WO2022100082A1 - Procédé et appareil de traitement d'image, dispositif électronique et support de stockage lisible - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil de traitement d'image, dispositif électronique et support de stockage lisible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022100082A1
WO2022100082A1 PCT/CN2021/098613 CN2021098613W WO2022100082A1 WO 2022100082 A1 WO2022100082 A1 WO 2022100082A1 CN 2021098613 W CN2021098613 W CN 2021098613W WO 2022100082 A1 WO2022100082 A1 WO 2022100082A1
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Prior art keywords
ratio
channel
saturation
image
change ratio
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PCT/CN2021/098613
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English (en)
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
李永超
赵博
洪星智
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海宁奕斯伟集成电路设计有限公司
北京奕斯伟计算技术有限公司
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Publication of WO2022100082A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022100082A1/fr

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T5/00—Image enhancement or restoration
    • G06T5/90—Dynamic range modification of images or parts thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T2207/00—Indexing scheme for image analysis or image enhancement
    • G06T2207/10—Image acquisition modality
    • G06T2207/10024—Color image

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to the technical field of image processing, and in particular, to an image processing method, an apparatus, an electronic device, and a storage medium.
  • Y in the YUV color space represents the brightness, which is the grayscale value; while “U” and “V” represent the color saturation of the image, which is used to specify the color of the pixel.
  • brightness and saturation are well separated, but if only brightness or saturation is processed, and saturation and brightness corresponding to brightness or saturation are not done. Processing, it will cause the problem of color and brightness mismatch, such as the phenomenon of color washing or oversaturation in the image.
  • the corresponding compensation processing is performed on the saturation of the image.
  • the compensation processing will cause the color clipping problem, which is manifested as darkening of the color or loss of details in the image.
  • the present disclosure provides an image processing method, apparatus, electronic device, and storage medium.
  • the present disclosure provides an image processing method, the method comprising: acquiring an RGB image; converting the RGB image into a YUV image; pulling a Y channel of the YUV image from a first luminance component rising to the second luminance component; calculating the change ratio of the luminance component of the Y channel according to the first luminance component and the second luminance component; and compensating the saturation of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image according to the change ratio weight.
  • the calculation formula of the change ratio is: Wherein, Ratio is the change ratio, Y out is the second luminance component, Y in is the first luminance component, and ⁇ is a preset extreme value that is not zero.
  • the compensated saturation component, V in is the original saturation component of the V channel, and V out is the compensated saturation component of the V channel.
  • the step of compensating the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image according to the change ratio includes: judging whether the change ratio is less than a preset value; if the ratio is smaller than the preset value, adjust the change ratio to be the first ratio; when it is determined that the change ratio is greater than or equal to the preset value, adjust the change ratio to the second ratio; and according to the first ratio
  • the scale or the second scale compensates the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image.
  • the step of adjusting the change ratio to the first ratio includes: acquiring luminance data of the YUV image; acquiring a first gain coefficient corresponding to the luminance data; and adjusting according to the first gain coefficient
  • the change ratio is the first ratio.
  • the step of adjusting the change ratio to the second ratio includes: acquiring saturation data of the YUV image; acquiring a second gain coefficient corresponding to the saturation data; and according to the second gain The coefficient adjusts the change ratio to be the second ratio.
  • the present disclosure provides an image processing apparatus, the image processing apparatus comprising: an acquisition module for acquiring an RGB image; a conversion module for converting the RGB image into a YUV image; The module is used to pull the Y channel of the YUV image from the first brightness component to the second brightness component; the calculation module is used to calculate the brightness component of the Y channel according to the first brightness component and the second brightness component. a change ratio; and a compensation module for compensating the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image according to the change ratio.
  • the present disclosure provides an electronic device comprising a processor, a memory, and a program or instruction stored on the memory and executable on the processor, the program or instruction being executed by the
  • the processor implements the steps of the image processing method described above when executed.
