WO2022106154A2

WO2022106154A2 - Thermonuclear reaction method and reactor

Info

Publication number: WO2022106154A2
Application number: PCT/EP2021/079434
Authority: WO
Inventors: Viktoras SAKALAUSKAS
Original assignee: Sakalauskas Viktoras
Priority date: 2020-11-20
Filing date: 2021-10-22
Publication date: 2022-05-27

Description

Thermonuclear reaction method and reactor

The invention is designed for nuclear energetics, more specifically for controlled thermonuclear fusion, where counter-fluxes of hydrogen isotope nuclei are used.

Historical review.

In 1931, American scientist Harold C. Urey first extracted the deuterium from the water and found that the fusion of the two nuclei of deuterium resulted in the release of energy. In 1964, Russian physicists L.A. Arcimovich (JIA. ApmiMOBiin) and S.J. Lukjanov (C.K). JlyKbMHOB) proved the possibility of a thermonuclear reaction in the collision of two deuterium nuclei. Since then, almost six decades have passed, and mankind still does not have thermonuclear reactors that could replace classical energy sources. New inventions and new attempts to control the thermonuclear reaction appear every year. We will have a brief overview of the known technical solutions.

There is a known invention (see patent GB2249863), where proton portions are accelerated in accelerators and being focused confront vis-a-vis via electromagnetic fields. Collisions of this type generate radiation leading to the creation of more than the amount of energy consumed that can be extracted in the form of heat.

The disadvantage of this invention is that it does not specify the method and equipment for the use of the energy emitted.

The invention US4650630 describes a device in which two ion fibres, preferably one of the deuterium and the other of tritium, are accelerated in a vacuum and confront (converge). Fibres can be accelerated in straight cameras located in one line opposite each other, but can also move in annular cameras. As soon as the particles have fused, the energy is obtained and removed as a heat-absorbing liquid, circulating around the vacuum chamber.

As mentioned above, the disadvantage of this invention is the removal of energy.

There is a number of inventions by the German inventor Bakal S. (see. DE19910146 (1998), DE10033969 (2000), DE10125760 (2001), DE202004014903 (2004), DE102004052855 (2004) and DEI 02010006951 (2010)), where the diagram and design of the thermonuclear reactor are consistently improved. Elliptical or circular accelerators of similar form that have a common area (reactor) in the centre, where the nuclei fusion occurs, are used in the design. The disadvantage of such a design is that there is a complex removal of reaction products from the reaction focal point and the use of energy released.

The prototype of this invention is an invention FR2658653, which presents a unit with two deuterium nuclei generators directed against each other, each with an energy of at least 300 keV. There is a space between generators where the collision (fusion) of the nuclei takes place. This type of collision generates radiation leading to the creation of more than the amount of energy consumed, emitted in the form of heat.

The disadvantage of this invention is that it does not specify the method and equipment for the removal and use of the energy emitted.

The following assumptions are made in the proposed invention: after the collision of the deuterium nuclei, fusion products will disperse perpendicularly to the collision axis (close to 90°) and around (360°) the collision axis; the kinetic energy of reaction products (³He nuclei, protons and tritium nuclei) is converted directly into electrical energy, and neutron energy is converted into heat.

There is a known invention application LT2020 558, which contains a thermonuclear reaction method and an installation with vis-a-vis colliding deuterium nuclei.

Further research has shown that this method and the installation can be used for other hydrogen isotopes. As is known, the thermonuclear fusion reaction with hydrogen isotopes can be described by the following equations:

D + D T (1.01 MeV) + p (3.02 MeV) (1)

D + D ³He (0.82 MeV) + n (2.45 MeV) (2)

14.1 MeV) (3)

T + T ⁴He (1.26 MeV) + n (5.02 MeV) + n (5.02 MeV) (4) where: D - deuterium, T - tritium, 3He - helium-3 nucleus, 4He - helium-4 nucleus (otherwise alpha particle). The energy content being emitted is indicated in brackets. The objectives of this invention are to extend the use of the invention (application LT2020 558) with other hydrogen isotopes.

In order to implement these objectives, a fusion method is proposed where the following actions are carried out to obtain fusion: hydrogen isotope gases are ionised in repeated doses; hydrogen isotope nuclei are separated and localised; hydrogen isotope nuclei are fed into accelerators; hydrogen isotope nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators; the two counterfluxes of hydrogen isotope nuclei are focussed in such a way that a collision (nuclei fusion) occurs; the fusion products are spread around the collision point (at 360° angle) in respect of the hydrogen isotope fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating positive nuclei of fusion products are suspended to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and the neutrons are neutralised in an aqueous medium.

