WO2022105945A1 - 基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统 - Google Patents

基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统 Download PDF

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WO2022105945A1
WO2022105945A1 PCT/CN2022/072468 CN2022072468W WO2022105945A1 WO 2022105945 A1 WO2022105945 A1 WO 2022105945A1 CN 2022072468 W CN2022072468 W CN 2022072468W WO 2022105945 A1 WO2022105945 A1 WO 2022105945A1
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pressure
cement slurry
wellbore
bottom hole
cementing
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PCT/CN2022/072468
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English (en)
French (fr)
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王雪瑞
孙宝江
王志远
马金山
齐金涛
郗凤亮
赵殊勋
林志辉
付家文
Original Assignee
中国石油大学(华东)
中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司钻井技术服务分公司
中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司第二固井分公司
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Priority to GB2209895.8A priority Critical patent/GB2617631A/en
Publication of WO2022105945A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022105945A1/zh

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
    • G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
    • G06F30/28—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using fluid dynamics, e.g. using Navier-Stokes equations or computational fluid dynamics [CFD]
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B33/00—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells
    • E21B33/10—Sealing or packing boreholes or wells in the borehole
    • E21B33/13—Methods or devices for cementing, for plugging holes, crevices, or the like
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH DRILLING, e.g. DEEP DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B2200/00—Special features related to earth drilling for obtaining oil, gas or water
    • E21B2200/20—Computer models or simulations, e.g. for reservoirs under production, drill bits
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2113/00—Details relating to the application field
    • G06F2113/08—Fluids
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F2119/00—Details relating to the type or aim of the analysis or the optimisation
    • G06F2119/14—Force analysis or force optimisation, e.g. static or dynamic forces

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of oil and gas well development, in particular to a managed pressure cementing method and system based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation.
  • the traditional cementing technology usually uses high-density cement slurry to balance the formation pressure to prevent the occurrence of gas channeling.
  • the excessively heavy cement slurry is easy to fract the formation and induce leakage accidents.
  • the cementing process there are complex physical and chemical reactions in the cement slurry system in the wellbore, and the phenomenon of cement slurry hydration and weight loss will also induce the occurrence of cementing gas channeling accidents.
  • the cementing process is complex, including circulating wells, casing running, cement injection, and other working conditions, resulting in the change of wellbore pressure during the cementing process, which is more likely to induce well kick, lost circulation, gas channeling and other accidents. happened. Therefore, traditional cementing technology has been difficult to meet the requirements of safe and efficient cementing in deep and complex formation conditions.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a managed pressure cementing method and system based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation, which can calculate the bottom hole pressure in real time by simulating the physical or chemical reaction process of the cement slurry system during the cementing process.
  • the wellhead back pressure is controlled by adjusting the choke manifold, so that the bottom hole pressure is always maintained within the safe operation window of the formation, thereby preventing the occurrence of complex accidents such as well kick, gas channeling, and leakage, making up for the shortcomings of traditional cementing technology. .
  • the present invention provides the following scheme:
  • a managed pressure cementing method based on the simulation of a deep wellbore cement slurry system comprising the following steps: simulating the reaction of the wellbore cement slurry according to the basic data and cementing data of the operating well, and calculating the bottom hole pressure in the cementing process in real time according to the simulation , adjust the opening of the choke manifold to control the wellhead pressure, so that the formation pore pressure ⁇ bottom hole pressure ⁇ formation fracture pressure.
  • p b is the bottom hole pressure
  • p a is the wellhead back pressure
  • ⁇ is the wellbore fluid density
  • h is the wellbore length
  • f is the annular friction coefficient
  • v is the annular drilling fluid flow rate
  • d w is the wellbore diameter
  • d co is the outer diameter of the casing.
  • it also includes the following steps: if it is a casing running operation, simulate the wellbore pressure distribution during the casing running process, and calculate the equivalent flow rate during the casing running process in is the annulus equivalent flow rate, vc is the casing speed; K c is the adhesion coefficient of drilling fluid.