  • the present disclosure provides a readable storage medium, on which a program or an instruction is stored, and when the program or the instruction is executed by a processor, implements the above-mentioned image processing method.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic flowchart of steps of an image processing method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic flowchart of the steps of step S15 shown in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic flowchart of the step S22 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic flowchart of the step S23 shown in FIG. 2 .
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a luminance mapping curve provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic structural diagram of a saturation mapping curve provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic structural diagram of an image processing apparatus according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic structural diagram of an electronic device provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a specific structure of an electronic device provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an image processing method, which is applied to an electronic device, and the method includes steps S11 to S15 .
  • Step S11 acquiring an RGB image.
  • Step S12 converting the RGB image into a YUV image.
  • the RGB in the process of converting an RGB image into a YUV image, the RGB is converted to obtain a Y channel of a luminance signal and two saturation signals U and V channels.
  • RGB a Y channel of a luminance signal
  • U and V channels For the specific conversion of RGB to YUV, please refer to the related art .
  • Step S13 pulling the Y channel of the YUV image from the first luminance component to the second luminance component.
  • Step S14 Calculate the change ratio of the luminance component of the Y channel according to the first luminance component and the second luminance component.
  • the calculation formula of the change ratio is: Wherein, Ratio is the change ratio, Y out is the second luminance component, Y in is the first luminance component, and ⁇ is a preset extreme value that is not zero. where ⁇ is a minimum value to prevent the denominator from being zero.
  • Step S15 Compensate the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image according to the change ratio.
  • the saturation component By adjusting the saturation component according to the change ratio of the luminance data, the color of the image after color compensation is maintained, and the image quality is improved.
  • step S15 may further include steps S21 to S24.
  • Step S21 judging whether the change ratio is less than a preset value.
  • the preset value is preferably 1.0, but is not limited thereto. By comparing the change ratio with 1.0, it can be known that the Y channel of the YUV image is darkened or brightened.
  • Step S22 when it is determined that the change ratio is smaller than the preset value, adjust the change ratio to be the first ratio.
  • the change ratio when it is determined that the change ratio is less than the preset value (ie, 1.0), it indicates that the image is darkened. In order to prevent the color of the image from being darkened, the change ratio needs to be adjusted to the first ratio. Adjusts the saturation component.
  • step S22 includes steps S31 to S32.
  • Step S31 acquiring luminance data of the YUV image.
  • the luminance data may be calculated in any color space. Specifically, such as the 709 color gamut of the YUV color space, the calculation method of the luminance data is as follows:
  • Step S32 Obtain a first gain coefficient corresponding to the luminance data.
  • the electronic device is preset with a luminance lookup table (LUT), and a certain number of discrete coordinate points are stored in the luminance lookup table, and these coordinate points are sampling points on the luminance mapping curve.
  • the abscissa of the coordinate point is the luminance data, that is, the input of the luminance mapping curve
  • the ordinate of the coordinate point is the first gain coefficient, that is, the output of the luminance mapping curve.
  • the luminance lookup table represents a simplest luminance mapping curve as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • Step S33 adjusting the change ratio to be a first ratio according to the first gain coefficient.
  • the change ratio is adjusted to the first gain coefficient, so as to prevent the image color from being suppressed when the Y channel is suppressed.
  • Step S23 when it is determined that the change ratio is greater than or equal to the preset value, adjust the change ratio to a second ratio.
  • the change ratio when it is determined that the change ratio is greater than or equal to the preset value (ie, 1.0), it indicates that the image is brightened.
  • the second scale adjusts the saturation component.
  • step S23 includes steps S41 to S43.
  • step S41 the saturation data of the YUV image is acquired.
  • Step S42 acquiring a second gain coefficient corresponding to the saturation data.
  • the electronic device is preset with a saturation lookup table (LUT), and a certain number of discrete coordinate points are stored in the saturation lookup table, and these coordinate points are sampling points on the saturation mapping curve.