Hydrogen isotope pairs may participate in the fusion reaction: deuterium plus deuterium, deuterium plus tritium, tritium plus tritium.

Fusion reaction where hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus deuterium: deuterium nuclei in electrostatic fields of accelerators are accelerated to provide the energy of more than 72,5 keV; fusion products - ³He nuclei, tritium nuclei, protons and neutrons are spread around the impact point (360") in respect of the deuterium nuclei fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; ³He nuclei, tritium nuclei, protons are suspended to small energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are suspended and neutralised in the aqueous medium. Fusion reaction where hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus deuterium: deuterium nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators to provide energy from 710 eV to 720 eV; fusion products — ³He nuclei and neutrons are spread around the impact point (360") in respect of the deuterium nuclei fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ³He nuclei are suspended to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are suspended and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

Fusion reaction where hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus tritium: both deuterium and tritium nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators to provide energy from 595 eV to 607 eV); fusion products - ⁴He nuclei and neutrons are spread around the impact point (360°) in respect of the deuterium nuclei fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ⁴He nuclei are suspended to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are suspended and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

Fusion reaction where hydrogen isotopes are tritium plus tritium: tritium nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators to provide energy from 7655 eV to 7667 eV; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ⁴He nuclei are suspended to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are suspended and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

The fusion reaction, where hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus deuterium, is characterised by the fact that when increasing the energy of deuterium nuclei and after adjusting focus this results in the fusion products being only tritium nuclei and protons.

The suggestion is to suspend the ³He nuclei or ⁴He nuclei to low energies, to remove from the propagation area of fusion products, to separate, divert for neutralisation, and remove. An option of the fusion method suitable for hydrogen isotope pairs deuterium plus deuterium and tritium plus tritium is proposed, in which the hydrogen isotope nuclei are fed in portions to only one accelerator.

This invention suggests a thermonuclear reactor equipped with two hydrogen isotope nuclei accelerators and two hydrogen isotope gas tanks with electromagnetic valves in which: accelerators are made as vacuum cylindrical chambers and have two compartments each, conditionally named hydrogen isotope nuclei chambers and hydrogen isotope nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers, and an energy converter for reaction products, hydrogen isotope nuclei chambers mean compartments of vacuum cylindrical chambers, each of which is equipped with two anodes and a cylindrical cathode between them and, outside, in the cathode area, a magnetic lens (solenoid), and an ioniser mounted inside or outside the chambers; hydrogen isotope nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers mean compartments in a vacuum cylindrical chamber, each internally equipped with an anode and a cathode, and externally above the cathode - an electromagnetic lens and correction system; the energy converter of reaction products has a hollow disc shape with a peripheral part ending with a conical ring inserted into the inside of a hollow toroid ring. hydrogen isotope nuclei accelerators are mounted on both sides of the converter discs, at its centre, perpendicular to the disc plane, and their internal cavities are interconnected; the energy converter of reaction products has radially arranged areas, with a fusion area of hydrogen isotope nuclei in the centre, further moving away from the centre, there are radially arranged kinetic energy conversion to electrical energy (suspend) and recovery areas for reaction products:

³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area; area for suspending tritium nuclei and their reaction with the electrode material; area for suspending protons and their reaction with the electrode material; neutron recovery area.

The energy conversion, suspension and recovery area of ³He or ⁴He nuclei is made as two hollow toroids connected and arranged on the sides of the converter disc, and the electrodes are made around the toroid ring links to the converter that perform the function of energy conversion and ³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension, as well as in the internal cavity of the toroids, looking from their central to the peripheral parts, there are ring electrodes, grids, membranes and ³He or 4He nuclei neutralisation chambers; the proton and tritium energy conversion areas are made as triads of concentric electrodes arranged on the inner walls of the converter (disc); the neutron recovery area is conical and toroidal rings, the cavities of which are filled with water.

