WO2022175579A1 - Composite structure and use thereof in construction - Google Patents
Composite structure and use thereof in construction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022175579A1 WO2022175579A1 PCT/ES2022/070082 ES2022070082W WO2022175579A1 WO 2022175579 A1 WO2022175579 A1 WO 2022175579A1 ES 2022070082 W ES2022070082 W ES 2022070082W WO 2022175579 A1 WO2022175579 A1 WO 2022175579A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- composite structure
- platform
- structure according
- reinforcing elements
- frame
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 161
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920005669 high impact polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004797 high-impact polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002725 thermoplastic elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000876 geopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004626 polylactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009408 flooring Methods 0.000 claims 1
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L terephthalate(2-) Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=C(C([O-])=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000110 selective laser sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011505 plaster Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000033458 reproduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 1
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl urethane Chemical compound CCOC(N)=O JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006397 acrylic thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004590 computer program Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005286 illumination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004645 polyester resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002986 polymer concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011378 shotcrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052572 stoneware Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)C=C ISXSCDLOGDJUNJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003190 viscoelastic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
- B28B23/0037—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects with elements being able to conduct light, e.g. light conducting fibers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B23/00—Arrangements specially adapted for the production of shaped articles with elements wholly or partly embedded in the moulding material; Production of reinforced objects
- B28B23/0012—Producing brick netting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/07—Reinforcing elements of material other than metal, e.g. of glass, of plastics, or not exclusively made of metal
- E04C5/073—Discrete reinforcing elements, e.g. fibres
Definitions
- the present invention is related to materials for the construction, advertising or furniture industry.
- Document CH713396A1 describes a translucent object comprising a hardenable moldable material and a plurality of optical fibers embedded in the molded material.
- the optical fibers are arranged in a three-dimensional structural framework formed by a mesh, where the fibers pass through the mesh in such a way that the ends of said fibers protrude laterally from the mesh of the frame and at different points of the object, all of this such that the molded material surrounds the structural framework and the plurality of fibers.
- light passes from one point on the surface of the object to another point on the surface, and can enter the object at one point and leave the object at another point.
- the three-dimensional structural framework may have any shape, eg, cubic, pyramidal, cylindrical, or other three-dimensional shape, depending on the design specifications of the object.
- the external shape of the fabricated structure is substantially determined by the three-dimensional shape of the structural frame, which acts as a kind of exoskeleton, or external metallic reinforcement.
- the structure itself can form a design object, such as a lamp, decorative element, or piece of furniture, or it can be used as a component in the design of larger structures, such as large-format furniture and even buildings.
- the structural frame described in CH713396 does not correspond in any case to the internal platform of the composite structure object of the present invention.
- the internal platform in the present invention is located inside the piece or composite structure with composition, shape and filling characteristics that prevent large format and thin structures from breaking.
- the reinforcing elements arranged on the internal platform can give rise to any type of desired image or pattern, in addition to the fact that they can have variable thicknesses of reinforcing elements.
- Document US2020005757A1 refers to a soundproofing structure for selectively absorbing low-frequency sound, comprising one or more soundproofing cells that are formed by a frame, a hole passing through the frame and a vibrating film fixed to the frame, such that the film covers an opening surface of a portion of the hole.
- the cells have a plurality of projecting portions arranged on the film and fixed to the frame, and a rear member fixed to the frame, said member covering the other opening surface of the aforementioned hole portion.
- the cell frame can be made of ceramic, glass, polyamide, for example.
- Document FR3060043A1 discloses a multiplatform translucent composite material, manufactured by 3D printing and that includes elements that give it a phosphorescent property, in order to provide visibility to a construction in dark conditions.
- the composite material is also made up of a matrix based on cementitious material arranged between said elements.
- the material grafts described in this document are not equivalent to the reinforcing elements of the present invention, neither in structure nor in composition. Therefore, it does not disclose reinforcing elements on a platform, which give rise to pattern images on the visible faces of the structure, bonded by a filler material.
- US20100281802 discloses a building block that comprises a platform housed inside it that has translucent elements on it and, optionally, also reinforcement elements.
- the translucent elements are all the same with respect to their cross section, unlike the present invention, in which, on the one hand, there are no reinforcement elements differentiated from the translucent elements, and on the other hand, said reinforcement elements they have at least in a portion of them, different transversal section. With this, an enormous flexibility is achieved in the constructive possibilities.
- Document KR20150144503A refers to a multiplatform composite material, manufactured with 3D printers, from reinforcing materials and a matrix of cementitious material, which is poured into the gaps left by the reinforcing materials. It does not mention an internal platform housed in the structure that provides it with rigidity, and on which the reinforcing elements are arranged.
- the present invention solves the problems of the state of the art on obtaining large format and thin composite structures, and has the following advantages:
- the present invention makes it possible to make all kinds of formats and especially large formats and even "oversize", without structural problems.
- the composite structures are obtained by the union and strategic arrangement of the reinforcing elements and the filling arranged between them, conferring, for any aesthetic design of the composite structures, an internal structural rigidity suitable for large formats and small thicknesses.
- the present invention refers to a composite structure formed by: - a frame composed of:
- reinforcing elements such that the free ends of the reinforcing elements reach or exceed the upper visible face, or the lower visible face, or both , of the composite structure, giving rise to pattern images, visible on one or both of the top and bottom views, and the reinforcing elements are bonded by
- the composite structure of the invention has reinforcing elements only on one of the main faces of the internal platform.
- the composite structures have reinforcing elements only on one of the main faces of the platform, if they include lighting devices, they will also only be in the same area of the frame that has the reinforcing elements.
- the first advantage refers to structural behavior, providing greater fixation of the reinforcing elements to the fill, providing the assembly with greater stability against bending and torsion at As the format of the composite structure.
- greater clarity and definition is achieved in the images obtained, giving an improved three-dimensional appearance in the same plane.
- the platform does not reach any of the two visible faces of the structure
- the platform is located at a minimum distance from the visible faces of the structure, of at least 1% of the length of the structure composed in one direction perpendicular to any of the seen faces - direction of the Z axis - at any point on the surface of the platform. That is, with respect to the Z axis direction, the platform is located inside the composite structure.
- the platform can reach an external surface of the perimeter faces of the composite structure, but in no case does it reach the visible faces or upper and lower visible faces of the structure.
- the platform preferably has two dimensions of a length at least 50% greater than the length of the third dimension.
- Viewed faces refer in this specification to the upper and lower external faces of the structure, which are the visible faces, on which pattern images are obtained.
- Perimeter faces are all external faces of the composite structure other than the top and bottom faces.
- the visible faces, or visible faces of the composite structure may be formed by portions or fragments at different levels, that is, they may not have their entire surface in the same plane.
- the visible faces of the composite structure can also be curved.
- contour lines may also have, according to further embodiments, contour lines. That the composite structure has contour lines means that the surface of one or both visible faces can be divided into at least two portions that are in different planes, that is, that reach different heights on the vertical axis or Z axis. In other words, having contour lines means that the thickness of the structure along the X and Y axes is variable.
- the reinforcing elements may be flush with one or both of the visible faces, or beyond the upper and/or lower visible faces, with the reinforcing elements equidistant from the visible faces, or beyond the upper and/or lower visible faces, with the reinforcing elements not equidistant from the faces.
- the filler material shapes the composite structure, forming its external faces, and the free external faces of the reinforcing elements are in this case flush with one or both of the visible faces.
- the filler material forms the external faces of the composite structure, and the free external faces of the reinforcing elements protrude from the visible faces formed by the filler material.
- the free ends of the reinforcing elements protrude from the visible faces of the structure, they can end up giving rise to a flat surface, or they can give rise to surfaces with different levels, warped or with contour lines.
- the reinforcing elements can be of different lengths on one side and the other of the platform, if they are present on both sides.
- the exposed faces of the composite structure may be warped or may have level surfaces.
- both things can happen in a structure: that is, one or both of the visible faces may have a warped surface and simultaneously the reinforcing elements may be protruding from one or both of the visible faces, and the reinforcing elements may be of the same or different length.
- the platform is located at a minimum distance of at least 1%, it can be for example 3%, or 5%, 30%, 60% or even up to 90%, of the total length of the platform. composite structure in a direction perpendicular to one of the top and bottom views, ie the height of the composite structure.
- the platform can be arranged parallel to one or both of the visible faces of the structure or it can be arranged at an angle with one or both of the visible faces.
- the internal platform is flat
- the internal platform is not flat.
- Main face of the platform refers to the upper face or the lower face in case the platform is flat or warped; or it refers to the upper face or the lower face with the largest surface, respectively, in the event that the platform is formed by portions of several levels.
- the inner platform may have main faces that are not parallel to each other. It can also be warped, or even contoured. That the platform has contour lines means that it can be divided into at least two portions that are in different planes, that is, that they reach different heights on the vertical axis or Z axis. That it has contour lines means that the thickness of the internal platform along the X and Y axes is variable. This may be due to the structural calculation that is necessary depending on the efforts that the composite structure as a whole must withstand when it is a large-format structure.
- the internal deck may be solid or it may be partially hollow, with perforations passing through it, eg of the mesh, or grid type.
- the internal platform may have holes that give it the shape of a lattice.
- the platform comprises recesses. It can have between 1 and 99% of its hollow volume, preferably between 10% and 90% and more preferably between 30 and 50%.
- the gaps give the platform a mesh-like structure.
- the holes can have a section of diverse geometry. For example, it can be gaps that give the deck a grid shape, a line pattern, or a honeycomb pattern.
- They can be hollow with a cross section in the form of a spiral, concentric, gyroid, zig-zag, with a cross section in the form of a regular polygon such as a parallelogram, pentagon, triangle, combinations thereof.
- the holes can have a frustopyramidal, cubic, prismatic, octagonal, etc. shape.
- These meshes or types of grid can give rise to fill patterns with the shapes mentioned in the previous paragraph, corresponding to each mesh: for example, in the form of a grid, lines, triangles, cubic (filling of inclined cubes), tetrahedral , concentric, gyroid, honeycomb or zigzag, so that the fill pattern can be seen on the visible faces of the structure.
- the reinforcing elements are arranged on the edges that make up the holes in the platform, and according to the image that is intended to be obtained on one or both of the visible faces of the structure.
- the perimeter faces In the case of a solid platform, its surface does not reach the perimeter faces of the structure, but in this case, the perimeter faces form a wall that forms a frame made up of filler material. Said wall rises in this case on the four perimeter faces of the composite structure.
- the platform may or may not be centered with respect to the vertical direction of the part, that is, with respect to the length of the composite structure in the Z-axis direction.
- the platform is centered, and therefore both equidistant from the upper view face and from the lower view face of the composite structure.
- the platform can have a thickness on the Z axis of the composite structure between 1 and 99%, for example between 10 and 95% of the total thickness of the composite structure, preferably between 40 and 60% of the total height of the composite structure.
- a thickness on the Z axis of the composite structure between 1 and 99%, for example between 10 and 95% of the total thickness of the composite structure, preferably between 40 and 60% of the total height of the composite structure.
- this means that the platform will be at a distance from any of the visible faces of the composite structure of 10% of the length of the structure along the Z axis.
- the platform can be arranged at any height of the composite structure, but it will not reach any of the two visible faces of the same. According to particular embodiments, the platform is flat and parallel to the XY plane of the composite structure.
- the platform can extend in the XY plane until it has a maximum surface area of 99% of the section of the composite structure in the XY plane, in the event that the platform is solid.
- the platform has a length in the X axis direction of at least 80% of the length of the composite structure in that direction, and preferably at least 90% of the length of the composite structure in the X axis direction.
- X and has a length of at least 80% of the length of the composite structure in the Y-axis direction, and preferably at least 90% of the length of the composite structure in the Y-axis direction.
- the perimeter planes of the composite structure may be composed of filler material with a minimum thickness of 3 mm, when the internal platform does not reach the perimeter faces of the structure.
- the deck When the deck has perforations through it, and is therefore partially hollow, it can extend in the XY plane to the perimeter edges of the composite structure.
- the reinforcement elements by virtue of their arrangement on the platform, their thickness, their length and/or their composition, can give rise to visible pattern images on one or both of the top and bottom views of the composite structure,
- the reinforcing elements can be arranged at any angle with respect to the platform.
- the reinforcing elements may or may not be parallel to each other.
- the reinforcing elements are arranged parallel to each other to improve light transmission when necessary. More preferably they are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the platform. This arrangement favors light transmission if necessary.
- the reinforcing elements may be arranged on one or both sides of the platform in a regular order, such as a geometric pattern, or in an unordered manner.
- the reinforcing elements may have a different cross-sectional shape.
- the reinforcement elements can be in the form of a filament (pillar type) or surface (wall type). Filament-type and wall-type reinforcing elements may be present in the same composite structure. In the event that a structure has only filament-type elements, these have at least 5%, preferably 10%, of different thicknesses. And similarly, in the event that it only has wall-type reinforcement elements, these will have a different cross-section in at least 5%, preferably 10% of them.
- the reinforcing elements are filaments
- the platform may also have reinforcing elements distributed over 100% of the surface of one or both main faces, or said faces may be partially free of reinforcing elements.
- composition of the framework (platform and reinforcement elements) of the composite structure can be made of various materials.
- the reinforcement elements and the platform are of the same material as each other.
- the frame, and therefore the platform and reinforcement elements can be translucent, transparent, photoluminescent or opaque.
- the frame can be made of a material selected, for example, among: polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), flexible thermoplastic elastomer (Flexible TPE), carbon fiber, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene glycol (PETG), PETT, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyvinyl butyral, fiber optics, nylon, polycarbonate, carbon fiber, polypropylene, fiberglass, metal such as aluminum, photopolymerizable resins such as epoxy resins.
- PLA polylactic acid
- ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
- Flexible TPE Flexible thermoplastic elastomer
- carbon fiber polyethylene terephthalate
- PET polyethylene glycol
- PETT polyethylene glycol
- PETT high impact polystyrene
- HIPS high impact polysty
- the material that makes up the frame can be a luminescent material.
- the frame may further comprise one or more lighting devices, such as LED devices.
- the lighting devices (for example, LEDs) can be arranged both on the edges of the frame and in internal areas.
- the frame can have lighting devices arranged in a strip of devices (such as LED diodes) that is located attached to one or more sides of the platform that supports the reinforcing elements so that they light up and can be seen. in dark ambient conditions (at night or in a closed room).
- lighting devices arranged in a strip of devices (such as LED diodes) that is located attached to one or more sides of the platform that supports the reinforcing elements so that they light up and can be seen. in dark ambient conditions (at night or in a closed room).
- an electronic board with a printed circuit and lighting for example, with LED-type lighting devices, can be included within the frame itself before the matrix is poured.
- the frame has at least one cable for connection to the electrical network.
- a strip of lighting devices can be controlled thanks to a cable arranged on one of the sides of the platform (preferably one of the 4 perimeter faces) and which is connected to a power supply external to the structure, which can be available, for example, on a wall.
- the platform can incorporate a battery that allows the lighting to be maintained in the established conditions for the duration of its charge.
- a microcontroller chip and, optionally, some sensor can be included in the assembly, which allows the lighting of the lighting devices to be conditioned to the desired lighting level, for example, in a room, so that only is activated when it is dark and it is possible that said lighting, for example, of the LED type, will be seen.
- the structure of the invention can have permanent or intermittent lighting.
- the lighting obtained is not constant but in the form of flashes to reduce consumption and increase battery life, in the specific case that the electricity comes from a battery.
- the battery charge can be obtained through an external power supply or by replacing it if so decided.
- access to some of the non-visible faces, that is, the perimeter faces is necessary in these alternatives of the structure of the invention to connect the power supply or to change the battery.
- the way to access the perimeter faces can be, for example, by means of a cable that protrudes from one of said perimeter faces.
- the battery In the case of exchanging the battery, it will be housed in a box, for example, made of polymeric composition, inside the composite structure flush with one of the perimeter faces, as a register box.
- a box for example, made of polymeric composition
- the frame which only requires the placement of a charging coil on one of the four perimeter faces of the structure, to allow permanent recharging of the battery.
- the battery and lighting devices such as LEDs, are located inside the frame, as well as a circuit that protects the battery from possible overloads.
- battery-based lighting systems compared to those that only use power from the electrical network, have the advantage that they will work for hours or days after a power outage, while the latter will turn off as soon as possible. power outage occurs.
- the lighting devices, the battery and the electronic board, or any element on which the lighting devices are arranged are covered - in these cases - with a protective coating. .
- an alternative comprises arranging lighting in each of the reinforcing elements.
- a printed circuit is arranged under each and every one of the reinforcing elements (see figure 6).
