WO2022178148A1 - Moment frame for a sloped roof construction - Google Patents
Moment frame for a sloped roof construction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022178148A1 WO2022178148A1 PCT/US2022/016826 US2022016826W WO2022178148A1 WO 2022178148 A1 WO2022178148 A1 WO 2022178148A1 US 2022016826 W US2022016826 W US 2022016826W WO 2022178148 A1 WO2022178148 A1 WO 2022178148A1
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- Prior art keywords
- column
- yield
- yield link
- buckling
- link
- Prior art date
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- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 55
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 12
- 230000004323 axial length Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000021715 photosynthesis, light harvesting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004026 adhesive bonding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003252 repetitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003351 stiffener Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
- E04H9/00—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate
- E04H9/02—Buildings, groups of buildings or shelters adapted to withstand or provide protection against abnormal external influences, e.g. war-like action, earthquake or extreme climate withstanding earthquake or sinking of ground
- E04H9/024—Structures with steel columns and beams
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
- E04B2001/2415—Brackets, gussets, joining plates
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
- E04B2001/2442—Connections with built-in weakness points
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B1/2403—Connection details of the elongated load-supporting parts
- E04B2001/2448—Connections between open section profiles
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B2001/2487—Portico type structures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B2001/249—Structures with a sloping roof
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/18—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons
- E04B1/24—Structures comprising elongated load-supporting parts, e.g. columns, girders, skeletons the supporting parts consisting of metal
- E04B2001/2493—Structures with a vaulted roof
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
- E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
- E04C3/11—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with non-parallel upper and lower edges, e.g. roof trusses
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/30—Columns; Pillars; Struts
- E04C3/32—Columns; Pillars; Struts of metal
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
- E04C3/38—Arched girders or portal frames
- E04C3/40—Arched girders or portal frames of metal
Definitions
- the present invention relates to hysteretic damping for structures used in sloped roof constructions, and in particular to a lateral bracing system constructed to provide a high degree of energy dissipation through hysteretic damping along with high initial stiffness so that energy is dissipated at low displacement thresholds within a sloped roof construction.
- lateral bracing systems were developed to counteract the potentially devastating effects of shear stress on the structural integrity of light-framed constructions.
- one type of lateral bracing system includes vertical studs spaced from each other and beams affixed to and extending between the studs. In constructions including sloped roofs, the beams may extend at an obtuse or acute angle from the vertical columns.
- Many conventional lateral bracing systems perform well initially under lateral loads, but yield and fail upon the repetitive lateral loads which often occur during significant seismic activity and high winds. Upon appreciable yield or failure of the lateral bracing system, the entire system must be replaced.
- the present technology relates to a lateral bracing system of a moment frame for use in a slope roof construction.
- the moment frame comprises a pair of spaced apart vertical columns, and a pair of beams extending from the columns at the angle of the roof and connected to each other at an apex of the roof.
- Each column may include a top portion with a connecting face perpendicular to an axial length of the beam when assembled.
- the moment frame may further include a pair of lateral bracing systems used to attach the beams to the columns.
- Each lateral bracing system may further include a pair of buckling-restrained braced devices, affixed to the top and bottom flanges of the beam.
- Each buckling-restrained braced device comprises a yield link affixed between the beam and column, and a buckling restraint plate covering a portion of the yield link.
- the yield link may affix to the end face of the column with a right-angle plate (perpendicular to a major plane of the yield link).
- the yield link may affix to a top edge of the column with a flat plate (parallel to a plane of the yield link).
