WO2022177537A2 - A cell for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity and a method used for obtaining cell - Google Patents
A cell for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity and a method used for obtaining cell Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022177537A2 WO2022177537A2 PCT/TR2022/050134 TR2022050134W WO2022177537A2 WO 2022177537 A2 WO2022177537 A2 WO 2022177537A2 TR 2022050134 W TR2022050134 W TR 2022050134W WO 2022177537 A2 WO2022177537 A2 WO 2022177537A2
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- cell
- filter paper
- gold
- hybrid
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002120 nanofilm Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- WTDHULULXKLSOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroxylamine hydrochloride Chemical compound Cl.ON WTDHULULXKLSOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 citrate ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium citrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019263 trisodium citrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 241001502381 Budorcas taxicolor Species 0.000 claims description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K Citrate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
- GUWKQWHKSFBVAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Au] Chemical compound [C].[Au] GUWKQWHKSFBVAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011530 conductive current collector Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- CBMIPXHVOVTTTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(3+) Chemical compound [Au+3] CBMIPXHVOVTTTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010397 one-hybrid screening Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940038773 trisodium citrate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 231100000481 chemical toxicant Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 238000002484 cyclic voltammetry Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002803 fossil fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002901 radioactive waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M14/00—Electrochemical current or voltage generators not provided for in groups H01M6/00 - H01M12/00; Manufacture thereof
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/02—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof using combined reduction-oxidation reactions, e.g. redox arrangement or solion
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
- H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/52—Separators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell which enables to generate and store electrical energy without using any condensation process by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity, and a method for obtaining the said cell.
- a power generation cell or a vapovoltaic (a device that absorbs the atmospheric humidity and generates electric current) which does not emit any toxic chemical and/or gas (CO 2 or greenhouse gas) to the environment in generation of energy, has an entirely environment-friendly production method, does not depend on any weather condition for generation of energy, needs and stores a small space for production; and a method for obtaining this cell.
- the Japanese patent document no. JP2004135366A discloses a power generation device using the moisture in the atmosphere.
- the device uses the electricity obtained by the hybrid power generation by making use of natural energy such as wind energy, solar energy and atmospheric humidity.
- the pure water generated by using the raw water generated is electrolyzed, the high-purity hydrogen gas and the oxygen gas obtained by electrolyzing are used for generating electricity by means of a fuel cell and the electricity generated by hybrid power generation is stored in a power storage device.
- a fuel cell is needed in order to generate electricity.
- a fuel cell comprises solid polymer electrode and the water obtain from the moisture in the atmosphere is separated into its ions by means of catalyst layers of the electrode.
- An objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which enable to generate and store electrical energy without using any condensation process and solar radiation by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity, and a method for obtaining these cells.
- Another objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which do not emit any toxic chemical and/or gas (CO2 or greenhouse gas) to the environment in generation of energy, and a method for obtaining these cells.
- CO2 or greenhouse gas toxic chemical and/or gas
- Another objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which do not depend on any weather condition for generation of energy, and a method for obtaining these cells.
- Another objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which require a small space for production and generate storable energy, and a method for obtaining these cells.
- Figure 1 is an overall view of the inventive vapovoltaic cell.
- Figure 2 is a view of a hybrid electrode in the inventive vapovoltaic cell.
- Figure 3 is a view of structures in the inventive hybrid electrode.
- Figure 4A shows the conditions of the inventive cells wherein they are connected in parallel and in series.
- Figure 4B shows the conditions of hybrid electrodes wherein they are attached to both faces of the filter paper.
- Figure 5A shows the voltage properties of hybrid electrodes diagrammatically at a constant humidity rate of 55% and at room temperature.
- Figure 5B shows the change of voltage generated by the cell according to the humidity rate diagrammatically.
- Figure 6A shows a series of CV measurements of an asymmetric cell at different scanning rates between 5 to 200 mV/s.
- Figure 6B shows the galvanostatic curve, which is gathered for the cell, for various charge/discharge current densities by less IR drop.
- FIG. 7 shows the flowchart of the inventive method.
