WO2022164324A1 - A system and a method for heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections in connection with drilling - Google Patents
A system and a method for heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections in connection with drilling Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2022164324A1 WO2022164324A1 PCT/NO2022/050015 NO2022050015W WO2022164324A1 WO 2022164324 A1 WO2022164324 A1 WO 2022164324A1 NO 2022050015 W NO2022050015 W NO 2022050015W WO 2022164324 A1 WO2022164324 A1 WO 2022164324A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- drill string
- drilling
- drill
- heave
- support frame
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 116
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002706 hydrostatic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000021615 conjugation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004941 influx Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/002—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling
- E21B19/004—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling supporting a riser from a drilling or production platform
- E21B19/006—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables specially adapted for underwater drilling supporting a riser from a drilling or production platform including heave compensators
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/08—Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables; Apparatus for increasing or decreasing the pressure on the drilling tool; Apparatus for counterbalancing the weight of the rods
- E21B19/09—Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables; Apparatus for increasing or decreasing the pressure on the drilling tool; Apparatus for counterbalancing the weight of the rods specially adapted for drilling underwater formations from a floating support using heave compensators supporting the drill string
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/10—Slips; Spiders ; Catching devices
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B19/00—Handling rods, casings, tubes or the like outside the borehole, e.g. in the derrick; Apparatus for feeding the rods or cables
- E21B19/14—Racks, ramps, troughs or bins, for holding the lengths of rod singly or connected; Handling between storage place and borehole
Definitions
- the invention relates to heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe joints during drilling from a floating mobile offshore drilling unit (MODU), to eliminate or at least reduce bottomhole pressure variations induced by vessel vertical motion transferred to the drill string.
- MODU floating mobile offshore drilling unit
- the invention relates to a system arranged for active heave compensation of a remotely controlled iron roughneck and power slips assembly, to be suspended underneath a drill floor rotary table of a drilling vessel.
- the invention relates to a method of heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections during drilling of a subsea well.
- BOP blowout preventer
- the BOP provides safety-critical functions to prevent uncontrolled release of reservoir fluids and gasses during well construction.
- the BOP may either be hydraulically or electro- mechanically operated.
- a subsea end of a drilling riser is via a flexible element attached to a top end of a lower marine riser package (LMRP) which is connected to the subsea BOP.
- LMRP lower marine riser package
- the drilling riser extends through the water column and a vessel moonpool to an underside of the drill floor, where it is suspended and connected below the rotary table.
- the drilling riser has several functions; to serve as a return conduit for cuttings laden drilling mud from the well, to be used for attachment and support of ancillary lines between the subsea BOP and the MODU for well control, and to bring the subsea BOP to/from the subsea wellhead.
- a riser tensioning system keeps the marine drilling riser stable, while, at the same time, compensating passively for vertical motion of the vessel.
- the drilling riser can be disconnected from the subsea BOP with a LMRP high-angle release connector.
- Managed pressure drilling is a proven solution to safely drill at narrow margins. These systems are widely accepted in surface installations. MPD from a MODll is typically performed by means of so-called "below riser tension ring RCD" systems. Placement of a rotating control device (RCD) below the tension ring allows full use of a telescopic joint for heave compensation. In combination with the RCD installed on the marine drilling riser, an annular preventer and a flow spool is also installed. This equipment is required to facilitate changing of the RCD sealing elements while circulation continues, and pressure is held in the well.
- RCD rotating control device
- a revolutionary approach to solving the challenges of narrow "drilling windows” is drilling in open water, known in the industry as dual-gradient drilling (DGD), which will provide a large range of cost and labour savings related to the drilling vessel and equipment.
- the open water drilling solution eliminates the conventional marine riser, diverter system, bellnipple and riser tensioning system and will enable full simultaneous drilling capabilities for the subsea well construction.
- a main feature of the solution is a subsea BOP with a wear resistant subsea RCD connected at the top of the BOP, sealing around the drill string. An annular preventer may also be included immediately below the RCD.