- the present technology relates to a sloped roof construction, comprising: a beam having a major axis at a non-horizontal angle following a slope of the roof; a column comprising a connecting face configured to be oriented at an angle perpendicular to the major axis of the beam; a shear tab affixed between the column and beam, between a top and bottom flange of the beam; and a lateral bracing system affixed between the column and beam, including: first and second buckling-restrained braced devices, one each on the top and bottom flange of the beam, each buckling-restrained braced device comprising: a yield link comprising a first end connected to the column and a second end connected to the beam, the yield link comprising a section of narrowed width defining first and second notches on opposite sides of the yield link, the yield link configured to yield in tension and compression at the narrowed width section to dissipate stress within the construction upon a
- the present technology relates to a sloped roof construction, comprising: a column comprising: a top edge at a non-horizontal angle following a slope of the roof, and a connecting face adjacent the top edge; a beam having a major axis at the non horizontal angle following the slope of the roof; a shear tab affixed between the column and beam, between a top and bottom flange of the beam; and a lateral bracing system affixed between the column and beam, including: first and second buckling-restrained braced devices, one each on the top and bottom flange of the beam, the first buckling-restrained braced device comprising: a first yield link comprising: a first end comprising a first planar section with a first surface configured to mount parallel to and against the top edge of the column, a second end comprising a second planar section with a second surface configured to mount parallel to and against the first flange of the beam, and a section of narrowe
- the present technology relates to a sloped roof construction, comprising: a vertical column comprising: a top edge at a non-horizontal angle following a slope of the roof, and a connecting face adjacent the top edge, the connecting face provided at a non-vertical angle perpendicular to the slope of the roof; a beam having a major axis at the non-horizontal angle following the slope of the roof; and a lateral bracing system affixed between the column and beam, including: first and second buckling-restrained braced devices, one each on a top flange and a bottom flange of the beam.
- the first buckling-restrained braced device comprises: a first yield link comprising: a first end comprising a first planar section with a first surface configured to mount parallel to and against the top edge of the column, a second end comprising a second planar section with a second surface configured to mount parallel to and against the first flange of the beam, and a first section of narrowed width between the first and second ends, the first narrowed width section defining first and second notches on opposite sides of the first yield link, the first yield link configured to yield in tension and compression at the first narrowed width section to dissipate stress within the construction upon a lateral load applied to the beam and/or column; and a first buckling restraint plate configured to mount over the first yield link to sandwich the first yield link between the buckling restraint plate and the first flange of the beam.
- the second buckling-restrained braced device comprises: a second yield link comprising: a first end comprising a perpendicular plate configured to mount parallel to and against the connecting face of the column, a second end comprising a planar section with a surface configured to mount parallel to and against the second flange of the beam, and a second section of narrowed width between the first and second ends, the narrowed width section defining first and second notches on opposite sides of the yield link, the yield link configured to yield in tension and compression at the second narrowed width section to dissipate stress within the construction upon a lateral load applied to the beam and/or column; and a second buckling restraint plate configured to mount over the second yield link to sandwich the second yield link between the buckling restraint plate and the second flange of the beam.
- FIGURE 1 is a cross-sectional view through a sloped roof construction showing a moment frame.
- FIGURE 2 is a front view of the lateral bracing system according to a first embodiment of the present technology.
- FIGURE 3 is an enlarged front view showing a portion of the lateral bracing system of Fig. 2.
- FIGURE 4 is a top view of a yield link used in the lateral bracing system according to Fig. 2.
- FIGURE 5 is an exploded perspective view of the lateral bracing system according to Fig. 2.
- FIGURE 6 is a front view of the lateral bracing system according to a second embodiment of the present technology.
- FIGURE 7 is an enlarged front view showing a portion of the lateral bracing system of Fig. 6.
- FIGURE 8 is a top view of a yield link used in the lateral bracing system according to Fig. 6.
- FIGURE 9 is an exploded perspective view of the lateral bracing system according to Fig. 6.
- FIGURE 10 is a cross-sectional view through an alternative sloped roof construction showing a moment frame.
- FIGURE 11 is an enlarged front view showing a portion of a lateral bracing system according to a first embodiment of the present technology.
- FIGURE 12 is an enlarged front view showing a portion of a lateral bracing system according to a second embodiment of the present technology.
- Figs. 1 through 12 relate to a lateral bracing system for a sloped roof construction.
- the lateral bracing system has a high initial stiffness and includes yield links capable of effectively dissipating energy generated within the lateral bracing system under lateral loads.
- the present invention may be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete and will fully convey the invention to those skilled in the art. Indeed, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modifications and equivalents of these embodiments, which are included within the scope and spirit of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
- numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. However, it will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be practiced without such specific details.