- a large format composite structure can be, for example, a 5 meter long composite structure with a thickness of 5 cm.
- the thickness can be 10 mm.
- the usual in large formats are, for example, composite structures from 100x50x3 cm to structures of 500x200 x 5 cm, but it can be any.
- the pattern images visible on one or both of the top and bottom views of the composite structure can be of any type, for example, patterns resulting simply from the geometry of the openings in a mesh-type platform, or they can be legends, numbers , objects, landscapes, reproductions of portraits, works of art, etc.
- the padding of the areas above and below the internal platform can be of the same material or of different material.
- the filling material of the composite structure is a single material, and the same, above and below the internal platform.
- the filler material of the part of the composite structure above and below the internal platform is different from the material of the frame.
- the material of the padding of the part of the composite structure above and below the internal platform is the same as the material of the frame.
- the reinforcement elements have artificial lighting, so that the image can be seen on the visible faces of the structure.
- the backfill material must be a very fluid self-compacting material.
- the filling material can be any material commonly used in construction, which is fluid enough to be poured into a mould.
- the filler of the composite structure is a polymeric matrix that can be:
- the matrix may comprise materials based on polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, vinyl ester resins, acrylics such as polymethylmethacrylate or, epoxy, phenolic, urethane, cement, geopolymers and mixed.
- polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, vinyl ester resins, acrylics such as polymethylmethacrylate or, epoxy, phenolic, urethane, cement, geopolymers and mixed.
- a micro-mortar is a mortar with very small aggregates, usually less than 1 mm.
- a micro-concrete is a concrete with very small aggregates, usually less than 1 mm.
- composition of the filling of the composite structure is independent of its manufacturing method, which can be molding or 3D printing.
- the external shape of the composite structure can be any geometric shape. According to a particular embodiment, it has the shape of a polyhedron, such as a parallelepiped, for example a cube.
- the rectangular parallelepiped shape is particularly suitable, among other uses, for countertops, tiles, flat pieces, boards, cladding.
- the thicknesses of the composite structure are variable at the request of the design, in the case of boards or cladding pieces it will be between 4 - 50 mm approximately.
- the perimeter planes of the structure are perpendicular in the case of orthohedral shapes, but in other cases they can have different degrees of inclination, depending on the geometric shapes that are to be given to the composite structure.
- the present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the composite structure defined above, comprising:
- a first stage that comprises obtaining a design of the internal platform and the reinforcing elements, that is, of the frame, according to the image that is desired to appear on at least one of the two visible faces of the composite structure
- a second stage comprising obtaining the frame, or a matrix of said frame, by 3D printing
- a third step comprising placing the frame inside a mold and filling the hollow space between the mold and the frame with filler material, obtaining the composite structure in its intended shape and size.
- Frame “matrix” refers to a frame negative. From a negative obtained by 3D printing, a mold (a frame positive) can be obtained to obtain all the desired frame units with the help of said mold, by a molding technique, such as injection molding. These are particular embodiments of the process of the invention.
- the structure obtained is hardened or cured.
- the structure can be allowed to cure at room temperature or can be actively cured if desired, for example, in an oven or autoclave.
- the structure preferably hardens at room temperature.
- the method optionally comprises polishing the obtained composite structure.
- the first stage comprises performing a triangulation, for example, a "Delaunay triangulation" using a computer tool, obtaining a design of the internal platform and the reinforcement elements.
- the computer tool can be conventional, with the only requirement that it has the ability to perform triangulations, such as any computer program that contains the option to perform the "Delaunay triangulation".
- a printer converts an image obtained in the first stage into reinforcement elements that grow in the upward direction of the Z axis.
- the second stage comprises 3D printing the frame, or a negative of the frame.
- FDM thermoplastic filament melt deposition
- SLA stereolithography
- SLS selective laser sintering
- the printed pieces have certain optical properties, and therefore, the SLA technology is the one that gives rise to the most transparent pieces, followed by the FDM technology that allows the creation of translucent objects, and finally the SLS technology. .
- the second stage comprises obtaining a matrix by means of 3D printing, which will be a negative of the internal platform and the elements of reinforcement - that is, the frame - and obtain by molding the positive of the internal platform and the reinforcement elements.
- the reinforcing elements are arranged in any position relative to each other, and preferably parallel to each other.
- a matrix is previously generated by means of 3D printing, which is a negative, and then a metal mold is generated - for example, aluminum- Next, a polymer is injected by pressure, - for example, translucent - inside the mold.
- the composite structure is manufactured by 3D printing the frame and subsequently filling a mold in which the frame will have been placed.
- the second stage of the procedure comprises printing the shell and the third stage comprises filling the mold where the shell has been placed with the ceramic powder, then carrying out a pressing, carrying out a drying, submitting to the oven (sintering) and carrying out - optionally - the desired finishes, such as applying a varnish, etc.
- the printer management programs allow to generate fills with a % of meshing, they go from 100% which would be the fill without totally solid holes (solid platform) to, for example, a 10% fill that would be with 90% of holes. (mesh platform) in that area of the composite structure.
- the images on the visible faces of the structure can be made with lines (as is usual in a drawing) or with points (pointillism), so that they are seen in the structure as lines or as points, or as combinations of lines and points.
- a filament obtained by 3D printing is a superposition of layers of a molten material where the height (Z) predominates over the plane (X,Y).
- the reinforcing elements resemble vertical threads that grow in the direction of the Z axis when obtained by 3D printing.
- the reinforcing elements are adjacent, stacked together, and the superimposition of layers of a material results, growing in the Z-axis direction, in a surface, similar to a wall (a filament would be a pillar and the simile would be a continuous superposition of pillars resulting in a wall) that rises during printing.
- the prototype is filled with filler material.
- the reinforcing elements are transparent or translucent filaments, these can also be found commercially available and are placed in the feeder spool of the 3D printer.
- the visible faces are optionally polished to achieve the desired finish depending on the printing material or fibers that have been used to give it a good finish.
- the alcohol can be, for example, ethyl or isopropyl alcohol with a concentration greater than 70°C.
- a transparent finishing varnish or resin can be applied to the finishing surfaces, to the perimeter surfaces and/or to the visible faces, after pouring the matrix, as a protection (in the external XY planes), to improve its appearance. scratch hardness and durability against chemical products.
- an electronic board with lighting for example, with LED-type devices, can be incorporated within the frame itself before the matrix is poured.
- the platform is printed in two parts with their corresponding reinforcement elements, the light devices are placed on their electronic board in the desired place and then the two parts are joined of the frame, once printed separately, for example, with resin, so that the frame will have the lighting devices inside it (a section can be seen in figure 6),
- the lighting devices can be placed on one, several, or all sides of the frame (figure 5), and in particular, of the platform.
- a projecting plane of the composite structure made of opaque or transparent material, in the XY plane, which allows illumination of the motif or image from the side with a light source.
- said projecting plane can have lighting devices, such as LEDs.
- the present invention also has as its object the use of the material in construction, advertisements, or in the furniture industry.
- the material can be used in:
- the use of a composite structure according to the invention comprises carrying out, in the order in which they are numbered, the following operations:
- the previous stage 2 and 3 can be carried out simultaneously in the event that the lighting devices and the composite structures are already previously joined.
- the composite structures can be:
- Figure 1 shows a diagram of a particular embodiment of a parallelepiped-shaped composite structure of the invention where dimensions X and Y predominate over Z.
- the following faces can be seen in it:
- Figure 2 shows a particular embodiment of a composite structure, in the form of a parallelepiped, in which it is observed that the reinforcing elements - filaments in this particular embodiment - are of different thicknesses.
- the sections of the same are observed, in which (4) represents an area with a filling that extends up to 90% of the X axis of the composite structure, that is, in this example, the The frame does not reach the perimeter edge in the X axis and the YZ perimeter plane forms a wall-like frame.
- (8) represents the section of the structure in the YZ plane.
- the perimeter plane XZ also forms a wall-like frame.
- the section of the internal platform (zone 6) can be seen, which in this case is in the form of a lattice, on which the reinforcing filaments are arranged, in this case above and below the platform.
- the platform is approximately centered with respect to the length of the structure in the vertical direction.
- Zones 5 and 7 correspond to the part of the structure composed above the platform and below the platform, respectively, and the reinforcement elements are located there.
- Figure 3 a shows a diagram of a particular embodiment of a structure according to the invention. Inside you can see the framework with the lattice-shaped platform and the reinforcing elements on the platform perpendicular to it. In this case, the platform does not extend in the XY plane to the perimeter planes (9) row of reinforcement elements on the internal platform ( 10a ) filament-type reinforcement element, upper and lower of the platform in the form of a lattice (10b) platform diagonal connectors
- the flat faces formed by the elements (10 to ) correspond to the Delaunay triangulation of the two-dimensional coordinates of the filaments.
- the connecting ribs (10b) or connectors serve to create triangles in a third dimension to reinforce the structure forming a truss.
- Figure 3b shows a diagram of a particular embodiment of a structure according to the invention. Inside you can see the frame with the flat platform, in the form of a mesh, and the reinforcing elements on the platform perpendicular to it. In this case the platform does not extend in the XY plane to the perimeter planes.
- the element indicated as (10) is the internal platform
- Figure 4 shows an example of a structure in which the reinforcing elements (9) are of the same length with respect to each other in the area (5) below the internal platform and are of different length with respect to each other in the area ( 11) above the internal platform, giving rise to a surface with contour lines. It is observed that the reinforcing reinforcement elements above the platform exceed the upper visible face of the structure.
- the inner platform is mesh-shaped, so it is partially hollow, and it is also not centered on the Z axis. Zones 5 and 7 are not equal in length on the Z axis.
- Figure 5 shows an example of an appropriate frame for a structure according to an additional particular embodiment of the invention, comprising a row of LED devices on a perimeter edge of the platform. According to other alternatives, it could have analogous longitudinal plates in the rest of the perimeter edges of the platform.
- Figure 6 shows an appropriate frame for a structure according to an additional particular embodiment of the invention, which includes lighting devices inside it. Specifically, LED devices (13) and a plate electronics with a printed circuit (12). Furthermore, in this figure it can be seen that each individual filament (9) can be illuminated.
- Figure 7 shows an appropriate framework for a structure according to an additional particular embodiment of the invention, in which it can be seen that the reinforcing elements in this case are not distributed in a regular manner and have different thicknesses.
- Figure 9 shows a specific embodiment of a finished prototype, with light projection, on the left, (any light source) and natural (on the right). This prototype has been made by manual modeling, another way of doing it is by 3D printing.
- Figure 10 shows a specific embodiment of a composite structure, in which the platform has a warped shape.
- Figure 11 shows an example of a composite structure with a lattice-shaped platform, where the reinforcing elements are a combination of strands and walls; and it can be seen that the ends of the reinforcing elements give rise to the image of a face.
- Figure 12 shows an appropriate framework for a structure according to the invention, in which the reinforcing elements are present only on one of the main faces of the internal platform.
- the composite structure of the invention has a parallelepiped shape with the X and Y dimensions of the Cartesian axes predominating with respect to the dimension on the Z axis.
- the composite structure It's formed by:
- reinforcing elements perpendicular to the platform, and on both its upper and lower faces, said reinforcement elements reaching the upper visible face and the lower visible face, respectively, of the structure, that is, they are flush with the seen faces.
- the reinforcing elements are all the same length, are placed parallel to each other and are bound by a filler material.
- the frame dimension in the Z-axis direction is 100% of the total length, in that direction, of the composite structure.
- the arrangement of the reinforcing elements in this case gives rise to a visible pattern image on both the top and bottom views of the composite structure, and which in this case is a grid pattern.
- the composite structure of the invention has reinforcing elements only on one of the main faces of the internal platform.
- the reinforcing elements are of the filament type, and are parallel to each other, and perpendicular to the internal platform.
- the frame can include light devices inside it, as shown in figure 12.
- they can be LED devices (13) and an electronic board with a printed circuit (12).
- each individual filament (9) may be illuminated.
- a mesh with luminous devices for example, LEDs - (such that the arrangement of said devices reproduces the desired pattern or the shape of the desired drawing so that it is visible on the main view face of the composite structure, or random shapes or ruled, that is, any type of geometric figure (random) or a figure with a specific pattern (regulated) can be inserted.
- the optional final coating layer can be made of various materials, such as micro-concrete, concrete, mortar, stoneware, polymeric concrete/mortar/paste or plaster.
- These base surfaces that can be covered with composite structures according to the invention, for example of the type shown in Figure 12, can be, for example, floors, walls, ceilings.
- the composite parts or structures of the type shown in figure 12 can be previously prefabricated, so said stage 3 comprises:
- these prefabricated pieces so that they are in one of the following forms: a.- joined together with an adhesive mesh to stick -if desired- on the lighting devices, such as LEDS, in the case of structures made up of large formats, b.- or individually (in the case of small formats). c.- Or, the composite structures, and the mesh of lighting devices, such as LEDs, can be joined in the same piece.
- This mesh which may be joining the composite structures together, is made of a material that may be soluble in water, such that once placed on the base surface, the mesh will dissolve with water.
- the joints between the composite structures may be of the type: tongue-and-groove, puzzle, mosaic, trencadis, bone to bone, dovetail, or other forms of union, one of the forms being of preferred union, for being the simplest, that are to "head".
- This mesh that joins the composite structures in these cases can be soluble in water.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a composite structure comprising a frame formed by a platform that has reinforcement elements joined thereto on at least one of the main faces thereof, such that the free ends of the reinforcement elements reach or project beyond the upper visible face of the composite structure, the lower visible face thereof or both, giving rise to pattern images visible on the upper or lower visible face or both, the reinforcement elements being bonded by at least one filling material that occupies all the space delimited by the external faces of the structure, except the space occupied by the frame. The structure is characterised in that the platform does not reach either of the two visible faces of the structure, and in that at least 5%, preferably 10%, of the total number of reinforcement elements have different-sized cross-sections. The invention also relates to the use of the structure in construction, in the advertising industry or the furniture industry.
Description
ESTRUCTURA COMPUESTA Y SU USO EN CONSTRUCCIÓN SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICA COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND ITS USE IN CONSTRUCTION TECHNICAL SECTOR
La presente invención está relacionada con materiales para la industria de la construcción, de los anuncios publicitarios o del mueble. The present invention is related to materials for the construction, advertising or furniture industry.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA En la industria de la construcción, incluso en la del mueble, existen actualmente muchas necesidades no satisfechas de la forma más adecuada y económica. STATE OF THE ART In the construction industry, including the furniture industry, there are currently many needs that are not met in the most appropriate and economical way.
En particular, en la fabricación de estructuras compuestas en las cuales se quieren mostrar imágenes en caras visibles de la estructura, y más particularmente, en la fabricación de estructuras de gran formato, existen muchos inconvenientes con los materiales y los métodos actuales. Estos inconvenientes se concentran de forma especial en aspectos como la resistencia de las estructuras y aspectos económicos. In particular, in the manufacture of composite structures in which images are to be displayed on the visible faces of the structure, and more particularly, in the manufacture of large-format structures, there are many drawbacks with current materials and methods. These drawbacks are concentrated in a special way in aspects such as the resistance of the structures and economic aspects.
Los hormigones actuales son complejos de fabricar, con unas geometrías muy limitadas y rígidas. Su costosa elaboración, implica precios de venta excesivamente elevados y al alcance de unos pocos. El uso de materiales como la fibra óptica para el caso de hormigones translúcidos encarece especialmente el producto. La forma de su elaboración no permite grandes formatos y espesores pequeños con lo cual el peso de las estructuras es elevado. La resistencia estructural es escasa, necesitando elementos auxiliares para su utilización en paneles. Current concretes are complex to manufacture, with very limited and rigid geometries. Its expensive elaboration, implies excessively high sales prices and within the reach of a few. The use of materials such as fiber optics in the case of translucent concrete makes the product especially expensive. The way it is made does not allow large formats and small thicknesses, which means that the weight of the structures is high. The structural resistance is scarce, requiring auxiliary elements for its use in panels.