- Another BOP adaptation is an interface with a drilling-mud return system.
- the BOP control system must also be adapted to the open water drilling mode of operation.
- the solution will provide improved wellbore pressure management, longer sections can be drilled with the same casing diameter, and wellbore instability can be avoided. Benefits and cost savings with this drilling method will increase with the water depth.
- a drill string is a combination of drill pipe joints, a bottom hole assembly (BHA) and any other tools used to make the drill bit turn at the bottom of the wellbore.
- BHA bottom hole assembly
- Drilling mud with cut- tings is returned to the surface for treatment and re-use via the well annulus around the drill string, and for conventional drilling, further up through the marine drilling riser and diverter system.
- the mud is returned to the surface through a separate mud return system, which may be a flexible hose or a rigid riser, depending on the water depth. At least one subsea mud return pump is included in the system solution.
- the drill string is actively heave compensated during drilling operations.
- one or more linear actuators e.g. hydraulic cylinders or winch/wire-rope systems are provided between the crown block and the derrick, or between the travelling block and the hook.
- the drill string is pulled up to clear the drill bit from the bottom hole before it is wedged in the drill floor rotary table with manual slips or power slips. Mud circulation is temporarily stopped during drill pipe connections.
- hydrostatic pressure in the drill string and the well/riser annulus are balanced.
- Vessel heave motion in the North Sea and in areas with similar conditions can be several meters (>3 meters (>10 ft) with amplitudes of 10-20 seconds. Pressure fluctuations due to vessel heave have been of a magnitude higher than the standard limit for pressure regulation accuracy in MPD control systems. A heave of 3.5 meters can generate downhole pressure fluctuations of 30 bar (435 psi).
- Another method being developed to attenuate downhole pressure oscillations is the use of a controllable valve installed in the bottomhole assembly (BHA) in the lower end of the drill string.
- BHA bottomhole assembly
- Installing both the sensor and valve actuator downhole has two main advantages over control from topside. Firstly, the actuator is at, or very close to, where pressure control is desired. Thus, there is practically no delay, and no friction will affect the control input before it reaches the control objective.
- the motion of the BHA of the drill string which is the main cause of downhole pressure oscillations, is measured directly. Therefore, the system does not rely on being able to accurately predict the movement of the elastic drill string.
- WO 2020/067905 A1 discloses a coiled-tubing injector comprising an injector head provided with driving means arranged to displace a coiled tubing, and a control unit which is connected to the driving means and is arranged, by means of a first set of control signals, to control the axial displacement of the coiled tubing by the driving means, wherein the injector head is supported by a heave compensator forming a connection between a base formed on a floating installation and the injector head, and the heave compensator is provided with one or more heave-compensation cylinders which are arranged to generate a heave-compensated vertical movement of the injector head.
- US 2015/0315860 A1 discloses an offshore drilling installation comprising a platform selected from the group comprising a vessel, a pontoon, a jack-up, and further comprising a drill string drivingly connected with said platform and optionally provided with a heave motion compensator, wherein a seabed template suspended with lift wires from the platform is placed on a seabed, and wherein clamping means mounted in the seabed template are provided for fixing the drill string relative to the seabed template, which clamping means are embodied as a chuck which is arranged for clamping the drill string whilst enabling the drill string's rotation.
- WO 2019/093899 A1 discloses a vessel for performing subsea wellbore related activities, e.g. workover activities, well maintenance, installing an object on a subsea wellbore, etc., while the floating vessel is subjected to heave motion due to waves.
- a heave compensated hoisting device is mounted on a floating hull and is configured for lowering and lifting an object along a firing line through a moonpool of the vessel to/from a seafloor.
- a vertically mobile working deck with a hoisting cable opening that is aligned with the firing line and is configured for passing through at least the hoisting cable.