- a construction 100 comprising vertical walls 102 and sloped roof 104.
- the roof 104 comes to an apex approximately midway between walls 102.
- the roof 104 may have an apex at one or the other of walls 102, and then slope downward continuously to the other wall.
- the construction 100 may be supported by one or more moment frames 108 comprising a pair of spaced apart vertical columns 110, and a pair of beams 112 extending from the columns 110 at the angle of the roof and connected to each other at an apex 114.
- the angle between the columns 110 and beams 112 may for example range between 95° and 135°, though the slope of the roof, and angle between the columns 110 and beams 112 may be lesser or greater than that with the understanding that the angles in the embodiment of Fig. 1 are greater than 90°. While Fig. 1 shows one such lateral bracing system 110, there may be multiple such lateral bracing systems in parallel planes along the length of the construction (/. ., into and out of the page of Fig. 1).
- the moment frame 108 may further include a pair of lateral bracing systems 120 coupling the columns 110 and beams 112 to each other on each side of the construction 100.
- Each lateral bracing system 120 on opposed sides of a moment frame 108 may be the mirror image of the other, though they need not be in further embodiments.
- one lateral bracing system 120 is described below, with the understanding that the other lateral bracing system in a given moment frame 108 includes the identical components in mirror image.
- Fig. 2 is a side view of one side of the moment frame showing a column 110 connected to a beam 112 (a portion of which is shown) by a lateral bracing system 120.
- Each of the column 110 and beam 112 may be formed of structural steel, having first and second flanges and a web extending between the first and second flanges.
- the flanges may have a thickness of 1-13/16 inches, though the thickness of the flanges may vary in further embodiments.
- the web may have a thickness of 1 inch, 3 ⁇ 4 inch or 1 ⁇ 2 inch, though the thickness of the web may vary in further embodiments.
- the flanges of the column 110 and/or beam 112 may be formed in a so-called standard structural W-shape, orthogonal to the surfaces of the web.
- the flanges may be formed in a so-called S-section, where the interior surfaces form an angle greater than 90° with the surfaces of the web.
- Other configurations of beams are contemplated.
- Each column 110 may be formed of primary portion 110a, extending most of the length of column 110, and a top portion 110b formed at a top of column 110.
- the primary and top portions may be formed integrally with each other, and may for example include a stiffener flange 121 at a boundary between the primary and top portions.
- the primary and top portions may be welded, bolted or otherwise affixed to each other after they are formed.
- the primary portion 110a may comprise a first flange (affixed to wall 102) extending vertically, and a second flange which is angled relative to vertical so that the web of the primary portion 110a tapers along its length to be wider at the top of the primary portion 110a than at a base of the primary portion 110a.
- the top of the primary portion 110a may have a width of 24” to 60”, and it may taper to a bottom having a width of 8” to 12”. These dimensions are by way of example only, and the top and/or bottom dimensions may vary in further embodiments.
- Both flanges of the primary portion 110a may be vertical and parallel to each other in further embodiments.
- the top portion 110b may comprise a first flange (affixed to wall 102) extending vertically from the first flange of the primary portion 110a.
- the top portion 110b may have a second, non-vertical flange.
- the second flange tapers inward from bottom to top, so that the web of the top portion 110b is wider at its base than at its top.
- the second flange of the top portion 110b of column 110 forms a connecting face to which the beam 112 is affixed via a lateral bracing system.
- the second flange of the top portion 110b is provided at an angle that is perpendicular to a major axis of the beam 112 ( i.e ., along the beam axial length) and a slope of the roof 104 when assembled. As explained below, this configuration ensures that the forces exerted on a yield link of the lateral bracing system between the beam and column remain in the major plane of the yield link.
- Fig. 3 is an enlarged view showing the lateral bracing system 120 connecting an end face of beam 112 to the connecting face (the second flange) of the top portion 110b of column 110.
- the connecting face is designated as 122 in Fig. 3.
- the lateral bracing system 120 is comprised of a pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 124, one on each of the top and bottom flanges of beam 112.
- Each buckling-restrained braced device 124 includes a “dog- bone” shaped yield link 126 shown in edge view in Fig. 3, top view in Fig. 4 and perspective view in Fig. 5.