El documento US2018071949A1 divulga un material compuesto, que puede ser impreso por impresión 3D y formado por fibras de refuerzo de polipropileno, fibra de carbono, fibra óptica, metal, PET, PP, PE o basalto, y una matriz a base de material cementicio. Una vez impresas las fibras, se procede a rellenar el prototipo con el material cementicio. Divulga un sistema de encofrado perdido (tipo técnica del Ferrocemento) que usa un brazo robótico para realizar una especie de shotcrete. Según este documento, los elementos de refuerzo descritos pueden ser mallas o tubos, pero la estructura no dispone de una plataforma interna localizada en el interior de la pieza sobre la que se disponen
filamentos, que además son capaces de conformar imágenes o patrones determinados, visibles en las caras externas de la pieza y por ello no se menciona, ni se describe la obtención de imágenes patrón en la cara o las caras visibles de la estructura. Document US2018071949A1 discloses a composite material, which can be printed by 3D printing and formed by reinforcing fibers of polypropylene, carbon fiber, optical fiber, metal, PET, PP, PE or basalt, and a matrix based on cementitious material. Once the fibers have been printed, the prototype is filled with the cementitious material. It discloses a lost formwork system (technical type of Ferrocement) that uses a robotic arm to make a kind of shotcrete. According to this document, the reinforcing elements described can be meshes or tubes, but the structure does not have an internal platform located inside the piece on which they are placed. filaments, which are also capable of forming certain images or patterns, visible on the external faces of the piece and therefore the obtaining of pattern images on the visible face or faces of the structure is not mentioned or described.
El documento CH713396A1 describe un objeto translúcido que comprende un material moldeable endurecible y una pluralidad de fibras ópticas integradas en el material moldeado. Las fibras ópticas están dispuestas en un marco estructural tridimensional formado por una malla, en donde las fibras pasan a través de la malla de tal manera que los extremos de dichas fibras sobresalen lateralmente de la malla del marco y en diferentes puntos del objeto, todo ello de forma que el material moldeado envuelve el marco estructural y la pluralidad de fibras. De esta forma, la luz pasa de un punto de la superficie del objeto a otro punto de la superficie, y puede entrar en el objeto en un punto y salir del objeto en otro punto. Document CH713396A1 describes a translucent object comprising a hardenable moldable material and a plurality of optical fibers embedded in the molded material. The optical fibers are arranged in a three-dimensional structural framework formed by a mesh, where the fibers pass through the mesh in such a way that the ends of said fibers protrude laterally from the mesh of the frame and at different points of the object, all of this such that the molded material surrounds the structural framework and the plurality of fibers. In this way, light passes from one point on the surface of the object to another point on the surface, and can enter the object at one point and leave the object at another point.
El marco estructural tridimensional puede tener cualquier forma, por ejemplo, cúbica, piramidal, cilindrica u otra forma tridimensional, dependiendo de las especificaciones de diseño del objeto. La forma externa de la estructura fabricada está determinada sustancialmente por la forma tridimensional de marco estructural, que hace la función de una especie de exoesqueleto, o refuerzo metálico exterior. La estructura en sí misma puede formar un objeto de diseño, como una lámpara, un elemento decorativo o un mueble, o puede usarse como un componente en el diseño de estructuras más grandes, como muebles de gran formato e incluso edificios. El marco estructural descrito en CH713396 no corresponde en ningún caso a la plataforma interna de la estructura compuesta objeto de la presente invención. Además, la plataforma interna en la presente invención está situada en el interior de la pieza o estructura compuesta con unas características de composición, forma y relleno que hacen que no se rompan las estructuras de gran formato y poco espesor. Otra diferencia de la presente invención que confiere una ventaja es que los elementos de refuerzo dispuestos sobre la plataforma interna pueden dar lugar a cualquier tipo de imagen o patrón deseado, además de que pueden tener grosores de elementos de refuerzo variables.
El documento US2020005757A1 hace referencia a una estructura de insonorización para absorber selectivamente el sonido de baja frecuencia, que comprende una o más celdas insonorizadoras que están formadas por un marco, un orificio que atraviesa el marco y una película vibratoria fijada al marco, tal que la película cubre una superficie de apertura de una porción del orificio. Las celdas tienen una pluralidad de porciones salientes dispuestas sobre la película y fijadas al marco, y un elemento trasero fijado al marco, tal que dicho miembro cubre la otra superficie de apertura de la porción de orificio mencionado. El marco de las celdas puede ser de cerámica, vidrio, poliamida, por ejemplo. Sin embargo, este documento además de perseguir un objetivo distinto, está alejado del objeto de la presente invención porque no divulga una estructura con una plataforma interna de un material particular localizada en una zona concreta de la estructura sobre la que se disponen elementos de refuerzo. El documento FR3060043A1 divulga un material compuesto translúcido multiplataforma, fabricado por impresión 3D y que incluye elementos que le otorgan una propiedad fosforescente, con el objeto de proporcionar visibilidad a una construcción en condiciones de oscuridad. El material compuesto también está conformado por una matriz a base de material cementicio dispuesto entre dichos elementos. Sin embargo, los injertos de material que se describen en este documento no son equivalentes a los elementos de refuerzo de la presente invención, ni en estructura ni en su composición. Por lo tanto, no divulga elementos de refuerzo sobre una plataforma, los cuales dan lugar a imágenes patrón en las caras visibles de la estructura, aglutinados por un material de relleno. The three-dimensional structural framework may have any shape, eg, cubic, pyramidal, cylindrical, or other three-dimensional shape, depending on the design specifications of the object. The external shape of the fabricated structure is substantially determined by the three-dimensional shape of the structural frame, which acts as a kind of exoskeleton, or external metallic reinforcement. The structure itself can form a design object, such as a lamp, decorative element, or piece of furniture, or it can be used as a component in the design of larger structures, such as large-format furniture and even buildings. The structural frame described in CH713396 does not correspond in any case to the internal platform of the composite structure object of the present invention. In addition, the internal platform in the present invention is located inside the piece or composite structure with composition, shape and filling characteristics that prevent large format and thin structures from breaking. Another difference of the present invention that confers an advantage is that the reinforcing elements arranged on the internal platform can give rise to any type of desired image or pattern, in addition to the fact that they can have variable thicknesses of reinforcing elements. Document US2020005757A1 refers to a soundproofing structure for selectively absorbing low-frequency sound, comprising one or more soundproofing cells that are formed by a frame, a hole passing through the frame and a vibrating film fixed to the frame, such that the film covers an opening surface of a portion of the hole. The cells have a plurality of projecting portions arranged on the film and fixed to the frame, and a rear member fixed to the frame, said member covering the other opening surface of the aforementioned hole portion. The cell frame can be made of ceramic, glass, polyamide, for example. However, this document, in addition to pursuing a different objective, is far from the object of the present invention because it does not disclose a structure with an internal platform of a particular material located in a specific area of the structure on which reinforcing elements are arranged. Document FR3060043A1 discloses a multiplatform translucent composite material, manufactured by 3D printing and that includes elements that give it a phosphorescent property, in order to provide visibility to a construction in dark conditions. The composite material is also made up of a matrix based on cementitious material arranged between said elements. However, the material grafts described in this document are not equivalent to the reinforcing elements of the present invention, neither in structure nor in composition. Therefore, it does not disclose reinforcing elements on a platform, which give rise to pattern images on the visible faces of the structure, bonded by a filler material.
US20100281802 divulga un bloque para construcción que comprende una plataforma alojada en su interior que tiene sobre ella elementos translúcidos y, opcionalmente, también elementos de refuerzo. Sin embargo, los elementos translúcidos son todos iguales respecto a su sección transversal, a diferencia de la presente invención, en la que, por un lado, no hay elementos de refuerzo diferenciados de los elementos translúcidos, y por otro lado, dichos elementos de refuerzo tienen al menos en una porción de ellos, distinta sección transversal. Con esto se consigue una flexibilidad enorme en las posibilidades constructivas
El documento KR20150144503A hace referencia a un material compuesto multiplataforma, fabricado con impresoras 3D, a partir de materiales de refuerzo y de una matriz de material cementicio, que se vierte en los huecos dejados por los materiales de refuerzo. No hace mención a una plataforma interna alojada en la estructura que le aporta rigidez, y sobre la que se disponen los elementos de refuerzo. US20100281802 discloses a building block that comprises a platform housed inside it that has translucent elements on it and, optionally, also reinforcement elements. However, the translucent elements are all the same with respect to their cross section, unlike the present invention, in which, on the one hand, there are no reinforcement elements differentiated from the translucent elements, and on the other hand, said reinforcement elements they have at least in a portion of them, different transversal section. With this, an enormous flexibility is achieved in the constructive possibilities. Document KR20150144503A refers to a multiplatform composite material, manufactured with 3D printers, from reinforcing materials and a matrix of cementitious material, which is poured into the gaps left by the reinforcing materials. It does not mention an internal platform housed in the structure that provides it with rigidity, and on which the reinforcing elements are arranged.
La presente invención resuelve los problemas del estado de la técnica sobre la obtención de estructuras compuestas de gran formato y poco espesor, y presenta las siguientes ventajas: The present invention solves the problems of the state of the art on obtaining large format and thin composite structures, and has the following advantages:
- permite construir un sistema estructural resistente ligero multiplataforma, con materiales compuestos. - allows to build a multi-platform lightweight resistant structural system, with composite materials.
- permite facilidad en la elaboración y automatización de la producción. - Allows ease in the elaboration and automation of production.
- permite acabados con cualquier tipo de geometría y facilidad en su reproducción. - permite producción de grandes formatos y mínimos espesores a bajo coste. - allows finishes with any type of geometry and ease of reproduction. - allows production of large formats and minimum thicknesses at low cost.
- facilita el transporte e instalación, reduciendo costes y huella de carbono. - facilitates transport and installation, reducing costs and carbon footprint.
- es muy económico, incluso en el caso de usar fibra óptica para los elementos de refuerzo. La presente invención permite realizar todo tipo de formatos y especialmente los grandes formatos e incluso "oversize", sin problemas estructurales. - it is very economical, even in the case of using fiber optics for the reinforcing elements. The present invention makes it possible to make all kinds of formats and especially large formats and even "oversize", without structural problems.
Las estructuras compuestas se obtienen por la unión y disposición estratégica de los elementos de refuerzo y el relleno dispuesto entre ellos, confiriendo para cualquier diseño estético de las estructuras compuestas, una rigidez estructural interna adecuada para grandes formatos y pequeños espesores. The composite structures are obtained by the union and strategic arrangement of the reinforcing elements and the filling arranged between them, conferring, for any aesthetic design of the composite structures, an internal structural rigidity suitable for large formats and small thicknesses.
La forma de usar el relleno y los elementos de refuerzo conjuntamente y la geometría de la deposición de los elementos de refuerzo, es lo que aporta las ventajas de la invención. The way of using the filler and the reinforcing elements together and the geometry of the deposition of the reinforcing elements, is what provides the advantages of the invention.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
La presente invención se refiere a una estructura compuesta formada por:
- un armazón compuesto por: The present invention refers to a composite structure formed by: - a frame composed of:
- una plataforma que tiene unidos a ella, y sobre al menos una de sus caras principales, unos elementos de refuerzo, tal que los extremos libres de los elementos de refuerzo alcanzan o sobrepasan la cara vista superior, o la cara vista inferior, o ambas, de la estructura compuesta, dando lugar a imágenes patrón, visibles en una o ambas caras vistas, superior e inferior, y los elementos de refuerzo están aglutinados por- a platform that has attached to it, and on at least one of its main faces, reinforcing elements, such that the free ends of the reinforcing elements reach or exceed the upper visible face, or the lower visible face, or both , of the composite structure, giving rise to pattern images, visible on one or both of the top and bottom views, and the reinforcing elements are bonded by
- al menos un material de relleno que ocupa todo el espacio delimitado por las caras externas de la estructura, salvo el espacio ocupado por el armazón, caracterizada por que la plataforma no alcanza ninguna de las dos caras vistas de la estructura, y por que al menos un 5%, preferentemente un 10 % de los elementos de refuerzo respecto al total de elementos de refuerzo, tienen secciones transversales de distinto tamaño. - at least one filling material that occupies the entire space delimited by the external faces of the structure, except for the space occupied by the frame, characterized in that the platform does not reach any of the two visible faces of the structure, and that at least 5%, preferably 10% of the reinforcing elements with respect to the total number of reinforcing elements, have cross sections of different sizes.
Según una realización particular, la estructura compuesta de la invención tiene elementos de refuezo únicamente sobre una de las caras principales de la plataforma interna. According to a particular embodiment, the composite structure of the invention has reinforcing elements only on one of the main faces of the internal platform.
Todas las alternativas que se describen a continuación en esta memoria relativas al caso en el que los elementos de refuerzo están dispuestos sobre ambas caras principales aplican de modo equivalente al caso en el que los elementos de refuerzo están dispuestos sobre una sola de estas dos caras principales de la plataforma interna.All the alternatives described below in this report relative to the case in which the reinforcing elements are arranged on both main faces apply equivalently to the case in which the reinforcing elements are arranged on only one of these two main faces of the internal platform.
En el caso de que las estructuras compuestas tengan elementos de refuerzo únicamente sobre una de las caras principales de la plataforma, si comprenden dispositivos luminosos, estarán únicamente también en la misma zona del armazón que tiene los elementos de refuerzo. In the event that the composite structures have reinforcing elements only on one of the main faces of the platform, if they include lighting devices, they will also only be in the same area of the frame that has the reinforcing elements.
Los elementos de refuerzo de distinto grosor o distinta sección, dan lugar a ventajas técnicas: la primera ventaja se refiere al comportamiento estructural aportando una mayor fijación de los elementos de refuerzo al relleno dotando al conjunto de mayor estabilidad frente a la flexión y a la torsión a medida que se aumenta el formato de la
estructura compuesta. Además, se consigue una mayor claridad y definición en las imágenes obtenidas, dando una apariencia mejorada tridimensional en un mismo plano.Reinforcing elements of different thicknesses or different sections give rise to technical advantages: the first advantage refers to structural behavior, providing greater fixation of the reinforcing elements to the fill, providing the assembly with greater stability against bending and torsion at As the format of the composite structure. In addition, greater clarity and definition is achieved in the images obtained, giving an improved three-dimensional appearance in the same plane.
Que “la plataforma no alcanza ninguna de las dos caras vistas de la estructura”, significa que la plataforma está situada a una distancia mínima de las caras vistas de la estructura, de al menos el 1% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en una dirección perpendicular a cualquiera de las caras vistas - dirección del eje Z - en cualquier punto de la superficie de la plataforma. Es decir, respecto a la dirección del eje Z, la plataforma queda situada en el interior de la estructura compuesta. That "the platform does not reach any of the two visible faces of the structure", means that the platform is located at a minimum distance from the visible faces of the structure, of at least 1% of the length of the structure composed in one direction perpendicular to any of the seen faces - direction of the Z axis - at any point on the surface of the platform. That is, with respect to the Z axis direction, the platform is located inside the composite structure.
La plataforma puede alcanzar una superficie externa de las caras perimetrales de la estructura compuesta, pero en ningún caso alcanza las caras vistas o caras visibles superior e inferior de la estructura. The platform can reach an external surface of the perimeter faces of the composite structure, but in no case does it reach the visible faces or upper and lower visible faces of the structure.
La plataforma tiene preferentemente dos dimensiones de una longitud al menos 50 % mayor que la longitud de la tercera dimensión. The platform preferably has two dimensions of a length at least 50% greater than the length of the third dimension.
“Caras vistas” se refieren en esta memoria a las caras externas superior e inferior de la estructura, que son las caras visibles, en las que se obtienen imágenes patrón. "Viewed faces" refer in this specification to the upper and lower external faces of the structure, which are the visible faces, on which pattern images are obtained.
“Caras perimetrales” son todas las caras externas de la estructura compuesta distintas de las caras superior e inferior. “Perimeter faces” are all external faces of the composite structure other than the top and bottom faces.
“Relleno” y “material de relleno” se usan indistintamente en esta memoria. "Filling" and "filling material" are used interchangeably herein.
Las caras visibles, o caras vistas de la estructura compuesta, pueden estar formadas por porciones o fragmentos en distintos niveles, es decir, que pueden no tener toda su superficie en el mismo plano. The visible faces, or visible faces of the composite structure, may be formed by portions or fragments at different levels, that is, they may not have their entire surface in the same plane.
Las caras visibles de la estructura compuesta, además, pueden ser curvas. The visible faces of the composite structure can also be curved.
También pueden tener, según realizaciones adicionales, curvas de nivel. Que la estructura compuesta tenga curvas de nivel significa que la superficie de una o las dos caras visibles puede estar dividida en al menos dos porciones que se encuentran en diversos planos, o sea, que alcanzan distintas alturas sobre el eje vertical o eje Z. Es
decir, que tiene curvas de nivel significa que el espesor de la estructura a lo largo de los ejes X e Y es variable. They may also have, according to further embodiments, contour lines. That the composite structure has contour lines means that the surface of one or both visible faces can be divided into at least two portions that are in different planes, that is, that reach different heights on the vertical axis or Z axis. In other words, having contour lines means that the thickness of the structure along the X and Y axes is variable.
