WO2022129473A1 - A positive electrode active material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries - Google Patents
A positive electrode active material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022129473A1 WO2022129473A1 PCT/EP2021/086400 EP2021086400W WO2022129473A1 WO 2022129473 A1 WO2022129473 A1 WO 2022129473A1 EP 2021086400 W EP2021086400 W EP 2021086400W WO 2022129473 A1 WO2022129473 A1 WO 2022129473A1
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- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 93
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 70
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000003921 particle size analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910008015 Li-M Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 10
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229910007786 Li2WO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 25
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 101100439211 Caenorhabditis elegans cex-2 gene Proteins 0.000 description 15
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 11
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 10
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- VNTQORJESGFLAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H cobalt(2+) manganese(2+) nickel(2+) trisulfate Chemical class [Mn++].[Co++].[Ni++].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O VNTQORJESGFLAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010296 bead milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N furosemide Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(S(=O)(=O)N)=CC(C(O)=O)=C1NCC1=CC=CO1 ZZUFCTLCJUWOSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010902 jet-milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- BAEKJBILAYEFEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxotungsten Chemical compound [Li].[W]=O BAEKJBILAYEFEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910012223 LiPFe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002159 nanocrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVRQVWSVLMGPRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxotungsten Chemical class [W]=O VVRQVWSVLMGPRN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002277 temperature effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002123 temporal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010947 wet-dispersion method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/40—Alloys based on alkali metals
- H01M4/405—Alloys based on lithium
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/72—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by d-values or two theta-values, e.g. as X-ray diagram
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/70—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data
- C01P2002/76—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured X-ray, neutron or electron diffraction data by a space-group or by other symmetry indications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/80—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases
- C01P2004/82—Particles consisting of a mixture of two or more inorganic phases two phases having the same anion, e.g. both oxidic phases
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for lithium-ion liquid electrolyte rechargeable batteries. More specifically, the invention relates to particulate positive electrode active materials comprising tungsten oxides.
- This invention relates to a single-crystalline positive electrode active material powder for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (LIBs), comprising a first compound which comprise lithium tungsten oxide, and a second compound which comprises tungsten oxide.
- LIBs lithium-ion rechargeable batteries
- KR 2019/0078991 discloses positive electrode active material powder comprises a mixture of lithium transition metal oxide and lithium tungsten oxide compounds.
- the positive electrode active material according to KR 2019/0078991 has low initial discharge capacity (DQ1) and high irreversible capacity (IRRQ).
- the positive electrode active material is a powder which comprises Li, M', and O, wherein M' consists of:
- A in a content m superior or equal to 0 mol% and inferior or equal to 5 mol%, relative to M', whereby A comprises at least one element of the group consisting of: Al, Ba, B, Mg, Nb, Sr, Ti, W, S, Ca, Cr, Zn, V, Y, Si, and Zr,
- Ni in a content of 100-x-y-m mol% i. a first compound which comprises U2WO4 ii. and a second compound which comprises WO3, whereby the powder is a single-crystalline powder, whereby the positive electrode active material comprises Li in a molar ratio of Li/(Co+Mn+Ni+A) of at least 0.900 and at most 1.100.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention; a lithium ion rechargeable battery comprising a liquid electrolyte and a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention; and a use of a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention in a battery of either one of a portable computer, a tablet, a mobile phone, an electrically powered vehicle and an energy storage system.
- Figure 1 shows an X-ray diffractogram of a positive electrode active material powder according to EX1.7 comprising U2WO4 and WO3 compounds.
- Figure 2 shows the X-ray diffractograms of CEX2, EX1.4, and CEX3.3.
- the horizontal axis shows the diffraction angle 20 in degrees
- the vertical axis shows the signal intensity on a logarithmic scale.
- “About” as used herein referring to a measurable value such as a parameter, an amount, a temporal duration, and the like, is meant to encompass variations of +/-20% or less, preferably +/-10% or less, more preferably +/-5% or less, even more preferably +/-1% or less, and still more preferably +/-0.1% or less of and from the specified value, in so far, such variations are appropriate to perform in the disclosed invention.
- the value to which the modifier "about” refers is itself also specifically disclosed.
