WO2022166185A1 - 一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法 - Google Patents

一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法 Download PDF

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WO2022166185A1
WO2022166185A1 PCT/CN2021/115630 CN2021115630W WO2022166185A1 WO 2022166185 A1 WO2022166185 A1 WO 2022166185A1 CN 2021115630 W CN2021115630 W CN 2021115630W WO 2022166185 A1 WO2022166185 A1 WO 2022166185A1
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carbon dioxide
helium
turbine
temperature gas
cooled reactor
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French (fr)
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马晓珑
李红智
梁法光
韩传高
姚明宇
张瑞祥
姚尧
刘俊峰
李康
余俨
常重喜
叶林
彭伟超
徐校飞
于德
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Xian Thermal Power Research Institute Co Ltd
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Xian Thermal Power Research Institute Co Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
    • F01D15/08—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F01K25/103—Carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K7/00—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating
    • F01K7/32—Steam engine plants characterised by the use of specific types of engine; Plants or engines characterised by their use of special steam systems, cycles or processes; Control means specially adapted for such systems, cycles or processes; Use of withdrawn or exhaust steam for feed-water heating the engines using steam of critical or overcritical pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
    • F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
    • F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
    • F04B35/04—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21D—NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
    • G21D1/00—Details of nuclear power plant
    • G21D1/02—Arrangements of auxiliary equipment
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of nuclear power, and in particular relates to a system and method for carbon dioxide power generation by a high temperature gas-cooled reactor.
  • the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor demonstration power station uses the once-through evaporator to heat water with the heat generated by the reactor to generate steam, which drives the steam turbine to generate electricity.
  • the system has the following problems:
  • the structure of the system is complex, especially the manufacture and operation of the once-through evaporator are difficult.
  • the evaporator heat exchange tube is 14MPa, 570°C steam, the heat exchange tube is 7MPa, 750°C helium with radioactive graphite dust, and the heat exchange tube It is very dangerous after leakage during operation.
  • the unit After the accidental shutdown, the unit needs to cool down for a long time before the water circulation can be established again, which affects the availability and economy of the unit.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a system and method for high temperature gas-cooled reactor carbon dioxide power generation in view of the deficiencies of the prior art.
  • a high temperature gas-cooled reactor carbon dioxide power generation system comprising a helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger, a turbine and a compressor; wherein,
  • the first outlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger is connected to the inlet of the turbine, the outlet of the turbine is connected to the inlet of the compressor, and the outlet of the compressor is connected to the inlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger.
  • a further improvement of the present invention is that it includes a generator, an electric motor and a clutch; wherein,
  • the generator is arranged coaxially with one end of the turbine, and the electric motor is arranged coaxially with the other end of the compressor through the clutch.
  • a further improvement of the present invention lies in that the other end shaft of the turbine and the other end shaft of the compressor are connected and arranged coaxially.
  • a further improvement of the present invention is that helium gas is the coolant of the primary circuit composed of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger and the pressure vessel.
  • a method for generating electricity from carbon dioxide from a high temperature gas-cooled reactor comprising the following steps:
  • the motor drives the compressor and turbine through the clutch to drive the carbon dioxide cycle in the secondary circuit;
  • the helium in the primary loop transfers heat to the carbon dioxide in the secondary loop through the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger, the temperature of the carbon dioxide at the first outlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger increases, and the carbon dioxide in the permeation
  • the clutch is disengaged and the motor stops;
  • a further improvement of the present invention is that by controlling the speed of power increase of the high temperature gas-cooled reactor, the temperature increase speed of the carbon dioxide at the first outlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger is further controlled, and the speed of the turbine is further controlled.
  • the speed of the turbine is stabilized to 3000rpm Later, the generator generates electricity and is connected to the grid.
  • a further improvement of the present invention is that the power of the reactor is increased, the power generation load of the generator is increased, the power of the reactor is decreased, the power generation load of the generator is reduced, and the power generation load is increased or decreased according to needs.
  • a further improvement of the present invention lies in that, when the power generation system needs to be stopped for any reason, the motor starts to provide power for the system to meet the needs of the shutdown of the unit.
  • the present invention at least has the following beneficial technical effects:
  • the present invention provides a high temperature gas-cooled reactor carbon dioxide power generation system and method, which has obvious advantages in the following aspects compared with currently commonly used systems:
  • Carbon dioxide is an inert gas and will not chemically react with helium and graphite dust in the primary circuit, and the safety of the working fluid is fully guaranteed.