- a mobile working deck compensator is configured to move the mobile working deck between a lowered position and an elevated position, and to provide a heave compensated motion of the mobile working deck when in the elevated position.
- An object loading device is configured for introducing the object below the mobile working deck and in the firing line, such that the object can be coupled with a travelling hoist block to enable the winch system to lower the object along the firing line below the mobile working deck and to the seafloor.
- the drilling may be performed in open water or through a heave compensated marine riser arranged without the traditional diverter and telescopic joint arranged at an upper portion of the marine riser.
- the object of the invention is to enable a simplified heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe joints during drilling.
- a drilling vessel is prepared for open water drilling by removing structures like a marine drilling riser with a telescopic joint (hereinafter also called slip joint), a diverter and a riser tensioning system for conventional drilling.
- the drilling may take place through a marine drilling riser, wherein the slip joint and the diverter have been excluded.
- the iron roughneck and power slips assembly is mounted in an actively heave- compensated suspension arrangement comprising several linear actuators formed by 1) anchored hydraulic cylinders, or alternatively, 2) wire ropes extending from one or more heave compensated winches, with the wire-ropes looped through anchored, heavy duty snatch blocks at an underside of the drill floor.
- Benefits are:
- the invention relates more particularly to a system for heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections during a drilling operation from a drilling vessel, the system comprising: a blowout preventer locked on a wellhead, a drill string extending from the drilling vessel through the blow-out preventer to a bottom of a subsea well in an oil and gas reservoir, a sealing device above the blowout preventer and arranged to seal around the drill string during the drilling operation, a drilling mud return system connected to the blow-out preventer and provided with a mud-lift pump and a mud return line extending to the drilling vessel, wherein an iron roughneck and power slips are mounted in a vertically displaceable support frame arranged below a drill floor of the drilling vessel, the support frame is suspended in the drill floor by a set of linear actuators arranged for active heave compensation of the support frame, the support frame is vertically guided in a guiding arrangement, and a control system is arranged for remote operation of the iron rough
- the drill string may extend through a marine riser suspended in the drilling vessel, with the diverter and slip joint removed
- the sealing device may be provided inside the marine riser. An effect of this is that most of the marine riser may provide part of the mud return line. Mud return from below the sealing device is via a separate return line to the drilling vessel.
- the drill string may extend through open water with the sealing device connected to an upper portion of the blowout preventer.
- the sealing device may be provided directly above the blowout preventer, or in the marine drilling riser.
- the set of linear actuators may comprise several hydraulically operated cylinders. An effect of this is that the actuators are easily adapted to the available space.
- the set of linear actuators may comprise several wire-ropes extending from one or more winches. An effect of this is that voluminous portions of the linear actuators can be located far away from the support frame.
- the invention relates more particularly to a method of heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections during drilling of a subsea well, in connection with a need to at least reduce bottom hole pressure variations induced by vertical motion of a drilling vessel and transferred to a drill string during drill pipe connect or disconnect operations, wherein the method comprises the steps of: a) providing a system according to the first aspect of the invention; b) assembling the drill string with a bottom hole assembly and extending the drill string through the iron roughneck and the power slips assembly mounted on the support frame below the drill floor by adding in sequence drill pipes to allow the bottom hole assembly reaching a well bottom, c) extending a wellbore by rotating the drill string bottom hole assembly; d) upon need of extending the drill string, lifting the drill string to provide clearance between the bottom hole assembly and the well bottom; e) wedging the drill string in the power slips; f) heave compensating the iron roughneck, the power slips and the wedged drill string by operating the
- Fig. 1 shows an overview of a system for heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections during an open water drilling operation from a drilling vessel;
- Fig. 2 shows in larger scale an iron roughneck and power slips assembly supported in a first embodiment of a heave-compensated suspension arrangement
- Fig. 3 shows the iron roughneck and the power slips assembly supported in a second embodiment of the heave-compensated suspension arrangement
- Fig. 4 shows in smaller scale an overview of the system according to the invention during drilling operation from a drilling vessel through a marine riser
- Fig. 5 shows in larger scale more details of the arrangement according to figure 4.