A thermonuclear reactor with hydrogen isotopes deuterium plus deuterium containing two deuterium nuclei accelerators and two deuterium gas tanks with electromagnetic valves is proposed, in which accelerators are made as vacuum cylindrical chambers and have two compartments each, conditionally called a deuterium nuclei chambers and a deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers, and an energy converter for reaction products, deuterium nuclei chambers mean compartments in vacuum cylindrical chambers, each of which is internally equipped with two anodes and a cylindrical cathode between them, and externally, in the cathode area, a magnetic lens (solenoid), an ioniser is mounted inside or outside the chambers; deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers are compartments of a vacuum cylindrical chamber, each containing anode and a cathode, and an electromagnetic lens and correction system externally above the cathode; the energy converter of reaction products has a hollow disc shape with a peripheral part ending with a conical ring inserted into the inside of a hollow toroid ring, deuterium accelerators are mounted on both sides of the converter disc, in its centre, perpendicular to the disc plane, and their internal cavities are interconnected; the energy converter of reaction products has radially arranged areas, with the deuterium fusion area in the centre, further moving away from the centre, there are radially arranged kinetic energy conversion to the electrical energy (suspension) and recovery areas for reaction products: ³He nuclei suspension and their recovery area; area for suspending tritium nuclei and their reaction with the electrode material; area for suspending protons and their reaction with the electrode material; neutron recovery area.

The energy conversion, suspension and recovery area of ³He nuclei is made as two hollow toroids connected and arranged on the sides of the converter disc, and the electrodes are made around the toroid ring links to the converter that perform the function of energy conversion and ³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension, as well as in the internal cavity of the toroids, looking from their central to the peripheral parts, there are ring electrodes, grids, membranes and ³He nuclei neutralisation chambers; the proton and tritium energy conversion areas are made as triads of concentric electrodes arranged on the inner walls of the converter (disc); the neutron recovery area is conical and toroidal rings, the cavities of which are filled with water. When the hydrogen isotope pairs involved in the fusion reaction are deuterium plus deuterium (at lower acceleration voltages), deuterium plus tritium and tritium plus tritium, the energy converter of reaction products has radially arranged areas: in the centre, the nuclei fusion area, He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area; neutron recovery area.

Reactors in which the hydrogen isotope pairs are deuterium plus deuterium or tritium plus tritium may have only one hydrogen isotope (deuterium or tritium) gas tank with an electromagnetic valve.

The neutron recovery area is conical and toroidal rings, the cavities of which are filled with water.

The option of the reactor when it has one deuterium gas tank with an electromagnetic valve is proposed.

The suggestion is to make the walls of the conical ring of cadmium or its alloys, or of tungsten, lead amalgam, and the walls of the toroidal ring to be made of heat-resistant stainless steel

The essence of the invention is explained in the drawings, which show: fig. 1. - General view of the reactor, fig.2. -Design of the reactor deuterium nuclei accelerators (symmetrical), fig. 3. - Design of the reactor converter, fig. 4. - Electrical flow chart of the reactor, fig. 5. - Design of reactor deuterium nuclei accelerators (asymmetrical), fig. 6. - Deuterium nuclei focusing scheme.

Fig. 7. - Design of the reactor converter (simplified).

Description of thermonuclear reactor structures.

A detailed description of the design of the reactor in which the hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus deuterium. For all other cases, only their differences and features will be described. The reactor (Fig. 1) consists of two deuterium nuclei accelerators (hereinafter - accelerators) 1 and la and an energy converter for reaction products (hereinafter - the converter) 2. Accelerators 1 and la are mounted in the centre of converter 2, on both sides thereof. The following elements are also seen in Fig. 1 : deuterium gas tanks 3 and 3a with solenoid valves 3.1 and 3.1a, connected to accelerators 1 and la; toroids 4 and 4a; ringed connectors 5, 5a; toroidal ring 6 of converter 2. Fig. 2 shows the symmetrical design of accelerators in which both accelerators 1 and la are identical and mounted in one line vis-a-vis.

Only accelerator 1 is described below. The main part of accelerator l is a vacuum cylindrical chamber 7. It is conditionally divided into a deuterium nuclei chamber 8 and a deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chamber 9. The deuterium nuclei chamber 8 contains anodes 10 and 11, a cathode 12 and an ioniser 13. The anodes 10 and 11 are disc-shaped, have concave surfaces and are mounted at the ends of chamber 8 with concave surfaces facing each other, with a cylindrical cathode 12 mounted between them. Externally, the cylindrical chamber 6 is surrounded by an electromagnetic lens 14 in the cathode area 13. Ionizer 13 is located between anode 10 and cathode 12. The anode 10 has a hole in the centre and is connected to the deuterium gas tank 3 via an electromagnetic valve 3.1. A disc-shaped concave anode 15 and a cylindrical cathode 16 are mounted inside the deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chamber 9, and an electromagnetic lens 17 and a correction system 18 are mounted on the outside of chamber 9. Anodes 11 and 15 have holes in the centre, they are placed with a gap, with flat surfaces facing each other. They additionally perform the function of the electrostatic valve. As mentioned above, the accelerator la is identical to accelerator 1, so its parts and assemblies have the same positions, only with the letter “e”. The numbers of the electrical terminals correspond to the part numbers to which they are connected, only with the letter “e”.