  • it also includes the following steps: in the case of cement injection, simulating the flow process of the liquid level of the slurry column in the wellbore, and calculating the bottom hole pressure where n is the type of injected fluid.
  • h i is the length of the ith cement slurry
  • ⁇ i is the hydration degree of the i th cement slurry
  • ⁇ 500 is the hydration degree of the cement slurry when the strength of the cement slurry reaches the preset strength.
  • the present invention also includes the following steps: if the bottom hole pressure is still lower than the formation pore pressure when the choke pipe is converged to the preset minimum opening degree, the back pressure pump is turned on to increase the wellhead pressure, so that the bottom hole pressure is increased. The pressure is greater than the formation pore pressure.
  • the invention also discloses a pressure-controlled cementing system based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation, comprising a choke manifold, a back pressure pump connected to the choke manifold, respectively connected to the choke manifold and the A processor electrically connected to the back pressure pump, and a computer-readable medium connected to the processor, the computer-readable medium stores a preset program, and the preset program can be implemented when executed by the processor A managed pressure cementing method based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation as described in any of the above.
  • the present invention discloses the following technical effects:
  • the pressure-controlled cementing method based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention calculates the bottom hole pressure in real time by simulating the physical or chemical reaction process of the cement slurry system in the cementing process, and controls the wellhead back pressure by adjusting the choke manifold. , so that the bottom hole pressure is always maintained within the safe operation window of the formation, so as to prevent the occurrence of complex accidents such as well kick, gas channeling, and leakage, and make up for the shortcomings of traditional cementing technology.
  • the controlled pressure cementing system based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention can automatically control the choke manifold and the back pressure pump according to the simulation and real-time calculation, thereby effectively ensuring the safety and reliability of the cementing process and preventing well
  • the occurrence of complex accidents such as surge, gas channeling, and leakage make up for the shortcomings of traditional cementing technology.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the well cleaning operation of the managed pressure cementing system based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the casing running operation of the managed pressure cementing system based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the cementing operation of the managed pressure cementing system based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the waiting operation of the managed pressure cementing system based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention
  • Drilling frame 1. Drilling frame; 2. Rotary control head; 3. Blowout preventer; 4. Wellbore; 5. Drilling fluid pump; 6. Drilling fluid tank; 7. Cement slurry pump; 8. Cement tank; 9. Back pressure pump; 10. Choke manifold; 11. Processor; 12. Flow meter; 13. Gas-liquid separation tank; 14. Mud pool; 15. Drill pipe; 16. Drill bit; 17. Casing; 18. Casing head; 19 , cement slurry; 22. Computer readable medium.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a pressure-controlled cementing method and system based on the simulation of deep wellbore cement slurry system, so that the bottom hole pressure is always maintained within the scope of the formation safety operation window, thereby preventing complex accidents such as well kick, gas channeling, and leakage
  • the occurrence of wells makes up for the deficiencies of traditional cementing technology.
  • Fig. 1 is the schematic diagram of the well washing operation of the managed pressure cementing system based on the simulation of the deep wellbore cement slurry system of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the casing running operation of the managed pressure cementing system based on the simulation of the deep wellbore cement slurry system of the present invention
  • Fig. 1 As shown in -2, the present invention proposes a managed pressure cementing method based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation, comprising the following steps:
  • adjusting the opening of the choke manifold to control the wellhead pressure specifically includes:
  • the opening of the choke manifold is adjusted to control the actual wellhead pressure, so that the actual wellhead pressure is less than the formation fracture pressure and greater than the formation pore pressure.
  • the pressure-controlled cementing method based on the deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation of the present invention calculates the bottom hole pressure in real time by simulating the physical or chemical reaction process of the cement slurry system in the cementing process, and controls the wellhead back pressure by adjusting the choke manifold. , so that the bottom hole pressure is always maintained within the safe operation window of the formation, thereby preventing the occurrence of complex accidents such as well kick, gas channeling, and leakage, and making up for the shortcomings of traditional cementing technology.