  • the first and second circuit heat exchangers are gas-gas (helium-supercritical carbon dioxide) heat exchangers, which avoids the conversion of dry and wet states, and avoids start-stop and The two-phase flow instability and other problems in the operation process have largely avoided the problem of flow-induced vibration of the heat exchanger from the mechanism.
  • the supercritical carbon dioxide power generation cycle has more significant efficiency advantages under the condition of high temperature parameters, which is more in line with the positioning of high temperature gas-cooled reactors.
  • the net efficiency can be increased by 3-5 points in the water working medium circulation, and at the 700°C level, the net efficiency can be increased by 6-8 points in the water working medium circulation.
  • FIG. 1 is a structural block diagram of a high temperature gas-cooled reactor carbon dioxide power generation system according to the present invention.
  • a system for generating electricity from high temperature gas-cooled reactor carbon dioxide includes a helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1, a motor 2, a compressor 3, a clutch 4, a turbine 5, a generator 6 and a pressure container 7.
  • the first outlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 is connected to the inlet of the turbine 5, the outlet of the turbine 5 is connected to the inlet of the compressor 3, and the outlet of the compressor 3 is connected to the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 entrance.
  • the generator 6 is arranged coaxially with one end of the turbine 5
  • the motor 2 is arranged coaxially with the other end of the compressor 3 through the clutch 4 .
  • the other end shaft of the turbine 5 and the other end shaft of the compressor 3 are connected and arranged coaxially.
  • the second outlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 is connected to the inlet of the pressure vessel 7 , and the outlet of the pressure vessel 7 is connected to the second inlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 .
  • helium gas is the coolant of the primary circuit composed of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 and the pressure vessel 7 .
  • Carbon dioxide is the intermediate medium of the secondary circuit composed of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 , the turbine 5 and the compressor 3 .
  • a method for generating electricity from carbon dioxide from a high temperature gas-cooled reactor includes the following steps:
  • the motor 2 drives the compressor 3 and the turbine 5 through the clutch 4 to drive the carbon dioxide cycle in the secondary circuit;
  • the speed at which the power of the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor is raised the speed at which the temperature of the carbon dioxide at the first outlet of the helium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger 1 is raised, and then the speed of the turbine 5 is controlled.
  • the generator 6 When the speed of the turbine 5 is stabilized to 3000 rpm , the generator 6 generates electricity and is connected to the grid.
  • the power generation load of the generator 6 is increased, and when the reactor power is decreased, the power generation load of the generator 6 is decreased, and the power generation load is increased or decreased as required.
  • the electric motor 2 is started to provide power for the system to meet the needs of the shutdown of the unit.
  • the temperature of the helium gas at the outlet of the primary loop of the reactor is 750°C and the pressure is 7MPa.
  • the helium gas with this parameter is introduced into the "helium-carbon dioxide" heat exchanger, and the carbon dioxide outlet temperature can reach above 700°C .
  • the pressure of carbon dioxide can be increased to 20 MPa or more by the carbon dioxide compressor, and on the other hand, by increasing the temperature and increasing the pressure, the carbon dioxide can be increased to a supercritical pressure or more.
  • the generator set formed by the combination of high temperature gas-cooled reactor and carbon dioxide turbine can realize ultra-supercritical nuclear power generating set, and the unit efficiency can reach more than 50%, which is much higher than the existing high-temperature gas-cooled reactor water vapor power generation and pressurized water reactor power generation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
  • Motor Or Generator Cooling System (AREA)

Abstract

一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法，系统包括氦-二氧化碳换热器（1）、透平机（5）和压缩机（3）；其中，氦-二氧化碳换热器（1）的第一出口接在透平机（5）的入口，透平机（5）的出口接在压缩机（3）的入口，压缩机（3）的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器（1）的入口。

Description

一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法 技术领域
本发明属于核电技术领域，具体涉及一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法。
背景技术
目前高温气冷堆示范电站利用直流蒸发器将反应堆产生的热量加热水，产生蒸汽，推动汽轮机发电的。
该系统存在以下一些问题：
(1)该系统结构复杂，特别是直流蒸发器制造、运行困难。
(2)目前在建的高温气冷堆核电站示范工程，蒸发器换热管内为14MPa、570℃的蒸汽，换热管外为7MPa、750℃的带有放射性石墨粉尘的氦气，换热管在运行中泄漏后危害很大。
(3)换热管故障后没有换管的手段，一根换热管在大负荷下的泄露将会损伤临近换热管，大量换热管的损伤将影响机组出力，甚至使得蒸发器报废。
(4)在启动停止阶段、干湿态转换阶段均存在蒸发器入口给水流量温度、流量难以控制，蒸发器出口压力波动大，主蒸汽温度变化剧烈，影响到蒸发器及汽轮机运行安全。
在事故停堆后机组需要长时间冷却才能再次建立水循环启动，影响到机组的可用性及经济性。
技术解决方案
本发明的目的是针对现有技术的不足，提供了一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法。
为达到上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案来实现的：
一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，包括氦-二氧化碳换热器、透平机和 压缩机；其中，
氦-二氧化碳换热器的第一出口接在透平机的入口，透平机的出口接在压缩机的入口，压缩机的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器的入口。
本发明进一步的改进在于，包括发电机、电动机和离合器；其中，
发电机与透平机的一端同轴设置，电动机通过离合器与压缩机的另一端同轴设置。
本发明进一步的改进在于，透平机的另一端轴和压缩机的另一端轴连接起来同轴设置。
本发明进一步的改进在于，包括压力容器；氦-二氧化碳换热器的第二出口接在压力容器的入口，压力容器的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器的第二入口。
本发明进一步的改进在于，氦气为氦-二氧化碳换热器和压力容器组成的一回路的冷却剂。
本发明进一步的改进在于，二氧化碳为氦-二氧化碳换热器透平机和压缩机组成的二回路的中间介质。
一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的方法，该方法基于所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，包括以下步骤：
在高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统启动初期，电动机通过离合器带动压缩机和透平机，驱动二回路内的二氧化碳循环；
随着高温气冷堆临界及功率的提升，一回路内的氦气通过氦-二氧化碳换热器将热量传递给二回路的二氧化碳，氦-二氧化碳换热器第一出口二氧化碳温度提高，二氧化碳在透平机做功，当透平机做功大于电动机的功率后，离合器脱开，电动机停止；
氦-二氧化碳换热器第一出口二氧化碳在透平机内做功后，温度、压力降低，通过压缩机将气体压力提高，使系统内的循环能够持续进行。
本发明进一步的改进在于，通过控制高温气冷堆功率提升的速度，进而控制氦-二氧化碳换热器第一出口二氧化碳的温度提升速度，进而控制透平机转速，当透平机转速稳定到3000rpm以后，发电机发电并网。
本发明进一步的改进在于，提高反应堆功率，发电机发电负荷增加，降低反应堆功率，发电机发电负荷减小，发电负荷根据需要增加或减少。
本发明进一步的改进在于，当因任何原因，发电系统需要停止时，电动机启动，为系统提供动力，满足机组停机的需要。
有益效果
与现有技术相比，本发明至少具有如下有益的技术效果：
本发明提供的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统和方法，该系统与目前通常使用的系统比起来有以下几方面明显的优点：
1)二氧化碳属于惰性气体，与一回路的氦气及石墨粉尘均不会发生化学反应，工质安全性有充分保障。
2)超临界二氧化碳发电循环全工况范围无相变，一、二回路换热器为气-气(氦气-超临界二氧化碳)换热器，避免了干湿态转化，避免了启停和运行过程的两相流流动不稳定性等问题，从机理上极大程度的规避了换热器流致振动的问题。
3)超临界二氧化碳发电循环在高温度参数条件下，效率优势更为显著，与高温气冷堆的定位更加契合。在600℃等级，净效率可以水工质循环提高3-5个 点，700℃等级，净效率可以水工质循环提高6-8个点。
附图说明
图1为本发明一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统的结构框图。
附图标记说明：
1、氦-二氧化碳换热器，2、电动机，3、压缩机，4、离合器，5、透平机，6、发电机，7、压力容器。
本发明的实施方式
以下结合附图和实施例对本发明做出进一步的说明。