The design part of converter 2 in the section is shown in Fig. 3. The main part of converter 2 is a hollow vacuum disk 19, the peripheral part of which terminates in a conical ring 20. The disk 19 with the conical ring 20 can be conditionally divided into radially arranged areas. In the centre of the disk, there is a nuclei fusion area (nuclei fusion area) 19.1, moving away from the centre, there is ³He nuclei suspension area and their recovery area 19.2, tritium nuclei suspension and their reaction with electrode material area 19.3, proton suspension and their reaction with electrode material area 19.4 and neutron recovery area 19.5.

The disk in centre 19 (in the nuclei fusion area 19.1) is connected on both sides with the cylindrical vacuum chambers 7 and 7a of the accelerators 1 and la.

The energy conversion, suspension and recovery area 19.2 of the He3 nuclei is made as two hollow toroids 4 and 4a connected by annular connections 5 and 5a to the disk 19 of converter 2. Electrodes 21 and 22 are made at the points of annular connections 5 and 5a with disk 19, which perform the function of energy conversion and ³He nuclei suspension.

The function of recovery of ³He nuclei inside the annular connections 5 and 5a and the inner cavities of the toroids 4 and 4a is performed by annular electrodes 23 and 23a, grids 24 and 24a, membranes 25 and 25a, grids 26 and 26a and heating elements 27 and 27a.

Area 19.3 for suspending the tritium nuclei and their reaction with the electrode material consists of the electrode triad 28, 29 and 30.

The proton suspension and their reaction with the electrode material area 19.4 consists of the electrode triad 31, 32 and 33.

The neutron recovery area 19.5 consists of a conical ring 20 and a toroidal ring 6 enveloping it. The toroidal ring 6 is dihedral, the cavity between the conical ring 20 and the inner wall of the toroid 6 and the cavity between the walls of the toroid 6 are filled with water.

The numbers of the electrical terminals correspond to the electrode numbers to which they are connected, only with the letter “e”. The flowchart of the main electrical sources of the reactor is shown in Fig. 4. The numbering of the electrical sources and terminals corresponds to the position numbers shown in Fig. 2, 3 and 5. Electrical sources are additionally marked with the letter “s”. The voltages of the electrical sources for all four hydrogen isotope pairs are given in the table below.

Electrical sources, pos. 23s, 29s and 32s, must be reversible. The reactor load is connected to these terminals 16s-23s, 16s-29s and 16s-32s.

Fig. 5 shows an asymmetrical design of accelerators.

Accelerator 1 is analogous to Fig. 2, and the other accelerator lb mounted opposite is passive - it has only a deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chamber 9b. All other elements are the same as in accelerator 1.

The positions of their elements comprise the number and the letter “b”.

Fig. 6 shows the section of the accelerator and the motion scheme of the deuterium nuclei. It shows the movement trajectory components 34 and 35 of the deuterium nuclei in the deuterium nuclei chamber 8 and the deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chamber 9, respectively. Fig.7 shows a simplified design of the reactor. It can be used when the hydrogen isotope pairs involved in the fusion reaction are as follows: deuterium plus deuterium (at lower acceleration voltages), deuterium plus tritium, tritium plus tritium.

The energy converter (2) of this reaction products of this reactor has the following radially arranged areas: in the centre, the nuclei fusion area (19.1),

³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area (19.2); neutron recovery area (19.5).

Operation of the reactor with symmetrical design of accelerators.