- each yield link 126 may include a perpendicular plate 128 forming a flange at a first end of the link that is perpendicular to a length and major plane of the yield link 126.
- the perpendicular plate 128 of each link 126 may include bolt holes 130 (Fig. 4) allowing the plates 128 to bolt to connecting face 122 at a top and bottom of beam 112.
- the yield link 126 includes a planar portion 132 extending orthogonally from plate 128 and having a reduced diameter section 134 defining a pair of notches 135.
- the planar portion 132 need not be orthogonal to plate 128 in further embodiments.
- the section 134 may alternatively be the same diameter as adjacent sections, but provided with a lower yield strength so that the yield link 126 yields at section 134 above a predefined threshold.
- Yield link 126 may further include bolt holes 136 in planar section 132, at a second end of the yield link 126 opposite plate 128.
- Bolt holes 136 are provided to bolt holes 130, and are provided to allow bolting of the second end of the yield links to the top and bottom flanges of beam 112.
- a shear tab 140 may further be affixed between the connecting face 122 and the web of beam 112.
- the shear tab 140 may include a flange 142 parallel to connecting face 122 and configured to be bolted or welded to connecting face 122.
- Shear tab 140 further include plate 144 parallel to the web of beam 112, and configured to be bolted to the web of beam 112.
- plate 144 includes a central circular hole 146 for bolting plate 144 to the web of beam 112.
- Plate 144 further includes oblong holes 148 for bolting plate 144 to the web of beam 112, while allowing rotation of the beam relative to the column. As explained below, upon lateral loads above a predefined threshold, the beam will rotate relative to the column.
- the lateral bracing system is configured to allow such rotation, which will take place about an axis through central bolt hole 146.
- the oblong holes 148 have slots oriented tangential to radii from central bolt hole 146, and will allow such rotation without damage to the shear tab or beam web.
- the holes 146 and 148 support the beam 112 against gravity on column 110.
- the number, position and size of the oblong holes 148 is shown by way of example, and the number, position and/or size may vary in further embodiments.
- the end face of the beam 112 adjacent the column 110 may be cut back at the top and bottom flanges to define notches 149.
- the notches 149 are formed in such a way so that a line between the ends of the cut back top and bottom flanges passes through a center of bolt hole 146.
- the notches 149 allow rotation of the beam 112 relative to the column 110 without binding of the beam at its top and bottom flanges.
- each of the two buckling-restrained braced devices 124 may further include a buckling restraint plate (BRP) 150.
- BRP buckling restraint plate
- the BRP 150 may be bolted over the yield link 126.
- the yield link 126 performs predictably in tension, but the BRP 150 is provided to prevent unpredictable, out of plane buckling of the yield link in compression.
- a pair of spacers 152 may be mounted within notches 135 at the reduced diameter section 134.
- one or more bolts may pass through the BRP 150, through each spacer 152 on opposed sides of the yield link 126, and then into the flange of the beam 112 to affix the BRP 150 to each of the two buckling-restrained braced devices 124 on the top and bottom of the beam.
- the spacers 152 may be the same thickness as the yield link 126, and may take up most or substantially all of the empty space defined by notches 135, for example between 60% to 99%, or for example 80% to 90% of the area of the notches 135. In this way, the spacers 152 ensure uniform load distribution of the BRPs 150 on the yield links 126 when the BRPs 150 are bolted over the yield links 126.
- the lateral bracing systems 120 in a moment frame 108 have the advantage that they may be easily assembled on-site.
- the yield link 126 and shear tab 140 may be assembled onto the column 110 before arrival at the job site, or before column 110 is erected. Thereafter, once the column 110 and beam 112 are positioned, the opposite ends of the yield link and shear tab may be affixed to the beam. These connections may for example be made by bolting and no on-site welding is required.
- the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 124 operate in tandem to oppose rotation of the beam 112 relative to the column 110 (/. ., rotation about the shear tab 140) under a lateral load. Attempted rotation in a first direction will place the first of the devices 124 in tension and the second of the devices in compression. Attempted rotation in the opposite direction will place the first of the devices in compression and the second in tension.