- ppm parts per million on a mass basis.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material, whereby the positive electrode active material is a powder which comprises Li, M', and O, wherein M' consists of:
- A in a content m superior or equal to 0 mol% and inferior or equal to 5 mol%, relative to M', whereby A comprises at least one element of the group consisting of: Al, Ba, B, Mg, Nb, Sr, Ti, W, S, Ca, Cr, Zn, V, Y, Si, and Zr,
- a single-crystalline powder is considered to be a powder in which 80% or more of the particles in a field of view of at least 45 pm x at least 60 pm (i.e. of at least 2700 pm 2 ), preferably of: at least 100 pm x 100 pm (i.e. of at least 10,000 pm 2 ) in a SEM image have a single-crystalline morphology.
- a particle is considered to have single-crystalline morphology if it consists of only one grain, or a very low number of a most five, constituent grains, as observed by SEM or TEM. Contrary, a particle is considered to have a polycrystalline morphology if it consists of at least six constituent grains, as observed by SEM or TEM.
- a positive electrode active material for lithium-ion rechargeable batteries according to the invention indeed allows a higher DQ1 and lower IRRQ. This is illustrated by examples and the results provided in the Table 2.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the total content of tungsten is at least 0.20 wt.% and/or at most 2.50 wt.% with respect to the total weight of said positive electrode active material, as determined by ICP-OES analysis, whereby ICP-OES means Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry.
- said weight ratio is between 0.25 wt.% and 2.00 wt.% and more preferably, said weight ratio is equal to 0.30, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 wt.% or any value there in between.
- a positive active material is defined as a material which is electrochemically active in a positive electrode.
- active material it must be understood a material capable to capture and release Li ions when subjected to a voltage change over a predetermined period of time.
- Ni content 100-x-y-m in the positive electrode active material is > 60 mol% and more preferably > 65 mol%, relative to M'.
- Ni content 100-x-y-m in the positive electrode active material is ⁇ 95 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 90 mol%, relative to M'.
- Mn content y in the positive electrode active material is > 0 mol% and more preferably > 5 mol%, relative to M'.
- Mn content y in the positive electrode active material is ⁇ 35 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 30 mol%, relative to M'.
- Co content x in the positive electrode active material is > 2 mol% and more preferably > 5 mol%, relative to M'.
- Co content x in the positive electrode active material is ⁇ 35 mol% and more preferably ⁇ 30 mol%, relative to M'.
- a content m in the positive electrode active material is superior or equal to 0.01 mol%, relative to M'.
- a content m in the positive electrode active material is inferior or equal to 2.0 mol%, relative to M'.
- the positive electrode active material has a median particle size D50 of between 2 pm and 7 pm, as determined by laser diffraction particle size analysis.
- the positive electrode active material size D99 is at least 5 pm and at most 25 pm and more preferably is at least 7 pm and at most 20 pm, as determined by laser diffraction particle size analysis.
- D50 and D99 each are defined herein as the particle size at 50% and 99% of the cumulative volume% distributions, respectively, of the positive electrode active material powder which may be determined by laser diffraction particle size analysis.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the first compound comprises IJ2WO4 and belongs to the R-3 space group and a second compound comprises WO3 and belongs to the P21/n space group, as determined by X-Ray diffraction analysis.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein the total content of tungsten is between 0.20 wt.% and 2.50 wt.% with respect to the total weight of said positive electrode active material, as determined by ICP-OES analysis.
- said weight ratio is between 0.25 wt.% and 2.00 wt.% and more preferably, said weight ratio is equal to 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 wt.% or any value there in between.
- the present invention provides a battery cell comprising a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention.
- the present invention provides a use of a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention in a battery of either one of a portable computer, a tablet, a mobile phone, an electrically powered vehicle, and an energy storage system.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention, whereby the positive electrode active material comprises a third compound which belongs to the R-3m space group as determined by X-Ray diffraction analysis.
- said third compound is a lithium transition metal oxide i.e. a Li-M'-oxide as defined herein above.
- the lithium transition metal oxide is identified by X-Ray diffraction analysis. According to "Journal of Power Sources (2000), 90, 76-81", the lithium transition metal oxide has a crystal structure which belongs to the R-3m space group.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention; a lithium ion rechargeable battery comprising a liquid electrolyte and a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention; and a use of a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention in a battery of either one of a portable computer, a tablet, a mobile phone, an electrically powered vehicle and an energy storage system.
- the present invention provides a method for preparing a positive electrode active material according to the first aspect of the invention, as described herein above, wherein the method comprises the following steps of: mixing a single-crystalline lithium transition metal oxide powder with a W containing compound so as to obtain a mixture, heating the mixture in an oxidizing atmosphere at a temperature of between 250°C and 450°C so as to obtain the positive electrode active material.