As mentioned, accelerators 1 and la are identical in the design description, so the processes that take place in the accelerators are described only in accelerator 1 and analogous processes are considered to take place in the accelerator la as well. We will describe the interaction processes of accelerators 1 and 1 a separately. After the solenoid valve 3.1 has triggered, a portion of neutral deuterium gas from the deuterium gas tank 3 gets into the deuterium nuclei chamber 8 of the vacuum cylindrical chamber 7. The ioniser 13 ionises the deuterium gas, causing the deuterium atoms to excite and their electrons find to be themselves far from the nucleus. Since they (electrons) are in an electric field with an approximately potential difference of about 14 volts, electrons with a negative charge fall apart (neutralised) at a high rate to the nearest positive anode 10. Deuterium nuclei move towards the cathode 12 at a much slower rate. The magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic lens 14 prevents the deuterium nuclei from reaching the surface of the cathode 12, therefore, from the inertia, they move further towards the anode 11. The process stabilises in deuterium nuclei chamber 8, a repetitive movement of deuterium nuclei takes place between the anodes 10 and 11. A generatrix 34 of deuterium nuclei motion trajectory is shown in fig- 6.

Adj acent anodes 11 and 15 made with central holes act as an electrostatic valve: when the potential difference between the anodes is +5 V (on the anode 15), the valve is closed, when there is no potential difference between the anodes, the electrostatic valve is open and the deuterium nuclei can enter (enter) the acceleration and focusing chamber 9 of the deuterium nuclei through the central holes in the anodes 11 and 15.

The operation of the electrostatic valves between the anodes 11, 15 and I la, 15a must be synchronised, they must open and close simultaneously. The deuterium nuclei having entered the acceleration and focusing chambers 9, 9a simultaneously between the anode 15 and the cathode 16, as well as between the anode 15a and the cathode 16a, are shown in Fig. 6. In the trajectory cone spikes between the cathode 16 and 16a, the so-called “no-pass area” of the deuterium nuclei are formed and allow for the approach and collision of the nuclei.

In the steady-state of the reactor, the valves 3.1 and 3.1a, as well as the electrostatic valves, are controlled in automatic mode and maintain a constant current of deuterium nuclei between the anode 15 and the cathode 16 and between the anode 15a and the cathode 16a.

Conditions required for nuclei collisions (area 19.1).

As is known, when deuterium nuclei are colliding, the reaction products are ³He nuclei, tritium nuclei, protons, and neutrons. In this case, useful reaction products are protons and tritium nuclei, and ³He nuclei and neutrons are undesirable. When two deuterium nuclei, moving at the same speed, approach maximally in its centre (in the nuclei fusion area 19.1), collide and stop, their kinetic energy is converted into potential energy, and if its amount is sufficient, one of the two energy collapses occurs. The collapse requiring less potential energy ends with the formation of ³He nuclei and neutrons, and the potential energy in excess of 1450 eV creates conditions for the formation of protons and tritium nuclei. During the collision of deuterium nuclei in the energy range from 72.5 to 725 keV, ³He, the nuclei and neutrons make up the part of from 4.5% to 0.6%, and the rest part consists of tritium nuclei and protons Such energy range is chosen because it is not difficult to control the kinetic energy of the reaction products within this range, as the reaction products disperse at angles close to 90°, from 84.5° to 95.5° at 72.5 keV and from 88.5° to 91.5° at 725 keV, and ³He releases very few or no nuclei and neutrons.

Conversion of reaction products.

As already mentioned, the trajectories of all reaction products are perpendicular (close to 90°) to the trajectories of deuterium nuclei in accelerators. This means that they will disperse in all directions in one plane, which is in the centre of disk 19 of converter 2. The periphery of disk 19 is divided into separate areas:

Area 19.1 is the nuclei collision (fusion) area in the centre of disk 19.

Area 19.2 is ³He nuclei suspension and their recovery area.

³He nucleus has two protons, a voltage of 0.41 MV is enough to suspend it completely. Electrode 21 slows down, and electrode 22 finally stops the ³He nuclei, and the electrodes 23 and 23a in the annular connections 5 and 5a direct them through the grids 24 and 24a, the membranes 25 and 25a and the grids 26 and 26a to the toroids 4 and 4a, in which having connected electrons radiated by the electrodes 27 and 27a are neutralised, become a helium atom and cannot return back.

Area 19.3 is the area of tritium nuclei suspension and their reaction with the electrode material. Tritium nuclei are suspended by anode triads 28, 29, 30 and 28a, 29a, 30a. Fully suspended tritium nuclei, upon reaching the surface of electrodes, are directly converted into electrical energy, neutralise themselves, amalgamating with the material of this electrode, forming a metal hydride.