Los elementos de refuerzo pueden estar enrasados con una o las dos caras vistas, o superando las caras vistas superior y/o inferior, con los elementos de refuerzo equidistantes a las caras vistas, o superando las caras vistas superior y/o inferior, estando los elementos de refuerzo no equidistantes a las caras. The reinforcing elements may be flush with one or both of the visible faces, or beyond the upper and/or lower visible faces, with the reinforcing elements equidistant from the visible faces, or beyond the upper and/or lower visible faces, with the reinforcing elements not equidistant from the faces.
Según realizaciones particulares, el material de relleno da forma a la estructura compuesta, conformando las caras externas de la misma, y los externos libres de los elementos de refuerzo están en este caso enrasados con una o con las dos caras vistas. Según otras alternativas el material de relleno conforma las caras externas de la estructura compuesta, y los externos libres de los elementos de refuerzo sobresalen de las caras vistas formadas por el material de relleno. Cuando los extremos libres de los elementos de refuerzo sobresalen de las caras vistas de la estructura, pueden terminar dando lugar a una superficie plana, o pueden dar lugar a superficies con distintos niveles, alabeadas o con curvas de nivel. According to particular embodiments, the filler material shapes the composite structure, forming its external faces, and the free external faces of the reinforcing elements are in this case flush with one or both of the visible faces. According to other alternatives, the filler material forms the external faces of the composite structure, and the free external faces of the reinforcing elements protrude from the visible faces formed by the filler material. When the free ends of the reinforcing elements protrude from the visible faces of the structure, they can end up giving rise to a flat surface, or they can give rise to surfaces with different levels, warped or with contour lines.
Además, los elementos de refuerzo pueden ser de distinta longitud a un lado y a otro de la plataforma, en caso de estar presentes en ambos lados. Las caras vistas de la estructura compuesta pueden ser alabeadas o pueden tener superficies de nivel. Además, en una estructura pueden ocurrir ambas cosas: es decir que una o ambas caras vistas pueden tener la superficie alabeada y simultáneamente los elementos de refuerzo pueden estar sobresaliendo de una o ambas caras vistas, pudiendo ser los elementos de refuerzo de la misma o distinta longitud. In addition, the reinforcing elements can be of different lengths on one side and the other of the platform, if they are present on both sides. The exposed faces of the composite structure may be warped or may have level surfaces. In addition, both things can happen in a structure: that is, one or both of the visible faces may have a warped surface and simultaneously the reinforcing elements may be protruding from one or both of the visible faces, and the reinforcing elements may be of the same or different length.
Según realizaciones particulares, la plataforma queda situada a una distancia mínima de al menos el 1%, puede ser por ejemplo del 3%, o del 5% , 30%, 60 % o incluso hasta el 90%, de la longitud total de la estructura compuesta en una dirección perpendicular a una de las caras vistas superior e inferior, es decir de la altura de la estructura compuesta.
Según realizaciones particulares, la plataforma puede estar dispuesta paralela a una o ambas caras vistas de la estructura o puede estar dispuesta formando un ángulo con una o ambas caras vistas. Según una realización particular, la plataforma interna es plana According to particular embodiments, the platform is located at a minimum distance of at least 1%, it can be for example 3%, or 5%, 30%, 60% or even up to 90%, of the total length of the platform. composite structure in a direction perpendicular to one of the top and bottom views, ie the height of the composite structure. According to particular embodiments, the platform can be arranged parallel to one or both of the visible faces of the structure or it can be arranged at an angle with one or both of the visible faces. According to a particular embodiment, the internal platform is flat
Según una realización particular adicional, la plataforma interna no es plana. According to a further particular embodiment, the internal platform is not flat.
“Cara principal” de la plataforma se refiere a la cara superior o a la cara inferior en caso de que la plataforma sea plana o alabeada; o bien se refiere a la cara superior o a la cara inferior de mayor superficie respectivamente, en el caso de que la plataforma esté formada por porciones de varios niveles. “Main face” of the platform refers to the upper face or the lower face in case the platform is flat or warped; or it refers to the upper face or the lower face with the largest surface, respectively, in the event that the platform is formed by portions of several levels.
La plataforma interna puede tener caras principales no paralelas entre sí. También puede ser alabeada, o incluso puede tener curvas de nivel. Que la plataforma tenga curvas de nivel significa que puede estar dividida en al menos dos porciones que se encuentran en diversos planos, o sea, que alcanzan distintas alturas sobre el eje vertical o eje Z. Que tiene curvas de nivel significa que el espesor de la plataforma interna a lo largo de los ejes X e Y es variable. Esto puede ser debido al cálculo estructural que sea necesario en función de los esfuerzos que deba soportar el conjunto de la estructura compuesta cuando es una estructura de gran formato. The inner platform may have main faces that are not parallel to each other. It can also be warped, or even contoured. That the platform has contour lines means that it can be divided into at least two portions that are in different planes, that is, that they reach different heights on the vertical axis or Z axis. That it has contour lines means that the thickness of the internal platform along the X and Y axes is variable. This may be due to the structural calculation that is necessary depending on the efforts that the composite structure as a whole must withstand when it is a large-format structure.
La plataforma interna puede ser maciza o puede ser parcialmente hueca, con perforaciones que la atraviesan, por ejemplo, del tipo de una malla, o rejilla. La plataforma interna puede tener huecos que le dan forma de celosía. De forma preferente, la plataforma comprende huecos. Puede tener entre un 1 y un 99% de su volumen hueco, preferentemente entre un 10 % y 90% y más preferentemente entre 30 y un 50%. Los huecos dan a la plataforma una estructura de tipo malla. Los huecos pueden tener una sección de geometría diversa. Por ejemplo, puede ser huecos que dan a la plataforma una forma de cuadrícula, de un patrón de líneas, o un patrón de panal de abeja. Pueden ser huecos con sección transversal en forma de espiral, en forma concéntrica, de giroide, en zig-zag, con sección transversal en forma de polígono regular tal como paralelogramo, pentágono, triángulo, combinaciones de ellos. Por ejemplo, los huecos pueden tener forma troncopiramidal, cúbica, prismática, octogonal etc.
Esos mallados o tipos de rejilla pueden dar lugar a patrones de relleno con las formas mencionadas en el párrafo anterior, correspondientes a cada mallado: por ejemplo, en forma de cuadrícula, de líneas, de triángulos, cúbica (relleno de cubos inclinados), tetraédrica, concéntrica, de giroide, en panal de abeja o en zigzag, de modo que ese patrón de relleno se puede observar en las caras visibles de la estructura. The internal deck may be solid or it may be partially hollow, with perforations passing through it, eg of the mesh, or grid type. The internal platform may have holes that give it the shape of a lattice. Preferably, the platform comprises recesses. It can have between 1 and 99% of its hollow volume, preferably between 10% and 90% and more preferably between 30 and 50%. The gaps give the platform a mesh-like structure. The holes can have a section of diverse geometry. For example, it can be gaps that give the deck a grid shape, a line pattern, or a honeycomb pattern. They can be hollow with a cross section in the form of a spiral, concentric, gyroid, zig-zag, with a cross section in the form of a regular polygon such as a parallelogram, pentagon, triangle, combinations thereof. For example, the holes can have a frustopyramidal, cubic, prismatic, octagonal, etc. shape. These meshes or types of grid can give rise to fill patterns with the shapes mentioned in the previous paragraph, corresponding to each mesh: for example, in the form of a grid, lines, triangles, cubic (filling of inclined cubes), tetrahedral , concentric, gyroid, honeycomb or zigzag, so that the fill pattern can be seen on the visible faces of the structure.
En el caso de una plataforma que comprenda perforaciones, parcialmente hueca, los elementos de refuerzo están dispuestos sobre los bordes que conforman los huecos de la plataforma, y según la imagen que se pretenda obtener en una o ambas caras vistas de la estructura. In the case of a partially hollow platform that includes perforations, the reinforcing elements are arranged on the edges that make up the holes in the platform, and according to the image that is intended to be obtained on one or both of the visible faces of the structure.
En el caso de una plataforma maciza, la superficie de la misma no alcanza las caras perimetrales de la estructura, sino que en este caso, las caras perimetrales forman una pared que conforma un marco compuesto por material de relleno. Dicha pared se eleva en este caso en las cuatro caras perimetrales de la estructura compuesta. In the case of a solid platform, its surface does not reach the perimeter faces of the structure, but in this case, the perimeter faces form a wall that forms a frame made up of filler material. Said wall rises in this case on the four perimeter faces of the composite structure.
La plataforma puede estar centrada, o puede no estar centrada respecto a la dirección vertical de la pieza, es decir, respecto a la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje Z. De forma preferente, la plataforma está centrada, y por lo tanto equidistante de la cara vista superior y de la cara vista inferior de la estructura compuesta. The platform may or may not be centered with respect to the vertical direction of the part, that is, with respect to the length of the composite structure in the Z-axis direction. Preferably, the platform is centered, and therefore both equidistant from the upper view face and from the lower view face of the composite structure.
La plataforma puede tener un grosor sobre el eje Z de la estructura compuesta comprendido entre el 1 y el 99%, por ejemplo, entre 10 y 95 % del grosor total de la estructura compuesta, preferentemente entre 40 y 60 % de la altura total de la estructura compuesta. Por ejemplo, cuando el grosor de la plataforma es del 80% de la altura total de la estructura compuesta, y en el caso de que la plataforma interna esté centrada respecto al eje Z (o sea, respecto a la dirección vertical de la estructura compuesta), ello significa que la plataforma quedará a una distancia de cualquiera de las caras visibles de la estructura compuesta del 10% de la longitud de la estructura a lo largo del eje Z. The platform can have a thickness on the Z axis of the composite structure between 1 and 99%, for example between 10 and 95% of the total thickness of the composite structure, preferably between 40 and 60% of the total height of the composite structure. For example, when the thickness of the platform is 80% of the total height of the composite structure, and in the case that the internal platform is centered with respect to the Z axis (that is, with respect to the vertical direction of the composite structure ), this means that the platform will be at a distance from any of the visible faces of the composite structure of 10% of the length of the structure along the Z axis.
La plataforma puede estar dispuesta a cualquier altura de la estructura compuesta, pero no alcanzará ninguna de las dos caras visibles de la misma.
Según realizaciones particulares, la plataforma es plana y está paralela al plano XY de la estructura compuesta. The platform can be arranged at any height of the composite structure, but it will not reach any of the two visible faces of the same. According to particular embodiments, the platform is flat and parallel to the XY plane of the composite structure.
Según realizaciones particulares la plataforma puede extenderse en el plano XY hasta tener una superficie como máximo del 99% de la sección de la estructura compuesta en el plano XY, en el caso de que la plataforma sea maciza. La plataforma tiene una longitud en la dirección del eje X, de al menos el 80% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en esa dirección, y preferentemente de al menos el 90% respecto a la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje X, y tiene una longitud de al menos el 80% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje Y, y preferentemente de al menos el 90% respecto a la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje Y. According to particular embodiments, the platform can extend in the XY plane until it has a maximum surface area of 99% of the section of the composite structure in the XY plane, in the event that the platform is solid. The platform has a length in the X axis direction of at least 80% of the length of the composite structure in that direction, and preferably at least 90% of the length of the composite structure in the X axis direction. X, and has a length of at least 80% of the length of the composite structure in the Y-axis direction, and preferably at least 90% of the length of the composite structure in the Y-axis direction.
Los planos perimetrales de la estructura compuesta pueden estar compuestos por material de relleno con un espesor mínimo de 3 mm, cuando la plataforma interna no alcanza la caras perimetrales de la estructura. The perimeter planes of the composite structure may be composed of filler material with a minimum thickness of 3 mm, when the internal platform does not reach the perimeter faces of the structure.
Cuando la plataforma tiene perforaciones que la atraviesan, y por tanto, es parcialmente hueca, puede extenderse en el plano XY hasta los bordes perimetrales de la estructura compuesta. When the deck has perforations through it, and is therefore partially hollow, it can extend in the XY plane to the perimeter edges of the composite structure.
Los elementos de refuerzo, en virtud de su disposición sobre la plataforma, de su grosor, de su longitud y/o de su composición pueden dar lugar a imágenes patrón visibles en una o ambas caras vistas, superior e inferior, de la estructura compuesta, The reinforcement elements, by virtue of their arrangement on the platform, their thickness, their length and/or their composition, can give rise to visible pattern images on one or both of the top and bottom views of the composite structure,
Los elementos de refuerzo pueden estar dispuestos formando un ángulo cualquiera respecto a la plataforma. Los elementos de refuerzo pueden ser paralelos entre sí, o no. De forma preferente, los elementos de refuerzo se disponen paralelos entre sí para mejorar la transmisión lumínica cuando sea necesario. De forma más preferente son paralelos entre sí y perpendiculares a la plataforma. Esta disposición favorece la transmisión lumínica en caso necesario. The reinforcing elements can be arranged at any angle with respect to the platform. The reinforcing elements may or may not be parallel to each other. Preferably, the reinforcing elements are arranged parallel to each other to improve light transmission when necessary. More preferably they are parallel to each other and perpendicular to the platform. This arrangement favors light transmission if necessary.
También su posición sobre la cara o caras principales de la plataforma puede ser cualquiera, y por lo tanto, no está condicionada a una determinada resolución de rejilla
(tipo y/o tamaño de los huecos en el caso de una plataforma de tipo malla). Los elementos de refuerzo pueden estar dispuestos sobre una o ambas caras de la plataforma siguiendo un orden regular, tal como un patrón geométrico, o de forma que no sigan ningún orden. Also its position on the main face or faces of the platform can be any, and therefore, it is not conditioned to a certain grid resolution. (type and/or size of the holes in the case of a mesh-type platform). The reinforcing elements may be arranged on one or both sides of the platform in a regular order, such as a geometric pattern, or in an unordered manner.
En la estructura compuesta de la invención los elementos de refuerzo pueden tener sección transversal de distinta forma. Los elementos de refuerzo pueden ser en forma de filamento (tipo pilar) o superficie (tipo muro). En una misma estructura compuesta pueden estar presentes elementos de refuerzo de tipo filamento y de tipo muro. En el caso de que una estructura tenga solo elementos de tipo filamento, éstos tienen en al menos un 5 %, preferentemente, un 10 % de ellos distintos grosores. Y análogamente, en el caso de que solo tenga elementos de refuerzo de tipo muro, éstos tendrán distinta sección transversal en al menos un 5 %, preferentemente un 10% de ellos. In the composite structure of the invention, the reinforcing elements may have a different cross-sectional shape. The reinforcement elements can be in the form of a filament (pillar type) or surface (wall type). Filament-type and wall-type reinforcing elements may be present in the same composite structure. In the event that a structure has only filament-type elements, these have at least 5%, preferably 10%, of different thicknesses. And similarly, in the event that it only has wall-type reinforcement elements, these will have a different cross-section in at least 5%, preferably 10% of them.
Cuando en la estructura compuesta los elementos de refuerzo son filamentos, puede haber filamentos de sección transversal de distinta forma, combinados. Por ejemplo, puede haber en la estructura filamentos con formas diferentes, tales que pueden tener una sección poligonal de cualquier tipo, tal como de forma triangular, cuadrada, rectangular, circular, forma de estrella, entre otras. When in the composite structure the reinforcing elements are filaments, there may be filaments of different cross-sections in combination. For example, there may be filaments with different shapes in the structure, such that they may have a polygonal section of any type, such as triangular, square, rectangular, circular, star-shaped, among others.
La plataforma puede además tener elementos de refuerzo distribuidos en el 100% de la superficie de una o ambas caras principales, o dichas caras pueden estar parcialmente libres de elementos de refuerzo. The platform may also have reinforcing elements distributed over 100% of the surface of one or both main faces, or said faces may be partially free of reinforcing elements.
La composición del armazón (plataforma y elementos de refuerzo) de la estructura compuesta puede ser de diversos materiales. Los elementos de refuerzo y la plataforma son del mismo material entre ellos. The composition of the framework (platform and reinforcement elements) of the composite structure can be made of various materials. The reinforcement elements and the platform are of the same material as each other.