  • the wellbore 4 is a wellbore drilled into the formation.
  • a blowout preventer 3 is installed on the top of the wellbore 4, the purpose of which is to close the wellbore 4 at any time when complex accidents such as well kick and lost circulation occur.
  • the upper part of the blowout preventer 3 is equipped with a rotary control head 2, the purpose of which is to control the closure of the annular space between the drill pipe 15/casing 17 and the wellbore 4, and to guide the wellbore fluid from its side branches to flow into the choke Manifold 10.
  • a drilling frame 1 is arranged on the upper part of the center of the wellbore to provide an operating platform for drilling/cementing workers.
  • p b is the bottom hole pressure, Pa
  • ⁇ is the wellbore fluid density, kg/m 3 ;
  • h is the length of the wellbore, m
  • f is the annular module coefficient
  • v is the annular drilling fluid velocity, m/s
  • d w is the diameter of the wellbore, m
  • d co is the outer diameter of the casing, m.
  • the bottom hole pressure is calculated by formula (1), and the bottom hole pressure is compared with the formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure. If the bottom hole pressure is lower than the formation pore pressure, the opening of the choke pipe is reduced to make the wellhead back pressure. Elevated, the amount of increase is:
  • p p is the formation pore pressure
  • p f is the formation fracture pressure
  • V c is the casing running speed, m/s
  • K c is the adhesion coefficient of drilling fluid, dimensionless.
  • the bottom hole pressure during the casing running process is obtained in real time according to the annulus equivalent flow rate, and the comparison between the bottom hole pressure and the formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure in step S1 is repeated, and the corresponding operation, that is, if the bottom hole pressure is low
  • the opening degree of the choke pipe is reduced, so that the back pressure of the wellhead increases; if the bottom hole pressure is greater than the formation fracture pressure, the opening degree of the choke pipe is increased, so that the back pressure of the well head is reduced, and the wellhead pressure is increased. Less than the formation fracture pressure and greater than the formation pore pressure.
  • n is the type of injected fluid.
  • step S1 the comparison of the bottom hole pressure with the formation pore pressure and the formation fracture pressure in step S1 and the corresponding operations are repeated, so that the wellhead pressure is lower than the formation fracture pressure and greater than the formation pore pressure.
  • the real-time bottom hole pressure is determined by the following formula:
  • h i is the length of the i-th cement slurry, m;
  • ⁇ i is the hydration degree of the i-th cement slurry
  • ⁇ 500 is the hydration degree of the cement slurry when the strength of the cement slurry reaches the set strength. In this embodiment, ⁇ 500 is the hydration degree of the cement slurry when the set strength is 239 Pa.
  • step S1 the comparison of bottom hole pressure with formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure in step S1 is repeated, and corresponding operations.
  • the bottom hole pressure in the whole cementing process is completely simulated in real time, and the wellhead back pressure is controlled by controlling the choke manifold and the back pressure pump, so as to effectively control the bottom hole pressure within a safe range and prevent During the cementing process, complex accidents such as well kick, gas channeling, and leakage can occur.
  • the simulated bottom hole pressure can be compared with the tested pressure in real time, so as to effectively judge the bottom hole situation and further ensure the safety of construction.
  • the basic data of the operating well includes wellbore trajectory, wellbore structure, formation three pressure profiles, slurry column fluid parameters, formation temperature gradient, and the like.
  • the present invention also proposes a managed pressure cementing system based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation, including a choke manifold 10 and a back pressure connected to the choke manifold 10 A pump 9, a processor 11 electrically connected to the throttling manifold 10 and the back pressure pump 9, respectively, and a computer-readable medium 22 connected to the processor 11, in the computer-readable medium 22
  • a preset program and when the preset program is executed by the processor, the above-mentioned managed pressure cementing method based on deep wellbore cement slurry system simulation can be realized.
