LAB International) is a multiple-dose (up to 200) DPI device. It is breath actuated and flow rate independent. The device includes a unique moisture-balancing drug reservoir coupled with a volumetric dose metering system for consistent dosing. See U.S. Patent No.6,132,394, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00150] The TurboHaler® (AstraZeneca) is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,983,893, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This DPI device is an inspiratory flow-driven, multi-dose dry-powder inhaler with a multi-dose reservoir that provides up to 200 doses of a dry powder composition and a dose range from a few micrograms to 0.5 mg. [00151] The Twisthaler® (Schering-Plough) is a multiple dose device with a dose counting feature and is capable of 14-200 actuations. A dry powder composition is packaged in a cartridge that contains a desiccant. See U.S. Patent No. 5,829,434, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [00152] Ultrahaler® (Aventis) combines accurate dose metering and good dispersion. It is an easy-to-use, discrete, pocket-sized device with a numerical dose counter, dose taken indicator and a lock-out mechanism. The device is capable of delivering up to 20 mg of a dry powder composition. Ultrahaler® is described in U.S. Patent No. 5,678,538 and WO 2004/026380, the disclosure of each of which is incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. [00153] Xcelovair™ (Meridica/Pfizer) holds 60 pre-metered, hermetically sealed doses in the range of 5-20 mg. The device provides moisture protection under accelerated conditions of 40°C/75% RH. The dispersion system maximizes the fine particle fraction, delivering up to 50% fine particle mass. [00154] A dry powder composition administered by one of the methods provided herein is aerosolized via a DPI to provide aerosolized particles of the composition. Mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) is the value of aerodynamic diameter for which 50% of the mass in a given aerosol is associated with particles smaller than the median aerodynamic diameter (MAD), and 50% of the mass is associated with particles larger than the MAD. MMAD can be determined by impactor measurements, e.g., the Andersen Cascade Impactor (ACI) or the Next Generation Impactor (NGI). In some embodiments, the aerosolized dry powder composition comprises particles with an MMAD of from about 1 μm to about 5 μm, from about 1 μm to about 4 μm, from about 2 μm to about 4 μm, from about 1 μm to about 3 μm, from about 1 μm to about 2 μm, or about 1.5 μm as measured by NGI. In one embodiment, the MMAD is from about 1 μm to about 4 μm as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the MMAD is from about 1 μm to about 3 μm as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the MMAD is from about 1 μm to about 2 μm as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the aerosolized dry powder composition comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In another embodiment, the MMAD is about 1.5 μm as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the MMAD is from about 2 μm to about 4 μm as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the MMAD is from about 3 μm to about 3.5 μm as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the MMAD is from about 2 μm to about 3 μm as measured by NGI. [00155] “Fine particle fraction” or “FPF” refers to the fraction of an aerosol having a particle size less than 5 μm in diameter, as measured by cascade impaction. FPF is usually expressed as a percentage. FPF has been demonstrated to correlate to the fraction of the powder that is deposited in the lungs of the patient. In one embodiment, the aerosolized dry powder composition has an FPF of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, from about 60% to about 99%, from about 60% to about 80%, from about 60% to about 75%, from about 70% to about 99%, from about 80% to about 95%, from about 85% to about 95%, or about 90%, as measured by NGI. In one embodiment, the FPF is from about 80% to about 95% as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the FPF is from about 85% to about 95% as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the FPF is about 90% as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF is from about 60% to about 80% as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the FPF is from about 60% to about 75% as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF is from about 60% to about 70% as measured by NGI. In another embodiment, the FPF is from about 70% to about 75% as measured by NGI. In a further embodiment, the aerosolized dry powder composition comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). [00156] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection. [00157] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Gram- positive bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive bacterial infection. The Gram-positive bacterial infection includes, but is not limited to, a Staphylococcus infection, a Streptococcus infection, an Enterococcus infection, a Bacillus infection, a Corynebaclerium infection, a Nocardia infection, a Clostridium infection and a Listeria infection. [00158] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a Gram-positive cocci infection. In a further embodiment, the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Streptococcus infection, an Enterococcus infection, a Staphylococcus infection, or a combination thereof. In a further embodiment, the Gram-positive cocci infection is a pulmonary Gram-positive cocci infection. [00159] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Streptococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the Streptococcus infection is a pulmonary Streptococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). Streptococci are Gram-positive, non-motile cocci that divide in one plane, producing chains of cells. The primary pathogens include S. pyrogenes and S. pneumoniae but other species can be opportunistic. S. pyrogenes is the leading cause of bacterial pharyngitis and tonsillitis. It can also produce sinusitis, otitis, arthritis, and bone infections. Some strains prefer skin, producing either superficial (impetigo) or deep (cellulitis) infections. Streptoccocus pnemoniae is treated, in one embodiment, in a patient that has been diagnosed with community- acquired pneumonia or purulent meningitis. [00160] S. pneumoniae is the major cause of bacterial pneumonia in adults, and in one embodiment, an infection due to S. pneumoniae is treated with the methods provided herein. The virulence of S. pneumoniae is dictated by its capsule. Toxins produced by streptococci include: streptolysins (S & O), NADase, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, DNAses, erythrogenic toxin (which causes scarlet fever rash by producing damage to blood vessels; requires that bacterial cells are lysogenized by phage that encodes toxin). Examples of Streptococcus infections treatable with the methods provided herein include, S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. canis, S. constellatus, S. dysgalactiae, S. equi, S. equinus, S. intermedins, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. oralis, S. parasanguinis, S. peroris, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. ratti, S. salivarius, S. salivarius ssp. thermophilics, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. suis, S. uteris, S. vestibularis, S. viridans, and S. zooepidemicus infections. [00161] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Streptococcus infection is an S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. dysgalactiae, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. sanguinis, or S. suis infection. In another embodiment, the Streptococcus infection is an S. mutans infection. In still another embodiment, the Streptococcus infection is an S. pneumoniae infection. In a further embodiment, the Streptococcus infection is a penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (PISP) infection. In yet another embodiment, the Streptococcus infection is an S. dysgalactiae infection. In yet another embodiment, the Streptococcus infection is an S. pyogenes infection. [00162] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Gram-positive cocci infection is an Enterococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the Enterococcus infection is a pulmonary Enterococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In one embodiment, the Enterococcus infection is a vancomycin resistant Enterococcus infection (VRE). In another embodiment, the Enterococcus infection is a vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus infection (VSE). [00163] The genus Enterococci includes Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic organisms that are ovoid in shape and appear on smear in short chains, in pairs, or as single cells. Enterococci are important human pathogens that are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. Examples of Enterococci treatable with the methods provided herein are E. avium, E. durans, E. ƒaecalis, E. ƒaecium, E. gallinarum, and E. solitarius. [00164] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus ƒaecalis (E. faecalis) infection. In a further embodiment, the E. faecalis infection is a pulmonary E. faecalis infection. [00165] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus ƒaecium (E. faecium) infection. In a further embodiment, the E. faecium infection is a pulmonary E. faecium infection. [00166] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Enterococcus infection treated is resistant or sensitive to vancomycin or resistant or sensitive to penicillin. In a further embodiment, the Enterococcus infection is an E. faecalis or E. faecium infection. In a specific embodiment, the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) infection. In one embodiment, the E. faecalis infection is a vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis infection. In another embodiment, the E. faecalis infection is a vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis infection. In yet another embodiment, the E. faecalis infection is an ampicillin-resistant E. faecalis infection. In another embodiment, the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) infection. In still another embodiment, the E. faecium infection is a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infection. In yet a further embodiment, the E. faecium infection is a vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium infection. In still a further embodiment, the E. faecium infection is an ampicillin-resistant E. faecium infection. [00167] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Staphylococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the Staphylococcus infection is a pulmonary Staphylococcus infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). Staphylococcus is Gram-positive non-motile bacteria that colonizes skin and mucus membranes. Staphylococci are spherical and occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. The natural habitat of Staphylococcus is nose; it can be isolated in 50% of normal individuals. 20% of people are skin carriers and 10% of people harbor Staphylococcus in their intestines. Examples of Staphylococci infections treatable with the methods provided herein include S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. auricularis, S. carnosus, S. haemolyticus, S. hyicus, S. intermedius, S. lugdunensis, S. saprophytics, S. sciuri, S. simulans, and S. warneri infections. [00168] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Staphylococcal infection treated with the methods provided herein causes endocarditis or septicemia (sepsis). As such, the patient in need of treatment with the methods provided herein, in one embodiment, is an endocarditis patient. In another embodiment, the patient is a septicemia (sepsis) patient. [00169] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection. In a further embodiment, the S. aureus infection is a pulmonary S. aureus infection. In still a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). S. aureus colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most anatomical locales, including skin oral cavity, and gastrointestinal tract. The S. aureus infection can be healthcare associated, i.e., acquired in a hospital or other healthcare setting, or community-acquired. In one embodiment, the S. aureus infection is a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. In a further embodiment, the MRSA infection is a pulmonary MRSA infection. In still a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In a further embodiment, the patient is a cystic fibrosis patient. In another embodiment, the S. aureus infection is a methicillin- sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In another embodiment, the S. aureus infection is a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infection. In a further embodiment, the S. aureus infection is an erythromycin-resistant (ermR) vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infection. In still a further embodiment, the S. aureus infection is a heterogeneous vancomycin- intermediate S. aureus (hVISA) infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In another embodiment, the S. aureus infection is a vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) infection. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). [00170] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) infection. In another embodiment, the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus epidermis (S. epidermis) infection. In a further embodiment, the Staphylococcus infection is an S. epidermidis coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) infection. A Staphylococcus infection, e.g., an S. aureus infection, is treated in one embodiment, in a patient that has been diagnosed with mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia. [00171] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the Gram-positive cocci infection, e.g., a Streptococccus infection, an Enterococcus infection, or a Staphylococcus infection, is a penicillin resistant, methicillin resistant, or a vancomycin resistant bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the resistant bacterial infection is a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus infection, e.g., methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) or a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) infection. In another embodiment, the resistant bacterial infection is an oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus (e.g., S. aureus) infection, a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infection or a penicillin-resistant Streptococcus (e.g., S. pneumoniae) infection. In yet another embodiment, the Gram-positive cocci infection is an infection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium, which is also resistant to teicoplanin (VRE Fm Van A), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium sensitive to teicoplanin (VRE Fm Van B), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis also resistant to teicoplanin (VRE Fs Van A), vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis sensitive to teicoplanin (VRE Fs Van B), or penicillin- resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (PRSP). [00172] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Bacillus infection. Bacteria of the genus Bacillus are aerobic, endospore-forming, Gram-positive rods, and infections due to such bacteria are treatable via the methods provided herein. Bacillus species can be found in soil, air, and water where they are involved in a range of chemical transformations. Examples of pathogenic Bacillus species whose infection is treatable with the methods provided herein, include, but are not limited to, B. anthracis, B. cereus and B. coagulans. Several other Bacillus species, e.g., B. subtilis and B. licheniformis, as well as B. cereus, are associated periodically with bacteremia/septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, and infections of wounds, the ears, eyes, respiratory tract, urinary tract, and gastrointestinal tract, and are therefore treatable with the methods provided herein. [00173] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, a Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) infection is treated by the methods disclosed herein. Bacillus anthracis, the infection of which causes anthrax, is acquired via direct contact with infected herbivores or indirectly via their products. The clinical forms of anthrax include cutaneous anthrax, from handling infected material, intestinal anthrax, from eating infected meat, and pulmonary anthrax from inhaling spore- laden dust. [00174] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) infection. Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic species of Gram- negative, rod-shaped coccobacillus, an aerobe bacterium. It is non-spore forming, non-motile and the causative agent of tularemia, the pneumonic form of which is often lethal without treatment. It is a fastidious, facultative intracellular bacterium which requires cysteine for growth. [00175] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Burkholderia infection, which is a Gram-negative infection. In some embodiments, the Burkholderia infection is a Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), B. dolosa, B. fungorum, B. gladioli, B. multivorans, B. vietnamiensis, B. ambifaria, B. andropogonis, B. anthina, B. brasilensis, B. calcdonica, B. caribensis, B. caryophylli infection, or a combination of the above infections. Burkholderia is a genus of Proteobacteria whose pathogenic members include, among others, the Burkholderia cepacia complex which attacks humans; Burkholderia pseudomallei, causative agent of melioidosis; and Burkholderia cepacia, an important pathogen of pulmonary infections in people with cystic fibrosis. The Burkholderia (previously part of Pseudomonas) genus name refers to a group of virtually ubiquitous Gram-negative, obligately aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria that are motile by means of single or multiple polar flagella, with the exception of Burkholderia mallei which is nonmotile. [00176] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) infection. Yersinia pestis (formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a Gram-negative, rod- shaped coccobacillus, non-mobile with no spores. It is a facultative anaerobic organism that can infect humans via the oriental rat flea. It causes the disease plague, which takes three main forms: pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic plagues. [00177] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Clostridium infection. Clostridia are spore-forming, Gram-positive anaerobes, and infections due to such bacteria are treatable via the methods provided herein. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is a Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is a Clostridium tetani (C. tetani) infection, the etiological agent of tetanus. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is a Clostridium botidinum (C. botidinum) infection, the etiological agent of botulism. In yet another embodiment, the bacterial infection is a C. perfringens infection, one of the etiological agents of gas gangrene. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is a C. sordellii infection. [00178] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Corybacterium infection. Corynebacteria are small, generally non-motile, Gram-positive, non sporalating, pleomorphic bacilli, and infections due to these bacteria are treatable via the methods provided herein. Corybacterium diphtheria is the etiological agent of diphtheria, an upper respiratory disease mainly affecting children, and is treatable via the methods provided herein. Examples of other Corynebacteria species treatable with the methods provided herein include Corynebacterium diphtheria, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Corynebacterium tenuis, Corynebacterium striatum, and Corynebacterium minutissimum. [00179] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Nocardia infection. The bacteria of the genus Nocardia are Gram-positive, partially acid-fast rods, which grow slowly in branching chains resembling fungal hyphae. Exemplary Nocardial infections treatable with the methods provided herein include N. aerocolonigenes, N. africana, N. argentinensis, N. asteroides, N. blackwellu, N. brasiliensis, N. brevicalena, N. cornea, N. caviae, N. cerradoensis, N. corallina, N. cyriacigeorgica, N. dassonvillei, N. elegans, N. farcinica, N. nigiitansis, N. nova, N. opaca, N. otitidis-cavarium, N. paucivorans, N. pseudobrasiliensis, N. rubra, N. transvelencesis, N. uniƒormis, N. vaccinii, and N. veterana infections, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is one selected from the group consisting of an N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, or N. caviae infection, or a combination thereof. [00180] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is a Listeria infection. Listeria are non-spore-forming, nonbranching Gram-positive rods that occur individually or form short chains. Non-limiting examples of Listeria infections treatable with the methods provided herein include L. grayi, L. innocua, L. ivanovii, L. monocytogenes, L. seeligeri, L. murrayi, and L. welshimeri infections, and a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is a Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) infection. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is an L. monocytogenes infection. [00181] The bacterial infection treatable by the methods provided herein may be present as planktonic free-floating bacteria, a biofilm, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection is a planktonic bacterial infection. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is a bacterial biofilm infection. [00182] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the bacterial infection is acquired in a healthcare setting, e.g., acquired at a hospital, a nursing home, rehabilitation facility, outpatient clinic, etc. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is community associated or acquired. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection is a respiratory tract infection, e.g., pneumonia. In one embodiment, the bacterial infection treated in a pneumonia patient is a S. pneumoniae infection. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection treated in a pneumonia patient is Mycoplasma pneumonia or a Legionella species. In another embodiment, the bacterial infection in a pneumonia patient is penicillin resistant, e.g., penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae. In another embodiment, the pneumonia is due to S. aureus, e.g., MRSA. [00183] Respiratory bacterial infections and in particular pulmonary bacterial infections are quite problematic for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In fact, such infections are the main cause of pulmonary deterioration in this population of patients. The lungs of CF patients are colonized and infected by bacteria from an early age. These bacteria thrive in the altered mucus, which collects in the small airways of the lungs. The formation of biofilms makes infections of this origin difficult to treat. Consequently, more robust treatments options are needed. Thus, in one embodiment, the methods disclosed herein are useful in treating a patient with CF having a bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the pulmonary bacterial infection is a pulmonary MRSA infection. In a further embodiment, the pulmonary infection is comprised of a biofilm. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). [00184] In one embodiment of the disclosed methods, the patient is administered the dry powder composition once daily. In a further embodiment, the dry powder composition administered according to the disclosed methods comprises RV94 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (e.g., an RV94 lactic salt). In another embodiment of the disclosed methods, the patient is administered the dry powder composition twice daily. In still another embodiment of the disclosed methods, the patient is administered the dry powder composition three or more times daily. In one embodiment, the administration is with food. In one embodiment, each administration comprises 1 to 5 doses (puffs) from a DPI, for example 1 dose (1 puff), 2 doses (2 puffs), 3 doses (3 puffs), 4 doses (4 puffs) or 5 doses (5 puffs). The DPI, in one embodiment, is small and transportable by the patient. In one embodiment, the dry powder inhaler is a single dose dry powder inhaler. System [00185] Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a system comprising (i) one of the dry powder compositions described herein and (ii) a dry powder inhaler (DPI). The DPI includes (a) a reservoir comprising the dry powder composition disclosed herein, and (b) a means for introducing the dry powder composition into the patient via inhalation. The reservoir in one embodiment, comprises the dry powder composition of the present disclosure in a capsule or in a blister pack. The material for the shell of a capsule can be gelatin, cellulose derivatives, starch, starch derivatives, chitosan, or synthetic plastics. The DPI may be a single dose or a multidose inhaler. In addition, the DPI may be pre-metered or device-metered. In one embodiment, the dry powder inhaler is a single dose dry powder inhaler. [00186] The system in one embodiment, is used for treating a bacterial infection. In a further embodiment, the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection, e.g., pulmonary methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection, e.g., in CF patients. Other types of bacterial infections amenable to treatment by using the system are as described above. The system includes a DPI and the dry powder composition disclosed herein, i.e., a dry powder composition comprising a glycopeptide derivative compound, e.g., a compound of Formula (I), (II), or (III), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The dry powder inhaler may be one described above, may be a single dose or a multidose inhaler, and/or may be pre-metered or device-metered. In one embodiment, the dry powder inhaler is a single dose dry powder inhaler. EXAMPLES [00187] The present invention is further illustrated by reference to the following Examples. However, it should be noted that these Examples, like the embodiments described above, are illustrative and are not to be construed as restricting the scope of the invention in any way. Example 1: Development and characterization of dry powder formulations containing RV40, RV62, or RV94 [00188] This example describes the development and characterization of dry powder formulations containing RV40, RV62, or RV94. 1. Development of dry powder formulations containing RV40 [00189] To develop dry powder formulations containing RV40 lactate as the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), RV40 dry powder for inhalation using various solvent systems and excipients and a Buchi B-290 spray dryer was prepared. The spray drying process parameters were varied as follows: inlet temperature: 80-155°C; feed concentration: 5-20 mg/mL; pump rate: 12-17%. The morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size by using a Sympatec RODOS HELOS particle sizer, moisture content by using Karl Fischer titrimetry, as well as aerodynamic properties by NGI, crystalline or amorphous nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and moisture absorption by dynamic vapor sorption (DVS), of the dry powder formulations, as detailed in Table 5 below. This example shows that RV40 dry powder formulations with 10 or 20 wt% trileucine, spray dried from a 1-butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20) solvent system and at the inlet temperature of about 120°C-135°C (e.g., 120°C, or 135°C), and outlet temperature of about 59°C-78°C (e.g., 59°C, 69°C, 74°C, 77°C, or 78°C), displayed the desired particle morphology, good powder stability and a unimodal particle size distribution (geometric particle size between 1.89 and 3.52 μm).