- the yield link 126 of the respective devices 124 provides high initial stiffness and tensile and compression resistance to relative movement between the column 110 and the beam 112 under lateral loads, but provides stable yielding and hysteretic energy dissipation under lateral loads above a predictable and controlled level.
- the bending strength of the column and beam may be designed to exceed the moment capacity of the yield links 126, and in particular, the reduced diameter section 134 of yield links 126.
- the yield links 126 yield under lateral loads before yielding or failure of the column or beam, and any damage is limited to the yield links which may be easily removed and replaced.
- the BRPs 150 prevent buckling of the yield links under a compressive load.
- the shear tab 140 is provided to oppose beam end shear (/. ., beam shear orthogonal to the major axis of beam 112) under vertical and lateral frame loads.
- stiffening plates 156 may optionally be affixed to a side of the connecting face 122 opposite that receiving the yield links to oppose the forces exerted by the yield links.
- a stiffening plate 156 may be mounted perpendicularly to the web of top column portion 110b, on one or both sides of the web, to oppose the forces on the portion 110b from the bottom yield link 126. The length of the stiffening plate 156 may be aligned with the major plane of the yield link (perpendicular to the connecting face 122).
- a second stiffening plate 156 may be mounted on top of the columns 110 to oppose the forces on the portion 110b from the top yield link 126.
- the second stiffening plate 156 may be mounted on a top edge of the top column portion 110b, in the plane of the web of top portion 110b.
- a top section of the connecting face 122 may extend above the top edge of column portion 110b to receive the perpendicular plate 128 of the upper yield link 126.
- the stiffening plate 156 may be positioned against this top portion of the connecting face 122, on a side of the connecting face opposite the upper yield link 126.
- the stiffening plates 156 may be affixed as by welding, bolting or gluing.
- Embodiments of the present technology shown in Figs. 2-5 may be referred to as a perpendicular plate lateral bracing system, given that the yield link 126 includes perpendicular plate 128, orthogonal to the major plane of yield link 126.
- Figs. 6-9 illustrate a further embodiment of the present technology referred to as a flat plate lateral bracing system.
- the flat plate lateral bracing system is similar in several respects to the perpendicular plate lateral bracing system, with differences noted below. Referring initially to Fig. 6, there is shown a side view of one side of the moment frame illustrating a column 210 connected to a beam 212 (a portion of which is shown) by a flat plate lateral bracing system 220. Unless otherwise noted below, the column 210 and beam 212 may have the same configuration as column 110 and beam 112, respectively.
- Each column 210 may be formed of primary portion 210a, extending most of the length of column 210, and a top portion 210b formed at a top of column 210.
- the top portion 210b may comprise a first flange (affixed to wall 102) extending vertically from the first flange of the primary portion 210a.
- the top portion 210b may have a second flange extending at a non-vertical angle. In embodiments the second flange tapers inward from bottom to top, so that the web of the top portion 210b is wider at its base than at its top.
- the second flange of the top portion 210b of column 210 forms a connecting face 222 to which the beam 212 is affixed.
- the connecting face of the top portion 210b is provided at an angle that is perpendicular to a major axis of the beam 212 and a slope of the roof 104 when assembled. As explained below, this configuration ensures that the forces exerted on the yield link between the beam and column remain in the plane of the yield link.
- Fig. 7 is an enlarged view showing the lateral bracing system 220 connecting an end face of beam 212 to the connecting face 222 of the top portion 210b of column 210.
- the lateral bracing system 220 is comprised of a pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 224, one on each of the top and bottom flanges of beam 212.
- the lateral bracing system 220 and the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 224 may be the same as the lateral bracing system 120 and the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 124, respectively, described above.
- the first (bottom) buckling-restrained braced device 224a includes a yield link 226a
- the second (top) buckling-restrained braced device 224b includes a yield link 226b.
- the bottom yield link 226a may be identical to the bottom yield link 126 described above, including a perpendicular plate 228 forming a flange at a first end of the link that is perpendicular to a length and major plane of the yield link 226a.