- the W containing compound is WO3.
- the amount of W used is in said process is between 0.20 wt.% and 2.50 wt.% with respect to the total weight of said positive electrode active material, as determined by ICP-OES analysis.
- the second mixture is heated at a temperature of between 300°C and 400°C, and more preferably at a temperature of between 325°C and 375°C.
- the heated powder and/or positive electrode material is further processed, for example by crushing and/or sieving.
- the lithium transition metal oxide comprises A, wherein A comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of: Al, Ba, B, Mg, Nb, Sr, Ti, W, S, Ca, Cr, Zn, V, Y, Si, and Zr.
- composition of a positive electrode active material powder is measured by the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) method using an Agilent 720 ICP-OES Agilent Technologies, https ://www. agilent. com/cs/library/brochures/5990-6497EN%20720- 725_ICP-0ES_LR.pdf).
- ICP inductively coupled plasma
- the solution from the Erlenmeyer flask is poured into a first 250 mL volumetric flask. Afterwards, the first volumetric flask is filled with deionized water up to the 250 mL mark, followed by a complete homogenization process (1 st dilution). An appropriate amount of the solution from the first volumetric flask is taken out by a pipette and transferred into a second 250 mL volumetric flask for the 2 nd dilution, where the second volumetric flask is filled with an internal standard element and 10% hydrochloric acid up to the 250 mL mark and then homogenized. Finally, this solution is used for ICP-OES measurement.
- the particle size distribution (PSD) of the positive electrode active material powder is measured by laser diffraction particle size analysis using a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 with a Hydro MV wet dispersion accessory (https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/ products/product-range/mastersizer-range/mastersizer-3000#overview) after having dispersed each of the powder samples in an aqueous medium.
- a Malvern Mastersizer 3000 with a Hydro MV wet dispersion accessory https://www.malvernpanalytical.com/en/ products/product-range/mastersizer-range/mastersizer-3000#overview
- D50 and D99 each are defined as the particle size at 50% and 99% of the cumulative volume% distributions obtained from the Malvern Mastersizer 3000 with Hydro MV measurements.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the positive electrode active material is collected with a Rigaku X-Ray Diffractometer D/max2000 Rigaku, Du, Y., et al. (2012).
- the instrument configuration is set at: a 1° Soller slit (SS), a 10 mm divergent height limiting slit (DHLS), a 1° divergence slit (DS) and a 0.3 mm reception slit (RS).
- the diameter of the goniometer is 185 mm.
- diffraction patterns are obtained in the range of 15 - 70° (29) with a scan speed of 1° per min and a step-size of 0.02° per scan.
- a slurry that contains a positive electrode active material powder, conductor (Super P, Timcal), binder (KF#9305, Kureha) - with a formulation of 90:5:5 by weight - in a solvent (NMP, Mitsubishi) is prepared by a high-speed homogenizer.
- the homogenized slurry is spread on one side of an aluminum foil using a doctor blade coater with a 230 pm gap.
- the slurry coated foil is dried in an oven at 120°C and then pressed using a calendaring tool. Then it is dried again in a vacuum oven to completely remove the remaining solvent in the electrode film.
- a coin cell is assembled in an argon-filled glovebox.
- a separator (Celgard 2320) is located between a positive electrode and a piece of lithium foil used as a negative electrode. 1 M LiPFe in EC/DMC (1:2) is used as electrolyte and is dropped between separator and electrodes. Then, the coin cell is completely sealed to prevent leakage of the electrolyte.
- the testing method is a conventional "constant cut-off voltage" test.
- the conventional coin cell test in the present invention follows the schedule shown in Table 1. Each cell is cycled at 25°C using a Toscat-3100 computer-controlled galvanostatic cycling station (from Toyo).
- the schedule uses a 1C current definition of 220mA/g.
- the initial charge capacity (CQ1) and discharge capacity (DQ1) are measured in constant current mode (CC) at C rate of 0.1C in the 4.3 V to 3.0 V/Li metal window range.
- the irreversible capacity IRRQ is expressed in % as follows:
- IRRQ (%) 100*(CQl-DQl)/CQl
- a single-crystalline positive electrode active material labelled as CEX1.1 is prepared according to the following steps:
- Step 1) Transition metal oxidized hydroxide precursor preparation A nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder (TMH1) having a metal composition of Ni0.86Mn0.07Co0.07 is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- TSH1 nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder having a metal composition of Ni0.86Mn0.07Co0.07 is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor
- Step 3) First mixing: the heated powder prepared from Step 2) is mixed with LiOH in an industrial blender so as to obtain a first mixture having a lithium to metal ratio of 0.96.