  • the well flushing fluid is injected by the drilling fluid pump 5 to clean the cuttings in the wellbore.
  • the processor 11 according to the simulation in the computer readable medium 11, according to the formula (1)
  • the calculated bottom hole pressure, and the comparison result of bottom hole pressure, formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure adjust the opening of the choke manifold 10, so as to control the wellhead back pressure.
  • the casing is slowly run into the wellbore, which will cause excitation pressure.
  • the processor 11 according to the wellbore pressure distribution simulated in the computer readable medium 22, Formula (4) calculates the equivalent flow rate, and calculates the bottom hole pressure according to the equivalent flow rate, and adjusts the opening of the choke manifold 10 or any other value according to the comparison result between the calculated bottom hole pressure, formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure.
  • the back pressure pump 9 is described, so as to adjust the back pressure of the wellhead.
  • cement slurry, spacer fluid, and flushing fluid are required for cementing configuration, and are injected into the wellbore through the cement slurry pump 7 .
  • the bottom hole pressure is calculated according to formula (5), and the opening of the choke manifold 10 is adjusted according to the comparison result of the calculated bottom hole pressure with the formation pore pressure and formation fracture pressure, thereby adjusting the wellhead back pressure.
  • the cement slurry pump 7 stops, and the processor 11 considers the cement according to the simulation in the computer-readable medium 22 .
  • the bottom hole pressure is calculated by formula (5), and the opening of the choke manifold 10 or the The back pressure pump 9 is used to adjust the back pressure of the wellhead.

Abstract

一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统，方法包括如下步骤：根据作业井的基础数据和固井数据，模拟井筒水泥浆的水化反应，根据模拟实时计算固井过程中的井底压力，调节节流管汇的开度以控制井口回压，从而使地层孔隙压力<井底压力<地层破裂压力。系统包括存有预设程序的计算机可读介质，预设程序被执行时能够实现以上方法。可以通过对固井过程中水泥浆体系物理或化学反应过程的模拟，实时计算出井底压力，通过调节节流管汇控制井口回压，从而使得井底压力始终维持在地层安全作业窗口范围内，从而防止井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生。

Description

基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统
本申请要求于2020年11月18日提交中国专利局、申请号为202011292610.5、发明名称为“基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统”的中国专利申请的优先权，其全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及油气井开发技术领域，特别是涉及一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统。
背景技术
伴随世界能源不断地枯竭，全球新发现油气藏不断向深层、深水发展。深层、深水油气藏带来的不仅是丰富的油气资源，同时伴随而来的是越来越复杂的地质条件。针对深层油气井固井过程中，复杂油气藏窄安全密度窗口等难题会导致固井过程中井涌、井漏、气窜现象频发，严重威胁井筒的完整性。
传统固井技术通常采用高密度水泥浆平衡地层压力来防止气窜的发生，然而在安全密度窗口条件下，过重的水泥浆容易压裂地层诱发漏失事故。固井过程中井筒内水泥浆体系存在复杂的物理化学反应，水泥浆水化失重等现象也会诱发固井气窜事故的发生。此外，固井工艺流程复杂，包括循环洗井、下套管、注水泥、侯凝等多种工况，导致固井过程井筒压力多变，更容易诱发井涌、井漏、气窜等事故的发生。因此，传统的固井技术已经难以满足深层复杂地层条件安全高效固井的要求。
发明内容
基于此，本发明的目的是提供一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统，可以通过对固井过程中水泥浆体系物理或化学反应过程的模拟，实时计算出井底压力，通过调节节流管汇控制井口回压，从而使得井底压力始终维持在地层安全作业窗口范围内，从而防止井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生，弥补了传统固井技术的不足。
为实现上述目的，本发明提供了如下方案：
一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，包括如下步骤：根据作业井的基础数据和固井数据，模拟井筒水泥浆的反应，根据模拟实时计算固井过程中的井底压力，调节节流管汇的开度以控制井口压力，从而使地层孔隙压力<井底压力<地层破裂压力。
作为本发明的进一步优化，还包括如下步骤：若为洗井作业，则模拟洗井液动态流动过程，并计算井底压力
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000001
其中，p b为井底压力；p a为井口回压，ρ为井筒流体密度，h为井筒长度，f为环空摩阻系数，v为环空钻井液流速，d w为井眼直径，d co为套管外径。
作为本发明的进一步优化，还包括如下步骤：若为下套管作业，则模拟套管下放过程中的井筒压力分布，并计算套管下放过程中的当量流速
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000002
其中
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000003
为环空当量流速，v c下套管速度；K c为钻井液的粘附系数。
作为本发明的进一步优化，还包括如下步骤：若为注水泥作业时，则模拟井筒内浆柱液面的流动过程，并计算井底压力
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000004
其中，n为注入流体种类。
作为本发明的进一步优化，还包括如下步骤：若为侯凝作业，则根据水泥浆数据模拟井筒内水泥浆凝固过程，并计算井底压力
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000005
其中，h i为第i种水泥浆长度；α i为第i种水泥浆水化度；α 500为水泥浆强度达到预设强度时的水泥浆水化度。
作为本发明的进一步优化，还包括如下步骤：若节流管汇开到预设最小开度时井底压力仍小于地层孔隙压力，则开启回压泵以使井口压力增大，从而使井底压力大于地层孔隙压力。
本发明还公开了一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统，包括节流管汇，与所述节流管汇连接的回压泵，分别与所述节流管汇和所述回压泵电性连接的处理器，以及与所述处理器连接的计算机可读介质，所述计算机可读介质中存有预设程序，该预设程序被所述处理器执行时能够实现如上任一项中所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法。
根据本发明提供的具体实施例，本发明公开了以下技术效果：
本发明所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，通过模拟固井过程中水泥浆体系物理或化学反应过程，实时计算出井底压力，通过调节节流管汇控制井口回压，从而使得井底压力始终维持在地层安全作业窗口范围内，从而防止井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生，弥补了传统固井技术的不足。
本发明所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统，可以根据模拟和实时计算自动控制节流管汇和回压泵，从而有效的保证了固井过程的安全可靠，防止井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生，弥补了传统固井技术的不足。
说明书附图
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动性的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统洗井作业示意图；
图2为本发明基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统下套管作业示意图；
图3为本发明基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统注水泥作业示意图；
图4为本发明基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统侯凝作业示意图；
符号说明：
1、钻架；2、旋转控制头；3、防喷器；4、井筒；5、钻井液泵；6、钻井液罐；7、水泥浆泵；8、水泥罐；9、回压泵；10、节流管汇；11、处理器；12、流量计；13、气液分离罐；14、泥浆池；15、钻杆；16、钻头；17、套管；18、套管头；19、水泥浆；22、计算机可读介质。
具体实施方式