- the perpendicular plate 228 of link 226a may include bolt holes 230, as described above with respect to Fig. 4, allowing the plate 228 to bolt to connecting face 222 at a bottom of beam 212.
- the top yield link 226b may have no perpendicular plate, but may instead be a generally flat, planar component along its entire length. As shown in edge view in Fig. 7, top view in Fig. 8 and perspective view in Fig. 9, the yield link 226b is generally planar with a reduced diameter section 234 defining a pair of notches 235. Upon tensile and compressive axial loads on yield link 226b above a predefined threshold, the yield link 226b will yield at the reduced diameter section 234 as described above with respect to yield link 126.
- Yield link 226b may further include two sets of bolt holes 236a and 236b (collectively, bolt holes 236) at first and second opposed ends of the yield link 226b.
- Bolt holes 236a are provided to allow bolting of a first end of the yield link 226b to the top flange of beam 212.
- Bolt holes 236b are provided to allow bolting of a second end of the yield link 226b to a top edge 229 of the top column portion 210b.
- the top edge 229 is provided at a non-horizontal angle matching the major axis of the beam 212 and following a slope of the roof 104.
- the top edge 229 is also coplanar with the top flange of beam 212.
- the flat plate yield link 226b may lie flat on top of both the top flange of beam 212 and the top edge 229 of column 210, and be bolted to the top flange of beam 212 and the top edge 229 via bolt holes 236. While the top of the connecting face 122 extended above the top edge of top column portion 110b in the embodiment of Fig. 4, the top of the connecting face 222 ends at the top edge 229 in this second embodiment shown in Fig. 7.
- a shear tab 240 may further be affixed between the connecting face 222 and the web of beam 212.
- the shear tab 240 may be structurally and operationally identical to shear tab 140.
- the beam 212 may include notches 249 at its top and bottom flanges that are structurally and operationally identical to notches 149.
- Each of the two buckling-restrained braced devices 224 may further include a buckling restraint plate (BRP) 250, and spacers 252 in notches 235 of both yield links 226a, 226b.
- BRP 250 and spacers 252 may be structurally and operationally identical to BRP 150 and spacers 152, respectively.
- the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 224 operate in tandem to oppose rotation of the beam 212 relative to the column 210 (/. ., rotation about the shear tab 240) under a lateral load. Attempted rotation in a first direction will place the first of the devices 224 in tension and the second of the devices in compression. Attempted rotation in the opposite direction will place the first of the devices in compression and the second in tension.
- the yield links 226a, 226b of the respective devices 224 both provide high initial stiffness and tensile and compression resistance to relative movement between the column 210 and the beam 212 under lateral loads, but provide stable yielding and hysteretic energy dissipation under lateral loads above a predictable and controlled level.
- the yield link 226a may transmit tensile and compressive loads (before yielding) to and from the column top portion 210a via the perpendicular plate 228.
- the yield link 226b may transmit tensile and compressive loads (before yielding) to and from the column top portion 210a via the bolts in bolt holes 236b.
- Stiffening plate 256 may optionally be affixed to the connecting face 222 to oppose the tensile and compressive forces exerted by the yield link 226a. Stiffening plate 256 may be structurally and operationally identical to stiffening plate 156 described above.
- the roof 104 has an apex generally midway between opposed walls 102, such that both beams 112/212 on opposed walls 102 slope upward from their connection to columns 110/210.
- the roof 104 may have an apex at one of walls 102, and slope downward to the opposed wall 102.
- a moment frame 308 includes a pair of opposed columns 310 and a beam 312 may extending therebetween.
- the embodiment shown in Fig. 10 includes a single beam 312 between columns 310, but there may be more than one beam between columns 310 in further embodiments.
- the moment frame 308 includes a pair of lateral bracing systems 320a and 320b, one of which couples the columns 310 and beam(s) 312 to each other on each side of the construction the moment frame 308.
- the beam 312 angles upward from the column 310, following the slope of the roof 104, and lateral bracing system 320b on that first side may be identical to the lateral bracing systems 120/220 described above in coupling the first column 310 to the beam 312.
- the column 310 includes a primary portion 310a similar to primary portions 110a and 210a described above, extending most of the length of column 310, and a top portion 310b formed at a top of column 310.