Figure imgf000061_0001
Figure imgf000062_0001
Figure imgf000063_0001
[00190] Formulation #1 contained 80 wt% RV40 and 20 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. At T0, the dry powder exhibited wrinkled surface with fibers as determined by SEM and had a mean size of 3.57 μm. At T=1 month, the dry powder had an increased amount of fibers and a mean size of 3.85 μm. [00191] Formulation #2 contained 80 wt% RV40 and 20 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. At T0, the dry powder exhibited wrinkled surface as determined by SEM with a mean size of 3.33 μm. At T=1.5 months, a large amount of fibers appeared on the dry powder. [00192] Formulations #4a to #6 each contained 60 wt% or more RV40 and exhibited a high recovery rate of over 70%. Dry powder of formulations #5a-#5c were prepared with DMF, a high boiling point cosolvent that led to slower drying, and exhibited a lesser tendency to break, as compared to dry powder of formulations #4a, #4b, #4c and #6, which were prepared with n- propanol, a low boiling point co-solvent, and high inlet temperatures. Specifically, formulation #4a contained 60 wt% RV40, 30 wt% trehalose and 10 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder tended to fragment as determined by SEM, with a mean size of 6.45 μm and 4.92 μm at T=0 and T=1.5 months, respectively. Formulation #6 contained 80 wt% RV40 and 20 wt% DSPC, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 105°C. The dry powder showed a lesser tendency to break and appeared wrinkled and collapsed as determined by SEM. [00193] Formulation #8b contained 60 wt% RV40, 20 wt% trehalose and 20 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder exhibited presence of fibers as determined by SEM, with a mean size of 3.68 μm and 3.61 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00194] Formulation #8a contained 80 wt% RV40, 10 wt% DSPC and 10 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 120°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with fibers, which increased after 1.5 months, as determined by SEM. [00195] Formulation #7b contained 90 wt% RV40 and 10 wt% trileucine. The dry powder exhibited wrinkled surface but no fibers as determined by SEM, indicating that the dry powder was stable. The dry powder had a mean size of 3.52 μm and 3.29 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively, with a unimodal particle size distribution. [00196] In summary, the choice of the excipients and solvent systems affected RV40 dry powder morphology and stability. All powders had a low residual moisture content of less than 4%. Powders spray dried at a higher feed flow rate displayed larger particle size. Most of the powders had a wrinkled surface. The choice of solvent system played a role in the possibility of particle breakage during spray drying. RV40 dry powders displayed similar MMAD of from 3 μm to 3.5 μm and had a typical FPF of from 62% to 71%, as measured by NGI. [00197] RV40 dry powders containing leucine had low residual moisture content (<3%). The powder recovery after spray drying process was high (> 70%). Particles displayed wrinkled surface morphology, with appearance of fiber-like structures after 1.5 months of storage at room temperature in a desiccator. The fiber-like structures could be leucine crystallizing over the storage period. The onset of leucine fiber formation was not altered by using either biphasic or triphasic solvent system. Geometric particle size at t=0 ranged between 2.49 μm and 7.94 μm, depending on the process parameters. However, powder aggregation was observed for some samples on stability storage at room temperature in a desiccator at 1.5 months, with higher particle size than that at t=0. [00198] RV40 dry powders with trileucine were most stable with a unimodal particle size distribution and did not display the fiber formation on storage. RV40 dry powders with trileucine spray dried from a 1-butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20) solvent system displayed the desired particle morphology, good powder stability and a unimodal particle size distribution which did not change after 1 month of stability storage (geometric particle size at both t=0 and t=1 month was between 1.89 μm and 3.52 μm). Particle aggregation, if any, was reversible by light tapping. The powders displayed wrinkled surface morphology; however, unlike powders containing leucine, there were no fiber-like structures on the particle surface even after 1 month when stored at room temperature in a desiccator. Powders containing trileucine were amorphous after spray drying. Powders had very low residual moisture content (<1%) after a secondary drying step overnight at 25°C in a vacuum oven after spray drying. Additionally, from the DVS studies, incorporation of trileucine in RV40 dry powder reduced moisture absorption, which could translate to lower moisture absorption during storage. [00199] RV40 dry powders containing DPPC had a low recovery (~55%). The surface morphology of powders containing DPPC was not as wrinkled as those containing amino acids. Particle breakage was observed in the powders containing DPPC. Geometric particle size was between 4 μm and 5 μm. Powder morphology and size did not change over 1 month of stability storage at room temperature in a desiccator. Powders with DPPC were observed to be amorphous by XRD. [00200] RV40 dry powders containing DSPC had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance. Broken particles were also observed. Particle breakage was observed to depend on the solvent system. Use of 1-propanol (low boiling point solvent) in the solvent system led to particle breakage. This could be attributed to the faster rate of drying of the low boiling point solvents producing more brittle particles. Geometric particle size was between 3 μm and 5 μm. [00201] Powders containing DSPC and leucine displayed a wrinkled appearance with the presence of fiber-like structures. The amount of fiber-like structures increased after 1.5 months of stability storage. Geometric particle size was about 4 μm and did not change significantly over 1.5 months. Powders containing DSPC and leucine were observed to be amorphous by XRD, in spite of the presence of leucine. [00202] Powders containing DPPC and leucine displayed a wrinkled and broken appearance with the presence of fiber-like structures on particle surface. Geometric particle size was about 3 μm and increased to about 4.5 μm after storage, indicating possible aggregation. [00203] Powders containing trehalose and leucine had a wrinkled and fragmented appearance with fiber-like structures on the particle surface. Geometric particle size depended on the solvent system used for spray drying. Powders spray dried using 1:1 water:1-propanol system displayed a larger particle size of about 6.5 μm, with particle fragments observed on the surface of some particles. Powders spray dried using the 1-butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20) displayed a smaller particle size of about 3.5 μm, with no particle breakage. XRD analysis demonstrated that spray dried powder containing trehalose and leucine was in crystalline state. This crystallinity can be attributed to the presence of leucine in the powder, which has been observed to be crystalline after spray drying. [00204] Powders containing DPPC, leucine and sodium chloride were spray dried using 1- butanol:1-propanol:water (60:20:20). Increasing the proportion of leucine in the powder increased the powder recovery (~70% recovery with 10% leucine vs ~78% recovery with 20% leucine). Powders had a geometric size between 3 μm and 4 μm. Powders had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance with fiber-like structures on the surface. 2. Development of dry powder formulations containing RV62 [00205] To develop dry powder formulations containing RV62 as the API, RV62 dry powder for inhalation was prepared using a tri-solvent system consisting of 1-butanol, 1-propanol, and water, and various excipients and a Buchi B-290 spray dryer. The spray drying process parameters were varied as follows: inlet temperature: 90-135°C; feed concentration: 10-20 mg/mL; feed flow rate: 4.05 mL/min. The morphology was determined by SEM, particle size by using a Sympatec RODOS HELOS particle sizer, moisture content by using Karl Fischer titrimetry, as well as aerodynamic properties by NGI, crystalline or amorphous nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD), moisture absorption by DVS, and composition of the surface of the powder particles by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, of the dry powder formulations, as detailed in Table 6A below. This example shows that RV62 dry powder formulations with 10, 12.5, or 20 wt% trileucine, spray dried from a 50:25:251-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system and at the inlet temperature of about 90°C-135°C (e.g., 90°C, 115°C, or 135°C) and outlet temperature of about 53°C-78°C (e.g., 53°C, 67°C, 69°C, 76°C, or 78°C), displayed the desired particle morphology, high surface deposition of trileucine, good aerosol properties with typical FPF of about 68% and MMAD of about 2.64 μm, and good powder stability. Trileucine deposited on particle surface during spray drying; surface deposition of trileucine increased with increase in inlet temperature during spray drying.