El armazón, y por tanto, plataforma y elementos de refuerzo, pueden ser translúcidos, transparentes, fotoluminiscentes u opacos. El armazón puede ser de un material seleccionado, por ejemplo, entre: ácido poliláctico (PLA), acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), elastómero termoplástico flexible (Flexible TPE), fibra de carbono, tereftalato de polietileno (PET), tereftalato de polietilienglicol (PETG), PETT, poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS, “high impact polystyrene”), butiral de polivinilo, fibra óptica, nailon,
policarbonato, fibra de carbono, polipropileno, fibra de vidrio, metal tal como aluminio, resinas fotopolimerizables tales como epoxi resinas. The frame, and therefore the platform and reinforcement elements, can be translucent, transparent, photoluminescent or opaque. The frame can be made of a material selected, for example, among: polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), flexible thermoplastic elastomer (Flexible TPE), carbon fiber, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene glycol (PETG), PETT, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), polyvinyl butyral, fiber optics, nylon, polycarbonate, carbon fiber, polypropylene, fiberglass, metal such as aluminum, photopolymerizable resins such as epoxy resins.
El material que compone el armazón puede ser un material luminiscente. El armazón puede comprender además uno o más dispositivos luminosos, tales como dispositivos LED. Los dispositivos luminosos (por ejemplo, LED) pueden estar dispuestos tanto en los bordes del armazón como en zonas internas. The material that makes up the frame can be a luminescent material. The frame may further comprise one or more lighting devices, such as LED devices. The lighting devices (for example, LEDs) can be arranged both on the edges of the frame and in internal areas.
Por ejemplo, el armazón puede tener dispositivos luminosos dispuestos en una tira de dispositivos (tales como diodos LED) que se ubica pegada a uno o más laterales de la plataforma que sustenta los elementos de refuerzo al objeto de que estos se iluminen y se puedan ver en condiciones de oscuridad ambiente (por la noche o en una habitación cerrada). For example, the frame can have lighting devices arranged in a strip of devices (such as LED diodes) that is located attached to one or more sides of the platform that supports the reinforcing elements so that they light up and can be seen. in dark ambient conditions (at night or in a closed room).
Opcionalmente, se puede incluir una placa electrónica con un circuito impreso y con iluminación, por ejemplo, con dispositivos luminosos del tipo LED, dentro del propio armazón antes del vertido de la matriz. Optionally, an electronic board with a printed circuit and lighting, for example, with LED-type lighting devices, can be included within the frame itself before the matrix is poured.
En el caso de disponer de dispositivos luminosos, el armazón dispone de al menos un cable para su conexión a la red eléctrica. In the case of having lighting devices, the frame has at least one cable for connection to the electrical network.
Según realizaciones particulares, una tira de dispositivos luminosos se puede controlar gracias a un cable dispuesto en uno de los laterales de la plataforma (preferentemente alguna de las 4 caras perimetrales) y que se conecta a una fuente de alimentación externa a la estructura, que puede estar disponible, por ejemplo, en una pared. According to particular embodiments, a strip of lighting devices can be controlled thanks to a cable arranged on one of the sides of the platform (preferably one of the 4 perimeter faces) and which is connected to a power supply external to the structure, which can be available, for example, on a wall.
Según realizaciones particulares adicionales, la plataforma puede incorporar una batería que permite que la iluminación se mantenga en las condiciones establecidas mientras dure la carga de la misma. Al efecto de incrementar la duración entre cargas, se puede incluir al conjunto un chip microcontrolador y, opcionalmente, algún sensor, que permita condicionar la iluminación de los dispositivos luminosos al nivel de iluminación deseado, por ejemplo, en una estancia, de modo que solo se active cuando hay oscuridad y es posible que dicha iluminación, por ejemplo, de tipo LED, sea vista.
La estructura de la invención puede disponer de iluminación permanente o intermitente. Según realizaciones particulares adicionales, la iluminación obtenida no es constante sino en forma de parpadeos para reducir el consumo e incrementar la duración de la batería, en el caso concreto de que la electricidad proceda de una batería. According to additional particular embodiments, the platform can incorporate a battery that allows the lighting to be maintained in the established conditions for the duration of its charge. In order to increase the duration between charges, a microcontroller chip and, optionally, some sensor can be included in the assembly, which allows the lighting of the lighting devices to be conditioned to the desired lighting level, for example, in a room, so that only is activated when it is dark and it is possible that said lighting, for example, of the LED type, will be seen. The structure of the invention can have permanent or intermittent lighting. According to additional particular embodiments, the lighting obtained is not constant but in the form of flashes to reduce consumption and increase battery life, in the specific case that the electricity comes from a battery.
La carga de la batería se puede obtener mediante un alimentador externo o bien reemplazando la misma si así se decide. En cualquier caso, el acceso a alguna de las caras no visibles, o sea, las caras perimetrales, es necesario en estas alternativas de la estructura de la invención para la conexión del alimentador o para el cambio de batería. En el caso del alimentador, el modo de acceder a las caras perimetrales puede ser, por ejemplo, mediante un cable que sobresalga de alguna de dichas caras perimetrales.The battery charge can be obtained through an external power supply or by replacing it if so decided. In any case, access to some of the non-visible faces, that is, the perimeter faces, is necessary in these alternatives of the structure of the invention to connect the power supply or to change the battery. In the case of the feeder, the way to access the perimeter faces can be, for example, by means of a cable that protrudes from one of said perimeter faces.
En el caso de intercambiar la batería, está estará alojada en una caja, por ejemplo, de composición polimérica, en el interior de la estructura compuesta enrasada a una de las caras perimetrales, a modo de caja de registro. In the case of exchanging the battery, it will be housed in a box, for example, made of polymeric composition, inside the composite structure flush with one of the perimeter faces, as a register box.
Según realizaciones particulares adicionales, también es posible eliminar por completo la necesidad del uso de cables incorporando en el armazón una tecnología de carga inalámbrica, que solo precisa la colocación de una bobina de carga en una de las cuatro caras perimetrales de la estructura, para permitir la recarga permanente de la batería. Dentro del armazón se ubica en este caso la batería y los dispositivos luminosos, tales como LEDs, además de un circuito que protege la batería de posibles sobrecargas.According to additional particular embodiments, it is also possible to completely eliminate the need for the use of cables by incorporating wireless charging technology into the frame, which only requires the placement of a charging coil on one of the four perimeter faces of the structure, to allow permanent recharging of the battery. In this case, the battery and lighting devices, such as LEDs, are located inside the frame, as well as a circuit that protects the battery from possible overloads.
En general, los sistemas de iluminación basados en baterías, frente a aquellos otros que solo emplean la energía de la red eléctrica, tienen la ventaja de van a funcionar durante horas o días tras un corte de luz, mientras que los segundos se apagarán tan pronto se produzca la interrupción del fluido eléctrico. In general, battery-based lighting systems, compared to those that only use power from the electrical network, have the advantage that they will work for hours or days after a power outage, while the latter will turn off as soon as possible. power outage occurs.
Para poder incorporarse y sobrevivir al vertido del material que va a rellenar la estructura, se recubren - en esos casos - los dispositivos luminosos, la batería y la placa electrónica, o cualquier elemento sobre el cual estén dispuestos los dispositivos luminosos, con un recubrimiento protector. In order to be able to incorporate and survive the pouring of the material that is going to fill the structure, the lighting devices, the battery and the electronic board, or any element on which the lighting devices are arranged, are covered - in these cases - with a protective coating. .
Al objeto de conseguir las mejores prestaciones luminosas y cuando la iluminación obtenida mediante el uso de una tira de dispositivos luminosos sobre la plataforma
resulte insuficiente, una alternativa comprende disponer iluminación en cada uno de los elementos de refuerzo. En este caso se dispone un circuito impreso debajo de todos y cada uno de los elementos de refuerzo (ver figura 6). In order to achieve the best lighting performance and when the lighting obtained through the use of a strip of lighting devices on the platform proves insufficient, an alternative comprises arranging lighting in each of the reinforcing elements. In this case, a printed circuit is arranged under each and every one of the reinforcing elements (see figure 6).
La plataforma, y por tanto el armazón, es lo que impide que se rompa la pieza, por eso se pueden fabricar estructuras compuestas de gran formato, por ejemplo, para fachadas. Una estructura compuesta de gran formato puede ser, por ejemplo, una estructura compuesta de 5 metros de largo con un espesor de 5 cm. Para estructuras de formato más pequeño, tal como 2x3 m, el espesor puede ser de 10 mm. The platform, and therefore the frame, is what prevents the piece from breaking, which is why large-format composite structures can be manufactured, for example, for facades. A large format composite structure can be, for example, a 5 meter long composite structure with a thickness of 5 cm. For smaller format structures, such as 2x3 m, the thickness can be 10 mm.
Lo habitual en grandes formatos son, por ejemplo, estructuras compuestas desde 100x50x3 cm hasta estructuras de 500x200 x 5 cm, pero puede ser cualquiera. The usual in large formats are, for example, composite structures from 100x50x3 cm to structures of 500x200 x 5 cm, but it can be any.
Las imágenes patrón visibles en una o ambas caras vistas, superior e inferior, de la estructura compuesta pueden ser de cualquier tipo, por ejemplo, patrones resultado simplemente de la geometría de los huecos en una plataforma de tipo malla, o pueden ser leyendas, números, objetos, paisajes, reproducciones de retratos, de obras de arte etc. The pattern images visible on one or both of the top and bottom views of the composite structure can be of any type, for example, patterns resulting simply from the geometry of the openings in a mesh-type platform, or they can be legends, numbers , objects, landscapes, reproductions of portraits, works of art, etc.
El relleno de las zonas por encima y por debajo de la plataforma interna puede ser del mismo material o de distinto material. The padding of the areas above and below the internal platform can be of the same material or of different material.
Según realizaciones particulares, el material de relleno de la estructura compuesta es un único material, y el mismo, por encima y por debajo de la plataforma interna. According to particular embodiments, the filling material of the composite structure is a single material, and the same, above and below the internal platform.
Según realizaciones particulares, el material del relleno de la parte de la estructura compuesta por encima y por debajo de la plataforma interna es distinto del material del armazón. According to particular embodiments, the filler material of the part of the composite structure above and below the internal platform is different from the material of the frame.
Según realizaciones particulares, el material del relleno de la parte de la estructura compuesta por encima y por debajo de la plataforma interna es el mismo que el material del armazón. En este caso los elementos de refuerzo tienen iluminación artificial, de modo que se puede ver la imagen en las caras visibles de la estructura
El material de relleno debe ser debe ser un material autocom pactante muy fluido. According to particular embodiments, the material of the padding of the part of the composite structure above and below the internal platform is the same as the material of the frame. In this case, the reinforcement elements have artificial lighting, so that the image can be seen on the visible faces of the structure. The backfill material must be a very fluid self-compacting material.
El material del relleno puede ser cualquier material de uso habitual en construcción, que tenga fluidez suficiente para ser vertido sobre un molde. The filling material can be any material commonly used in construction, which is fluid enough to be poured into a mould.
Según realizaciones particulares, el relleno de la estructura compuesta es una matriz polimérica que puede ser: According to particular embodiments, the filler of the composite structure is a polymeric matrix that can be:
- una matriz de resina, - a resin matrix,
- una matriz cerámica - una matriz cementicia, tal como un mortero, microhormigón, u hormigón polimérico o micromortero - a ceramic matrix - a cementitious matrix, such as a mortar, micro-concrete, or polymer concrete or micro-mortar
- un geopolímero. - a geopolymer.
La matriz puede comprender materiales en base de resinas de poliéster tales como tereftalato de polietileno, naftalato de polietileno, resinas de vinil éster, acrílicas tales como polimetilmetacrilato o, epoxi, fenólicas, uretanas, cementicias, geopolímeros y mixtas. The matrix may comprise materials based on polyester resins such as polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, vinyl ester resins, acrylics such as polymethylmethacrylate or, epoxy, phenolic, urethane, cement, geopolymers and mixed.
Un micromortero es un mortero con los áridos muy pequeños, habitualmente inferiores a 1 mm Un microhormigón es un hormigón con los áridos muy pequeños, habitualmente inferiores a 1 mm. A micro-mortar is a mortar with very small aggregates, usually less than 1 mm. A micro-concrete is a concrete with very small aggregates, usually less than 1 mm.
La composición del relleno de la estructura compuesta es independiente del método de fabricación de la misma, que puede ser moldeo o por impresión 3D. The composition of the filling of the composite structure is independent of its manufacturing method, which can be molding or 3D printing.
La forma externa de la estructura compuesta puede ser cualquier forma geométrica. Según una realización particular, tiene la forma de un poliedro, tal como un paralelepípedo, por ejemplo, un cubo. La forma de paralelepípedo rectangular es particularmente apropiada, entre otros usos, para encimeras, baldosas, piezas planas, tableros, aplacados. The external shape of the composite structure can be any geometric shape. According to a particular embodiment, it has the shape of a polyhedron, such as a parallelepiped, for example a cube. The rectangular parallelepiped shape is particularly suitable, among other uses, for countertops, tiles, flat pieces, boards, cladding.
Los espesores de la estructura compuesta son variables a petición del diseño, en el caso de tableros o piezas de revestimiento estará entre 4 - 50 mm aproximadamente.
Los planos perimetrales de la estructura son perpendiculares en el caso de formas ortoédricas, pero en otros casos pueden tener diferentes grados de inclinación, dependiendo de las formas geométricas que se quieran dar a la estructura compuesta. The thicknesses of the composite structure are variable at the request of the design, in the case of boards or cladding pieces it will be between 4 - 50 mm approximately. The perimeter planes of the structure are perpendicular in the case of orthohedral shapes, but in other cases they can have different degrees of inclination, depending on the geometric shapes that are to be given to the composite structure.
Las estructuras compuestas resultado de la unión y disposición estratégica de los elementos de refuerzo y su relleno, confieren para cualquier diseño estético de las estructuras compuestas, una rigidez estructural interna adecuada para grandes formatos y pequeños espesores. The composite structures resulting from the union and strategic arrangement of the reinforcing elements and their filling, confer, for any aesthetic design of the composite structures, an internal structural rigidity suitable for large formats and small thicknesses.
La presente invención se refiere también a un procedimiento para fabricar la estructura compuesta definida anteriormente, que comprende: The present invention also relates to a method for manufacturing the composite structure defined above, comprising:
- una primera etapa que comprende obtener un diseño de la plataforma interna y los elementos de refuerzo, es decir, del armazón, según la imagen que se desea que aparezca en al menos una de las dos caras vistas de la estructura compuesta - a first stage that comprises obtaining a design of the internal platform and the reinforcing elements, that is, of the frame, according to the image that is desired to appear on at least one of the two visible faces of the composite structure
- una segunda etapa que comprende obtener mediante impresión 3D el armazón, o una matriz de dicho armazón, - a second stage comprising obtaining the frame, or a matrix of said frame, by 3D printing,
- una tercera etapa que comprende disponer el armazón dentro de un molde y rellenar con material de relleno el espacio hueco entre el molde y el armazón obteniendo la estructura compuesta en su forma y tamaño previstos. - a third step comprising placing the frame inside a mold and filling the hollow space between the mold and the frame with filler material, obtaining the composite structure in its intended shape and size.
“Matriz” del armazón se refiere a un negativo del armazón. A partir de un negativo obtenido por impresión 3D se puede obtener un molde (un positivo del armazón) para obtener todas las unidades del armazón que se desee con la ayuda de dicho molde, por una técnica de moldeo, tal como moldeo por inyección. Estas son realizaciones particulares del procedimiento de la invención. Frame "matrix" refers to a frame negative. From a negative obtained by 3D printing, a mold (a frame positive) can be obtained to obtain all the desired frame units with the help of said mold, by a molding technique, such as injection molding. These are particular embodiments of the process of the invention.
Tras la tercera etapa se endurece o cura la estructura obtenida. Se puede dejar endurecer la estructura a temperatura ambiente o se puede endurecer de forma activa si se desea, por ejemplo, en un horno o autoclave. De forma preferente la estructura endurece a temperatura ambiente.
Finalmente, el procedimiento comprende de forma opcional, pulir la estructura compuesta obtenida. After the third stage, the structure obtained is hardened or cured. The structure can be allowed to cure at room temperature or can be actively cured if desired, for example, in an oven or autoclave. The structure preferably hardens at room temperature. Finally, the method optionally comprises polishing the obtained composite structure.
La imagen que se desea que aparezca en cada una de las dos caras visibles de la estructura compuesta enfrentadas entre sí puede ser la misma o distinta. Según realizaciones particulares, la primera etapa comprende realizar una triangulación, por ejemplo, una “triangulación de Delaunay” mediante una herramienta informática, obteniendo un diseño de la plataforma interna y los elementos de refuerzo. La herramienta informática puede ser convencional, con el único requisito de que posea la capacidad de realizar triangulaciones, como cualquier programa informático que contenga la opción de realizar la “triangulación de Delaunay”. The image that is desired to appear on each of the two visible faces of the composite structure facing each other may be the same or different. According to particular embodiments, the first stage comprises performing a triangulation, for example, a "Delaunay triangulation" using a computer tool, obtaining a design of the internal platform and the reinforcement elements. The computer tool can be conventional, with the only requirement that it has the ability to perform triangulations, such as any computer program that contains the option to perform the "Delaunay triangulation".