- Step 4) First firing: The first mixture from Step 3) is fired at 890°C for 11 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere so as to obtain a first fired powder.
- Step 5) Wet bead milling: The first fired powder from Step 4) is bead milled with solid to water weight ratio of 6:4 for 20 minutes, followed by filtering, drying, and sieving process so as to obtain a milled powder.
- Step 6) Second mixing: the milled powder from Step 5) is mixed with LiOH in an industrial blender so as to obtain a second mixture having a lithium to metal ratio of 0.99.
- Step 7) Second firing: the second mixture from Step 6) is fired at 760°C for 10 hours in a oxidizing atmosphere, followed by crushing and sieving process so as to obtain a second fired powder labelled as CEX1.1.
- a single-crystalline positive electrode active material labelled as CEX2 is prepared according to the following steps:
- Step 1) Transition metal oxidized hydroxide precursor preparation A nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder (TMH2) having a metal composition of Ni0.86Mn0.07Co0.07 is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- TMH2 nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder having a metal composition of Ni0.86Mn0.07Co0.07 is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor
- Step 3) First mixing: the heated powder prepared from Step 2) is mixed with LiOH in an industrial blender so as to obtain a first mixture having a lithium to metal ratio of 0.96.
- Step 4) First firing: The first mixture from Step 3) is fired at 890°C for 11 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere so as to obtain a first fired powder.
- Step 5) Wet bead milling: The first fired powder from Step 4) is bead milled in a solution containing 0.5 mol% Co with respect to the total molar contents of Ni, Mn, and Co in the first fired powder followed by dying and sieving process so as to obtain a milled powder.
- the bead milling solid to solution weight ratio is 6:4 and is conducted for 20 minutes.
- Step 6) Second mixing: the milled powder obtained from Step 5) is mixed in an industrial blender with 1.5 mol% Co from CO3O4 and 7.5 mol% Li from LiOH, each with respect to the total molar contents of Ni, Mn, and Co in the milled powder so as to obtain a second mixture.
- Step 7) Second firing: The second mixture from Step 6) is fired at 760°C for 10 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere followed by crushing and sieving process so as to obtain a second fired powder labelled as CEX2.
- EX1.0 is prepared according to the following process:
- Step 1) CEX1.1 is mixed with WO3 powder to obtain a mixture contains about 0.45 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- Step 2) Heating the mixture obtained from Step 1) in a furnace under the flow of an oxidizing atmosphere at 350°C for 10 hours.
- Step 3) Crushing and sieving the heated product from Step 2) so as to obtain a powder labelled as EX1.0.
- EX1.1 is prepared according to the following process:
- Step 1) CEX2 is mixed with WO3 powder to obtain a mixture contains about 0.24 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- Step 2 Heating the mixture obtained from Step 1) in a furnace under the flow of an oxidizing atmosphere at 350°C for 10 hours.
- Step 3) Crushing and sieving the heated product from Step 2) so as to obtain a powder labelled as EX1.1.
- EX1.2, EX1.3, EX1.4, EX1.5, EX1.6, and EX1.7 are prepared according to the same method as EX1.1 except that in the Step 1) CEX2 is mixed with WO3 powder so as to obtain a mixture contains about 0.36, 0.43, 0.45, 0.48, 0.75, and 1.50 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture, respectively.
- EX1.8 and EX1.9 are prepared according to the same method as EX1.1 except that in the Step 1) CEX2 is mixed with WO3 powder so as to obtain a mixture contains about 0.36 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture, and the heating temperature in the Step 2) are 300°C and 400°C, respectively.
- CEX3.1 is prepared according to the same method as EX1.1 except that in the Step 1) CEX2 is mixed with WO3 powder so as to obtain a mixture contains about 3.00 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- CEX3.2 is prepared according to the same method as EX1.1 except that in the Step 1) CEX2 is mixed with WO3 powder so as to obtain a mixture contains about 0.36 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture, and no heating is applied in the Step 2).
- CEX3.3 is prepared according to the same method as EX1.1 except that in the Step 1) CEX2 is mixed with WO3 powder so as to obtain a mixture contains about 0.45 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture, and the heating temperature applied in the Step 2) is 550°C.