  • the abscissa of the coordinate point is the saturation data, that is, the input of the saturation mapping curve
  • the ordinate of the coordinate point is the second gain coefficient, that is, the output of the saturation mapping curve.
  • the saturation lookup table represents a simplest saturation mapping curve as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • Step S43 adjusting the change ratio to a second ratio according to the second gain coefficient.
  • Ratio H Ratio*LUT sat ; wherein, Ratio H is the second ratio, and LUT sat is the second gain coefficient.
  • the change ratio is adjusted to the second gain coefficient, so that when the Y channel is brightened, the color of the image is prevented from being oversaturated.
  • an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an image processing apparatus.
  • the image processing module includes an acquisition module 71 , a conversion module 72 , a pull-up module 73 , a calculation module 74 , and a compensation module 75 .
  • the acquisition module 71 is used to acquire RGB images.
  • the conversion module 72 is used to convert the RGB image into a YUV image.
  • the RGB in the process of converting an RGB image into a YUV image, the RGB is converted to obtain a Y channel of a luminance signal and two saturation signals U and V channels.
  • RGB a Y channel of a luminance signal
  • U and V channels For the specific conversion of RGB to YUV, please refer to the related art .
  • the pulling module 73 is used for pulling the Y channel of the YUV image from the first luminance component to the second luminance component.
  • the calculation module 74 is configured to calculate the change ratio of the luminance component of the Y channel according to the first luminance component and the second luminance component.
  • the calculation formula of the change ratio is: Wherein, Ratio is the change ratio, Y out is the second luminance component, Y in is the first luminance component, and ⁇ is a preset extreme value that is not zero. where ⁇ is a minimum value to prevent the denominator from being zero.
  • the compensation module 75 compensates the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image according to the change ratio.
  • the compensation module 75 includes a determination unit, a first adjustment unit, a second adjustment unit, and a compensation unit.
  • the judging unit is used for judging whether the change ratio is less than a preset value.
  • the preset value is preferably 1.0, but is not limited thereto. By comparing the change ratio with 1.0, it can be known that the Y channel of the YUV image is darkened or brightened.
  • the first adjustment unit is configured to adjust the change ratio to a first ratio when it is determined that the change ratio is smaller than the preset value.
  • the change ratio when it is determined that the change ratio is less than the preset value (ie, 1.0), it indicates that the image is darkened. In order to prevent the color of the image from being darkened, the change ratio needs to be adjusted to the first ratio. Adjusts the saturation component.
  • the first adjustment unit includes a first acquisition subunit, a second acquisition subunit, and a first adjustment subunit.
  • the acquisition subunit is used to acquire the luminance data of the YUV image.
  • the luminance data may be calculated in any color space. Specifically, such as the 709 color gamut of the YUV color space, the calculation method of the luminance data is as follows:
  • the second obtaining subunit is used to obtain the first gain coefficient corresponding to the luminance data.
  • the electronic device is preset with a luminance lookup table (LUT), and a certain number of discrete coordinate points are stored in the luminance lookup table, and these coordinate points are sampling points on the luminance mapping curve.
  • the abscissa of the coordinate point is the luminance data, that is, the input of the luminance mapping curve
  • the ordinate of the coordinate point is the first gain coefficient, that is, the output of the luminance mapping curve.
  • the luminance lookup table represents a simplest luminance mapping curve as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • the first adjustment subunit is configured to adjust the change ratio to a first ratio according to the first gain coefficient.
  • the second adjustment unit is configured to adjust the change ratio to a second ratio when it is determined that the change ratio is greater than or equal to the preset value.
  • the change ratio when it is determined that the change ratio is greater than or equal to the preset value (ie, 1.0), it indicates that the image is brightened.
  • the second scale adjusts the saturation component.
  • the second adjustment unit includes a third acquisition subunit, a fourth acquisition subunit, and a second adjustment subunit.