- Figure 1 depicts a first exemplary embodiment of the system according to the invention, wherein a drilling vessel 13 floating in a mass of water 30 is provided with an iron roughneck 1 and power slips 2 assembled on a heave compensated support frame 3.
- a drill string 7 comprising several drill pipes 7a (also called drill pipe joints) and a bottom hole assembly 7b in the form of a drill bit, etc. is extending from the drilling vessel 13 through the iron roughneck 1 and the power slips 2 to a subsea well 16 extending from a wellhead 15 to a well bottom 16b via a wellbore 16a.
- the subsea well 16 is provided with i.a. a blowout preventer 14.
- a sealing device 17 is provided on top of the blowout preventer 14, and a drilling mud return system 18 comprising a mud-lift pump 18a and a mud return line 18b provides a mud return conduit between the wellhead 15 and the drilling vessel 13.
- the sealing device 17 is arranged to seal around the drill string 7 during the drilling operation.
- a control system 19 is arranged to operate the iron roughneck 1, the power slips 2, and the heave compensated support frame 3.
- a vertically displaceable and heave compensated top drive 12 is provided above a drill floor 4 in line with the drill string 7 and is arranged to rotate the drill string 7.
- the iron roughneck 1 and the power slips 2 are attached to the support frame 3 which is suspended from the drill floor 4.
- the support frame 3 is arranged to be vertically displaced along a guiding arrangement 5 attached to a surrounding structure (not shown) of the drilling vessel 13.
- the iron roughneck 1 and the power slips 2 are lined up with a rotary table 6 forming part of the drill floor 4.
- the drill string 7 is here shown extending through the open iron roughneck 1 and power slips 2.
- Drill pipes 7a are assembled and racked at the drill floor 4 in pipe stands (not shown). Normally, each pipe stand consists of three drill pipe joints (7a), and complete pipe stands are used to make up the drill string 7 as the drilling progresses.
- the support frame 3 is suspended from several heave compensated linear actuators 8 in the form of hydraulic cylinders powered from a power pack (not shown).
- the linear actuators 8 may be electro-mechanical devices.
- FIG. 3 shows an alternative suspension arrangement, wherein the support frame 3 is suspended from wire-ropes 9 that are looped through heavy-duty snatch blocks 10 attached under the drill floor 4.
- Each wire-rope 9 is reeled in and out by means of an active heave compensation winch 11 with electrical or hydraulic drive.
- the winches 11 are shown installed on the drill floor but may be mounted differently, e.g. at a lower deck level.
- One winch may handle more wire-ropes 9, e.g. a pair of wire-ropes 9 connected to one side of the support frame 3.
- a marine drilling riser 20 is extending from the wellhead 15 of the subsea well 16 to the floating drilling vessel 13, where the marine riser 20 is connected by a heave compensated tensioning device 20a (see fig. 5) in a way well known in the art.
- a heave compensated tensioning device 20a see fig. 5
- an upper portion of the marine riser 20 does not include a slip joint and a diverter.
- the sealing device 17 is provided in the upper portion of the marine riser 20.
- An annulus of the marine riser 20 forms part of the drilling mud return system 18, and a mud return line 18b with a mud-lift pump 18a extends from below the sealing device 17 to the drilling vessel 13.
- Additional fluid conduits like a choke line 20b and a booster line 20c are arranged along the marine riser, connecting wellhead controls (not shown) of the drilling vessel 13 to the wellhead 15.
- a drill pipe joint 7a or a spacer joint (not shown), is required during the make-up and break-up operations to bridge the gap between the rotary table 6 and the suspended power slips 2.
- the drill string 7 is suspended from the heave compensated top drive 12 during drilling. Prior to connection of another pipe stand, the drill string 7 is pulled-up to clear the bottom hole assembly 7b from the bottom 16b of the wellbore 16a, before the drill string 7 is wedged in the heave compensated power slips 2.