Area 19.4 is the area of suspension of protons and their reaction with the electrode material. Protons are suspended and neutralised by the electrode triads 31, 32, 33 and 31a, 32a, 33a. Protons, after giving away energy that is converted into electrical energy and having collided with the free electrons of the electrodes, neutralise themselves, and also form a metal hydride by amalgamating with the material of this electrode.

Area 19.5 is neutron recovery area. Cadmium rods are used for blockade of high-speed neutrons in nuclear reactors, their control and suspension of the reactor. The proposed reactor uses a conical ring 20 for capturing neutrons, which can also be made of cadmium or its alloys, it will be heated by neutrons and will heat the water around it (primary circuit). The water in the toroidal ring 6 (secondary circuit) can be used as a carrier of thermal energy. Neutrons suspended in water are first converted to protons and then, reacting with hydrogen peroxide impurities, convert into water molecules in the water.

In this reactor, it is possible to achieve that the main fusion products are tritium nuclei and protons, and the by-products (³He nuclei and neutrons) occur only during the adjustment of the reactor.

Operation of the reactor with a simplified converter design (Fig. 7), where the hydrogen isotope pairs involved in the fusion reaction are deuterium plus deuterium (at lower acceleration voltages), deuterium plus tritium, and tritium plus tritium.

The operation of accelerators is analogous to that described above in the case of deuterium plus deuterium. The energy converter (2) of reaction products has the following radially arranged areas: Area 19.2 is the area of ³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area.

The kinetic energy of ⁴He nuclei in the fusion reaction deuterium plus tritium is equal to 3.5 MeV. The ⁴He nucleus also has two protons and 1.75 MV is enough to stop it completely. Electrode 21 slows down, and electrode 22 finally stops the 4He nuclei, and electrodes 23 and 23a in the annular connections 5 and 5a direct them through the grids 24 and 24a, the membranes 25 and 25a and the grids 26 and 26a to the toroids 4 and 4a, in which the electrons radiated by the connected electrodes 27 and 27a are neutralised, become a 4He atom and cannot return back.

In the fusion reaction, the kinetic energy of tritium plus tritium 4He nuclei is equal to 1.2 MeV. ⁴He nucleus also has two protons, a voltage of 0.63 MV is enough to suspend it completely. The further process is the same as in the fusion reaction deuterium plus tritium. Area 19.5 is neutron recovery area. Operation of the reactor with asymmetric design of accelerators, Fig. 5.

The reactor with an asymmetric design operates cyclically. The operation of the reactor in this design is controlled by an electrostatic valve (anodes 11 and 15). The electrostatic valve (anodes 11 and 15) will be closed when anode 15 has a positive potential with respect to anode 11; when there is no difference in potentials, the electrostatic valve (anodes 11 and 15) will be opened.

After opening the electrostatic valve, a portion of the deuterium nuclei enters the deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chamber 9. When this portion fills the distance between anode 15 and the point of collision of the nuclei in the centre of converter 2, the electrostatic valve closes. As long as the electrostatic valve is closed, the first portion of deuterium nuclei fills the distance between the nuclei collision point and anode 15b, as the first nuclei of the deuterium portion approaching it will start to move backwards. At that time, the electrostatic valve reopens for a double longer period, and two more portions of deuterium nuclei enter the deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chamber 9, and until the last portion of deuterium nuclei fills the distance between the anode 15 and the collision point, the previous two portions of deuterium nuclei enter the converter 2. The electrostatic valve now closes again. The process then repeats itself periodically. During the recurrence of the above processes, the portion of deuterium nuclei in the deuterium nuclei chamber 8 is periodically filled by opening and closing the electromagnetic valve 3.1.

The reaction methods for the fusion of all hydrogen isotope pairs and reactor design with the following characteristics are proposed:

These are plasma-free reactors that do not generate plasma and do not have high temperatures. The proposed reactors can be used as low-capacity electrical installations for the production of electricity and heat.

Reactor designs are simple and practically do not emit products that are harmful and dangerous to the environment during operation. The fuel is relatively cheap and its consumption volumes are low. Popularly, the design of the proposed reactor can be described as a combination of three electrovacuum devices, where current carriers in two devices are nuclei of hydrogen isotopes, and the current carriers in the third device (after a fusion reaction) are ³He or ⁴He nuclei, protons and tritium nuclei, as well as heat carriers neutrons.