  • the third acquisition subunit is used to acquire the saturation data of the YUV image.
  • the fourth obtaining subunit is configured to obtain the second gain coefficient corresponding to the saturation data.
  • the electronic device is preset with a saturation lookup table (LUT), and a certain number of discrete coordinate points are stored in the saturation lookup table, and these coordinate points are sampling points on the saturation mapping curve.
  • the abscissa of the coordinate point is the saturation data, that is, the input of the saturation mapping curve
  • the ordinate of the coordinate point is the second gain coefficient, that is, the output of the saturation mapping curve.
  • the saturation lookup table represents a simplest saturation mapping curve as shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the second adjustment subunit is configured to adjust the change ratio to a second ratio according to the second gain coefficient.
  • Ratio H Ratio*LUT sat ; wherein, Ratio H is the second ratio, and LUT sat is the second gain coefficient.
  • an embodiment of the present disclosure further provides an electronic device 800, and the electronic device 800 may be devices such as a mobile phone, a tablet, and a computer.
  • the electronic device 800 includes a processor 801 and a memory 802 .
  • the processor 801 is electrically connected to the memory 802 .
  • the processor 801 is the control center of the electronic device 800, uses various interfaces and lines to connect various parts of the entire electronic device, executes the electronic Various functions of the device and processing data, so as to carry out the overall monitoring of the electronic device.
  • the electronic device 800 is provided with multiple storage partitions, and the multiple storage partitions include a system partition and a target partition.
  • the instructions corresponding to the process of the program are loaded into the memory 802, and the processor 801 runs the application program stored in the memory 802, thereby realizing various functions:
  • the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image are compensated according to the change ratio.
  • FIG. 9 shows a specific structural block diagram of an electronic device 900 provided by an embodiment of the present disclosure, and the electronic device 900 can be used to implement the image processing method provided in the foregoing embodiments.
  • the electronic device 900 may be a mobile phone or a tablet.
  • the electronic device 900 also includes the following components.
  • the RF circuit 910 is used for receiving and sending electromagnetic waves, realizing mutual conversion between electromagnetic waves and electrical signals, so as to communicate with a communication network or other devices.
  • RF circuitry 910 may include various associated circuit elements for performing these functions, eg, antennas, radio frequency transceivers, digital signal processors, encryption/decryption chips, subscriber identity module (SIM) cards, memory, and the like.
  • the RF circuit 910 may communicate with various networks such as the Internet, an intranet, a wireless network, or with other devices over a wireless network.
  • the aforementioned wireless network may include a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network, or a metropolitan area network.
  • the above-mentioned wireless network can use various communication standards, protocols and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), wideband code Division Multiple Access (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, WCDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (Code Division Access, CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Wireless Fidelity (Wireless Fidelity, Wi- Fi) (such as IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE802.11g and/or IEEE 802.11n), Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, Wi-Max), other protocols for mail, instant messaging, and short messaging, and any other suitable communication protocols, even those that are not currently being developed.
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
  • EDGE Enhanced Data GSM Environment
  • WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
  • TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
  • Wireless Fidelity Wireless Fidelity
  • Wi- Fi such as IEEE 802.11a, IEEE
  • the memory 920 can be used to store software programs and modules, such as program instructions/modules corresponding to the image processing method in the above-mentioned embodiments, the processor 980 executes various functional applications and data processing by running the software programs and modules stored in the memory 920. , that is, the function of realizing the image processing method.
  • Memory 920 may include high-speed random access memory, and may also include non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or other non-volatile solid-state memory.
  • memory 920 may further include memory located remotely from processor 980, which may be connected to electronic device 900 through a network. Examples of such networks include, but are not limited to, the Internet, an intranet, a local area network, a mobile communication network, and combinations thereof.
  • the input unit 930 may be used to receive input numerical or character information, and generate keyboard, mouse, joystick, optical or trackball signal input related to user settings and function control.