- the upper single drill pipe joint 7a, alternatively the spacer joint (not shown) used to bridge the gap between the power slips 2 and the iron roughneck 1 is then disconnected and pulled up through the rotary table 6.
- the pipe stand to be added is lowered through the rotary table 6 by the top drive 12 and is made up to the drill string 7 by the iron roughneck 1.
- the power slips is opened, and drilling continues. The sequence is repeated.
- a pipe stand is pulled up above the power slips 2, the drill string 7 is wedged into the power slips 2 and the pipe stand is disconnected by the iron roughneck 3 and pulled out through the rotary table 6 and is racked.
- the top drive 12 is then used to lower the single drill pipe joint 7a, alternatively the spacer joint (not shown) used to bridge the gap between the power slips 2 and the iron roughneck 1 , through the rotary table 6 to the power slips 2.
- the single drill pipe joint 7a or the spacer joint (not shown) is made up to the top of the drill string 7.
- the sequence of pulling out and racking a pipe stand is repeated. Once a bottom hole assembly (not shown) is above open wellbore hole, tripping may be done with the ordinary set-up in the rotary table 6.
- the operation will typically be done with the ordinary set-up in the rotary table 6 for the upper, cased part of the subsea well 16.
- the iron roughneck 1 and power slips 2 is actively heave compensated during the drill pipe connection operations.
- the heave-compensation technique is known from heave compensation of the drill string 7 during drilling. This involves measuring the movement of the drilling vessel 13 using a measuring device (for example a motion reference unit ( MRU)) and using a signal representing the motion of the drilling vessel 13 to control a drive to retract or extend the linear actuators 8 (see figure 2), or drive the wire-ropes 9 in or out with the winches 11 (see figure 3), in pace with the heave movement of the drilling vessel 13, to eliminate or at least reduce the vertical pumping movement of the drill string 7 inside the subsea well 16, that would otherwise be a result of heave movement imposed by the drilling vessel 13.
- a measuring device for example a motion reference unit ( MRU)
- MRU motion reference unit
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- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
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- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Earth Drilling (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB2309682.9A GB2616788A (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2022-01-17 | A system and a method for heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections in connection with drilling |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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NO20210116 | 2021-01-29 | ||
NO20210116 | 2021-01-29 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO2022164324A1 true WO2022164324A1 (en) | 2022-08-04 |
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ID=82653740
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NO2022/050015 WO2022164324A1 (en) | 2021-01-29 | 2022-01-17 | A system and a method for heave compensated make-up and break-out of drill pipe connections in connection with drilling |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
GB (1) | GB2616788A (en) |
NO (1) | NO346881B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2022164324A1 (en) |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140151057A1 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-06-05 | Itrec B.V. | Drilling vessel |
US20190256173A1 (en) * | 2014-10-24 | 2019-08-22 | Itrec B.V. | Offshore drilling system, vessel and method |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020067905A1 (en) * | 2018-09-26 | 2020-04-02 | Norocean As | Coil tubing injector integrated heave compensation and a coil tubing heave compensation method |
-
2022
- 2022-01-17 WO PCT/NO2022/050015 patent/WO2022164324A1/en active Application Filing
- 2022-01-17 NO NO20220053A patent/NO346881B1/en unknown
- 2022-01-17 GB GB2309682.9A patent/GB2616788A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20140151057A1 (en) * | 2011-07-15 | 2014-06-05 | Itrec B.V. | Drilling vessel |
US20190256173A1 (en) * | 2014-10-24 | 2019-08-22 | Itrec B.V. | Offshore drilling system, vessel and method |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO20220053A1 (en) | 2022-08-01 |
GB202309682D0 (en) | 2023-08-09 |
NO346881B1 (en) | 2023-02-13 |
GB2616788A (en) | 2023-09-20 |
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