Figure imgf000067_0001
Figure imgf000068_0001
Figure imgf000069_0001
Figure imgf000070_0001
[00206] Formulation #10 contained 80 wt% RV62 and 20 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with fibers on the surface, with the amount of fibers increasing after a month, as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 4.095 μm and 4.92 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00207] Formulation #11a contained 90 wt% RV62 and 10 wt% DPPC, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with no fibers as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 4.26 μm and 3.97 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00208] Formulation #12b contained 90 wt% RV62 and 10 wt% DSPC, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with no fibers as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 4.77 μm and 4.31 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00209] Formulation #13a contained 80 wt% RV62 and 20 wt% trileucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled fissured appearance with no fibers as determined by SEM. Trileucine appeared to deposit on the surface. The dry powder had a geometric particle size of 3.67 and 3.39 μm at t=0 and t=1 month, respectively. Particle size distribution was unimodal and did not change after 1 month of stability storage in a desiccator at room temperature. The dry powder was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis. [00210] Formulations #13c-1 and #13c-2 contained 87.5 wt% RV62 and 12.5 wt% trileucine, and were prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperatures of 135°C and 115 °C respectively. The dry powder formulations exhibited bimodal particle size distribution. Formulation #13c-2 had a lower geometric particle size of 2.56 μm at t=0 and 2.45 μm at t=1 month as compared to formulation #13a. The lower proportion of trileucine in the dry powder formulations as compared to formulation #13a may lead to lower surface deposition of trileucine, resulting in particle aggregation and hence, the second peak in the bimodal distribution. The dry powder formulations were also observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis. Additionally, the aerosol performance of formulation #13c-1 was evaluated using APSD analysis by NGI. The dry powder formulation displayed MMAD of 2.64 μm and FPF of about 68%. Figure 1 shows RV62 deposition of formulation #13c-1 on the various NGI components. Table 6B shows the calculated amounts of the dry powder formulation deposited in various NGI stages.
Figure imgf000071_0001
Figure imgf000072_0001
[00211] Formulation #14 contained 80 wt% RV62, 10 wt% DPPC and 10 wt% leucine, and was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with no fibers at T=0 as determined by SEM. Fibers were observed at T=1 month. The dry powder had a mean size of 4.70 μm and 5.28 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00212] Formulation #15 contained 70 wt% RV62, 8 wt% DPPC, 20 wt% leucine, and 2 wt% NaCl. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 135°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with fibers appearing by 1 month as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 3.25 μm and 6.02 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00213] Formulation #16a contained 60 wt% RV62, 20 wt% trehalose, and 20 wt% trileucine. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 115°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled fissured appearance with no fiber as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 2.57 μm and 2.69 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00214] Formulation #17a contained 60 wt% RV62, 20 wt% mannitol, and 20 wt% trileucine. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 115°C. The dry powder had a wrinkled appearance with no fibers as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 2.53 μm at both T=0 and T=1 month. [00215] Formulation #17b contained 60 wt% RV62, 30 wt% mannitol, and 10 wt% trileucine. It was prepared by spray drying with the inlet temperature of 115°C. The dry powder crystalized with fibers appearing after 1 month as determined by SEM. The dry powder had a mean size of 2.55 μm and 3.60 μm at T=0 and T=1 month, respectively. [00216] XPS analysis was performed to study the compositions of the surface of some exemplified RV62 dry powder formulations. Table 6C summarizes the results.
Figure imgf000073_0001
Figure imgf000074_0001
[00217] Compared to the weight ratio in the whole dry powder formulation, RV62 dry powder formulations containing trileucine, leucine, DPPC or DSPC displayed an increased proportion of these excipients on the powder’s surface compared to RV62, despite RV62 forming the bulk of the spray dried powder. For dry powder formulations containing trileucine, a higher inlet temperature led to a greater proportion of trileucine on the particle surface. [00218] In summary, multiple RV62 dry powder formulations were prepared using spray drying. SEM imaging was used to screen the powders. The choice of the excipients and solvent systems affected powder morphology and stability. All powders had a low residual moisture content of less than 4%. Powders spray dried at a higher feed flow rate displayed larger particle size. Most of the powders had a wrinkled surface. The choice of solvent system played a role in the possibility of particle breakage during spray drying. [00219] RV62 dry powders containing leucine had a high spray-drying yield (~77%) and low residual moisture content (<2%). Particles displayed wrinkled surface morphology, with presence of fiber-like structures. The amount of the fiber-like structures increased after 1.5 months of storage in a desiccator at room temperature. The fiber-like structures could be leucine crystallizing over the storage period. Geometric particle size at t=0 and t=1 month was 4.08 and 4.92 μm, respectively. Particle size distribution was unimodal and did not change after 1 month of stability storage. [00220] RV62 dry powders with trileucine spray dried from a 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system were most stable with a high yield of 78-84% and a unimodal (when containing 20% trileucine) or bimodal (when containing 12.5% trileucine) particle size distribution. Powders had very low residual moisture content (<2%), following a secondary drying step in a vacuum oven at room temperature overnight after spray drying. Showing no fibers or crystallization on storage, RV62 dry powders with trileucine displayed desired particle morphology and good powder stability. Trileucine affected the surface of the dry powder particles, giving it a wrinkled and fissured appearance. The amorphous nature of the powders with trileucine was confirmed by XRD analysis. RV62 dry powders with trileucine also displayed good aerodynamic properties. Geometric particle size at both t=0 and t=1 month was between 2 and 4 μm. Particle size was larger for powders containing 10% trileucine, while powders containing more than 10% trileucine displayed smaller particle size. Powder spray dried at high inlet temperature (135°C) also displayed smaller particle size, probably due to more efficient drying and as a result, lower interparticle adhesion. From the DVS studies, incorporation of trileucine into RV62 dry powder can reduce the moisture absorption, which could translate to lower moisture absorption during storage. [00221] RV62 powders with DPPC were spray dried using the 50:25:25 1-butanol:1- propanol:water solvent system. The DPPC proportion in the powder was either 10% or 20%. The yield of spray dried powder depended on the proportion of DPPC in the powder. Powders with 20% DPPC had a higher recovery (~76%) compared to powders with 10% DPPC (~59%). The residual moisture content was about 2%. The particle surface had wrinkled and collapsed appearance. Geometric particle size was between 3 μm and 4 μm. Powder morphology and size did not change over 1 month of stability storage in a desiccator at room temperature. RV62 dry powder with 20% DPPC was observed to be amorphous by XRD. RV62 dry powder with 10% DPPC had the geometric particle size of 4.26 and 3.97 μm at t=0 and t=1 month, respectively. Particle size distribution was unimodal and did not change after 1 month of stability storage. When the proportion of DPPC was increased to 20%, smaller geometric particle size was observed (3.00 μm at t=0 and 2.98 μm at t=1 month). Particle size distribution was bimodal, with a small second peak observed at both t=0 and t=1 month. [00222] RV62 powders with DSPC were spray dried using the 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system. The DSPC proportion in the powder was either 10% or 20%. DSPC proportion had a minor effect on the powder yield (71% for 20% DSPC vs 77% for 10% DSPC). The powders had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance. Increasing the DSPC proportion led to reduced geometric particle size (~5 μm for 10% DSPC vs ~3 μm for 20% DSPC) and greater residual moisture content (~1.8% for 10% DSPC vs ~3.5% for 20% DSPC). RV62 powder containing 20% DSPC was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis. RV62 powder containing 10% DSPC had geometric particle size similar to that containing10% DPPC (4.77 μm at t=0 and 4.31 μm at t=1 month). Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. When the proportion of DSPC was increased to 20%, smaller geometric particle size was observed (2.98 μm at t=0 and 3.11 μm at t=1 month). Particle size distribution was bimodal, with a small second peak observed at both t=0 and t=1 month. This phenomenon was similar to that observed in powder with 20% DPPC [00223] RV62 powder with DPPC and leucine was spray dried using 50:25:251-butanol:1- propanol:water solvent system. The powder had a high yield (~83%). The powder displayed a wrinkled appearance with no fiber-like structures at t=0. However, the fiber-like structures were observed at the 1-month stability timepoint, indicating possible crystallization of leucine over the duration of storage in a desiccator at room temperature. The powder had a low residual moisture content of about 1.2%. The geometric particle size was about 5 μm and did not change significantly over 1 month. RV62 dry powder containing 10% DPPC and 10% leucine displayed geometric particle size of 4.52 μm at t=0 and 5.28 μm at t=1 month. This slight increase in the geometric size after 1 month of stability storage could be attributed to the leucine in the powder, as this was also observed in spray dried powder containing 20% leucine. Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. [00224] RV62 powders containing trehalose and trileucine were spray dried using a 50:25:251-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system. The spray-dried powder yield depended on the trehalose:trileucine proportion, with higher yield (~82%) observed for 30:10 trehalose:trileucine than 20:20 trehalose:trileucine (~69%). The particles had a wrinkled and fissured surface appearance. RV62 powder containing trehalose and trileucine in 1:1 ratio was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis. RV62 powder containing 20% trehalose and 20% trileucine displayed geometric particle size of 2.57 μm at t=0 and 2.69 μm at t=1 month. Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. Changing the proportion of trehalose and trileucine to 30% and 10% respectively did not significantly affected the geometric particle size (2.47 μm at t=0 and 2.55 μm at t=1 month). Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. From the DVS studies, the moisture absorption was lower for powder containing trehalose and trileucine compared to the RV62 raw material. However, at higher RH values (80 and 90% RH), the moisture absorption was similar to that of the raw material. [00225] RV62 powders containing mannitol and trileucine were spray dried using a 50:25:251-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system. Mannitol:trileucine proportion did not have a major effect on powder yield, with slightly higher yield (~78%) observed for 20:20 mannitol:trileucine than 30:10 mannitol:trileucine (~72%). However, proportion of mannitol affected the surface morphology of the particles. Powders with 20% mannitol had a wrinkled particle surface appearance with no fiber-like structures on the surface at t=0 and t=1 month. However, powders with 30% mannitol displayed fiber-like structures at the 1-month stability timepoint, indicating possible crystallization of mannitol on the particle surface. RV62 dry powder containing mannitol and trileucine in 1:1 ratio was observed to be amorphous from XRD analysis, despite the tendency of mannitol to crystallize on spray drying. The proportion of mannitol affected the geometric particle size of the powders. Powder containing 20% mannitol and 20% trileucine displayed geometric particle size of 2.53 μm at both t=0 and t=1 month. Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. Changing the proportion of mannitol and trileucine to 30% and 10% respectively did not significantly affect the geometric particle size at t=0 (2.55 μm). However, at t=1 month, the geometric particle size was 3.60 μm. Particle size distribution was unimodal at t=0, but was bimodal after 1 month of stability storage due to possible aggregation. This could be attributed to the crystallization of mannitol observed on surface of powder particles containing 30% mannitol. From the DVS studies, the moisture absorption was lower for powder containing mannitol and trileucine compared to the RV62 raw material at all RH values. This can be attributed to the anti-hygroscopic properties of both mannitol and trileucine. [00226] Sodium chloride may be added in small quantities to the spray powder to reduce the surface charge on the particles, facilitating higher yield. Powders with DPPC and sodium chloride were prepared using the 50:25:25 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system. The proportions of RV62:DPPC:NaCl were either 80:18:2 or 90:8:2. Powder yield was high (78-82%). Powder with 18% DPPC displayed higher geometric particle size (4.3 μm) than powder with 8% DPPC (~2.8 μm). Particle size did not change over 1-month stability storage in a desiccator at room temperature. Powder with 18% DPPC also had a lower residual moisture content (1.8%) compared to powder with 8% DPPC (3%). Powder appearance was wrinkled and collapsed. RV62 powder containing 8% DPPC and 2% sodium chloride displayed geometric particle size of 2.83 μm at t=0 and 2.72 μm at t=1 month. Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. Changing the proportion of DPPC and sodium chloride to 18% and 2% respectively resulted in an increase in particle size (4.33 μm at t=0 and 3.59 μm at t=1 month). Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. [00227] RV62 powders with DSPC and sodium chloride were prepared using the 50:25:25 1-butanol:1-propanol:water solvent system. The proportions of RV62:DSPC:NaCl were either 80:18:2 or 90:8:2. Powder with 8% DSPC had greater yield (81%) compared to powder with 18% DSPC (71%). Residual moisture content was lower for powder with 18% DSPC (1.2%) than 8% DSPC (2.4%). Powder appearance was wrinkled and collapsed. RV62 powder containing 8% DSPC and 2% sodium chloride displayed geometric particle size of 3.58 μm at t=0 and 3.33 μm at t=1 month. Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. Changing the proportion of DSPC and sodium chloride to 18% and 2% resulted in a slight increase in particle size (4.15 μm at t=0 and 4.01 μm at t=1 month). Particle size distribution was unimodal and remained unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. [00228] RV62 powder containing DPPC, leucine and sodium chloride was spray dried using 50:25:25 1-butanol:1-propanol:water. The powder had a high yield of 85% and low residual moisture content (< 2%). The powder had a wrinkled and collapsed appearance, and was observed to be crystalline from XRD analysis. The crystallinity can be attributed to leucine, which tends to remain crystalline after spray drying. Powder containing 8% DPPC, 20% leucine and 2% sodium chloride displayed geometric particle size of 3.30 μm at t=0 and 6.02 μm at t=1 month. Particle size distribution was bimodal at t=0, but became unimodal after 1 month of stability storage. This larger particle size could be attributed to particle aggregation caused by the crystallization of leucine on the particle surface, as evidenced by the increase in fiber-like structures over the storage period. 3. Development of dry powder formulations containing RV94 [00229] To develop dry powder formulations containing RV94 monolactate as the API, RV94 dry powder was prepared for inhalation using various solvent systems and excipients, such as amino acids and phospholipids, and a Buchi B-290 spray dryer. The spray drying process parameters were varied as follows: inlet temperature: 80-135°C; feed concentration: 10-15.63 mg/mL; pump rate: 12%; Q-flow: 30-37 mm. The morphology was determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size by using a Sympatec RODOS HELOS particle sizer, moisture content by using Karl Fischer titrimetry, as well as aerodynamic properties, such as MMAD and FPF, by NGI, crystalline or amorphous nature by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and surface composition by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), of the dry powder formulations, as detailed in Table 7 below. This example shows that RV94 dry powder formulations with 12.5% trileucine displayed desirable particle morphology and 1-month powder stability, with a unimodal particle size distribution, as well as good aerodynamic properties with typical MMAD of 1.96 μm and FPF of 73.4%. The formulations were prepared by spray drying from a 1-propanol:water solvent system with the inlet temperature of 80°C-100°C (e.g., 80°C or 100°C) and outlet temperature of 44°C-71°C (e.g., 44°C, 47°C, 50°C or 57°C). Prior to spray drying, the pH of the spray drying stock of the formulation was adjusted to about 5.88 with NaOH at the NaOH to RV94 lactic salt molar ratio of 0.4:1.
Figure imgf000079_0001
Figure imgf000080_0001
Figure imgf000081_0001
Figure imgf000082_0001
Figure imgf000083_0001
Figure imgf000084_0001
[00230] The effect of the co-solvent composition on RV94 dry powder morphology was determined. Dry powder of formulations #18a and #18b prepared with the 1-butanol/1- propanol/H2O co-solvent system showed break pattern, whereas dry powder of formulation #19b with pH of 5.88 prepared with the 1-propanol/H2O co-solvent system did not. [00231] The pH of the spray drying stock had an effect on RV94 dry powder morphology. Prior to spray drying, the pH of the spray drying stock was either not adjusted (formulation #19a), or adjusted with NaOH at a NaOH to RV94 lactic salt molar ratio of 0.4:1 (formulation #19b) or 0.6:1 (formulation #19c) to attain pH of about 5.88 and about 6.44, respectively. The dry powder from the stock with pH of about 5.88 exhibited the best morphology with the largest particle size. [00232] Formulations #20-#22 were prepared to determine the effect of leucine and DPPC on dry powder as compared to trileucine. At T=0, dry powder of formulation #21 containing leucine exhibited small fibers (Figure 2B), and dry powder of formulation #22 containing DPPC exhibited powder breaking, hollow particles, and rough surface (Figure 2C), as observed by SEM. By contrast, dry powder of formulation #20 containing trileucine exhibited none of the above undesirable characteristics at T=0 (Figure 2A). [00233] The dry powder of formulation #20 was further characterized by XRD, and found to exhibit amorphous form at T=0 and T=1 month. Additionally, the dry powder of formulation #20 was subjected to aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) analysis using NGI, with the results summarized in Table 8A below.
Figure imgf000085_0001
[00234] Additional impaction studies of a different batch of formulation #20 revealed that the dry powder displayed MMAD of 1.96 μm and FPF of 73.4%, confirming aerodynamic behavior suitable for deep lung deposition (Table 8B and Figure 3).