  • the input unit 930 may include a touch-sensitive surface 931 as well as other input devices 932 .
  • Touch-sensitive surface 931 also known as a touch display or trackpad, collects user touch operations on or near it (such as a user using a finger, stylus, etc., any suitable object or accessory on or on touch-sensitive surface 931). operations near the touch-sensitive surface 931), and drive the corresponding connection device according to a preset program.
  • the touch-sensitive surface 931 may include two parts, a touch detection device and a touch controller.
  • the touch detection device detects the user's touch orientation, detects the signal brought by the touch operation, and transmits the signal to the touch controller; the touch controller receives the touch information from the touch detection device, converts it into contact coordinates, and then sends it to the touch controller.
  • the touch-sensitive surface 931 may be implemented using resistive, capacitive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave types.
  • the input unit 930 may also include other input devices 932 .
  • other input devices 932 may include, but are not limited to, one or more of physical keyboards, function keys (such as volume control keys, switch keys, etc.), trackballs, mice, joysticks, and the like.
  • the display unit 940 may be used to display information input by the user or information provided to the user and various graphical user interfaces of the electronic device 900, which may be composed of graphics, text, icons, videos, and any combination thereof.
  • the display unit 940 may include a display panel 941.
  • the display panel 941 may be configured in the form of a liquid crystal display (Liquid Crystal Display, LCD), an organic light-emitting diode (Organic Light-Emitting Diode, OLED), and the like.
  • the touch-sensitive surface 931 may cover the display panel 941, and when the touch-sensitive surface 931 detects a touch operation on or near it, it transmits it to the processor 980 to determine the type of the touch event, and then the processor 980 determines the type of the touch event according to the touch event.
  • Type provides corresponding visual output on display panel 941 .
  • the touch-sensitive surface 931 and the display panel 941 are implemented as two separate components to realize the input and output functions, in some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface 931 and the display panel 941 may be integrated to realize the input and output functions.
  • the electronic device 900 may also include at least one sensor 950, such as a light sensor, a motion sensor, and other sensors.
  • the light sensor may include an ambient light sensor and a proximity sensor, wherein the ambient light sensor may adjust the brightness of the display panel 941 according to the brightness of the ambient light, and the proximity sensor may close the display panel 941 when the electronic device 900 is moved to the ear and/or backlight.
  • the gravitational acceleration sensor can detect the magnitude of acceleration in all directions (usually three axes), and can detect the magnitude and direction of gravity when stationary, and can be used for applications that recognize the attitude of mobile phones (such as horizontal and vertical screen switching, related games, magnetometer attitude calibration), vibration recognition related functions (such as pedometer, tapping), etc.; as for other sensors such as gyroscopes, barometers, hygrometers, thermometers, infrared sensors, etc. that can be configured in the electronic device 900, here No longer.
  • the audio circuit 960 , the speaker 961 , and the microphone 962 may provide an audio interface between the user and the electronic device 900 .
  • the audio circuit 960 can convert the received audio data into an electrical signal, and transmit it to the speaker 961, and the speaker 961 converts it into a sound signal for output; on the other hand, the microphone 962 converts the collected sound signal into an electrical signal, which is converted by the audio circuit 960 After receiving, it is converted into audio data, and then the audio data is output to the processor 980 for processing, and then sent to, for example, another terminal through the RF circuit 910, or the audio data is output to the memory 920 for further processing.
  • Audio circuitry 960 may also include an ear jack to provide for communication of peripheral headphones with electronic device 900 .
  • the electronic device 900 can help the user to send and receive emails, browse web pages, access streaming media, etc. through the transmission module 970 (such as a Wi-Fi module), which provides the user with wireless broadband Internet access.
  • the transmission module 970 such as a Wi-Fi module
  • FIG. 9 shows the transmission module 970, it can be understood that it does not belong to the essential structure of the electronic device 900, and can be completely omitted as required within the scope of not changing the essence of the invention.