- the particle size distributions of the products from CEX1.1, CEX2, and EX1.3 were determined by a Malvern Mastersizer 3000, as described in section 1.2 above. These products all have a median particle size D50 of between 3.8 and 4.5 pm and D99 between 9.6 pm to 11.1 pm.
- a polycrystalline positive electrode active material labelled as CEX4.1 is prepared according to the following steps:
- Step 1) Transition metal oxidized hydroxide precursor preparation: two transition metalbased oxidized hydroxide precursors, each labelled as TMH3 and TMH4, were prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel-manganese-cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- TMH3 D50 is around 10 pm and TMH4 D50 is around 4 pm, both with metal composition of Nio.65Mno.20Coo.15- Step 2)
- TMH3 and TMH4 powders are mixed in a 7:3 ratio by weight, the lithium to metal molar ratio is 1.03, and the Zr content in the mixture is 3700 ppm.
- Step 3) First firing: The first mixture from Step 2) is fired at 870°C for 12 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere so as to obtain a first fired powder labelled as CEX4.1.
- CEX4.2 is prepared according to the following process:
- Step 1) CEX4.1 is mixed with WO3 powder to obtain a mixture contains about 0.45 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- Step 2 Heating the mixture obtained from Step 1) in a furnace under the flow of an oxidizing atmosphere at 400°C for 7 hours.
- Step 3) Crushing and sieving the heated product from Step 2) so as to obtain a powder labelled as CEX4.2.
- a single-crystalline positive electrode active material labelled as CEX5 is prepared according to the following steps:
- Step 1) Transition metal oxidized hydroxide precursor preparation: A nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder (TMH5) having a metal composition of Nio.6sMno.20Coo.12 is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- Step 2) First mixing: TMH5 prepared from Step 1) is mixed with LiOH in an industrial blender so as to obtain a first mixture having a lithium to metal ratio of 0.97.
- Step 4) First firing: The first mixture from Step 2) is fired at 920°C for 10 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere so as to obtain a first fired powder.
- Step 5) Jet milling The first fired powder from Step 4) is jet milled to obtain a milled powder labelled as CEX5.
- a single-crystalline positive electrode active material labelled as EX2 is prepared according to the following steps:
- Step 1) CEX5 is mixed with WO3 powder to obtain a mixture contains about 0.45 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- Step 2 Heating the mixture obtained from Step 1) in a furnace under the flow of an oxidizing atmosphere at 350°C for 10 hours.
- Step 3) Crushing and sieving the heated product from Step 2) so as to obtain a powder labelled as EX2.
- a polycrystalline positive electrode active material labelled as CEX6.1 is prepared according to the following steps:
- Step 1) Transition metal oxidized hydroxide precursor preparation A nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder (TMH6) having a metal composition of Nio.soMno. Coo.io is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- TMG6 nickel-based transition metal oxidized hydroxide powder having a metal composition of Nio.soMno. Coo.io is prepared by a co-precipitation process in a large-scale continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with mixed nickel manganese cobalt sulfates, sodium hydroxide, and ammonia.
- CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor
- Step 2) First heating: TMH6 prepared from Step 1) is heated at 375°C for 7 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere to obtain a heated TMH6.
- Step 3) First mixing: heated TMH6 prepared from Step 2) is mixed with LiOH in an industrial blender so as to obtain a first mixture having a lithium to metal ratio of 1.00.
- Step 4) Second heating: The first mixture from Step 3) is fired at 810°C for 12 hours in an oxidizing atmosphere followed by crushing and sieving process so as to obtain a fired powder labelled as CEX6.1.
- CEX6.2 is prepared according to the following process:
- Step 1) CEX6.1 is mixed with WO3 powder to obtain a mixture contains about 0.42 wt.% of tungsten with respect to the total weight of the mixture.
- Step 2 Heating the mixture obtained from Step 1) in a furnace under the flow of an oxidizing atmosphere at 285°C for 8 hours.
- Step 3) Crushing and sieving the heated product from Step 2) so as to obtain a powder labelled as CEX6.2.
- the chemical compositions of the products from the examples and comparative examples counterexamples were determined by ICP-OES and are given in Table 2, expressed as a fraction compared to the total of Co, Ni, Mn and W.
- Table 2 summarizes the composition of examples and comparative examples and their corresponding electrochemical properties.
- EX1.0 shows DQ1 improvement in comparison with CEX1.1 indicating tungsten mixing and heating application according to this invention is advantageous.
- EX1.4 shows higher DQ1 in comparison with CEX2.
- EX1.1 to EX1.7 and CEX3.1 each comprises different tungsten content but with same heating temperature at 350°C.
- the concentration ranges from 0.26 wt.% at EX1.1 to 1.42 wt.% at EX1.7 is demonstrated to effectively achieve the objective of this invention.
- CEX3.1 comprising 2.92 wt.% tungsten decreases DQ1 to 196.7 mAh/g from bare CEX2 of 198.1 mAh/g.
- EX1.8, EX1.9, CEX 3.2, and CEX3.3 show heating temperature effect to the positive electrode active material comprising tungsten source.
- the heating temperature from 300°C at EX1.8 to 400°C at EX1.9 is demonstrated to effectively achieve the objective of this invention.
- CEX3.2 with no heating and CEX3.3 with 550°C heating shows low DQ1 of 193.3 mAh/g and 186.5 mAh/g, respectively. This result indicates heating after tungsten mixing is essential given the temperature is lower than 550°C.
- CEX4.1 and CEX4.2 are positive electrode active material with polycrystalline morphology comprising 65 mol% Ni.
- CEX4.2 is further comprising 0.45 wt.% tungsten, however, shows no improvement of DQ1 in comparison with CEX4.1.
- CEX6.1 and CEX6.2 are positive electrode active material with polycrystalline morphology comprising 80 mol% Ni wherein CEX6.2 further comprising 0.42 wt.% tungsten.
- DQ1 for CEX6.2 in comparison with CEX6.1 It is observed that the polycrystalline morphology is not suitable to achieve the improvement in the DQ1 even with higher total Ni content in the material.
- EX2 having a single-crystalline morphology comprising 68 mol% and 0.45 wt.% tungsten shows DQ1 improvement in comparison with CEX5 comprising the same Ni amount.
- FIG. 1 shows the XRD patterns of EX1.7 has three phases: R-3m (a third compound phase of LiNi0.86Mn0.07Co0.07O2 according to this invention), R-3 (a first compound phase of U2WO4 according to this invention), and P21/n (a second compound phase of WO 3 ).
- FIG. 2 shows the XRD patterns of CEX3.3, EX1.4, and CEX2.
- CEX2 and CEX3.3 have XRD patterns related to a R-3m phase.
- the XRD patterns indicates that CEX2 and CEX3.3 are lithium transition metal oxide compounds. They have a general formula of LiNi0.86Mn0.07Co0.07O2.
- EX1.4 shows R-3m, R-3, and P21/n phases correspond to LiNi0.86 n0.07Co0.07O2, U2WO4, and WO3, respectively as described in Figure 1. This result indicates that 350°C heating temperature is suitable to produce the first and second compound phases according to this invention. It is when the aforementioned R-3m, R-3, and P21/n phases presence in the positive electrode active material, the electrochemical properties are improved.
Abstract
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KR1020237024309A KR20230121864A (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-12-17 | Cathode active materials for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries |
CN202180084544.9A CN116601117A (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-12-17 | Positive electrode active material for rechargeable lithium ion battery |
US18/265,630 US20240030423A1 (en) | 2020-12-18 | 2021-12-17 | A positive electrode active material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries |
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US20140329146A1 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2014-11-06 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
US20190123347A1 (en) * | 2017-07-14 | 2019-04-25 | Umicore | Ni based cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries |
KR20190078991A (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2019-07-05 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery, preparing method of the same, positive electrode and lithium secondary battery including the same |
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US20140329146A1 (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2014-11-06 | Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
US20190123347A1 (en) * | 2017-07-14 | 2019-04-25 | Umicore | Ni based cathode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries |
KR20190078991A (en) | 2017-12-27 | 2019-07-05 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Positive electrode active material for lithium secondary battery, preparing method of the same, positive electrode and lithium secondary battery including the same |
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JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 90, 2000, pages 76 - 81 |
RIGAKU, DU, Y. ET AL.: "A general method for the large-scale synthesis of uniform ultrathin metal sulphide nanocrystals", NATURE COMMUNICATIONS, vol. 3, no. 1, 2012 |
SIM SEONG-JU ET AL: "Effects of lithium tungsten oxide coating on LiNi0.90Co0.05Mn0.05O2 cathode material for lithium-ion batteries", JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, ELSEVIER SA, CH, vol. 481, 20 October 2020 (2020-10-20), XP086357600, ISSN: 0378-7753, [retrieved on 20201020], DOI: 10.1016/J.JPOWSOUR.2020.229037 * |
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