下面将结合本发明实施例中的附图，对本发明实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述，显然，所描述的实施例仅仅是本发明一部分实施例，而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明的目的是提供一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法及系统，使井底压力始终维持在地层安全作业窗口范围内，从而防止井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生，弥补了传统固井技术的不足。
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂，下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细的说明。
图1为本发明基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统洗井作业示意图；图2为本发明基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统下套管作业示意图；如图1-2所示，本发明提出一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，包括如下步骤：
根据作业井的基础数据和固井数据，模拟井筒水泥浆的反应，根据模拟实时计算固井过程中的井底压力，调节节流管汇的开度以控制井口压力，从而使地层孔隙压力<井底压力<地层破裂压力，即使井底压力大于地层孔隙压且井底压力小于地层破裂压力。
其中，调节所述节流管汇的开度以控制井口压力具体包括：
根据模拟获得的井底压力调节节流管汇的开度以控制实际的井口压力，使实际的井口压力小于地层破裂压力并大于地层孔隙压力。
本发明所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，通过模拟固井过程中水泥浆体系物理或化学反应过程，实时计算出井底压力，通过调节节流管汇控制井口回压，从而使得井底压力始终维持在地层安全作业窗口范围内，从而防止井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生，弥补了传统固井技术的不足。
井筒4为钻入地层的井眼。井筒4顶部安装有防喷器3，其目的是在发生井涌、井漏等复杂事故时候，能够随时关闭井筒4。防喷器3上部安装有旋转控制头2，其目的是能够控制钻杆15/套管17与井筒4之间的环形空间的闭合，并能够引导井筒流体从其侧方支路流入进节流管汇10。井筒中心上部安置钻架1，为钻井/固井工人提供操作平台。
本实施例中的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法具体包括如下步骤：
判断当前的作业状态；
S1、若为洗井作业，则模拟井筒内洗井液的动态流动过程，通过下式确定井底压力：
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000006
式中：
p b为井底压力，Pa；
p a为井口回压，Pa；
ρ为井筒流体密度，kg/m 3；
h为井筒长度，m；
f为环空模组系数；
v为环空钻井液流速，m/s；
d w为井眼直径，m；
d co为套管外径，m。
通过公式(1)计算出井底压力，并将井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力进行比较，若井底压力低于地层孔隙压力时，则减小节流管汇开度，使得井口回压升高，升高量为：
Δp＝p p-p b     (2)
若井底压力大于地层破裂压力，则增大节流管汇开度，使得井口回压降低，降低量为：
Δp＝p b-p f     (3)
式中，p p为地层孔隙压力，p f为地层破裂压力。
S2、若为下套管作业，则模拟下套管激动压力作用下的井筒压力分布，计算出下套管时的当量流速：
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000007
式中：
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000008
为环空当量流速，m/s；
V c为下套管速度，m/s；
K c为钻井液的粘附系数，无量纲。
随后结合公式(1)，根据环空当量流速实时获取下套管过程中井底压力，并重复步骤S1中井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较，以及相应的操作，即若井底压力低于地层孔隙压力时，则减小节流管汇开度，使得井口回压升高；若井底压力大于地层破裂压力，则增大节流管汇开度，使得井口回压降低，使井口压力小于地层破裂压力并大于地层孔隙压力。
S3、若为注水泥作业，则模拟井中多种液体的动态流动过程，模拟中考虑水泥浆、隔离液、冲洗液等多种不同类型流体的时空分布，通过下式计算井底实时压力：
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000009
式中：n为注入流体种类。
随后重复步骤S1中井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较，以及相应的操作，使井口压力小于地层破裂压力并大于地层孔隙压力。
S4、若为侯凝作业，则需要模拟井筒中水泥浆水化凝固过程，考虑水泥浆水化失重现象，通过下式确定井底实时压力：
Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-000010
式中：
h i为第i种水泥浆长度，m；
α i为第i种水泥浆水化度；
α 500为水泥浆强度达到设定的强度时水泥浆水化度，本实施例中α 500为设定强度为239Pa时的水泥浆的水化度。
随后重复步骤S1中井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较，以及相应的操作。
从而完整的将整个固井过程中井底压力进行了实时的模拟，并通过控制节流管汇、回压泵的措施控制井口回压，从而有效的将井底压力控制在安全范围内，防止了固井过程中井涌、气窜、漏失等复杂事故的发生，同时可以将模拟的井底压力与测试的压力进行实时的比对，有效的对井底情况进行判断，进一步保证施工的安全。