  • the processor 980 is the control center of the electronic device 900, uses various interfaces and lines to connect various parts of the entire mobile phone, runs or executes the software programs and/or modules stored in the memory 920, and calls the data stored in the memory 920. , perform various functions of the electronic device 900 and process data, so as to monitor the mobile phone as a whole.
  • the processor 980 may include one or more processing cores; in some embodiments, the processor 980 may integrate an application processor and a modem processor, wherein the application processor mainly handles the operating system, user interface and Applications, etc., the modem processor mainly deals with wireless communication. It can be understood that, the above-mentioned modulation and demodulation processor may not be integrated into the processor 980 .
  • the electronic device 900 also includes a power supply 990 (such as a battery) for powering the various components.
  • the power supply may be logically connected to the processor 980 through a power management system, so as to manage charging, discharging, and power consumption through the power management system. management and other functions.
  • Power supply 990 may also include one or more DC or AC power sources, recharging systems, power failure detection circuits, power converters or inverters, power status indicators, and any other components.
  • the electronic device 900 may further include a camera (eg, a front camera, a rear camera), a Bluetooth module, and the like, which will not be described herein again.
  • the display unit of the electronic device is a touch screen display
  • the electronic device further includes a memory, and one or more programs, wherein one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by one or more programs.
  • the above processor executing one or more programs contains instructions for:
  • the saturation components of the U channel and the V channel of the YUV image are compensated according to the change ratio.
  • each of the above modules can be implemented as an independent entity, or can be arbitrarily combined, and implemented as the same or several entities.
  • the specific implementation of each of the above modules can refer to the previous method embodiments, which will not be repeated here.
  • the readable storage medium may include: a read-only memory (ROM, Read Only Memory), a random access memory (RAM, Random Access Memory), a magnetic disk or an optical disk, and the like.
  • ROM Read Only Memory
  • RAM Random Access Memory
  • magnetic disk or an optical disk and the like.
  • the beneficial effect of the present disclosure is that: by acquiring the change ratio of the luminance component of the Y channel, comparing the change ratio with a preset value, and performing corresponding compensation on the saturation component according to the comparison result, it is avoided that after the luminance processing of the image, the When the saturation of the image is compensated, the color clipping phenomenon is caused, the details of the image are protected, and the image display of higher quality is realized.
  • modules, units, sub-modules, sub-units, etc. can be implemented in one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC), Digital Signal Processing (DSP), digital signal processing equipment ( DSP Device, DSPD), Programmable Logic Device (Programmable Logic Device, PLD), Field-Programmable Gate Array (Field-Programmable Gate Array, FPGA), general-purpose processor, controller, microcontroller, microprocessor, for in other electronic units or combinations thereof that perform the functions described herein.
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuits
  • DSP Digital Signal Processing
  • DSP Device digital signal processing equipment
  • PLD Programmable Logic Device
  • Field-Programmable Gate Array Field-Programmable Gate Array
  • FPGA Field-Programmable Gate Array

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé et un appareil de traitement d'image, un dispositif électronique et un support de stockage. Le procédé de traitement d'image consiste : à acquérir une image RVB (S11) ; à convertir l'image RVB en une image YUV (S12) ; à tirer un canal Y de l'image YUV d'une première composante de luminance à une seconde composante de luminance (S13) ; à calculer la proportion de changement des composantes de luminance du canal Y en fonction de la première composante de luminance et de la seconde composante de luminance (S14) ; et à compenser les composantes de saturation d'un canal U et d'un canal V de l'image YUV selon la proportion de changement (S15).
PCT/CN2021/098613 2020-11-11 2021-06-07 Procédé et appareil de traitement d'image, dispositif électronique et support de stockage lisible WO2022100082A1 (fr)

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CN113643651B (zh) * 2021-07-13 2022-08-09 深圳市洲明科技股份有限公司 一种图像增强方法、装置、计算机设备和存储介质

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