- the inventive vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell (1) which enables to generate and store electrical energy by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity comprises: at least one hybrid electrode (2) which has a double-layer structure created by interconnection of conductive gold nanocrystal networks (21) and diamond-like carbon nanofilms (22), and generates hybrid film by converting atmospheric water vapor (atmospheric humidity) oxidation into dioxygen with high electron current densities; at least one filter paper (3) that provides a surface on which producedhybrid films can adhere to the hybrid electrode (2) ; at least one metal foil electrode (4) which is located on the filter paper (3) and comprises at least electrically conductive current collector member; and at least one solid polymeric electrolyte (5) which is located on the filter paper (3) and enables movement of at least one ion from cathode to anode.
- the hybrid electrode (2) included in the inventive cell (1) has a diamond-like carbon nanofilm (22) containing more sp3 (222) carbon content than sp2 (221) and functional groups containing surface oxygen (223).
- the gold nanocrystal network (21) of the hybrid electrode (2) enables fastening to the graphitic material surface by means of carbon-gold interactions.
- the hybrid electrode (2) turns atmospheric water vapor oxidation into dioxygen by means of current densities
- the filter paper (3) included in the inventive cell (1) may have a planar surface, at least one of vertical/horizontal cylindrical or any hollow shape.
- the filter paper (3) has a flexible and porous structure in order to facilitate adhesion of hybrid films.
- a tri sodium citrate solution of 36,5-39,5 mM is added into the solution and immediately after the adding process, the solution colour turns into blue within the first 20-70 seconds and then into red within 100-200 seconds. Change of colour occurs due to the fact that the size of gold nanoparticles change upon the citrate ions reduce the gold (III) during the synthesis takin place within the solution.
- the boiling process is continued for 3-10 minutes and then the solution is cooled at room temperature.
- a centrifugation process is carried out in order to remove the unreacted trisodium citrates from the solution and then it is stored in a cold and dark environment.
- the synthesized and stored gold nanoparticle solution (0,001-0,01 g) is treated at 55-95 °C for 10- 40 minutes with 0,01-0,1 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride on a heating magnetic stirrer.
- diamond-like carbon structures are created by interconnecting the conductive gold nanocrystal network structure and the citrate bound parts through the use of Au 2+ and Au 1+ ions acting as a catalyst in the solution, by sintering the gold nanoparticle parts of the citrate-capped gold nanoparticles.
- the film layer (hybrid electrode (2)) comprising the double-layer gold nanoparticle and the diamond-like carbon structures located on the solution surface are contacted with the filter paper (3) and the film layer on the said solution surface is coated onto the porous surface of the filter paper (3).
- the cells which are obtained upon being combined with the filter paper (3) coated with the hybrid electrode (2), the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) are used for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity, upon being connected individually, in series, parallel or double-sided to each other.
- the Figure 3 shows the formation of gold nanocrystal networks (21) for the cell (1) obtained by means of the inventive method (100), upon the black network or cloud-like structures of the hybrid electrode (2) are fused together and grown. In addition, formation of diamond-like structures (22) are observed in the lower part of the nanocrystal networks (21).
- the Figure 4A shows that the cells (1) can be integrated in parallel (P) and in series (S) in order to increase the output currents, voltages and powers of cells.
- the Figure 4B shows a form of energy harvest (T) wherein the hybrid electrodes (2) can be attached from both sides of the filter paper (3). This structure takes up less space in comparison to structures which are created so as to be connected in series and in parallel to create the same current and voltage.
- the Figure 5A shows the voltage properties of the related hybrid electrodes (2) diagrammatically at a constant humidity rate of 55% and at room temperature. 4,2 V is generated and stored by means of the cell (1) prepared under these conditions. Then, the voltage of the cell (1) is reduced to 1,5 V upon the cell (1) is connected to a consumer such as LED and it is continued to generate electricity steadily by means of operation of the hybrid electrodes (2).
- the Figure 5B shows the change of voltage generated by the cell (1), which provides generation of energy, according to the humidity rate diagrammatically. In the said diagram, the amount of the generated voltage increases as the ambient humidity increases as well. Measurements of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) are used in order to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the cell (1).
- CV cyclic voltammetry
- GCD galvanostatic charge-discharge
- the Figure 6A shows a series of CV measurements of an asymmetric cell (1) at different scanning rates between 5 to 200 mV/s. A specific capacitance of maximum 15 F/g is obtained at a scanning rate of 200 mV/s for only one cell (1) (5x10mm).