- the primary portion 310a and top portion 310b may be similar to the embodiments described above.
- the column 310 further includes a top portion 310b.
- the top portion 310b includes a connecting face 322 that is angled downward. The angle of connecting face 322 is provided to be perpendicular to a major axis of beam 312 and the slope of the roof 104.
- the lateral bracing system 320 in Fig. 11 includes a pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 324, one on each of the top and bottom flanges of beam 312.
- the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 324 in Fig. 11 may be structurally and operationally identical to the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 124 shown in Figs. 3-5.
- the column 310 includes a primary portion 310a, and a top portion 310b formed at a top of column 310 which may be similar to the embodiments described above.
- the connecting face 322 of the top portion 310b is angled downward instead of upward.
- the angle of connecting face 322 in Fig. 12 is provided to be perpendicular to a major axis of beam 312 and the slope of the roof 104.
- the lateral bracing system 320 in Fig. 12 includes a pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 324a and 324b, one on each of the top and bottom flanges of beam 312.
- the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 324a and 324b in Fig. 12 may be structurally and operationally identical to the pair of buckling-restrained braced devices 224a and 224b, respectively, shown in Figs. 7-9.
- the connecting face 122/222 of the column is perpendicular to a major axis of the beam 112 and a slope of the roof 104 when assembled.
- the angle of the connecting face 122/222 will vary depending on the slope of the roof and beams. Having the connecting face 122/222 perpendicular to an axial length of the beam ensures that the loads on the yield link 126/226a/226b will be tensile and compressive loads in the plane of the yield link.
- the top edge 229 of the column is also provided at an angle that matches a slope of the beam 212 and roof 104, and the top edge 229 is coplanar with a top surface of the top flange of the beam 212. Having the top edge 229 coplanar with the top flange of the beam ensures that the loads on the flat plate yield link 226b will be tensile and compressive loads in the plane of the yield link.
- a connection may be a direct connection or an indirect connection (e.g., via one or more other parts).
- an element when an element is referred to as being affixed, connected or mounted to another element, the element may be directly connected to the other element or indirectly connected to the other element via intervening elements.
- a first element is referred to as being directly affixed, directly connected or directly mounted to a second element, then there are no intervening elements between the first and second elements.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
KR1020237027949A KR20230155430A (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frames for sloping roof buildings |
JP2023549641A JP2024508418A (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frame for pitched roof structures |
EP22709461.2A EP4294992A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frame for a sloped roof construction |
CA3207289A CA3207289A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frame for a sloped roof construction |
AU2022221708A AU2022221708A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frame for a sloped roof construction |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202163150460P | 2021-02-17 | 2021-02-17 | |
US63/150,460 | 2021-02-17 | ||
US17/674,532 US11987972B2 (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frame for a sloped roof construction |
US17/674,532 | 2022-02-17 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2022178148A1 true WO2022178148A1 (en) | 2022-08-25 |
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Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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PCT/US2022/016826 WO2022178148A1 (en) | 2021-02-17 | 2022-02-17 | Moment frame for a sloped roof construction |
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WO (1) | WO2022178148A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2228920A1 (en) * | 1973-05-07 | 1974-12-06 | Sejournant Georges | Joint section for portal frame - is angled I-section with triangular corner web and end mounting plates |
DE202008012407U1 (en) * | 2008-09-17 | 2009-03-26 | Weigert, Florian | Self-supporting steel hall |
US20200109556A1 (en) * | 2018-10-09 | 2020-04-09 | Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. | Moment frame including lateral bracing system and coped beam |
-
2022
- 2022-02-17 WO PCT/US2022/016826 patent/WO2022178148A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2228920A1 (en) * | 1973-05-07 | 1974-12-06 | Sejournant Georges | Joint section for portal frame - is angled I-section with triangular corner web and end mounting plates |
DE202008012407U1 (en) * | 2008-09-17 | 2009-03-26 | Weigert, Florian | Self-supporting steel hall |
US20200109556A1 (en) * | 2018-10-09 | 2020-04-09 | Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. | Moment frame including lateral bracing system and coped beam |
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