WO2022113131A1 - Method for the identification of a subject by a device by means of brain waves and related system - Google Patents

Method for the identification of a subject by a device by means of brain waves and related system Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022113131A1
WO2022113131A1 PCT/IT2021/050261 IT2021050261W WO2022113131A1 WO 2022113131 A1 WO2022113131 A1 WO 2022113131A1 IT 2021050261 W IT2021050261 W IT 2021050261W WO 2022113131 A1 WO2022113131 A1 WO 2022113131A1
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Prior art keywords
subject
identification
brain
signal
identifying
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PCT/IT2021/050261
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French (fr)
Inventor
Massimo Bertaccini
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Primecash S.R.L.
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Publication of WO2022113131A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022113131A1/en

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00—Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/30—Authentication, i.e. establishing the identity or authorisation of security principals
    • G06F21/31—User authentication
    • G06F21/32—User authentication using biometric data, e.g. fingerprints, iris scans or voiceprints
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/08—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities
    • H04L63/0861—Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security for authentication of entities using biometrical features, e.g. fingerprint, retina-scan
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/08—Key distribution or management, e.g. generation, sharing or updating, of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0861—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords
    • H04L9/0866—Generation of secret information including derivation or calculation of cryptographic keys or passwords involving user or device identifiers, e.g. serial number, physical or biometrical information, DNA, hand-signature or measurable physical characteristics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3226—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using a predetermined code, e.g. password, passphrase or PIN
    • H04L9/3231—Biological data, e.g. fingerprint, voice or retina

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to a method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves and to the related system.
  • the invention refers to a method for the identification of a subject by a device such as a computer, smartphone, tablet and the like, by means of brain waves detected by an EEG (electroencephalograph) apparatus for recording the electrical activity of the brain.
  • EEG electroencephalograph
  • EEG electroencephalography
  • Beta rhythm When a subject is subjected to a greater brain activity of waves called Alpha (sleep or wakefulness), the presence of the Beta rhythm begins to be recorded, which is distinguished into slow beta (13.5-18 Hz) and rapid beta (18.5-30 Hz), and has an average electrical voltage of 19 microvolts (8-30 microvolts) . Beta waves are dominant in a subject with open eyes and engaged in any brain activity, almost continuous in states of alert (called arousal phase).
  • the brain waves of a subject are unique, that is to say a single corresponding sinusoidal wave curve corresponds to a viewed image.
  • EEG electroencephalography
  • Methods are also known for an identification of a subject by a device such as a computer, smartphone, tablet, etc. via biometric features: fingerprints, facial recognition.
  • Object of the present invention is providing a method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves and the related system that ensure infinite possibilities of replacing a "brain password" consisting of the unique brain waves generated by the subject.
  • Another object of the invention is to create a system that allows the transmission of encrypted messages using brain waves as a unique key.
  • the main fields of application of the present invention are neuroscience, cybersecurity and quantum cryptography.
  • the method for identifying a subject by a device using brain waves includes the following steps: stimulation of a subject, preferably by viewing an image or listening to a sound, in order to cause a brain activity that generates a unique pulse of Beta or Gamma brain waves inherent in the stimulation;
  • EEG electroencephalograph
  • the device for example by the microprocessor of the device, of the decoded signal with identification data of the subject stored in the device, for example stored in memory means, to identify the subject by verifying that the deviation between the decoded signal and the stored data is less than a predefined value.
  • the acquisition step comprises a signal sampling step, i.e. converting it into a discrete signal, to reduce it to a digital form.
  • Sampling accuracy is described in terms of the number of digital bits used to sample the signal. Typically, a minimum of 8 or 10 bits is used in the cheapest systems, 12 to 16 bits in the most common systems and a maximum of 24 bits in the higher resolution systems.
  • a significant advantage of 24-bit sampling is the ability to sample the entire signal range, including the DC (continuous current) component, and save it accurately. Systems with less than 24 bits must be coupled in AC (alternate current) to avoid extremely high offset voltages that would take the signal out of the digitizing range.
  • the coding step comprises a digital filtering process that allows the frequency-dependent EEG information to be recovered in real time.
  • Gamma waves are the most difficult to encode as the Gamma rhythm typically consists of very short bursts, 20 to 50 milliseconds, which are more difficult to see with a narrow band filter.
  • a filter must have a bandwidth of approximately 10 Hz, with cut-off frequencies commonly set at 35 and/or 45 Hz.
  • the coding and decoding step uses the fast Fourier transform (FTT) as a method of frequency analysis of sampled signals.
  • FTT fast Fourier transform
  • it is an efficient computational algorithm designed to quickly transform the signal and display it in real time.
  • the Fourier transform of which the FTT is an implementation, is an operator that allows decomposing a generic signal into an infinite sum of sinusoids of different frequencies, amplitudes and phases in such a way as to see how much of each frequency is present in the signal.
  • the set of values as a function of frequency (frequency components), continuous or discrete, is called the amplitude spectrum.
  • the subject comparison and identification step uses a signal curve recognition algorithm, corresponding to the brain wave pulse from the brain encoded with the FTT and transmitted to the device, which is preferably an algorithm similar to that used for biometric identification through MCC (Minutia Cylinder Code) fingerprints: to compare two fingerprints, this algorithm represents the minutiae using particular local structures (cylinders), calculates the degree of similarity between two cylinders and finally determines an overall match score that indicates the degree of similarity between the two sets of minutiae.
  • MCC Minutia Cylinder Code
  • the system for the identification of a subject by a device by means of brain waves comprises an EEG apparatus (electroencephalograph) for recording the electrical activity of the brain comprising at least one point of contact with the user, for example at least one electrode, connected, for example via a wireless connection, to a device (door release device, computer, smartphone, tablet, etc.) which identifies the subject, to allow access, by means of the identification method of the invention.
  • EEG apparatus electronic electroencephalograph
  • the identification system according to the invention can use the method of the invention in conjunction with other types of identification known for a "strong identification", for example together with a numeric password.
  • the method of the invention can be used not only to identify the subject accessing a device but also to send coded messages, using the brain wave as the subject's private secret cryptographic key.
  • Another advantage of the identification method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves of the invention is to guarantee infinite possibilities of replacing a "brain password" consisting of the unique brain waves generated by the subject.
  • a further possibility of realization of the present invention is to apply the brain password to quantum cryptography. Following Bertaccini's discovery of a message transfer via quantum channel, brain waves, suitably processed to generate a pattern encoded by the Fourier Transform, can be processed by the Quantum Fourier Transform.
  • Quantum Fourier Transform is more efficient and faster (at computational level) using a quantum computer, and eliminating any processing latency times once the brain wave pattern has been generated, it can be transmitted to the computer via a quantum channel (photons or optical fiber) using a signal encoding/decoding based on the polarization of the transmitted particles. This method ensures an almost insurmountable security between two points connected through a quantum channel.
  • a further embodiment is the application for electric cars, and in general highly computerized cars. These cars will be able to use methods based on human-computer interaction for vehicle access, ignition or even for driving the vehicle via brain waves.
  • the advantage is that the private key is the brain indent of the transmitting subject and its public key can be the image of what he observes or the corresponding sound. Or the waves between two subjects can be the basis for a cryptographic key exchange.
  • the advantage of adopting quantum processing and transmission could be the processing and collection speed of the EEG pulses through the Quantum Fourier Transform. This results in a shrinking of the collection surface (electrodes) and therefore of the hardware necessary to encode the pulses.
  • the invention could even have implications independent of cryptography: in fact, if it were possible to encode data through a Quantum Fourier Transform by adopting a quantum computer, it is likely that the inputs generated by the brain and encoded through an EGG -> Quantum Transform much more efficient than a normal one. In this case, the uses would be all those inherent to human-computer interaction but in a quantum environment, for example in the medical field (quadriplegics and unable to move, which can only use brain waves for external communication).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Computer Hardware Design (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Software Systems (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement And Recording Of Electrical Phenomena And Electrical Characteristics Of The Living Body (AREA)

Abstract

A method is described for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves, the method including the steps of: stimulation of the subject in order to cause a brain activity that generates a unique impulse of brain waves inherent to the stimulation; acquisition and coding of a signal corresponding to the impulse by means of an apparatus (EEC) for recording the electrical activity of the brain; transmission of the coded signal to a device for identification of the subject; decoding of the coded signal, corresponding to the pulse of brain waves; comparison by the device of the decoded signal with identification data of the subject stored in the device, to identify the subject by verifying that the deviation between the decoded signal and the stored data is less than a predefined value..

Description

METHOD FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF A SUBJECT BY A DEVICE BY MEANS OF BRAIN WAVES AND RELATED SYSTEM
The present invention refers to a method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves and to the related system. In particular, the invention refers to a method for the identification of a subject by a device such as a computer, smartphone, tablet and the like, by means of brain waves detected by an EEG (electroencephalograph) apparatus for recording the electrical activity of the brain.
The transmission of brain waves through digital energy inputs is known starting from the treatise "Computer and Brain" by John Von Neumann which described how it was possible to transfer nerve impulses generated by a human brain into a computer, which can be seen as two-value markers: 0 and 1 (on and off).
It is known that impulses coming from the brain can be "transferred" to a computer by means of electroencephalography (EEG), ie the recording of the electrical activity of the brain.
When a subject is subjected to a greater brain activity of waves called Alpha (sleep or wakefulness), the presence of the Beta rhythm begins to be recorded, which is distinguished into slow beta (13.5-18 Hz) and rapid beta (18.5-30 Hz), and has an average electrical voltage of 19 microvolts (8-30 microvolts) . Beta waves are dominant in a subject with open eyes and engaged in any brain activity, almost continuous in states of alert (called arousal phase).
The brain waves of a subject are unique, that is to say a single corresponding sinusoidal wave curve corresponds to a viewed image.
An electroencephalography (EEG) problem is caused by the need to wear a very invasive and complex device having many electrodes as communication points.
Methods are also known for an identification of a subject by a device such as a computer, smartphone, tablet, etc. via biometric features: fingerprints, facial recognition.
Such known identification methods have the problem that, in the event that the data string corresponding to the biometric characteristics is violated, there will be a limited possibility of replacing them, since the biometric identification characteristics of a subject are limited (e.g. number of fingers for Fingerprints).
There are no known methods and devices that process impulses from the human brain in order to identify a subject by a device. And there are no known systems of cryptography and exchange of encrypted messages through the use of keys generated directly by brain waves.
Object of the present invention is providing a method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves and the related system that ensure infinite possibilities of replacing a "brain password" consisting of the unique brain waves generated by the subject.
Another object of the invention is to create a system that allows the transmission of encrypted messages using brain waves as a unique key.
In addition to cryptography, the main fields of application of the present invention are neuroscience, cybersecurity and quantum cryptography.
The above and other objects and advantages of the invention, as will emerge from the following description, are achieved with a method for the identification of a subject by a device by means of brain waves, and its related system, as described in the main claims, using a "brain password" made up of the unique brain waves generated by the subject when viewing an image or listening to a recognition sound, which can be changed by replacing the recognition image or sound.
Preferred embodiments and non-trivial variants of the present invention form the subject of the dependent claims.
It is understood that the attached claims form an integral part of the present description.
It will be immediately obvious that innumerable variations and modifications (for example relating to shape, dimensions, arrangements and parts with equivalent functionality) can be made to what is described without departing from the scope of the invention as appears from the attached claims.
The present invention will be better described by a preferred embodiment, given by way of non limiting example.
The method for identifying a subject by a device using brain waves according to the invention includes the following steps: stimulation of a subject, preferably by viewing an image or listening to a sound, in order to cause a brain activity that generates a unique pulse of Beta or Gamma brain waves inherent in the stimulation;
- acquisition of the signal corresponding to the pulse by means of an EEG (electroencephalograph) apparatus for recording the electrical activity of the brain including at least one point of contact with the user, for example at least one electrode;
- coding of the signal corresponding to the impulse by the EEG apparatus;
- transmission of the coded signal by means of said EEG device to a device (door release device, computer, smartphone, tablet, etc.), for example to a microprocessor of the device, for identification of the subject;
- reception of the coded signal by the device;
- decoding of the coded signal, corresponding to the brain wave impulse inherent in the stimulation, by the device, for example by the microprocessor;
- comparison by the device, for example by the microprocessor of the device, of the decoded signal with identification data of the subject stored in the device, for example stored in memory means, to identify the subject by verifying that the deviation between the decoded signal and the stored data is less than a predefined value.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the acquisition step comprises a signal sampling step, i.e. converting it into a discrete signal, to reduce it to a digital form. Sampling accuracy is described in terms of the number of digital bits used to sample the signal. Typically, a minimum of 8 or 10 bits is used in the cheapest systems, 12 to 16 bits in the most common systems and a maximum of 24 bits in the higher resolution systems. A significant advantage of 24-bit sampling is the ability to sample the entire signal range, including the DC (continuous current) component, and save it accurately. Systems with less than 24 bits must be coupled in AC (alternate current) to avoid extremely high offset voltages that would take the signal out of the digitizing range.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the coding step comprises a digital filtering process that allows the frequency-dependent EEG information to be recovered in real time. Gamma waves are the most difficult to encode as the Gamma rhythm typically consists of very short bursts, 20 to 50 milliseconds, which are more difficult to see with a narrow band filter. To respond adequately to such bursts, a filter must have a bandwidth of approximately 10 Hz, with cut-off frequencies commonly set at 35 and/or 45 Hz.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the coding and decoding step uses the fast Fourier transform (FTT) as a method of frequency analysis of sampled signals. As known, it is an efficient computational algorithm designed to quickly transform the signal and display it in real time. Mathematically, the Fourier transform, of which the FTT is an implementation, is an operator that allows decomposing a generic signal into an infinite sum of sinusoids of different frequencies, amplitudes and phases in such a way as to see how much of each frequency is present in the signal. The set of values as a function of frequency (frequency components), continuous or discrete, is called the amplitude spectrum.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the subject comparison and identification step uses a signal curve recognition algorithm, corresponding to the brain wave pulse from the brain encoded with the FTT and transmitted to the device, which is preferably an algorithm similar to that used for biometric identification through MCC (Minutia Cylinder Code) fingerprints: to compare two fingerprints, this algorithm represents the minutiae using particular local structures (cylinders), calculates the degree of similarity between two cylinders and finally determines an overall match score that indicates the degree of similarity between the two sets of minutiae.
The system for the identification of a subject by a device by means of brain waves according to the invention comprises an EEG apparatus (electroencephalograph) for recording the electrical activity of the brain comprising at least one point of contact with the user, for example at least one electrode, connected, for example via a wireless connection, to a device (door release device, computer, smartphone, tablet, etc.) which identifies the subject, to allow access, by means of the identification method of the invention.
In one embodiment, the identification system according to the invention can use the method of the invention in conjunction with other types of identification known for a "strong identification", for example together with a numeric password.
Advantageously, the method of the invention can be used not only to identify the subject accessing a device but also to send coded messages, using the brain wave as the subject's private secret cryptographic key.
Another advantage of the identification method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves of the invention is to guarantee infinite possibilities of replacing a "brain password" consisting of the unique brain waves generated by the subject.
A further possibility of realization of the present invention is to apply the brain password to quantum cryptography. Following Bertaccini's discovery of a message transfer via quantum channel, brain waves, suitably processed to generate a pattern encoded by the Fourier Transform, can be processed by the Quantum Fourier Transform.
This embodiment has two advantages: the Quantum Fourier Transform is more efficient and faster (at computational level) using a quantum computer, and eliminating any processing latency times once the brain wave pattern has been generated, it can be transmitted to the computer via a quantum channel (photons or optical fiber) using a signal encoding/decoding based on the polarization of the transmitted particles. This method ensures an almost insurmountable security between two points connected through a quantum channel.
A further embodiment is the application for electric cars, and in general highly computerized cars. These cars will be able to use methods based on human-computer interaction for vehicle access, ignition or even for driving the vehicle via brain waves.
In the case of sending encoded messages via brain waves between two subjects, the advantage is that the private key is the brain indent of the transmitting subject and its public key can be the image of what he observes or the corresponding sound. Or the waves between two subjects can be the basis for a cryptographic key exchange.
The advantage of adopting quantum processing and transmission could be the processing and collection speed of the EEG pulses through the Quantum Fourier Transform. This results in a shrinking of the collection surface (electrodes) and therefore of the hardware necessary to encode the pulses. The invention could even have implications independent of cryptography: in fact, if it were possible to encode data through a Quantum Fourier Transform by adopting a quantum computer, it is likely that the inputs generated by the brain and encoded through an EGG -> Quantum Transform much more efficient than a normal one. In this case, the uses would be all those inherent to human-computer interaction but in a quantum environment, for example in the medical field (quadriplegics and unable to move, which can only use brain waves for external communication).

Claims

1. Method for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves comprising the following steps:
- stimulation of a subject in order to cause a brain activity that generates a unique impulse of brain waves inherent to the stimulation;
- acquisition of the signal corresponding to the impulse by means of an apparatus (EEG) for recording the electrical activity of the brain including at least one point of contact with the user;
- coding of the signal corresponding to the impulse by the apparatus (EEG) for recording the electrical activity; transmission of the coded signal through said device (EEG) to a device for identification of the subject;
- reception of the coded signal by the device;
- decoding of the coded signal, corresponding to the brain wave impulse inherent in the stimulation, by the device;
- comparison by the device of the decoded signal with identification data of the subject stored in the device, to identify the subject by verifying that the deviation between the decoded signal and the stored data is less than a predefined value.
2. Method for identifying a subject according to claim 1, characterized in that the stimulation step of a subject is performed by viewing an image or listening to a sound.
3. Method for identifying a subject according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said at least one point of contact with the user is an electrode.
4. Method for identifying a subject according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the acquisition step includes a sampling step of the signal to reduce it to a digital form.
5. Method for identifying a subject according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coding step includes a digital filtering process that allows the frequency-dependent information to be recovered in real time.
6. Method for identifying a subject according to claim 5, characterized in that the digital filtering process is performed with a filter having a bandwidth of about 10 Hz, with cut-off frequencies at 35 and/or 45 Hz.
7. Method for identifying a subject according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the coding and decoding step uses the fast Fourier transform (FTT) as a method of analyzing the frequency of sampled signals.
8. Method for identifying a subject according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the comparison and identification step of the subject uses a signal curve recognition algorithm similar to that used for biometric identification using fingerprints MCC (Minutia Cylinder Code).
9. System for the identification of a subject by a device using brain waves comprising an EEG apparatus or electroencephalograph for recording the electrical activity of the brain comprising at least one point of contact with the user, connected to a device that identifies the subject, to allow access, by means of the identification method according to any one of the preceding claims.
10. Identification system of a subject according to claim 9, characterized in that it uses the method according to one of claims 1 to 8 to send coded messages, using the brain wave as the subject's private secret cryptographic key.
11. Subject identification system according to claim 9, characterized in that it uses the method according to one of claims 1 to 8 for quantum cryptography, in which the brain wave processed to generate a pattern encoded by the Fourier Transform is processed through the Quantum Fourier Transform, the encoded pattern being transmitted to the computer via a quantum channel, such as photons or optical fiber, using a signal encoding/decoding based on the polarization of the transmitted particles.
12. Identification system of a subject according to claim 9, characterized in that it uses the method according to one of claims 1 to 8 for the application for highly computerized cars, in particular electric cars, making use of methods based on human-interaction computer for accessing the vehicle, switching on or driving the vehicle via brain waves.
PCT/IT2021/050261 2020-11-25 2021-08-11 Method for the identification of a subject by a device by means of brain waves and related system WO2022113131A1 (en)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11664980B1 (en) * 2018-09-04 2023-05-30 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Brain-actuated control authenticated key exchange

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WO2009010001A1 (en) * 2007-07-19 2009-01-22 Zhiping Meng A method and system for encryption and personal idendification based on brain wave
US20090063866A1 (en) * 2007-08-29 2009-03-05 Jiri Navratil User authentication via evoked potential in electroencephalographic signals
US20170173262A1 (en) * 2017-03-01 2017-06-22 François Paul VELTZ Medical systems, devices and methods
EP3647976A1 (en) * 2017-12-04 2020-05-06 Alibaba Group Holding Limited Login method and apparatus, and electronic device
EP3651038A1 (en) * 2018-11-12 2020-05-13 Mastercard International Incorporated Brain activity-based authentication

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009010001A1 (en) * 2007-07-19 2009-01-22 Zhiping Meng A method and system for encryption and personal idendification based on brain wave
US20090063866A1 (en) * 2007-08-29 2009-03-05 Jiri Navratil User authentication via evoked potential in electroencephalographic signals
US20170173262A1 (en) * 2017-03-01 2017-06-22 François Paul VELTZ Medical systems, devices and methods
EP3647976A1 (en) * 2017-12-04 2020-05-06 Alibaba Group Holding Limited Login method and apparatus, and electronic device
EP3651038A1 (en) * 2018-11-12 2020-05-13 Mastercard International Incorporated Brain activity-based authentication

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11664980B1 (en) * 2018-09-04 2023-05-30 Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. Brain-actuated control authenticated key exchange

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