需要说明的是，本实施例中，作业井的基础数据包括井眼轨迹、井身结构、地层三压力剖面、浆柱流体参数、地层温度梯度等。
此外，如图1-图4所示，本发明还提出一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统，包括节流管汇10，与所述节流管汇10连接的回压泵9，分别与所述节流管汇10和所述回压泵9电性连接的处理器11，以及与所述处理器11连接的计算机可读介质22，所述计算机可读介质22中存有预设程序，该预设程序被所述处理器执行时能够实现如上所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法。
如图1-图4所示，为本实施例中，在洗井、下套管、注水泥、侯凝四个阶段的作业情况：
如图1所示，在洗井作业中，由钻井液泵5注入洗井液，清洗井眼内岩屑，此时所述处理器11根据所述计算机可读介质11中的模拟，根据公式(1)计算的井底压力，以及井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较结果，调节所述节流管汇10的开度，从而控制井口回压。
如图2所示，在下套管作业中，套管缓慢下入至井眼内，此时会导致激动压力，所述处理器11根据所述计算机可读介质22中模拟的井筒压力 分布，根据公式(4)计算出当量流速，并根据当量流速计算出井底压力，根据计算出的井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较结果，调节所述节流管汇10的开度或者所述回压泵9，从而调节井口回压。
如图3所示，在注水泥作业中，因配置固井需要水泥浆、隔离液、冲洗液，通过水泥浆泵7注入井筒内，所述处理器11根据所述计算机可读介质11中的模拟，根据公式(5)计算出井底压力，根据计算出的井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较结果，调节所述节流管汇10的开度，从而调节井口回压。
如图4所示，在侯凝作业中，水泥浆柱注入到设定的位置时，所述水泥浆泵7停止，所述处理器11根据所述计算机可读介质22中的模拟，考虑水泥浆的水化式中，通过公式(5)计算出井底压力，根据计算出的井底压力与地层孔隙压力、地层破裂压力的比较结果，调节所述节流管汇10的开度或所述回压泵9，从而调节井口回压。
本说明书中各个实施例采用递进的方式描述，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处，各个实施例之间相同相似部分互相参见即可。
本文中应用了具体个例对本发明的原理及实施方式进行了阐述，以上实施例的说明只是用于帮助理解本发明的方法及其核心思想；同时，对于本领域的一般技术人员，依据本发明的思想，在具体实施方式及应用范围上均会有改变之处。综上所述，本说明书内容不应理解为对本发明的限制。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：根据作业井的基础数据和固井数据，模拟井筒水泥浆的反应，根据模拟实时计算固井过程中的井底压力，调节节流管汇的开度以控制井口压力，从而使地层孔隙压力<井底压力<地层破裂压力。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：若为洗井作业，则模拟洗井液动态流动过程，并计算井底压力
    Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-100001
    其中，p b为井底压力；p a为井口回压，ρ为井筒流体密度，h为井筒长度，f为环空摩阻系数，v为环空钻井液流速，d w为井眼直径，d co为套管外径。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：若为下套管作业，则模拟套管下放过程中的井筒压力分布，并计算套管下放过程中的当量流速
    Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-100002
    其中
    Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-100003
    为环空当量流速，v c下套管速度；K c为钻井液的粘附系数。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：若为注水泥作业时，则模拟井筒内浆柱液面的流动过程，并计算井底压力
    Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-100004
    其中，n为注入流体种类。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：若为侯凝作业，则根据水泥浆数据模拟井筒内水泥浆凝固过程，并计算井底压力
    Figure PCTCN2022072468-appb-100005
    其中，h i为第i种水泥浆长度；α i为第i种水泥浆水化度；α 500为水泥浆强度达到预 设强度时的水泥浆水化度。
  6. 根据权利要求1-5任一项中所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法，其特征在于，还包括如下步骤：若节流管汇开到预设最小开度时井底压力仍小于地层孔隙压力，则开启回压泵以使井口压力增大，从而使井底压力大于地层孔隙压力。
  7. 一种基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井系统，其特征在于，包括节流管汇，与所述节流管汇连接的回压泵，分别与所述节流管汇和所述回压泵电性连接的处理器，以及与所述处理器连接的计算机可读介质，所述计算机可读介质中存有预设程序，该预设程序被所述处理器执行时能够实现如权利要求1-6任一项中所述的基于深层井筒水泥浆体系模拟的控压固井方法。
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