- the galvanostatic curve, which is gathered for the cell, is shown in the Figure 6B for various charge/discharge current densities by less IR drop.
- the inventive cell (1) uses the atmospheric humidity as reactant and it releases the energy in the form of a direct current (DC) electricity and then stores it, by generating dioxygen as a by-product via oxidation of catalytic water vapour to the hybrid electrode (2).
- the humidity of the atmosphere or the environment used for generating electrical energy by the said cell (1) is a renewable and sustainable energy source. Therefore, it has an entirely environment-friendly production which does not emit any toxic chemical and/or gas (for example, CO2 and greenhouse gas) to the environment.
- the cell (1) has a structure with a capability to generate energy for 24 hours a day and does not depend on any weather condition (for example, sun and wind).
- the generated cells (1) can generate energy in a small space by taking up less space in comparison to solar panels.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell (1) which enables to generate and store electrical energy without using any condensation process by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity, and a method (100) for obtaining the said cell (1).
Description
A CELL FOR GENERATING ELECTRICAL ENERGY FROM ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY AND A METHOD USED FOR OBTAINING
CELL
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell which enables to generate and store electrical energy without using any condensation process by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity, and a method for obtaining the said cell.
Background of the Invention
Today, three main types of energy are available to generate electrical energy. These are fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas and oil; nuclear energy and renewable energy sources. Most of the electricity is generated by means of steam turbines, nuclear, biomass, geothermal and solar energy by using fossil fuels. However, fossil fuels lead to global warming and they are types of fuels which are non-renewable, unsustainable and dangerous to generate. Nuclear energy applications require use of too much water in order to generate energy and they lead to the risk of nuclear accident and production of toxic radioactive waste. In addition, it is non-renewable energy source. On the other hand, difficulties are experienced with respect to power generation in large amounts in renewable energy technology; it is completely dependent on weather conditions (for example, sun and wind) in order to utilize any energy; too much space (space requirement of more than 40 hectares in order to generate 20 megawatts of solar energy) is required for installation of power generation plants; a storage cost exists due to use of batteries in order that the gathered renewable energy is not
lost and distribution networks are required to transfer the renewable energy where needed; and it is required to use non-renewable energies to sustain these networks.
Therefore, there is need for a power generation cell or a vapovoltaic (a device that absorbs the atmospheric humidity and generates electric current) which does not emit any toxic chemical and/or gas (CO2 or greenhouse gas) to the environment in generation of energy, has an entirely environment-friendly production method, does not depend on any weather condition for generation of energy, needs and stores a small space for production; and a method for obtaining this cell.
The Japanese patent document no. JP2004135366A, an application in the state of the art, discloses a power generation device using the moisture in the atmosphere. The device uses the electricity obtained by the hybrid power generation by making use of natural energy such as wind energy, solar energy and atmospheric humidity. The pure water generated by using the raw water generated is electrolyzed, the high-purity hydrogen gas and the oxygen gas obtained by electrolyzing are used for generating electricity by means of a fuel cell and the electricity generated by hybrid power generation is stored in a power storage device. In addition, a fuel cell is needed in order to generate electricity. A fuel cell comprises solid polymer electrode and the water obtain from the moisture in the atmosphere is separated into its ions by means of catalyst layers of the electrode.
Summary of the Invention
An objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which enable to generate and store electrical energy without using any condensation process and solar radiation by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity, and a method for obtaining these cells.
Another objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which do not emit any toxic chemical and/or gas (CO2 or greenhouse gas) to the environment in generation of energy, and a method for obtaining these cells.
Another objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which do not depend on any weather condition for generation of energy, and a method for obtaining these cells.
Another objective of the present invention is to realize hybrid vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cells which require a small space for production and generate storable energy, and a method for obtaining these cells.
Detailed Description of the Invention
“A Cell for Generating Electrical Energy from Atmospheric Humidity and A Method used for Obtaining Cell” realized to fulfil the objectives of the present invention is shown in the figures attached, in which:
Figure 1 is an overall view of the inventive vapovoltaic cell.
Figure 2 is a view of a hybrid electrode in the inventive vapovoltaic cell. Figure 3 is a view of structures in the inventive hybrid electrode.