如图1所示，本发明提供的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，包括氦-二氧化碳换热器1、电动机2、压缩机3、离合器4、透平机5、发电机6和压力容器7。其中，氦-二氧化碳换热器1的第一出口接在透平机5的入口，透平机5的出口接在压缩机3的入口，压缩机3的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器1的入口。发电机6与透平机5的一端同轴设置，电动机2通过离合器4与压缩机3的另一端同轴设置。透平机5的另一端轴和压缩机3的另一端轴连接起来同轴设置。氦-二氧化碳换热器1的第二出口接在压力容器7的入口，压力容器7的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器1的第二入口。
优选的，氦气为氦-二氧化碳换热器1和压力容器7组成的一回路的冷却剂。二氧化碳为氦-二氧化碳换热器1透平机5和压缩机3组成的二回路的中间介质。
本发明提供的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的方法，包括以下步骤：
在高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统启动初期，电动机2通过离合器4带动压缩机3和透平机5，驱动二回路内的二氧化碳循环；
随着高温气冷堆临界及功率的提升，一回路内的氦气通过氦-二氧化碳换热器1将热量传递给二回路的二氧化碳，氦-二氧化碳换热器1第一出口二氧化碳 温度提高，二氧化碳在透平机5做功，当透平机5做功大于电动机2的功率后，离合器4脱开，电动机停止；
氦-二氧化碳换热器1第一出口二氧化碳在透平机5内做功后，温度、压力降低，通过压缩机3将气体压力提高，使系统内的循环能够持续进行。
优选的，通过控制高温气冷堆功率提升的速度，进而控制氦-二氧化碳换热器1第一出口二氧化碳的温度提升速度，进而控制透平机5转速，当透平机5转速稳定到3000rpm以后，发电机6发电并网。
优选的，提高反应堆功率，发电机6发电负荷增加，降低反应堆功率，发电机6发电负荷减小，发电负荷根据需要增加或减少。
优选的，当因任何原因，发电系统需要停止时，电动机2启动，为系统提供动力，满足机组停机的需要。
目前在建的高温气冷堆示范工程，反应堆一回路出口氦气温度为750℃，压力为7MPa，将该参数的氦气引入“氦-二氧化碳”换热器，二氧化碳出口温度可以达到700℃以上。二氧化碳的压力一方面通过二氧化碳压缩机达到20MPa以上，另一方面通过提高温度提高压力，可以将二氧化碳提高到超临界压力以上。通过高温气冷堆与二氧化碳透平结合形成的发电机组，可以实现超超临界核能发电机组，机组效率达到50％以上，远高于现有的高温气冷堆水汽发电、压水堆发电。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，其特征在于，包括氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)、透平机(5)和压缩机(3)；其中，
    氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)的第一出口接在透平机(5)的入口，透平机(5)的出口接在压缩机(3)的入口，压缩机(3)的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)的入口。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，其特征在于，包括发电机(6)、电动机(2)和离合器(4)；其中，
    发电机(6)与透平机(5)的一端同轴设置，电动机(2)通过离合器(4)与压缩机(3)的另一端同轴设置。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，其特征在于，透平机(5)的另一端轴和压缩机(3)的另一端轴连接起来同轴设置。
  4. 根据权利要求2所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，其特征在于，包括压力容器(7)；氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)的第二出口接在压力容器(7)的入口，压力容器(7)的出口接在氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)的第二入口。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，其特征在于，氦气为氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)和压力容器(7)组成的一回路的冷却剂。
  6. 根据权利要求6所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，其特征在于，二氧化碳为氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)透平机(5)和压缩机(3)组成的二回路的中间介质。
  7. 一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的方法，其特征在于，该方法基于权利要求6所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统，包括以下步骤：
    在高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的系统启动初期，电动机(2)通过离合器(4)带动压缩机(3)和透平机(5)，驱动二回路内的二氧化碳循环；
    随着高温气冷堆临界及功率的提升，一回路内的氦气通过氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)将热量传递给二回路的二氧化碳，氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)第一出口二氧化碳温度提高，二氧化碳在透平机(5)做功，当透平机(5)做功大于电动机(2)的功率后，离合器(4)脱开，电动机停止；
    氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)第一出口二氧化碳在透平机(5)内做功后，温度、压力降低，通过压缩机(3)将气体压力提高，使系统内的循环能够持续进行。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的方法，其特征在于，通过控制高温气冷堆功率提升的速度，进而控制氦-二氧化碳换热器(1)第一出口二氧化碳的温度提升速度，进而控制透平机(5)转速，当透平机(5)转速稳定到3000rpm以后，发电机(6)发电并网。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的方法，其特征在于，提高反应堆功率，发电机(6)发电负荷增加，降低反应堆功率，发电机(6)发电负荷减小，发电负荷根据需要增加或减少。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的一种高温气冷堆二氧化碳发电的方法，其特征在于，当因任何原因，发电系统需要停止时，电动机(2)启动，为系统提供动力，满足机组停机的需要。
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