Figure imgf000086_0001
[00235] The short-term stability of the dry powder of formulation #20 was evaluated. Specifically, the surface morphology using SEM and the particle size distribution of the dry powder of formulation #20 were examined before (T=0) and after the dry powder was stored in a sealed glass vial at room temperature for 1 month (T=1 month). There was no change in surface morphology before and after the storage (Figures 4A and 4B). Additionally, the dry powder of formulation #20 exhibited comparable particle size distribution before and after the storage, as shown in Table 9 below:
Figure imgf000086_0002
[00236] In summary, multiple RV94 dry powder formulations with various formulation parameters (choice and proportion of excipients) were prepared using spray drying under various process parameters (choice and proportions of solvents, inlet temperature, feed concentration, etc). Solvent systems used were either biphasic or triphasic and consisted of a high boiling point and a low boiling point solvent to control the order of solvent evaporation and resultingly, excipient deposition on the dried particle surface. [00237] RV94 dry powder formulations containing trileucine were spray dried using the 1- propanol:water (60:40) co-solvent system. The proportion of trileucine varied from 0 to 20%. Particles displayed a collapsed morphology, with particle breakage more apparent at lower trileucine concentration of 7.5% (formulation #23) compared to higher concentrations of 12.5% (formulation #20) and 20% (formulation #24). However, increasing the trileucine proportion in the powder did not affect the overall morphology of the powder. All of the trileucine-containing RV94 dry powder formulations maintained their amorphous form as determined by XRD; RV94 dry powder formulation containing 12.5% trileucine (formulation #20) retained its amorphous nature after 1 month of storage in a desiccator at room temperature. XPS analysis demonstrated greater surface deposition of trileucine (approximately 32-56%) compared to the proportion of trileucine in the powder. While there was no significant difference in the surface composition of powders containing 7.5 and 12.5% trileucine (32.9 and 32.3% trileucine on the surface, respectively), the powder containing 20% trileucine displayed a significantly higher amount of trileucine on the surface (56%). Increasing the proportion of trileucine in the powder from 7.5% to 20% did not significantly affect the mean geometric particle size of the powder. The powder containing 12.5% trileucine (e.g., formulation #20) did not display any change in particle size distribution after 1 month of storage in desiccator at room temperature, indicating good stability. [00238] In conclusion, an RV94 dry powder formulation containing 87.5 wt% RV94 and 12.5 wt% trileucine (formulation #20) was prepared that was characterized by the desired particle morphology, good powder stability, unimodal particle size distribution (geometric particle size between 2.50 and 3.00 μm) and suitable aerodynamic properties (MMAD of 1.96 μm and FPF of 73.4%). The formulation was prepared using 1-propanol:H2O (about 60:40) co-solvent system and by spray drying with the following parameters: inlet temperature of 100 °C; solid concentration of 15 mg/mL; feed flow of 4.05 mL/min; and aspiration of 100%. Prior to spray drying, the pH of the spray drying stock of the formulation was adjusted to about 5.88 with NaOH at the NaOH to RV94 lactic salt molar ratio of 0.4:1. Example 2: Evaluation of RV94 dry powder formulation for the treatment of pulmonary MRSA in cystic fibrosis [00239] There are no approved inhaled therapies in the U.S. to treat chronic pulmonary Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) in cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease that affects approximately 25% of CF patients and is associated with shortened life expectancy. In this example, the efficacy of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 (described in Example 1) administered once daily via inhalation for treating pulmonary MRSA in a CF rat model was evaluated. Methods [00240] An in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) investigation of a single inhaled dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 (with the target nose dose at about 4 mg/kg) was performed in healthy male Sprague Dawley rats using a 12-port nose-only inhalation system (CH Technologies) connected to a Vilnius Aerosol Generator (VAG) dry powder disperser. Animals were pre- weighed, split into 4 cohorts, and loaded into the inhalation system for a total of n = 10 per cohort. Approximately 300 mg of the powder was loaded to the generator for each of the cohorts. The VAG was set to a 1 V output and fed with dry compressed air at a flow rate equal to 8 L/min. Animals were dosed with the RV94 dry powder for 20 min. Plasma and whole lungs were collected post-dose at the following timepoints: immediate post dose (IPD, approximately 30 min), at 3 h, 1 day, 4 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days. An in-line sampling filter was included to measure the nose dose. Lung and plasma drug levels were quantified using LC-MS/MS. [00241] In vivo inhaled comparator antibiotic PK experiments were accomplished using nebulized liquid preparations of vancomycin, oritavancin, and telavancin delivered by nose-only inhalation to rats using the above-mentioned system. An Aerogen Pro vibrating mesh nebulizer was used to dose the animals. An in-line sampling filter was included to measure the nose dose and lung and plasma drug levels were quantified using LC-MS/MS. [00242] In vivo efficacy experiments were conducted on neutropenic male Sprague Dawley rats. Neutropenia was achieved through intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide at Day -4 (150 mg/kg) and Day -1 (100 mg/kg). Rats were challenged with MRSA ATCC BAA-1556 (USAS 00) at 8 LoglOCFU via intranasal instillation in a 200 μL volume inoculum on study Day 0.
[00243] In a pre-infection treatment paradigm, animals in groups of n= 10 were administered a single inhaled dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 or air sham control at 7, 4, and 1 day(s) prior to challenge using a 12-port nose-only inhalation system connected to a VAG dry powder disperser at approximate nose doses of 3-5 mg/kg. Animals were euthanized at 48 h post-infection and lung tissues were processed for CFU enumeration.
[00244] In a post-infection (therapeutic) treatment paradigm, animals in groups of n = 10 were administered a single inhaled dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 or air sham control at 24 h post-infection using the above-described dosing system. Necropsy was performed 48 h post-infection and lung tissues were processed for CFU enumeration.
Results
1. In vivo PK results
[00245] Lung and plasma PK results from a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 given by nose-only inhalation to healthy rats are shown in Figure 5 A and Figure 5B, respectively. The average dose delivered at the nose was 4 mg/kg. The average immediate post dose (IPD) pulmonary dose determined by bioanalysis of the lung tissue was 0.5 ± 0.2 mg/kg for n = 5 rats in n = 3 cohorts. In the figures, data are plotted as mean, with the error bars representing SEM, n = 5 for the IPD timepoint, n = 3 for all other timepoints, and LOQ = 0.3 μg/g for lung RV94 and 0.0015 pg/mL for plasma RV94. Data fitting was performed using a one-phase decay. As shown in Figure 5 A, the average IPD (0.5 h) concentration of RV94 measured in the lung was 86.7 pg/g. RV94 lung Cmax occurred at 3 h and was 127 μg/g. RV94 lung concentration was reduced to 70 pg/g by Day 1 and ~ 20 pg/g by Day 14, where it plateaued. The calculated lung RV94 half-life was 3.5 days and the RV94 plasma half-life was 1.3 days (R2 = 0.85 for lung RV94 and 0.65 for plasma RV94). As shown in Figure 5B, plasma levels of RV94 peaked 3 h after dose with Cmax of 0.14 pg/mL, which was 0.1% of the RV94 lung Cmax at the same timepoint, demonstrating markedly low systemic levels when given in a single dose by inhalation. The lung RV94 AUCo-2iDay was calculated to be 787.3 pg*day/g and the plasma RV94 AUCo-2iDay was 0.31 pg*day/mL yielding an AUC ratio of approximately 2500: 1 lung:plasma. Table 10 below shows the derived PK parameters for the inhaled RV94 dry powder formulation #20 as compared to those for nebulized vancomycin. RV94 dry powder formulation #20 demonstrated superior pharmacokinetics in comparison to inhaled administration of vancomycin. Taken together, the PK data supports the potential for a once-daily (or less frequent) dosing schedule of the RV94 dry powder formulation to achieve high sustained lung levels and limited systemic exposure.
Figure imgf000090_0001
2. In vivo efficacy results [00246] Figure 6A shows the treatment results with RV94 dry powder formulation #20 in rats prior to challenge in an acute pulmonary MRSA infection. Data were plotted as geometric mean, with LOD = 1.9Log10CFU/lungset. Statistical analysis was performed based on Mann- Whitney test, with P = 0.009 for Day -7 treatment vs air sham control, P = 0.07 for Day -4 treatment vs air sham control, and P < 0.0001 for Day -1 treatment vs air sham control. The estimated nose dose of RV94 measured from the sampling filter administered on Day -7 was 3.5 mg/kg, on Day - 4 was 4.6 mg/kg, and on Day -1 was 5.1 mg/kg. Lungs were excised for CFU enumeration at 48 h post-infection. Day -1 dosing demonstrated the greatest efficacy with an average 1.6 Log10CFU reduction compared to control. Day -7 dosing resulted in an average of 0.8 Log10CFU reduction compared to control. Day -4 dosing resulted in an average of 0.6 Log10CFU reduction compared to control. The data indicate that a single dose of the RV94 dry powder formulation administered 7, 4, or 1 day(s) prior to the challenge led to reductions in lung MRSA titer vs control in an acute pulmonary MRSA (ATCC BAA 1556; USA300) infection in neutropenic rats, and that the drug is biologically active during its long residence time in the lung. [00247] Figure 6B shows the treatment results with RV94 dry powder formulation #20 in rats after challenge in an acute pulmonary MRSA infection. Data were plotted as geometric mean, with LOD = 1.9Log10CFU/lungset. Statistical analysis was performed based on Mann-Whitney test, with P = 0.02. The estimated nose dose measured from the sampling filter was 8.3 mg/kg. Treatment was administered 24 h after infection and lungs were excised for CFU enumeration at 48 h post-infection. The data indicate that a single dose of RV94 dry powder formulation #20 administered 24 h after infection led to a reduction in lung MRSA titer vs control in an acute pulmonary MRSA (ATCC BAA 1556; USA300) infection in neutropenic rats. Taken together, RV94 dry powder formulation #20 is efficacious in vivo as demonstrated by a single dose administered via inhalation before and after challenge in a rat acute pulmonary MRSA infection. [00248] In summary, RV94 dry powder formulation #20 possesses preclinical PK characteristics supportive of once daily (or less frequent) administration. In vivo efficacy of the RV94 dry powder formulation was established with both pre- and post-challenge single dose administrations in a rat acute pulmonary MRSA infection model, where a statistically significant reduction in lung MRSA titer versus control was observed with both dosing paradigms. *********** [00249] While the described invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications may be made to adopt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, process, process step or steps, to the objective spirit and scope of the described invention. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the claims appended hereto. [00250] Patents, patent applications, patent application publications, journal articles and protocols referenced herein are incorporated by reference in their entireties, for all purposes.

Claims

CLAIMS 1. A dry powder composition comprising: (a) from about 75 wt% to about 95 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) the balance being trileucine, leucine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), wherein the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%. 2. A dry powder composition comprising: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 35 wt% of trehalose, and (c) the balance being trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%. 3. A dry powder composition comprising: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of a glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 25 wt% of mannitol, and (c) the balance being trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%. 4. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (I): Glycopeptide–R1 (I), wherein, R1 is conjugated to the Glycopeptide at a primary amine group of the Glycopeptide; R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; n1 is 1,
2,
3 ,
4 or 5; and n2 is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15.
5. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the Glycopeptide is vancomycin, telavancin, chloroeremomycin or decaplanin.
6. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the Glycopeptide is telavancin, chloroeremomycin or decaplanin.
7. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the Glycopeptide is vancomycin.
8. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the Glycopeptide is telavancin.
9. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the Glycopeptide is chloroeremomycin.
10. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the Glycopeptide is decaplanin.
11. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)- (CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3.
12. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)- (CH2)n2-CH3.
13. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)- (CH2)n2-CH3.
14. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O- (CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3.
15. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O- (CH2)n2-CH3.
16. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH- (CH2)n2-CH3.
17. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)- NH-(CH2)n2-CH3.
18. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)- O-(CH2)n2-CH3.
19. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)- O-(CH2)n2-CH3.
20. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-10, wherein R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3.
21. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-19, wherein n1 is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
22. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-19, wherein n1 is 1, 2, 3.
23. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-19, wherein n1 is 1 or 2.
24. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-19, wherein n1 is 1.
25. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-19, wherein n1 is 2.
26. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-19, wherein n1 is 3.
27. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
28. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13.
29. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
30. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
31. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 10, 11 or 12.
32. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 10 or 11.
33. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 10.
34. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-26, wherein n2 is 9.
35. The dry powder composition of claim 4, wherein the compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (II):
Figure imgf000095_0001
wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3; –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)-O-(CH2)n2-CH3; n1 is 1, 2, 3 ,4 or 5; n2 is 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15; R2 is OH or NH–(CH2)q–R5; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; R3 is H or
Figure imgf000095_0002
R4 is H or CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2; and R5 is –N(CH3)2, –N+(CH3)3, –N+(CH3)2(n-C14H29), or
Figure imgf000096_0001
36. The dry powder composition of claim 35, wherein R3 is H.
37. The dry powder composition of claim 35, wherein R3 is
Figure imgf000096_0002
38. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-37, wherein R4 is H.
39. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-37, wherein R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2.
40. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-39, wherein R2 is OH.
41. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-39, wherein R2 is –NH–(CH2)q–R5.
42. The dry powder composition of claim 41, wherein q is 1.
43. The dry powder composition of claim 41, wherein q is 2.
44. The dry powder composition of claim 41, wherein q is 3.
45. The dry powder composition of claim 41, wherein q is 4.
46. The dry powder composition of claim 41, wherein q is 5.
47. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-46, wherein R5 is –N(CH3)2.
48. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-46, wherein R5 is –N+(CH3)3.
49. The dry powder composition of any one of claim claims 35-46, wherein R5 is
Figure imgf000097_0001
50. The dry powder composition of any one of claim claims 35-46, wherein R5 is –N+(CH3)2(n- C14H29).
51. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)- (CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)-(CH2)n2-CH3.
52. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)- (CH2)n2-CH3.
53. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)- (CH2)n2-CH3.
54. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O- (CH2)n2-CH3 or –(CH2)n1-C(O)-NH-(CH2)n2-CH3.
55. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)-O- (CH2)n2-CH3
56. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-C(O)- NH-(CH2)n2-CH3.
57. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-C(O)- NH-(CH2)n2-CH3.
58. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-O-(CO)- O-(CH2)n2-CH3.
59. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –(CH2)n1-NH-C(O)- O-(CH2)n2-CH3.
60. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-50, wherein R1 is –C(O)-(CH2)n2- CH3.
61. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-59, wherein n1 is 1, 2, 3 or 4.
62. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-59, wherein n1 is 1, 2, or 3.
63. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-59, wherein n1 is 1 or 2.
64. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-59, wherein n1 is 1.
65. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-59, wherein n1 is 2.
66. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-59, wherein n1 is 3.
67. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
68. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 9, 10, 11, 12 or 13.
69. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 10, 11, 12, 13, 14.
70. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 10, 11, 12 or 13.
71. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 10, 11 or 12.
72. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 10 or 11.
73. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 10.
74. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 35-66, wherein n2 is 9.
75. The dry powder composition of claim 35, wherein the compound of Formula (II) is:
Figure imgf000099_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
76. The dry powder composition of claim 35, wherein the compound of Formula (II) is:
Figure imgf000099_0002
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
77. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is a compound of Formula (III):
Figure imgf000100_0001
wherein R1 is C1-C18 linear alkyl, C1-C18 branched alkyl, R5-Y-R6-(Z)n, or
Figure imgf000100_0002
R2 is –OH or –NH-(CH2)q-R7; R3 is H or
Figure imgf000100_0003
R4 is H or CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2; n is 1 or 2; q is 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; X is O, S, or NH; each Z is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic; R5 and R6 are each independently selected from the group consisting of alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene, wherein the alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene groups are optionally substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents selected from the group consisting of alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, acyl, acylamino, acyloxy, amino, substituted amino, aminoacyl, aminoacyloxy, oxyaminoacyl, azido, cyano, halogen, hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboxylalkyl, thioaryloxy, thioheteroaryloxy, thioheterocyclooxy, thiol, thioalkoxy, substituted thioalkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heterocyclic, heterocyclooxy, hydroxyamino, alkoxyamino, nitro, –SO–alkyl, – SO–substituted alkyl, –SO–aryl, –SO–heteroaryl, –SO2–alkyl, –SO2–substituted alkyl, –SO2–aryl and –SO2–heteroaryl; R7 is –N(CH2)2; –N+(CH2)3; or
Figure imgf000101_0001
Y is selected from the group consisting of oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NR8 –, –S(O)–, –SO2– , – NR8C(O)–, –OSO2–, –OC(O)–, –NR8SO2–, –C(O)NR8–, –C(O)O–, –SO2NR8–, –SO2O–, – P(O)(OR8)O–, –P(O)(OR8)NR8–, –OP(O)(OR8)O–, –OP(O)(OR8)NR8–, –OC(O)O–, – NR8C(O)O–, –NR8C(O)NR8–, –OC(O)NR8– and –NR8SO2NR8–; and each R8 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl and heterocyclic.
78. The dry powder composition of claim 77, wherein R3 is H.
79. The dry powder composition of claim 77, wherein R3 i
Figure imgf000101_0002
80. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-79, wherein R4 is H.
81. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-79, wherein R4 is CH2-NH-CH2- PO3H2.
82. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-81, wherein X is O.
83. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-81, wherein X is S.
84. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-83, wherein R1 is R5-Y-R6-(Z)n.
85. The dry powder composition of claim 84, wherein Y is oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NH–, – S(O)–, –SO2–, –OSO2–, –NHSO2–, –SO2NH–, –SO2O–, –P(O)(OH)O–, –P(O)(OH)NH–, – OP(O)(OH)O–, –OP(O)(OH)NH–, –NHC(O)NH–, or –NHSO2NH–.
86. The dry powder composition of claim 85, wherein Y is oxygen, sulfur, –S–S–, –NH–, –NHSO2–; –S(O)– or –SO2–.
87. The dry powder composition of claim 85 or 86, wherein Y is –NH–.
88. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is (CH2)-Y-R6-(Z)n.
89. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-Y-R6-(Z)n.
90. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is (CH2)3-Y-R6-(Z)n.
91. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is R5-Y-(CH2)8-10- (Z)n.
92. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is R5-Y-(CH2)8-(Z)n.
93. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is R5-Y-(CH2)9-(Z)n.
94. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, R1 is R5-Y-(CH2)10-(Z)n.
95. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-87 and 91-94, wherein R5 is methylene, ethylene or propylene.
96. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-95, wherein (Z)n is H.
97. The dry powder composition of claim 86, wherein Y is O and (Z)n is H.
98. The dry powder composition of claim 86, wherein Y is -S-S- and (Z)n is H.
99. The dry powder composition of claim 86, wherein Y is –S(O)– and (Z)n is H.
100. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-83, wherein R1 is n-decyl.
101. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-83, wherein R1 is n-undecyl.
102. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-83, wherein R1 is n-dodecyl.
103. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-83, wherein R1 is n-tridecyl, n- butadecyl, n-heptadecyl or n-hexadecyl.
104. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is (CH2)-Y-(CH2)9- CH3.
105. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-Y-(CH2)9- CH3.
106. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 84-87, wherein R1 is (CH2)3-Y-(CH2)9- CH3.
107. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 104-106, wherein Y is O.
108. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 104-106, wherein Y is S.
109. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 104-106, wherein Y is –NH-.
110. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 104-106, wherein Y is -NHSO2-..
111. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-90, wherein R6 is an unbranched C4- C16 alkylene, Z is H and n is 1.
112. The dry powder composition of claim 111, wherein R6 is an unbranched C6-C12 alkylene.
113. The dry powder composition of claim 111, wherein R6 is an unbranched C8-C10 alkylene.
114. The dry powder composition of claim 113, wherein R6 is decylene.
115. The dry powder composition of claim 84, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH-(CH2)9-CH3.
116. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-83, wherein R1 is
Figure imgf000104_0001
117. The dry powder composition of claim 116, wherein q is 1 and R2 is OH.
118. The dry powder composition of claim 116 or 117, wherein R1 is
Figure imgf000104_0002
.
119. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-118, wherein R2 is OH.
120. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-118, wherein R2 is –NH-(CH2)q-R7.
121. The dry powder composition of claim 120, wherein R2 is –NH-(CH2)2-R7.
122. The dry powder composition of claim 120, wherein R2 is –NH-(CH2)3-R7.
123. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 120-122, wherein R7 is –N(CH2)2.
124. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 120-122, wherein R7 is –N+(CH2)3.
125. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 120-122, wherein R7 is
Figure imgf000104_0003
126. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 77-81, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH-R6-H; R2 is OH and X is O.
127. The dry powder composition of claim 77, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH-R6-H; R2 is OH; R3 and R4 are H and X is O.
128. The dry powder composition of claim 126, wherein R3 is H.
129. The dry powder composition of claim 126, wherein R3 is
Figure imgf000105_0001
130. The dry powder composition of claim 128 or 129, wherein R4 is H.
131. The dry powder composition of claim 128 or 129, wherein R4 is CH2-NH-CH2-PO3H2.
132. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 126-131, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH- (CH2)8-CH3.
133. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 126-131, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH- (CH2)9-CH3.
134. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 126-131, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH- (CH2)10-CH3.
135. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 126-131, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH- (CH2)11-CH3.
136. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 126-131, wherein R1 is (CH2)2-NH- (CH2)12-CH3.
137. The dry powder composition of claim 77, wherein the compound of Formula (III) is:
Figure imgf000106_0001
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
138. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-137, wherein the dry powder composition comprises: (a) from about 75 wt% to about 95 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) the balance being trileucine, leucine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), wherein the entirety of (a) and (b) is 100 wt%.
139. The dry powder composition of claim 1 or 138, wherein (b) is trileucine.
140. The dry powder composition of claim 1 or 138, wherein (b) is leucine.
141. The dry powder composition of claim 1 or 138, wherein (b) is DSPC.
142. The dry powder composition of claim 1 or 138, wherein (b) is DPPC.
143. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 1 and 138-142, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 80 wt% to about 93 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
144. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 1 and 138-142, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 82 wt% to about 90 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
145. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 1 and 138-142, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 85 wt% to about 89 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
146. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 1 and 138-142, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at about 87 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
147. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-137, wherein the dry powder composition comprises: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 35 wt% of trehalose, and (c) the balance being trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%.
148. The dry powder composition of claim 2 or 147, wherein (c) is trileucine.
149. The dry powder composition of claim 2 or 147, wherein (c) is leucine.
150. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 50 wt% to about 80 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 15 wt% to about 30 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
151. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 74 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
152. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 70 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
153. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 65 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition and the trehalose is present at from about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
154. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 57 wt% to about 63 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 17 wt% to about 23 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
155. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at about 60 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at about 20 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
156. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 74 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
157. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 70 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
158. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 64 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
159. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 57 wt% to about 63 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at from about 27 wt% to about 33 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
160. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 2 and 147-149, wherein the glycopeptide derivative compound is present at from about 60 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the trehalose is present at about 30 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
161. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 4-137, wherein the dry powder composition comprises: (a) from about 45 wt% to about 85 wt% of the glycopeptide derivative compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, (b) from about 10 wt% to about 25 wt% of mannitol, and (c) the balance being trileucine or leucine, wherein the entirety of (a), (b), and (c) is 100 wt%.
162. The dry powder composition of claim 3 or 161, wherein (c) is trileucine.
163. The dry powder composition of claim 3 or 161, wherein (c) is leucine.
164. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 3 and 161-163, wherein the glycopeptide derivate compound is present at from about 50 wt% to about 80 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the mannitol is present at from about 12 wt% to about 25 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
165. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 3 and 161-163, wherein the glycopeptide derivate compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 75 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the mannitol is present at from about 15 wt% to about 24 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
166. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 3 and 161-163, wherein the glycopeptide derivate compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 70 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the mannitol is present at from about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
167. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 3 and 161-163, wherein the glycopeptide derivate compound is present at from about 55 wt% to about 65 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the mannitol is present at from about 15 wt% to about 25 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
168. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 3 and 161-163, wherein the glycopeptide derivate compound is present at from about 57 wt% to about 63 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the mannitol is present at from about 17 wt% to about 23 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
169. The dry powder composition of any one of claims 3 and 161-163, wherein the glycopeptide derivate compound is present at about 60 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition, and the mannitol is present at about 20 wt% of the total weight of the dry powder composition.
170. A method for treating a bacterial infection in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering an effective amount of the dry powder composition of any one of claims 1-169 to the lungs of the patient by inhalation via a dry powder inhaler.
171. The method of claim 170, wherein the bacterial infection is a pulmonary bacterial infection.
172. The method of claim 170 or 171, wherein the administering is carried out once daily.
173. The method of claim 170 or 171, wherein the administering is carried out twice daily.
174. The method of claim 170 or 171, wherein the administering is carried out three or more times daily.
175. The method of any one of claims 170-174, wherein the bacterial infection is a Gram- positive bacterial infection.
176. The method of claim 175, wherein the Gram-positive bacterial infection is a Gram- positive cocci infection.
177. The method of claim 176, wherein the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Streptococccus, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus infection, or a combination thereof.
178. The method of claim 177, wherein the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Streptococcus infection.
179. The method of claim 178, wherein the Streptococcus infection is an S. agalactiae, S. anginosus, S. bovis, S. dysgalactiae, S. mitis, S. mutans, S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, S. sanguinis, or S. suis infection.
180. The method of claim 179, wherein the Streptococcus infection is an S. mutans infection.
181. The method of claim 179, wherein the Streptococcus infection is an S. pneumoniae infection.
182. The method of claim 179, wherein the Streptococcus infection is an S. dysgalactiae infection.
183. The method of claim 179, wherein the Streptococcus infection is an S. pyogenes infection.
184. The method of claim 177, wherein the Gram-positive cocci infection is an Enterococcus infection.
185. The method of claim 184, wherein the Enterococcus infection is a vancomycin resistant Enterococcus infection (VRE).
186. The method of claim 184, wherein the Enterococcus infection is a vancomycin sensitive Enterococcus infection (VSE).
187. The method of claim 184, wherein the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) infection.
188. The method of claim 187, wherein the E. faecalis infection is a vancomycin-sensitive E. faecalis infection.
189. The method of claim 187, wherein the E. faecalis infection is a vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis infection.
190. The method of claim 187, wherein the E. faecalis infection is an ampicillin-resistant E. faecalis infection.
191. The method of claim 184, wherein the Enterococcus infection is an Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) infection.
192. The method of claim 191, wherein the E. faecium infection is a vancomycin-resistant E. faecium infection.
193. The method of claim 191, wherein the E. faecium infection is a vancomycin-sensitive E. faecium infection.
194. The method of claim 191, wherein the E. faecium infection is an ampicillin-resistant E. faecium infection.
195. The method of claim 177, wherein the Gram-positive cocci infection is a Staphylococcus infection.
196. The method of claim 195, wherein the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection.
197. The method of claim 196, wherein the S. aureus infection is a methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection.
198. The method of claim 196, wherein the S. aureus infection is a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) infection.
199. The method of claim 196, wherein the S. aureus infection is a vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) infection.
200. The method of claim 196, wherein the S. aureus infection is a vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) infection.
201. The method of claim 195, wherein the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) infection.
202. The method of claim 195, wherein the Staphylococcus infection is a Staphylococcus epidermis (S. epidermis) infection.
203. The method of any one of claims 195 and 201-202, wherein the Staphylococcus infection is penicillin resistant.
204. The method of any one of claims 195 and 201-202, wherein the Staphylococcus infection is methicillin resistant.
205. The method of any one of claims 195 and 201-202, wherein the Staphylococcus infection is vancomycin resistant.
206. The method of any one of claims 170-175, wherein the bacterial infection is a Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis) infection.
207. The method of any one of claims 170-174, wherein the bacterial infection is a Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis) infection.
208. The method of any one of claims 170-174, wherein the bacterial infection is a Burkholderia infection.
209. The method of claim 208, wherein the Burkholderia infection is a Burkholderia pseudomallei (B. pseudomallei), B. dolosa, B. fungorum, B. gladioli, B. multivorans, B. vietnamiensis, B. ambifaria, B. andropogonis, B. anthina, B. brasilensis, B. calcdonica, B. caribensis, or B. caryophylli infection, or a combination thereof.
210. The method of any one of claims 170-174, wherein the bacterial infection is a Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis) infection.
211. The method of any one of claims 170-175, wherein the bacterial infection is a Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) infection.
212. The method of any one of claims 170-211, wherein the bacterial infection is a planktonic bacterial infection.
213. The method of any one of claims 170-212, wherein the patient is a cystic fibrosis patient.
214. The method of any one of claims 170-213, wherein the bacterial infection is acquired in a healthcare setting.
215. The method of any one of claims 170-214, wherein the bacterial infection is community associated.
216. The method of any one of claims 170-215, wherein the bacterial infection comprises a bacterial biofilm infection.
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