The following conclusions can be drawn from the analysis of the proposed options of reactors with hydrogen isotope pairs: Reactors with fusion reaction deuterium plus deuterium, where the deuterium nuclei are accelerated to provide energy greater than 72.5 keV (high-speed), are mainly designed for power generation, and the simplified option of the reactor with low deuterium nuclei acceleration energies (710 eV to 720 eV) (slow) is very compact and will emit most of the energy in the form of heat;

The reactor with a fusion reaction tritium plus tritium will emit four times more thermal energy than a slow reactor of a deuterium pair, but its dimensions will be slightly larger.

Claims

1. A thermonuclear fusion method where counter-fluxes of hydrogen isotope nuclei in accelerators under vacuum are used, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the following steps are performed to obtain the fusion: hydrogen isotope gases are ionised in repeated doses; hydrogen isotope nuclei are separated and localised; hydrogen isotope nuclei are fed into accelerators; hydrogen isotope nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators; both counter-fluxes of hydrogen isotope nuclei are focussed in such a way that a collision (nuclei fusion) occurs; the fusion products are spread around the collision point (at 360° angle) in respect of the hydrogen isotope fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating positive nuclei of fusion products are stopped to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and the neutrons are neutralised in an aqueous medium.

2. A fusion method according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the fusion reaction involves the following hydrogen isotope pairs: deuterium plus deuterium, deuterium plus tritium, tritium plus tritium.

3. A fusion method according to claims 1 and 2, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that when hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus deuterium: deuterium nuclei in electrostatic fields of accelerators are accelerated to provide the energy of more than 72.5 keV; fusion products - ⁴He nuclei, tritium nuclei, protons and neutrons are spread around the impact point (at an angle of 360°) in respect of the deuterium nuclei fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ³He nuclei, tritium nuclei and protons are stopped to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are suspended and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

4. A fusion method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that when hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus deuterium: deuterium nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators to provide energy from 710 eV to 720 eV; fusion products - ⁴He nuclei and neutrons are spread around the impact point (at an angle of 360°) in respect of the deuterium nuclei fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ³He nuclei are stopped to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are stopped and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

5. A fusion method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that when hydrogen isotopes are deuterium plus tritium: both deuterium and tritium nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators to provide energy from 595 eV to 607 eV); fusion products - ⁴He nuclei and neutrons are spread around the impact point (at an angle of 360°) in respect of the deuterium nuclei fluxes at a direction angle close to 90°; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ⁴He nuclei are stopped to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are suspended and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

6. A fusion method according to claims 1 and 2, characterised in that when hydrogen isotopes are tritium plus tritium: tritium nuclei are accelerated in electrostatic fields of accelerators to provide energy from 7655 eV to 7667 eV; in electrostatic fields, the radially propagating fusion products - ⁴He nuclei are stopped to low energies by converting their kinetic energy into electrical energy, and neutrons are stopped and neutralised in an aqueous medium.

7. A fusion method in accordance with claim 3, characterised in that by increasing the energy of the deuterium nuclei and after combining the focusing results in the fusion products being only tritium nuclei and protons.

8. A fusion method according to claims 1, 3 and 6, characterised in that the deuterium or tritium nuclei are fed in portions into only one accelerator. 19

9. A thermonuclear reactor where a fusion method according to claim 1 , comprising two hydrogen isotope nuclei accelerators and two hydrogen isotope gas tanks with electromagnetic valves, is implemented, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that: the accelerators are made as vacuum cylindrical chambers and have two compartments each, so- called hydrogen isotope nuclei chambers, and hydrogen isotope nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers, and an energy converter for reaction products, hydrogen isotope nuclei chambers mean compartments of vacuum cylindrical chambers, each of which is equipped with two anodes and a cylindrical cathode, and, outside, in the cathode area, an electromagnetic lens (solenoid), and an ioniser mounted inside or outside the chambers; hydrogen isotope nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers mean compartments in a vacuum cylindrical chamber, each internally equipped with an anode and a cathode, and externally above the cathode - an electromagnetic lens and correction system; the energy converter of reaction products has the shape of a hollow disk, the peripheral part of which terminates in a conical ring inserted inside the hollow toroidal ring, hydrogen isotope nuclei accelerators mounted on both sides of the converter disk, in its centre, perpendicular to the disk plane, and their internal cavities are interconnected; the energy converter of reaction products has the following areas for the the following radially arranged areas: in the centre, the hydrogen isotope nuclei fusion area, conversion of kinetic energy into electricity (suspension) and recovery areas of reaction products are arranged moving further away from the centre:

³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area; area for suspension of tritium nuclei and their reaction with the electrode material; area for suspension of protons and their reaction with the electrode material; neutron recovery area.