Figure 4A. shows the conditions of the inventive cells wherein they are connected in parallel and in series.
Figure 4B. shows the conditions of hybrid electrodes wherein they are attached to both faces of the filter paper.
Figure 5A. shows the voltage properties of hybrid electrodes diagrammatically at a constant humidity rate of 55% and at room temperature.
Figure 5B. shows the change of voltage generated by the cell according to the humidity rate diagrammatically.
Figure 6A. shows a series of CV measurements of an asymmetric cell at different scanning rates between 5 to 200 mV/s.
Figure 6B. shows the galvanostatic curve, which is gathered for the cell, for various charge/discharge current densities by less IR drop.
Figure 7. shows the flowchart of the inventive method.
The components illustrated in the figures are individually numbered, where the numbers refer to the following:
1. Vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell
2. Hybrid electrode
21. Gold nanocrystal network
22. Carbon nanofilm
221. sp2 carbon content
222. sp3 carbon content
223. Functional group comprising surface oxygen
3. Filter paper
4. Metal foil electrode
5. Solid polymeric electrolyte
100. Method
The inventive vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell (1) which enables to generate and store electrical energy by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity comprises: at least one hybrid electrode (2) which has a double-layer structure created by interconnection of conductive gold nanocrystal networks (21) and diamond-like carbon nanofilms (22), and generates hybrid film by converting atmospheric water vapor (atmospheric humidity) oxidation into dioxygen with high electron current densities;
at least one filter paper (3) that provides a surface on which producedhybrid films can adhere to the hybrid electrode (2) ; at least one metal foil electrode (4) which is located on the filter paper (3) and comprises at least electrically conductive current collector member; and at least one solid polymeric electrolyte (5) which is located on the filter paper (3) and enables movement of at least one ion from cathode to anode.
The hybrid electrode (2) included in the inventive cell (1) has a diamond-like carbon nanofilm (22) containing more sp3 (222) carbon content than sp2 (221) and functional groups containing surface oxygen (223). In addition, the gold nanocrystal network (21) of the hybrid electrode (2) enables fastening to the graphitic material surface by means of carbon-gold interactions. The hybrid electrode (2) turns atmospheric water vapor oxidation into dioxygen by means of current densities
The filter paper (3) included in the inventive cell (1) may have a planar surface, at least one of vertical/horizontal cylindrical or any hollow shape. The filter paper (3) has a flexible and porous structure in order to facilitate adhesion of hybrid films.
The inventive method (100) for obtaining cells (1) which used for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity comprises steps of: synthesizing gold nanoparticles by preparing solution (101); chemical growing the synthesized gold nanoparticles in the presence of carbon precursor (102);
- taking these structures from the solution surface, which comprises the gold nanoparticles grown in the presence of carbon precursor, to the filter paper (3) (103); obtaining the cell (1) by combining the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) with the filter paper (3) (104).
At the step of obtaining gold nanoparticles by preparing solution (101) of the inventive method (100), a chloroauric acid solution of 10,5-13,5 mM is prepared by deionized ultra-filtered H2O. The container wherein the solution is included is placed onto a heating plate and then the condenser is attached. The solution is heated under constant stirring until it reaches the boiling point. Then, a tri sodium citrate solution of 36,5-39,5 mM is added into the solution and immediately after the adding process, the solution colour turns into blue within the first 20-70 seconds and then into red within 100-200 seconds. Change of colour occurs due to the fact that the size of gold nanoparticles change upon the citrate ions reduce the gold (III) during the synthesis takin place within the solution. The boiling process is continued for 3-10 minutes and then the solution is cooled at room temperature. A centrifugation process is carried out in order to remove the unreacted trisodium citrates from the solution and then it is stored in a cold and dark environment.
At the step of chemical growing the synthesized gold nanoparticles in the presence of carbon precursor (102) of the inventive method (100), the synthesized and stored gold nanoparticle solution (0,001-0,01 g) is treated at 55-95 °C for 10- 40 minutes with 0,01-0,1 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride on a heating magnetic stirrer. Under these conditions, diamond-like carbon structures are created by interconnecting the conductive gold nanocrystal network structure and the citrate bound parts through the use of Au2+ and Au1+ ions acting as a catalyst in the solution, by sintering the gold nanoparticle parts of the citrate-capped gold nanoparticles.
At the step of taking these structures from the solution surface, which comprises the gold nanoparticles grown in the presence of carbon precursor, to the filter paper (3) (103) of the inventive method (100), the film layer (hybrid electrode (2)) comprising the double-layer gold nanoparticle and the diamond-like carbon structures located on the solution surface are contacted with the filter paper (3)
and the film layer on the said solution surface is coated onto the porous surface of the filter paper (3).
At the step of obtaining the cell (1) by combining the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) with the filter paper (3) (104) of the inventive method (100), the cells which are obtained upon being combined with the filter paper (3) coated with the hybrid electrode (2), the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) are used for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity, upon being connected individually, in series, parallel or double-sided to each other.
The Figure 3 shows the formation of gold nanocrystal networks (21) for the cell (1) obtained by means of the inventive method (100), upon the black network or cloud-like structures of the hybrid electrode (2) are fused together and grown. In addition, formation of diamond-like structures (22) are observed in the lower part of the nanocrystal networks (21). The Figure 4A shows that the cells (1) can be integrated in parallel (P) and in series (S) in order to increase the output currents, voltages and powers of cells. And the Figure 4B shows a form of energy harvest (T) wherein the hybrid electrodes (2) can be attached from both sides of the filter paper (3). This structure takes up less space in comparison to structures which are created so as to be connected in series and in parallel to create the same current and voltage. The Figure 5A shows the voltage properties of the related hybrid electrodes (2) diagrammatically at a constant humidity rate of 55% and at room temperature. 4,2 V is generated and stored by means of the cell (1) prepared under these conditions. Then, the voltage of the cell (1) is reduced to 1,5 V upon the cell (1) is connected to a consumer such as LED and it is continued to generate electricity steadily by means of operation of the hybrid electrodes (2). The Figure 5B shows the change of voltage generated by the cell (1), which provides generation of energy, according to the humidity rate diagrammatically. In the said diagram, the amount of the generated voltage increases as the ambient humidity increases as well. Measurements of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic
charge-discharge (GCD) are used in order to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the cell (1). The Figure 6A shows a series of CV measurements of an asymmetric cell (1) at different scanning rates between 5 to 200 mV/s. A specific capacitance of maximum 15 F/g is obtained at a scanning rate of 200 mV/s for only one cell (1) (5x10mm). The galvanostatic curve, which is gathered for the cell, is shown in the Figure 6B for various charge/discharge current densities by less IR drop.
The inventive cell (1) uses the atmospheric humidity as reactant and it releases the energy in the form of a direct current (DC) electricity and then stores it, by generating dioxygen as a by-product via oxidation of catalytic water vapour to the hybrid electrode (2). The humidity of the atmosphere or the environment used for generating electrical energy by the said cell (1) is a renewable and sustainable energy source. Therefore, it has an entirely environment-friendly production which does not emit any toxic chemical and/or gas (for example, CO2 and greenhouse gas) to the environment. Also, the cell (1) has a structure with a capability to generate energy for 24 hours a day and does not depend on any weather condition (for example, sun and wind). The generated cells (1) can generate energy in a small space by taking up less space in comparison to solar panels. The generated cells (1) generate energy according to the humidity rate in the air and they can generate energy more productively and with high performance in areas (atmospheres close to warm sea water) with higher humidity rate. It is not needed to be localized to certain areas in order to construct production plants. It is facilitated to store the generated energy due to the capacitor characteristic of the cells (1).
Within these basic concepts; it is possible to develop various embodiments of the inventive “Cell (1) for Generating Electrical Energy from Atmospheric Humidity and A Method (100) used for Obtaining Cell (1)”; the invention cannot be limited to examples disclosed herein and it is essentially according to claims.
Claims
1. A vapovoltaic/supercapacitor cell (1) which enables to generate and store electrical energy by means of catalytic oxidation from atmospheric humidity; characterized by at least one hybrid electrode (2) which has a double-layer structure created by interconnection of conductive gold nanocrystal networks (21) and diamond-like carbon nanofilms (22), and generates hybrid film by converting atmospheric water vapor (atmospheric humidity) oxidation into dioxygen by means of high electron current densities; at least one filter paper (3) that provides a surface on which produced hybrid films can adhere to hybrid electrode (2); at least one metal foil electrode (4) which is located on the filter paper (3) and comprises at least electrically conductive current collector member; and at least one solid polymeric electrolyte (5) which is located on the filter paper (3) and enables movement of at least one ion from cathode to anode.
2. A cell (1) according to Claim 1; characterized by the hybrid electrode (2) has a diamond-like carbon nanofilm (22) containing more sp3 (222) carbon content than sp2 (221) and functional groups containing surface oxygen (223).
3. A cell (1) according to Claim 1 or 2; characterized by the hybrid electrode (2) which enables fastening to the graphitic material surface by means of carbon-gold interactions with the gold nanocrystal network (21).
4. A cell (1) according to any of the preceding claims; characterized by the filter paper (3) which may have a planar surface, at least one of vertical/horizontal cylindrical or any hollow shape.
5. A cell (1) according to any of the preceding claims; characterized by the filter paper (3) which has a flexible and porous structure in order to facilitate adhesion of hybrid films.
6. A method (100) for obtaining a cell (1) according to any of the preceding claims which is used for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity; characterized in that steps of synthesizing gold nanoparticles by preparing solution (101); chemical growing the synthesized gold nanoparticles in the presence of carbon precursor (102); - taking these structures from the solution surface, which comprises the gold nanoparticles grown in the presence of carbon precursor, to the filter paper (3) (103); obtaining the cell (1) by combining the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) with the filter paper (3) (104) are followed.
7. A method (100) according to Claim 6; characterized in that a chloroauric acid solution of 10,5-13,5 mM is prepared by deionized ultra-filtered H2O, at the step of obtaining gold nanoparticles by preparing solution (101).
8. A method (100) according to Claim 7; characterized in that the container wherein the solution is included is placed onto a heating plate and then the condenser is attached.
9. A method (100) according to Claim 8; characterized in that the solution is heated under constant stirring until it reaches the boiling point.
10. A method (100) according to Claim 9; characterized in that a trisodium citrate solution of 36,5-39,5 mM is added into the solution and immediately after the adding process, the solution colour turns into blue within the first 20-70 seconds and then into red within 100-200 seconds.
11. A method (100) according to Claim 10; characterized in that change of colour occurs due to the fact that the size of gold nanoparticles change upon the citrate ions reduce the gold (III) during the synthesis takin place within the solution.
12. A method (100) according to any of Claim 10 or 1; characterized in that the boiling process is continued for 3-10 minutes and then the solution is cooled at room temperature.
13. A method (100) according to Claim 12; characterized in that a centrifugation process is carried out in order to remove the unreacted trisodium citrates from the solution and then it is stored in a cold and dark environment.
14. A method (100) according to any of Claim 6 to 13; characterized in that the synthesized and stored gold nanoparticle solution (0,001-0,01 g) is treated at 55-95 °C for 10-40 minutes with 0,01-0,1 g hydroxylamine hydrochloride on a heating magnetic stirrer, at the step of growing the synthesized gold nanoparticles in the presence of carbon precursor chemically (102).
15. A method (100) according to Claim 14; characterized in that diamond like carbon structures are created by interconnecting the conductive gold nanocrystal network structure and the citrate bound parts through the use of Au2+ and Au1+ ions acting as a catalyst in the solution, by sintering the gold nanoparticle parts of the citrate-capped gold nanoparticles under these conditions.
16. A method (100) according to any of Claim 6 to 15; characterized in that the film layer (hybrid electrode (2)) comprising the double-layer gold nanoparticle and the diamond-like carbon structures located on the solution surface are contacted with the filter paper (3) and the film layer on the said solution surface is coated onto the porous surface of the filter paper (3) from the solution surface, at the step of taking these structures -which comprises the gold nanoparticles grown in the presence of carbon precursor- to the filter paper (3) (103).
17. A method (100) according to any of Claim 6 to 16; characterized in that the cells which are obtained upon being combined with the filter paper (3) coated with the hybrid electrode (2), the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) are used for generating electrical energy from atmospheric humidity, upon being connected individually, in series, parallel or double-sided to each other, at the step of obtaining the cell (1) by combining the metal foil electrode (4) and the solid polymeric electrolyte (5) with the filter paper (3) (104).
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