En la segunda etapa, una impresora convierte una imagen obtenida en la primera etapa en elementos de refuerzo que crecen en la dirección ascendente del eje Z. La segunda etapa comprende obtener mediante impresión 3D el armazón, o un negativo del armazón. In the second stage, a printer converts an image obtained in the first stage into reinforcement elements that grow in the upward direction of the Z axis. The second stage comprises 3D printing the frame, or a negative of the frame.
Se pueden utilizar varias tecnologías de impresión, por ejemplo: Various printing technologies can be used, for example:
Las más utilizadas son la FDM (depósito de la fusión de un filamento termoplástico, siglas en inglés), la estereolitografía (SLA en inglés) que utiliza una resina líquida fotopolimerizable y el sinterizado selectivo por láser (SLS en inglés) que funciona uniendo partículas de material en polvo para formar la pieza mediante la acción calorífica de un láser. The most widely used are FDM (thermoplastic filament melt deposition), stereolithography (SLA) that uses a photopolymerizable liquid resin, and selective laser sintering (SLS) that works by joining particles of powdered material to form the piece through the heat action of a laser.
De forma preferente, es deseable que las piezas impresas tengan determinadas propiedades ópticas, y por ello, la tecnología SLA es la que da lugar a las piezas más transparentes, seguida por la tecnología FDM que permite crear objetos translúcidos, y por último la tecnología SLS. Preferably, it is desirable that the printed pieces have certain optical properties, and therefore, the SLA technology is the one that gives rise to the most transparent pieces, followed by the FDM technology that allows the creation of translucent objects, and finally the SLS technology. .
Según realizaciones particulares, la segunda etapa comprende obtener mediante impresión 3D una matriz, que será un negativo de la plataforma interna y los elementos
de refuerzo - es decir, el armazón - y obtener por moldeo el positivo de la plataforma interna y los elementos de refuerzo. According to particular embodiments, the second stage comprises obtaining a matrix by means of 3D printing, which will be a negative of the internal platform and the elements of reinforcement - that is, the frame - and obtain by molding the positive of the internal platform and the reinforcement elements.
En el caso de llevar a cabo la fabricación de la estructura por moldeo, los elementos de refuerzo se disponen en cualquier posición entre sí, y de modo preferente, paralelos entre sí. Según realizaciones particulares, en este caso se genera previamente una matriz mediante impresión 3D que es un negativo, y después se genera un molde metálico - por ejemplo, de aluminio- A continuación, se inyecta por presión un polímero, - por ejemplo, translúcido - dentro del molde. In the case of carrying out the manufacture of the structure by molding, the reinforcing elements are arranged in any position relative to each other, and preferably parallel to each other. According to particular embodiments, in this case a matrix is previously generated by means of 3D printing, which is a negative, and then a metal mold is generated - for example, aluminum- Next, a polymer is injected by pressure, - for example, translucent - inside the mold.
En el caso de que la plataforma tenga forma de celosía, la estructura compuesta se fabrica por impresión 3D del armazón y posterior rellenado de un molde en el que se habrá dispuesto el armazón. In the event that the platform is in the form of a lattice, the composite structure is manufactured by 3D printing the frame and subsequently filling a mold in which the frame will have been placed.
En el caso de que la matriz sea una cerámica, la segunda etapa del procedimiento comprende imprimir el armazón y la tercera etapa comprende rellenar con el polvo cerámico en el molde donde se ha colocado el armazón, a continuación llevar a cabo un prensado, realizar un secado, someter a horno (sinterización) y llevar a cabo - opcionalmente - los acabados deseados, como aplicación de un barniz, etc. In the event that the matrix is a ceramic, the second stage of the procedure comprises printing the shell and the third stage comprises filling the mold where the shell has been placed with the ceramic powder, then carrying out a pressing, carrying out a drying, submitting to the oven (sintering) and carrying out - optionally - the desired finishes, such as applying a varnish, etc.
Los programas de manejo de las impresoras permiten generar rellenos con un % de mallado, pasan del 100% que sería el relleno sin huecos totalmente sólido (plataforma maciza) a, por ejemplo, un 10% de relleno que sería con un 90% de huecos (plataforma en forma de malla) en esa zona de la estructura compuesta. The printer management programs allow to generate fills with a % of meshing, they go from 100% which would be the fill without totally solid holes (solid platform) to, for example, a 10% fill that would be with 90% of holes. (mesh platform) in that area of the composite structure.
Respecto a la imagen que se desea visualizar en una o ambas caras vistas (planos XY superior e inferior de la pieza), es el resultado de los múltiples elementos de refuerzo impresos en 3D que nacen en la plataforma interna y llegan hasta, al menos, las caras vistas. Regarding the image to be displayed on one or both of the visible faces (upper and lower XY planes of the piece), it is the result of the multiple 3D printed reinforcement elements that originate in the internal platform and reach up to, at least, the seen faces.
Las imágenes sobre las caras vistas de la estructura pueden ser realizadas con líneas (como es lo habitual en un dibujo) o con puntos (puntillismo), de modo que se ven en la estructura como líneas o como puntos, o como combinaciones de líneas y puntos.The images on the visible faces of the structure can be made with lines (as is usual in a drawing) or with points (pointillism), so that they are seen in the structure as lines or as points, or as combinations of lines and points.
Un filamento obtenido por impresión 3D, es una superposición de capas de un material fundido donde predomina la altura (Z) frente al plano (X,Y).
En el caso de que las imágenes se vean como puntos, los elementos de refuerzo se asemejan a hilos verticales que crecen en la dirección del eje Z al ser obtenidos por impresión 3D. A filament obtained by 3D printing is a superposition of layers of a molten material where the height (Z) predominates over the plane (X,Y). In the event that the images look like dots, the reinforcing elements resemble vertical threads that grow in the direction of the Z axis when obtained by 3D printing.
En el caso de que las imágenes se vean como líneas, los elementos de refuerzo están adyacentes, apelotonados, y la superposición de capas de un material da como resultado, al crecer en la dirección el eje Z una superficie, similar a un muro (un filamento sería un pilar y el símil sería una superposición continua de pilares que da como resultado un muro) que se eleva durante la impresión. In the case where the images are seen as lines, the reinforcing elements are adjacent, stacked together, and the superimposition of layers of a material results, growing in the Z-axis direction, in a surface, similar to a wall (a filament would be a pillar and the simile would be a continuous superposition of pillars resulting in a wall) that rises during printing.
Una vez finalizado el proceso de fabricación del armazón se procede a rellenar el prototipo con material de relleno. Once the frame manufacturing process is finished, the prototype is filled with filler material.
En el caso de que los elementos de refuerzo sean filamentos transparentes o translúcidos, éstos se pueden encontrar también disponibles comercialmente y se colocan en la bobina alimentadora de la impresora 3D In the event that the reinforcing elements are transparent or translucent filaments, these can also be found commercially available and are placed in the feeder spool of the 3D printer.
Según realizaciones particulares, transcurridas 24 h desde la finalización de la tercera etapa, las caras vistas, opcionalmente, se pulen para conseguir el acabado deseado en función del material de impresión o fibras que se hayan utilizado para darle un buen acabado. According to particular embodiments, 24 hours after the completion of the third stage, the visible faces are optionally polished to achieve the desired finish depending on the printing material or fibers that have been used to give it a good finish.
En el caso de utilizar Programmable Viscoelastic Materials (PVM) o materiales que permiten el paso de la luz para el armazón, es conveniente aplicarles alcohol en su superficie para mejorar el efecto lumínico. El alcohol puede ser, por ejemplo, alcohol etílico o isopropílico con una concentración superior a 70°C. In the case of using Programmable Viscoelastic Materials (PVM) or materials that allow the passage of light for the frame, it is advisable to apply alcohol to their surface to improve the lighting effect. The alcohol can be, for example, ethyl or isopropyl alcohol with a concentration greater than 70°C.
Opcionalmente se le puede aplicar un barniz o resina transparente de acabado a las superficies de acabado, a las superficies perimetrales y/o a las caras visibles, después de verter la matriz, a modo de protección (en los planos exteriores XY), para mejorar su dureza al rayado y durabilidad frente a productos químicos.
Opcionalmente, se puede incorporar una placa electrónica con iluminación, por ejemplo, con dispositivos del tipo LED, dentro del propio armazón antes del vertido de la matriz.Optionally, a transparent finishing varnish or resin can be applied to the finishing surfaces, to the perimeter surfaces and/or to the visible faces, after pouring the matrix, as a protection (in the external XY planes), to improve its appearance. scratch hardness and durability against chemical products. Optionally, an electronic board with lighting, for example, with LED-type devices, can be incorporated within the frame itself before the matrix is poured.
Hay varios modos de colocar dispositivos luminosos, tales como LEDs, en la estructura:There are several ways to place lighting devices, such as LEDs, in the structure:
- pueden estar en una zona interna dentro de la plataforma: para conseguir esta disposición se imprime la plataforma en dos partes con sus elementos de refuerzo correspondientes, se colocan los dispositivos luminosos en su placa electrónica en el lugar deseado y posteriormente se unen las dos partes del armazón, una vez impresas por separado, por ejemplo, con resina, de modo que el armazón tendrá los dispositivos luminosos en su interior (se observa en la figura 6 una sección), - they can be in an internal area within the platform: to achieve this arrangement, the platform is printed in two parts with their corresponding reinforcement elements, the light devices are placed on their electronic board in the desired place and then the two parts are joined of the frame, once printed separately, for example, with resin, so that the frame will have the lighting devices inside it (a section can be seen in figure 6),
- pueden ser colocados los dispositivos luminosos en uno, varios, o todos los laterales del armazón (figura 5), y en particular, de la plataforma. - The lighting devices can be placed on one, several, or all sides of the frame (figure 5), and in particular, of the platform.
Opcionalmente, se puede disponer de un plano saliente de la estructura compuesta, de material opaco o transparente, en el plano XY, que permite la iluminación del motivo o imagen de manera lateral con una fuente luminosa. Dicho plano saliente puede disponer en este caso de dispositivos de iluminación, tales como LEDs. Optionally, there can be a projecting plane of the composite structure, made of opaque or transparent material, in the XY plane, which allows illumination of the motif or image from the side with a light source. In this case, said projecting plane can have lighting devices, such as LEDs.
La presente invención tiene también como objeto el uso del material en la construcción, de los anuncios publicitarios, o en la industria del mueble The present invention also has as its object the use of the material in construction, advertisements, or in the furniture industry.
Según realizaciones particulares, el material se puede usar en: According to particular embodiments, the material can be used in:
- fabricación de encimeras de cocina. - manufacture of kitchen countertops.
- teselas para revestimientos en baños, cocinas. - tesserae for coatings in bathrooms, kitchens.
- realización de aplacados y paneles como revestimientos, en interiores de edificios o en sus fachadas o como falsas fachadas. - realization of cladding and panels as cladding, inside buildings or on their facades or as false facades.
- pavimentos interiores o exteriores, - interior or exterior floors,
- cielos rasos. - low ceilings.
Según realizaciones particulares, el uso de una estructura compuesta según la invención, que solo dispone de elementos de refuerzo sobre una de las caras principales
de la plataforma, y que tiene dispositivos luminosos, comprende llevar a cabo en el orden en el que están numeradas, las operaciones siguientes: According to particular embodiments, the use of a composite structure according to the invention, which only has reinforcing elements on one of the main faces of the platform, and that has luminous devices, comprises carrying out, in the order in which they are numbered, the following operations:
1.- aplicar sobre una superficie base, una capa de un material base, 1.- apply on a base surface, a layer of a base material,
2.- disponer una malla con dispositivos luminosos, tal que la disposición de dichos dispositivos reproduce el patrón deseado o la forma del dibujo deseada para que sea visible en la cara vista principal de la estructura compuesta, 2.- arrange a mesh with luminous devices, such that the arrangement of said devices reproduces the desired pattern or the shape of the desired drawing so that it is visible on the main view face of the composite structure,
3. - disponer las estructuras compuestas sobre la malla con dispositivos luminosos de la etapa 2, 3. - arrange the composite structures on the mesh with light devices from step 2,
4 opcionalmente, y preferentemente, añadir una capa de revestimiento final. 4 optionally, and preferably, add a final coating layer.
De manera alternativa, la etapa anterior 2 y la 3 pueden ser realizadas de forma simultánea en el caso de que los dispositivos luminosos y las estructuras compuestas estén ya unidos previamente. En la etapa 3 anterior, las estructuras compuestas se pueden: Alternatively, the previous stage 2 and 3 can be carried out simultaneously in the event that the lighting devices and the composite structures are already previously joined. In stage 3 above, the composite structures can be:
- disponer las estructuras compuestas que están en una de las siguientes formas: a.- unidas entre sí con una malla adhesiva b.- o en forma individual. c.- o las estructuras compuestas, y la malla de dispositivos luminosos, están unidas en una misma pieza. - Arrange the composite structures that are in one of the following forms: a.- joined together with an adhesive mesh b.- or individually. c.- or the composite structures, and the mesh of luminous devices, are united in the same piece.
Breve descripción de las figuras Brief description of the figures
En las figuras números iguales representan los mismos elementos.
En la Figura 1 se muestra un esquema de una realización particular de una estructura compuesta de la invención con forma de paralelepípedo donde predominan las dimensiones X e Y sobre la Z. En ella se observan las siguientes caras: In the figures equal numbers represent the same elements. Figure 1 shows a diagram of a particular embodiment of a parallelepiped-shaped composite structure of the invention where dimensions X and Y predominate over Z. The following faces can be seen in it:
- Dos caras vistas (1) y una cara inferior coincidente con plano baseXY (3) perpendicular a los planos perimetrales. - Two visible faces (1) and a lower face coinciding with the baseXY plane (3) perpendicular to the perimeter planes.
- Planos perimetrales (2) perpendiculares a las caras vistas, en el caso de formas ortoédricas - Perimeter planes (2) perpendicular to the visible faces, in the case of orthohedral forms
En la Figura 2, muestra una realización particular de una estructura compuesta, en forma de paralelepípedo, en la que se observa que los elementos de refuerzo - filamentos en esta realización particular - son de distinto grosor. En la parte izquierda de la estructura se observan las secciones de la misma, en la que (4) representa una zona con un relleno que se extiende hasta el 90% del eje X de la estructura compuesta, es decir, en este ejemplo, el armazón no llega hasta el borde perimetral en el eje X y el plano perimetral YZ forma un marco a modo de pared. (8) representa la sección de la estructura en el plano YZ. De forma análoga, el plano perimetral XZ también forma un marco a modo de pared. Figure 2 shows a particular embodiment of a composite structure, in the form of a parallelepiped, in which it is observed that the reinforcing elements - filaments in this particular embodiment - are of different thicknesses. On the left side of the structure, the sections of the same are observed, in which (4) represents an area with a filling that extends up to 90% of the X axis of the composite structure, that is, in this example, the The frame does not reach the perimeter edge in the X axis and the YZ perimeter plane forms a wall-like frame. (8) represents the section of the structure in the YZ plane. Similarly, the perimeter plane XZ also forms a wall-like frame.
En el plano YZ se puede ver la sección de la plataforma interna (zona 6), que en este caso tiene forma de celosía, sobre la que se disponen los filamentos de refuerzo, en este caso por encima y por debajo de la plataforma. La plataforma está aproximadamente centrada respecto a la longitud de la estructura en la dirección vertical. Las zonas 5 y 7 corresponden a la parte de la estructura compuesta por encima de la plataforma y por debajo de la plataforma respectivamente, y en ellas se encuentran los elementos de refuerzo. In the YZ plane, the section of the internal platform (zone 6) can be seen, which in this case is in the form of a lattice, on which the reinforcing filaments are arranged, in this case above and below the platform. The platform is approximately centered with respect to the length of the structure in the vertical direction. Zones 5 and 7 correspond to the part of the structure composed above the platform and below the platform, respectively, and the reinforcement elements are located there.