10. The reactor according to claim 9, characterised in that the energy conversion, suspension and recovery area of the ³He or ⁴He nuclei is formed as two hollow toroids connected by annular connections to the sides of the converter disk, electrodes are placed around the annular connections to the converter disk, performing the function of energy conversion and ³He or 4He nuclei suspension; 20 in the inner cavities of the annular connections and toroids, looking from the converter disk to the peripheral parts, annular electrodes, grids, membranes, grids and heating elements are made.

11. A reactor according to claim 9, characterised in that the energy conversion areas of the protons and the tritium nuclei are formed as triads of concentric electrodes arranged in the inner walls of the converter disk.

12. A reactor according to claims 9, 10, characterised in that the neutron recovery area is conical and toroidal rings, the cavities of which are filled with water.

13. A reactor, where the fusion method according to claims 4 to 9 and claims 9 and 10 is implemented, characteris ed in that the energy converter of the reaction products has radially arranged areas: in the centre, the nuclei fusion area,

³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area; neutron recovery area.

14. A reactor where a fusion method according to claim 3, comprising two hydrogen isotope nuclei accelerators (1, la) and two deuterium gas tanks (3, 3a) with electromagnetic valves, is implemented, characterised in that: accelerators (1, la) implemented as vacuum cylindrical chambers (7, 7a) and each having two compartments, so-called deuterium nuclei chambers (8, 8a), and deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers (9, 9a), have an energy converter for reaction products (2), deuterium nuclei chambers (8, 8a) mean compartments of vacuum cylindrical chambers, each of which is equipped with two anodes (10, 11 and 10a, Ila) and a cylindrical cathode (12, 12a), and, outside, in the cathode area, electromagnetic lens (solenoid) (14, 14a), and ioniser (13, 13a) is mounted inside or outside the chambers; deuterium nuclei acceleration and focusing chambers (9, 9a) are compartments of a vacuum cylindrical chamber, each with an anode (15, 15a) and cathode (16, 16a) mounted inside, and outside, above the cathode, there is an electromagnetic lens (17, 17a) and a correction system (18, 18a); the energy converter for reaction products (2) has the shape of a hollow disk (19), the peripheral part of which terminates in a conical ring (20) inserted into the inside of the hollow toroidal ring (6), 21 deuterium nuclei accelerators (1, la) are mounted on both sides of the disk (19) of the converter (2), in its centre, perpendicular to the plane of the disk, and their internal cavities are interconnected; the energy converter for the reaction products (2) has radially arranged areas: in the centre, there is deuterium nuclear fusion area (19.1), the following areas for the conversion of kinetic energy into electricity (suspension) and recovery areas of reaction products are arranged moving further away from the centre:

³He nuclei suspension and their recovery area (19.2); the area of suspension of tritium nuclei and their reaction with the electrode material (19.3); the area of suspension of protons and their reaction with the electrode material (19.4); neutron recovery area.

15. A reactor according to claim 14, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the energy conversion, suspension and recovery area (19.2) of the 3He nuclei is formed as two hollow toroids (4, 4a) connected to the sides of the disk (19) of the converter (2) by annular connections (5, 5a), electrodes (21, 22) are placed around the points of annular connections (5, 5a) with the disc (19) of the converter (2), which perform the function of energy conversion and suspension of the ³He nuclei; looking at the peripheral parts of the disk (19) of the converter (2), annular electrodes (23, 23a), grids (24, 24a), membranes (25, 25a), grids (26, 26a) and heating elements (27, 27a) are made.

16. A reactor in which a fusion method according to claims 4 to 6 and according to claims 14 and 15 is implemented, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the energy converter (2) of the reaction products has the following radially arranged areas: in the centre, the nuclei fusion area (19.1),

³He or ⁴He nuclei suspension and their recovery area (19.2); neutron recovery area.

17. A reactor according to the fusion method according to claims 3, 4, 6 and 14, 15, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that it has one hydrogen isotope (deuterium or tritium) gas tank (3) with an electromagnetic valve.

18. The reactor according to claims 14 to 17, c h a r a c t e r i s e d in that the conical ring (20) can be made of cadmium or its alloys or of tungsten, lead amalgam, and the walls of the toroidal ring (6) are made of heat-resistant stainless steel.