En la Figura 3a, se observa un esquema de una realización particular de una estructura según la invención. En su interior se puede ver el armazón con la plataforma en forma de celosía y los elementos de refuerzo sobre la plataforma perpendiculares a ella. En este caso la plataforma no se extiende en el plano XY hasta los planos perimetrales (9) hilera de elementos de refuerzo sobre la plataforma interna (10a) elemento de refuerzo de tipo filamento, superior e inferior de la plataforma en forma de celosía
(10b) conectares diagonales de la plataforma Figure 3 a shows a diagram of a particular embodiment of a structure according to the invention. Inside you can see the framework with the lattice-shaped platform and the reinforcing elements on the platform perpendicular to it. In this case, the platform does not extend in the XY plane to the perimeter planes (9) row of reinforcement elements on the internal platform ( 10a ) filament-type reinforcement element, upper and lower of the platform in the form of a lattice (10b) platform diagonal connectors
Las caras planas formadas por los elementas (10a) se corresponden a la triangulación de Delaunay de las coordenadas en dos dimensiones de los filamentos. Los nervios de unión (10b) o conectares sirven para crear triángulos en una tercera dimensión para reforzar la estructura formando un truss. The flat faces formed by the elements (10 to ) correspond to the Delaunay triangulation of the two-dimensional coordinates of the filaments. The connecting ribs (10b) or connectors serve to create triangles in a third dimension to reinforce the structure forming a truss.
En la Figura 3b, se observa un esquema de una realización particular de una estructura según la invención. En su interior se puede ver el armazón con la plataforma plana, en forma de malla y los elementos de refuerzo sobre la plataforma perpendiculares a ella. En este caso la plataforma no se extiende en el plano XY hasta los planos perimetrales. El elemento señalado como (10) es la plataforma interna Figure 3b shows a diagram of a particular embodiment of a structure according to the invention. Inside you can see the frame with the flat platform, in the form of a mesh, and the reinforcing elements on the platform perpendicular to it. In this case the platform does not extend in the XY plane to the perimeter planes. The element indicated as (10) is the internal platform
En la Figura 4 se muestra un ejemplo de una estructura en la que los elementos de refuerzo (9) son de la misma longitud entre sí en la zona (5) debajo de la plataforma interna y son de distinta longitud entre sí en la zona (11) por encima de la plataforma interna, dando lugar a una superficie con curvas de nivel. Se observa que los elementos de refuerzo de refuerzo por encima de la plataforma sobrepasan la cara vista superior de la estructura. En este ejemplo, la plataforma interna tiene forma de malla, por lo que está parcialmente hueca, y además no está centrada respecto al eje Z. Las zonas 5 y 7 no son iguales en longitud sobre el eje Z. Figure 4 shows an example of a structure in which the reinforcing elements (9) are of the same length with respect to each other in the area (5) below the internal platform and are of different length with respect to each other in the area ( 11) above the internal platform, giving rise to a surface with contour lines. It is observed that the reinforcing reinforcement elements above the platform exceed the upper visible face of the structure. In this example, the inner platform is mesh-shaped, so it is partially hollow, and it is also not centered on the Z axis. Zones 5 and 7 are not equal in length on the Z axis.
(11) zona de la estructura formada por las partes de los elementos de refuerzo que sobrepasan la cara visible. (11) area of the structure formed by the parts of the reinforcing elements that go beyond the visible face.
En la Figura 5 se puede ver un ejemplo de un armazón apropiado para una estructura según una realización particular adicional de la invención, que comprende una fila de dispositivos LED en un borde perimetral de la plataforma. Según otras alternativas podría tener placas longitudinales análogas en el resto de los bordes perimetrales de la plataforma. Figure 5 shows an example of an appropriate frame for a structure according to an additional particular embodiment of the invention, comprising a row of LED devices on a perimeter edge of the platform. According to other alternatives, it could have analogous longitudinal plates in the rest of the perimeter edges of the platform.
En la Figura 6 se puede ver un armazón apropiado para una estructura según una realización particular adicional de la invención, que comprende dispositivos luminosos en el interior del mismo. Concretamente se observan dispositivos LED (13) y una placa
electrónica con un circuito impreso (12). Además en esta figura se observa que cada filamento individual (9) puede estar iluminado. Figure 6 shows an appropriate frame for a structure according to an additional particular embodiment of the invention, which includes lighting devices inside it. Specifically, LED devices (13) and a plate electronics with a printed circuit (12). Furthermore, in this figure it can be seen that each individual filament (9) can be illuminated.
En la Figura 7 se puede ver un armazón apropiado para una estructura según una realización particular adicional de la invención, en el cual se puede observar que los elementos de refuerzo en este caso no están distribuidos de manera regular y tienen diferentes grosores. Figure 7 shows an appropriate framework for a structure according to an additional particular embodiment of the invention, in which it can be seen that the reinforcing elements in this case are not distributed in a regular manner and have different thicknesses.
La imagen que se observa en esta figura se ha obtenido usando la triangulación de Delaunay The image observed in this figure has been obtained using the Delaunay triangulation
En la Figura 8, se observa una realización particular adicional de un prototipo de estructura compuesta finalizado, en el que se observa la imagen de un rostro de mujer. In Figure 8, an additional particular embodiment of a finished composite structure prototype is observed, in which the image of a woman's face is observed.
En la Figura 9 se observa una realización concreta de un prototipo finalizado, con proyección lumínica, a la izquierda, (cualquier foco de luz) y al natural (a la derecha). Este prototipo se ha realizado mediante modelado manual, otra forma de realizarlo es por impresión 3D. Figure 9 shows a specific embodiment of a finished prototype, with light projection, on the left, (any light source) and natural (on the right). This prototype has been made by manual modeling, another way of doing it is by 3D printing.
En la Figura 10 se observa una realización concreta de una estructura compuesta, en la que la plataforma tiene forma alabeada. Figure 10 shows a specific embodiment of a composite structure, in which the platform has a warped shape.
La Figura 11 muestra un ejemplo de estructura compuesta con plataforma en forma de celosía, donde los elementos de refuerzo son una combinación de filamentos y de muros; y en ella se observa que los extremos de los elementos de refuerzo dan lugar a la imagen de una cara. Figure 11 shows an example of a composite structure with a lattice-shaped platform, where the reinforcing elements are a combination of strands and walls; and it can be seen that the ends of the reinforcing elements give rise to the image of a face.
En la Figura 12 se puede ver un armazón apropiado para una estructura según la invención, en la cual los elementos de refuezo están presentes únicamente sobre una de las caras principales de la plataforma interna. Figure 12 shows an appropriate framework for a structure according to the invention, in which the reinforcing elements are present only on one of the main faces of the internal platform.
A lo largo de la descripción y las reivindicaciones la palabra “comprende” y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras características técnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y características de la invención se
desprenderán en parte de la descripción y en parte de la práctica de la invención. Los siguientes ejemplos se proporcionan a modo de ilustración, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de la presente invención. Throughout the description and claims the word "comprise" and its variants are not intended to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will be will be apparent in part from the description and in part from the practice of the invention. The following examples are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.
EJEMPLOS EXAMPLES
Ejemplo 1 Example 1
Según una realización particular, (mostrada en la figura 3), la estructura compuesta de la invención tiene forma de paralelepípedo con las dimensiones X e Y de los ejes cartesianos predominantes respecto a la dimensión en el eje Z. Según esta realización, la estructura compuesta está formada por: According to a particular embodiment (shown in Figure 3), the composite structure of the invention has a parallelepiped shape with the X and Y dimensions of the Cartesian axes predominating with respect to the dimension on the Z axis. According to this embodiment, the composite structure It's formed by:
- una plataforma interna, parcialmente hueca, con forma de malla o rejilla en celosía, alojada en el interior de la estructura compuesta, paralela al plano XY, que no alcanza los bordes perimetrales (es decir, la longitud de la plataforma sobre el eje X y el eje Y es igual a la longitud de la estructura en estas dos dimensiones), y centrada respecto al eje Z, es decir, equidistante de las caras vistas superior e inferior de la estructura compuesta; sobre la plataforma que se aloja en el interior de la estructura compuesta están dispuestos: - an internal, partially hollow, mesh or lattice-shaped platform housed inside the composite structure, parallel to the XY plane, not reaching the perimeter edges (i.e. the length of the platform on the X axis and the Y axis is equal to the length of the structure in these two dimensions), and centered with respect to the Z axis, that is, equidistant from the upper and lower seen faces of the composite structure; on the platform that is housed inside the composite structure are arranged:
- elementos de refuerzo de forma perpendicular a la plataforma, y sobre ambas caras superior e inferior de la misma, llegando dichos elementos de refuerzo hasta la cara vista superior y hasta la cara vista inferior respectivamente, de la estructura, es decir, están enrasados con las caras vistas. Los elementos de refuerzo tienen todos la misma longitud, están colocados de forma paralela entre ellos y están aglutinados por un material de relleno. - reinforcing elements perpendicular to the platform, and on both its upper and lower faces, said reinforcement elements reaching the upper visible face and the lower visible face, respectively, of the structure, that is, they are flush with the seen faces. The reinforcing elements are all the same length, are placed parallel to each other and are bound by a filler material.
La dimensión del armazón en la dirección del eje Z es del 100% de la longitud total en esa dirección, de la estructura compuesta. The frame dimension in the Z-axis direction is 100% of the total length, in that direction, of the composite structure.
La disposición de los elementos de refuerzo da lugar en este caso a una imagen patrón visible en ambas caras vistas, superior e inferior, de la estructura compuesta, y que en este caso es un patrón de cuadrícula. The arrangement of the reinforcing elements in this case gives rise to a visible pattern image on both the top and bottom views of the composite structure, and which in this case is a grid pattern.
Ejemplo 2
Según una realización particular, (mostrada en la figura 12), la estructura compuesta de la invención tiene elementos de refuezo únicamente sobre una de las caras principales de la plataforma interna. En el caso particular mostrado en la figura 12, los elementos de refuerzo son del tipo filamento, y son paralelos entre sí, y perpendiculares a la plataforma interna. Opcionalmente, en esta realización particular, el armazón puede comprender dispositivos luminosos en el interior del mismo, como se observa en la figura 12. Por ejemplo, pueden ser dispositivos LED (13) y una placa electrónica con un circuito impreso (12). Además, cada filamento individual (9) puede estar iluminado. Example 2 According to a particular embodiment (shown in figure 12), the composite structure of the invention has reinforcing elements only on one of the main faces of the internal platform. In the particular case shown in figure 12, the reinforcing elements are of the filament type, and are parallel to each other, and perpendicular to the internal platform. Optionally, in this particular embodiment, the frame can include light devices inside it, as shown in figure 12. For example, they can be LED devices (13) and an electronic board with a printed circuit (12). Furthermore, each individual filament (9) may be illuminated.
Para la obtención de una superficie recubierta con estructuras compuestas según la realización del tipo de la mostrada en la figura 12, se pueden llevar a cabo en el orden en el que están numeradas, las operaciones siguientes: 1.- aplicar sobre una superficie base, una capa de un material base, tal como cemento, adhesivo, yeso o material de agarre químico o anclaje mecánico (depende de si es para una superficie que va a estar expuesta al exterior o en el interior de un edificio). To obtain a surface covered with composite structures according to the embodiment of the type shown in figure 12, the following operations can be carried out in the order in which they are numbered: 1.- apply to a base surface, a layer of a base material, such as cement, adhesive, plaster or chemical bonding material or mechanical anchor (depending on whether it is for a surface that will be exposed to the outside or inside a building).
2.- disponer una malla con dispositivos luminosos - por ejemplo, LEDs - (tal que la disposición de dichos dispositivos reproduce el patrón deseado o la forma del dibujo deseada para que sea visible en la cara vista principal de la estructura compuesta, o formas aleatorias o regladas, es decir, que se puede insertar cualquier tipología de figura geométrica (aleatoria) o una figura con un patrón determinado (reglada). 2.- arrange a mesh with luminous devices - for example, LEDs - (such that the arrangement of said devices reproduces the desired pattern or the shape of the desired drawing so that it is visible on the main view face of the composite structure, or random shapes or ruled, that is, any type of geometric figure (random) or a figure with a specific pattern (regulated) can be inserted.
3. - disponer las estructuras compuestas directamente sobre la malla con dispositivos luminosos 4 opcionalmente, y es una alternativa preferente, se puede añadir una capa de revestimiento final., “in situ” 3. - arrange the composite structures directly on the mesh with luminous devices 4 optionally, and it is a preferred alternative, a final coating layer can be added, "in situ"
La capa opcional de revestimiento final puede ser de diversos materiales, tales como microhormigón, hormigón, mortero, gres, hormigón/mortero/pasta polimérico o yeso.
Estas superficies base que se pueden recubrir con estructuras compuestas según la invención, por ejemplo, del tipo de las que se muestran en la figura 12, pueden ser, por ejemplo, suelos, paredes, techos. Las piezas o estructuras compuestas del tipo de las que se muestran en la figura 12, pueden ser prefabricadas previamente por lo que dicha etapa 3 comprende: The optional final coating layer can be made of various materials, such as micro-concrete, concrete, mortar, stoneware, polymeric concrete/mortar/paste or plaster. These base surfaces that can be covered with composite structures according to the invention, for example of the type shown in Figure 12, can be, for example, floors, walls, ceilings. The composite parts or structures of the type shown in figure 12 can be previously prefabricated, so said stage 3 comprises:
- disponer estas piezas prefabricadas de modo que están en una de las siguientes formas: a.- unidas entre sí con una malla adhesiva para pegar -en caso deseado - sobre los dispositivos luminosos, tales como LEDS, en el caso de estructuras compuestas de grandes formatos, b.- o en forma individual (en el caso de formatos pequeños). c.- o bien, las estructuras compuestas, y la malla de dispositivos luminosos, tales como LEDs, pueden estar unidas en una misma pieza. - arrange these prefabricated pieces so that they are in one of the following forms: a.- joined together with an adhesive mesh to stick -if desired- on the lighting devices, such as LEDS, in the case of structures made up of large formats, b.- or individually (in the case of small formats). c.- Or, the composite structures, and the mesh of lighting devices, such as LEDs, can be joined in the same piece.
Esta malla que puede estar uniendo entre sí las estructuras compuestas, es de un material que puede ser soluble en agua, tal que una vez dispuesta sobre la superficie base, la malla se disolverá con agua. This mesh, which may be joining the composite structures together, is made of a material that may be soluble in water, such that once placed on the base surface, the mesh will dissolve with water.
En el caso de que las estructuras compuestas estén unidas entre sí, las uniones entre las estructuras compuestas pueden ser del tipo: machihembrado, puzzle, mosaico, trencadis, hueso a hueso, cola milano, u otras formas de unión, siendo una de las formas de unión preferidas, por se la más sencilla, que estén a “testa”. Esta malla que une en estos casos las estructuras compuestas puede ser soluble en agua.
In the event that the composite structures are joined together, the joints between the composite structures may be of the type: tongue-and-groove, puzzle, mosaic, trencadis, bone to bone, dovetail, or other forms of union, one of the forms being of preferred union, for being the simplest, that are to "head". This mesh that joins the composite structures in these cases can be soluble in water.
Claims
1. Una estructura compuesta que comprende: 1. A composite structure comprising:
- un armazón compuesto por: - una plataforma que tiene unidos a ella, y sobre al menos una de sus caras principales, unos elementos de refuerzo, tal que los extremos libres de los elementos de refuerzo alcanzan o sobrepasan la cara vista superior, o la cara vista inferior, o ambas, de la estructura compuesta, dando lugar a imágenes patrón, visibles en una o ambas caras vistas, superior e inferior, y los elementos de refuerzo están aglutinados por- a framework made up of: - a platform that has attached to it, and on at least one of its main faces, reinforcing elements, such that the free ends of the reinforcing elements reach or exceed the top view face, or the lower view face, or both, of the composite structure, giving rise to pattern images, visible on one or both upper and lower view faces, and the reinforcing elements are bonded by
- al menos un material de relleno que ocupa todo el espacio delimitado por las caras externas de la estructura, salvo el espacio ocupado por el armazón, caracterizada por que la plataforma no alcanza ninguna de las dos caras vistas de la estructura, y por que al menos un 5%, preferentemente un 10 %, de los elementos de refuerzo respecto al total de elementos de refuerzo, tienen secciones transversales de distinto tamaño. - at least one filling material that occupies the entire space delimited by the external faces of the structure, except for the space occupied by the frame, characterized in that the platform does not reach any of the two visible faces of the structure, and that at least 5%, preferably 10%, of the reinforcing elements with respect to the total number of reinforcing elements, have cross sections of different sizes.
2. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1, en la que los elementos de refuezo se encuentran únicamente sobre una de las caras principales de la plataforma interna. 2. A composite structure according to claim 1, in which the reinforcing elements are found only on one of the main faces of the internal platform.
3. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1, en la que los elementos de refuerzo están en una posición seleccionada entre: 3. A composite structure according to claim 1, wherein the reinforcing elements are in a position selected from:
- enrasados con una o las dos caras vistas, - superando las caras vistas superior y/o inferior, con los filamentos equidistantes a las caras vistas, - flush with one or both visible faces, - exceeding the upper and/or lower visible faces, with the filaments equidistant from the visible faces,
- superando las caras vistas superior y/o inferior, estando los filamentos no equidistantes a las caras vistas.
- surpassing the upper and/or lower visible faces, the filaments being not equidistant from the visible faces.
4. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 , en la que la plataforma interna está dispuesta en una posición seleccionada entre: 4. A composite structure according to claim 1, wherein the internal platform is arranged in a position selected from:
- paralela a una o ambas caras vistas de la estructura compuesta y - parallel to one or both visible faces of the composite structure and
- formando un ángulo con una o ambas caras vistas. - forming an angle with one or both visible faces.
5. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que la plataforma interna está seleccionada entre una plataforma plana y una plataforma alabeada. 5. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal platform is selected from a flat platform and a warped platform.
6. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que la plataforma interna está dividida en al menos dos porciones que se encuentran en diversos planos sobre el eje vertical o eje Z. 6. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, in which the internal platform is divided into at least two portions that are in various planes on the vertical axis or Z axis.
7. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que la plataforma interna tiene curvas de nivel. 7. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal platform has contour lines.
8. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que la plataforma interna está seleccionada entre una plataforma maciza y una plataforma parcialmente hueca. 8. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal deck is selected from a solid deck and a partially hollow deck.
9. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 7, en la que la plataforma interna es parcialmente hueca, con perforaciones que la atraviesan, y tiene un porcentaje de volumen hueco comprendido entre el 1 % y el 99% de su volumen total preferentemente entre un 10 % y 90% y más preferentemente entre 30 y un 50%. 9. A composite structure according to claim 7, in which the internal platform is partially hollow, with perforations passing through it, and has a hollow volume percentage of between 1% and 99% of its total volume, preferably between 10 % and 90% and more preferably between 30 and 50%.
10. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que la plataforma interna está dispuesta en una posición seleccionada entre centrada respecto a la dirección vertical de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje Z y no centrada a lo largo del eje Z. 10. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal platform is disposed in a position selected from centered with respect to the vertical direction of the composite structure in the Z-axis direction and not centered along the Z-axis .
11. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que la plataforma interna tiene un grosor o altura sobre el eje Z de la estructura compuesta comprendido
entre el 1 y 99% preferentemente, entre el 40 y 80 % de la altura total de la estructura compuesta. 11. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the internal platform has a thickness or height on the Z axis of the composite structure comprised between 1 and 99%, preferably between 40 and 80% of the total height of the composite structure.
12. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que la plataforma se extiende en el plano XY hasta tener una superficie seleccionada entre: 12. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the platform extends in the XY plane to have a surface selected from:
- una superficie idéntica a la sección de la estructura compuesta en el plano XY. - a surface identical to the section of the composite structure in the XY plane.
- y una superficie menor que la sección de la estructura en dicho plano. - and a surface smaller than the section of the structure in said plane.
13. Una estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 1 o 2, en la que el armazón tiene una longitud de al menos el 70% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje X, y de al menos el 70% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje Y, preferentemente al menos el 90% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje X, y de al menos el 90% de la longitud de la estructura compuesta en la dirección del eje Y. 13. A composite structure according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the frame has a length of at least 70% of the length of the composite structure in the X-axis direction, and at least 70% of the length of the composite structure in the Y-axis direction, preferably at least 90% of the length of the composite structure in the X-axis direction, and at least 90% of the length of the composite structure in the Y-axis direction Y.
14. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que los elementos de refuerzo están dispuestos en una posición seleccionada entre: 14. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the reinforcing elements are arranged in a position selected from:
- paralelos entre sí - parallel to each other
- no paralelos entre sí. - not parallel to each other.
15. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que los elementos de refuerzo están dispuestos en una posición respecto a la plataforma seleccionada entre: 15. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the reinforcing elements are arranged in a position relative to the platform selected from:
- perpendicular y - perpendicular and
- formando un ángulo distinto de 90° con la plataforma. - forming an angle other than 90° with the platform.
16. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que los elementos de refuerzo están dispuestos sobre una o ambas caras principales de la plataforma, de manera que no siguen un orden regular.
16. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the reinforcing elements are arranged on one or both main faces of the platform, so that they do not follow a regular order.
17. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que los elementos de refuerzo tienen en una proporción de al menos el 5% de ellos, preferentemente, al menos el 10% de ellos, respecto al total de los elementos de refuerzo, una sección transversal con distinta forma. 17. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the reinforcing elements have a proportion of at least 5% of them, preferably at least 10% of them, with respect to the total of the elements of reinforcement, a cross section with a different shape.
18. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el armazón es de un material seleccionado entre translúcido, transparente, fotoluminiscente y opaco. 18. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the framework is of a material selected from translucent, transparent, photoluminescent and opaque.
19. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el armazón es de un material seleccionado entre ácido poliláctico (PLA), acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), elastómero termoplástico flexible (Flexible TPE), fibra de carbono, tereftalato de polietileno (PET), tereftalato de polietilienglicol (PETG), PETT, poliestireno de alto impacto (HIPS, “high impact polystyrene”) fibra óptica, nailon, policarbonato, butiral de polivinilo (PVB), fibra de carbono, polipropileno, fibra de vidrio, resinas fotopolimerizables y metal. 19. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the frame is made of a material selected from polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), flexible thermoplastic elastomer (Flexible TPE), carbon fiber , polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PETG), PETT, high impact polystyrene (HIPS), fiber optics, nylon, polycarbonate, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), carbon fiber, polypropylene, fiberglass, light-curing resins and metal.
20. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el armazón es de un material luminiscente. 20. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the framework is of a luminescent material.
21. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el armazón comprende además uno o más dispositivos luminosos, preferentemente, LED, y una placa de circuito impreso. 21. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the frame further comprises one or more lighting devices, preferably LEDs, and a printed circuit board.
22. Una estructura compuesta según la una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que tiene una dimensiones comprendidas entre 5 metros y 10 m y un espesor comprendido entre 4 y 50 mm. 22. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, having dimensions between 5 meters and 10 m and a thickness between 4 and 50 mm.
23. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el relleno de la parte de la estructura compuesta por debajo de la plataforma interna y por encima de la plataforma interna es de un material seleccionado entre: el mismo material y distinto material.
23. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the padding of the part of the composite structure below the internal platform and above the internal platform is of a material selected from: the same material and different material.
24. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el relleno de la estructura compuesta es de un material seleccionado entre:24. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the filler of the composite structure is of a material selected from:
- una matriz de resina, - una matriz cementicia - a resin matrix, - a cementitious matrix
- una matriz cerámica y - a ceramic matrix and
- un geopolímero. - a geopolymer.
25. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que el relleno de la estructura compuesta y el armazón son del mismo material o de distinto material. 25. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the padding of the composite structure and the frame are of the same or different material.
26. Una estructura compuesta según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, en la que los planos perimetrales están dispuestos en una forma seleccionada entre: - perpendiculares entre sí 26. A composite structure according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the perimeter planes are arranged in a manner selected from: - perpendicular to each other
- y con un grado de inclinación entre ellos. - and with a degree of inclination between them.
27. Un procedimiento para fabricar la estructura compuesta definida en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores, que comprende: - una primera etapa que comprende obtener un diseño de la plataforma interna y los elementos de refuerzo, es decir, del armazón, según la imagen que se desea que aparezca en al menos una de las dos caras vistas de la estructura compuesta 27. A method for manufacturing the composite structure defined in any one of the preceding claims, comprising: - a first stage comprising obtaining a design of the internal platform and the reinforcing elements, that is, of the frame, according to the image that it is desired to appear on at least one of the two visible faces of the composite structure
- una segunda etapa que comprende obtener mediante impresión 3D el armazón, o una matriz de dicho armazón, - una tercera etapa que comprende disponer el armazón dentro de un molde y rellenar con material de relleno el espacio hueco entre el molde y el armazón hasta la obtención de la estructura compuesta en su forma y tamaño previstos.
- a second stage that comprises obtaining the frame, or a matrix of said frame, by 3D printing, - a third stage that comprises arranging the frame inside a mold and filling the hollow space between the mold and the frame with filling material up to the Obtaining the composite structure in its intended shape and size.
28. Un procedimiento según la reivindicación 27, en el que la segunda etapa comprende obtener mediante impresión 3D una matriz, que será un negativo del armazón y obtener por moldeo el positivo del armazón. 28. A method according to claim 27, wherein the second stage comprises obtaining a matrix by 3D printing, which will be a negative of the frame, and obtaining the positive of the frame by molding.
29. Un procedimiento según la reivindicación 27, en el que la segunda etapa del procedimiento comprende imprimir el armazón y en la tercera etapa se utiliza una matriz cerámica, y comprende rellenar con polvo cerámico el molde donde se ha colocado el armazón, a continuación llevar a cabo un prensado, realizar un secado y someter la estructura a tratamiento de sinterización en un horno. 29. A method according to claim 27, wherein the second step of the method comprises printing the framework and in the third step a ceramic matrix is used, and comprises filling the mold where the framework has been placed with ceramic powder, then carrying pressing, drying and subjecting the structure to sintering treatment in a furnace.
30. Un procedimiento la reivindicación 27, que comprende además pulir la estructura compuesta obtenida. 30. A method of claim 27, further comprising polishing the obtained composite structure.
31. Un procedimiento según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 27 a 30, que comprende además aplicar un barniz o resina transparente de acabado a las superficies de acabado. 31. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 30, further comprising applying a clear finishing varnish or resin to the finishing surfaces.
32. Un procedimiento según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 27 a 31, que comprende además incluir uno o más dispositivos de iluminación, dispuestos en: - los bordes perimetrales del armazón y/o 32. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 31, further comprising including one or more lighting devices, arranged at: - the perimeter edges of the frame and/or
- en el interior de la plataforma y/o - inside the platform and/or
- en cada uno de los elementos de refuerzo. - in each of the reinforcing elements.
33. Un procedimiento según una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 27 a 32, que comprende además disponer de un plano saliente de la estructura compuesta, en el plano XY, de material opaco, translúcido o transparente, preferentemente transparente. 33. A method according to any one of claims 27 to 32, further comprising having a projecting plane of the composite structure, in the XY plane, of opaque, translucent or transparent material, preferably transparent.
34. Uso de la estructura compuesta definida en una cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1 a 26 en la construcción, en la industria de los anuncios publicitarios o en la industria del mueble, preferentemente en 34. Use of the composite structure defined in any one of claims 1 to 26 in construction, in the advertising industry or in the furniture industry, preferably in
- fabricación de encimeras de cocina, - manufacture of kitchen countertops,
- teselas para revestimientos en baños, cocinas,
- realización de aplacados y paneles como revestimientos, en interiores de edificios o en sus fachadas o como falsas fachadas, - tesserae for coatings in bathrooms, kitchens, - realization of cladding and panels as cladding, inside buildings or on their facades or as false facades,
- pavimentos interiores o exteriores, - interior or exterior flooring,
- cielos rasos. - low ceilings.
35. Uso de la estructura compuesta definida en la reivindicación 2, que comprende llevar a cabo en el orden en el que están numeradas, las operaciones siguientes: 35. Use of the composite structure defined in claim 2, comprising carrying out, in the order in which they are numbered, the following operations:
1.- aplicar sobre una superficie base, una capa de un material base, 1.- apply on a base surface, a layer of a base material,
2. -disponer una malla con dispositivos luminosos, tal que la disposición de dichos dispositivos reproduce el patrón deseado o la forma del dibujo deseada para que sea visible en la cara vista principal de la estructura compuesta, 2. - Arrange a mesh with luminous devices, such that the arrangement of said devices reproduces the desired pattern or the shape of the desired drawing so that it is visible on the main view face of the composite structure,
3. - disponer las estructuras compuestas sobre la malla de dispositivos luminosos,3. - arrange the composite structures on the mesh of luminous devices,
4 opcionalmente, añadir una capa de revestimiento final. 4 optionally add a final coating layer.
36. Uso de la estructura compuesta según la reivindicación 35, en la que la etapa 3 comprende: 36. Use of the composite structure according to claim 35, wherein step 3 comprises:
- disponer las estructuras compuestas que están en una de las siguientes formas: a.- unidas entre sí con una malla adhesiva b.- o en forma individual. c.- o las estructuras compuestas, y la malla de dispositivos luminosos, están unidas en una misma pieza.
- Arrange the composite structures that are in one of the following forms: a.- joined together with an adhesive mesh b.- or individually. c.- or the composite structures, and the mesh of luminous devices, are united in the same piece.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ESP202130141 | 2021-02-19 | ||
ES202130141A ES2826674B2 (en) | 2021-02-19 | 2021-02-19 | COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND ITS USE IN CONSTRUCTION |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2022175579A1 true WO2022175579A1 (en) | 2022-08-25 |
Family
ID=75882943
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/ES2022/070082 WO2022175579A1 (en) | 2021-02-19 | 2022-02-18 | Composite structure and use thereof in construction |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
ES (1) | ES2826674B2 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022175579A1 (en) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2370887T3 (en) * | 2007-07-11 | 2011-12-23 | Aron Losonczi | TRANSLOCK CONSTRUCTION BLOCK AND METHOD TO MANUFACTURE THE SAME. |
CH713396A1 (en) * | 2017-01-30 | 2018-07-31 | Lumineo Group Sa | Translucent object and production method for producing a translucent object. |
US20200005757A1 (en) * | 2017-02-16 | 2020-01-02 | Fujifilm Corporation | Soundproof structure |
-
2021
- 2021-02-19 ES ES202130141A patent/ES2826674B2/en active Active
-
2022
- 2022-02-18 WO PCT/ES2022/070082 patent/WO2022175579A1/en active Application Filing
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2370887T3 (en) * | 2007-07-11 | 2011-12-23 | Aron Losonczi | TRANSLOCK CONSTRUCTION BLOCK AND METHOD TO MANUFACTURE THE SAME. |
CH713396A1 (en) * | 2017-01-30 | 2018-07-31 | Lumineo Group Sa | Translucent object and production method for producing a translucent object. |
US20200005757A1 (en) * | 2017-02-16 | 2020-01-02 | Fujifilm Corporation | Soundproof structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2826674B2 (en) | 2022-03-18 |
ES2826674A1 (en) | 2021-05-18 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN103442863B (en) | For the leaded light component and preparation method thereof of works and building | |
ES2373474T3 (en) | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF A MULTI-PASS TRANSPARENT CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT FOR FAÇADES AND CONSTRUCTION ELEMENT SO MANUFACTURED. | |
US7165374B2 (en) | Wall system and method | |
US5741339A (en) | Vertical wall planter | |
WO2001004433A1 (en) | Construction panel and installation for its fabrication | |
US20020178672A1 (en) | Composite hybrid resin panels, molded parts and filler enhanced polymers therefor | |
ES2826674B2 (en) | COMPOSITE STRUCTURE AND ITS USE IN CONSTRUCTION | |
KR101530649B1 (en) | Light Emitting Concrete Block | |
US20230313520A1 (en) | 3-dimensional printed structure and a system and method for the 3-dimensional printing of structures | |
US9689169B2 (en) | Illuminating a concrete structure | |
CN114007859A (en) | Method for forming and finishing appurtenant cladding elements for use in construction and design | |
ES2916343T3 (en) | Ribbed grid for the manufacture of a building element with light transmission properties | |
WO2005108704A1 (en) | Module for the construction of floors, partition walls, roofs and similar | |
AU2014372629A1 (en) | Layer assembly comprising mineral material and glass and method for the production thereof | |
KR20090077256A (en) | Block for interior decoration finish work of building | |
KR100771187B1 (en) | Processing stone board | |
WO2006123005A1 (en) | Prefabricated element for construction and production method thereof | |
CN109514692B (en) | Reinforced concrete landscape lamp post and manufacturing method thereof | |
EP0147221A2 (en) | Improvements in or relating to decorative panels and to decorative building blocks | |
EP3366839A1 (en) | Illuminated paving brick made of ceramic-polymeric composite material and a method for manufacturing an illuminated paving brick | |
CN217400194U (en) | Energy storage slow release concrete plate structure | |
WO2000001523A1 (en) | Structural urethane panel | |
ES2203322B1 (en) | METHOD OF REINFORCEMENT OF PIECES OF NATURAL STONE AND STONE OBTAINED. | |
US20230071646A1 (en) | Method of additive forming of a 3d object by layering basic blocks | |
ES2331036B1 (en) | PREFABRICATED Slab and MOLD FOR MANUFACTURE. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 22755622 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 22755622 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |