WO2022077566A1 - 一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法 - Google Patents

一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法 Download PDF

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WO2022077566A1
WO2022077566A1 PCT/CN2020/124506 CN2020124506W WO2022077566A1 WO 2022077566 A1 WO2022077566 A1 WO 2022077566A1 CN 2020124506 W CN2020124506 W CN 2020124506W WO 2022077566 A1 WO2022077566 A1 WO 2022077566A1
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layer
superconducting
winding
spirally winding
insulating layer
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PCT/CN2020/124506
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English (en)
French (fr)
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吴小辰
胡子珩
章彬
汪桢子
汪伟
王哲
罗智奕
胡力广
陈腾彪
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深圳供电局有限公司
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
    • H01B12/00—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines
    • H01B12/02—Superconductive or hyperconductive conductors, cables, or transmission lines characterised by their form
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E40/00—Technologies for an efficient electrical power generation, transmission or distribution
    • Y02E40/60—Superconducting electric elements or equipment; Power systems integrating superconducting elements or equipment

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  • the invention relates to the technical field of superconducting cables, in particular to a method for manufacturing a superconducting cable energized conductor.
  • High-temperature superconducting cable system is a kind of power facility that uses unimpeded superconducting material that can transmit high current density as conductor and can transmit large current. It has the advantages of small size, light weight, low loss and large transmission capacity. Realize low-loss, high-efficiency, large-capacity power transmission.
  • the high temperature superconducting cable system will first be applied to the occasions of short-distance transmission of power (such as generators to transformers, substations to substations, underground substations to urban power grid ports) and short-distance transmission of large currents such as electroplating plants, power plants and substations. occasions, as well as occasions for power transmission in large or very large cities.
  • the current-carrying conductor is the current-carrying part of the high-temperature superconducting cable, and is the core component of the superconducting cable system.
  • the current-carrying conductors used in the superconducting cable system are often distorted by the local electric field caused by the irregular nature of the conductor, thus affecting the superconducting cable system.
  • the present invention aims to provide a method for manufacturing a superconducting cable energized conductor.
  • the superconducting cable energized conductor manufactured by the method can avoid local electric field distortion caused by the irregular nature of the conductor, and is suitable for short-distance transmission of power. High-efficiency, large-capacity power transmission.
  • an embodiment of the present invention proposes a method for manufacturing a superconducting cable energized conductor, including:
  • a protective layer is spirally wound on the fifth insulating layer.
  • the thickness of the fifth insulating layer is smaller than that of the first, second, third and fourth insulating layers.
  • YBCO high temperature superconducting tape is selected for the A-phase superconducting layer, B-phase superconducting layer, and C-phase superconducting layer.
  • the winding direction angle ⁇ of the helical winding is determined according to the following formula:
  • the winding direction angle ⁇ of the helical winding is determined according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ t is the free thermal shrinkage rate
  • ⁇ s is the cooling process strain
  • ⁇ p pitch change rate is the radial shrinkage rate of the conductor layer.
  • the method further includes:
  • a plurality of superconducting strips are welded to form a superconducting strip satisfying a preset superconducting cable length; wherein the ends of two adjacent superconducting strips are overlapped and connected by low-temperature soldering.
  • the length of the overlapping portion of two adjacent superconducting tapes is 60 mm, and the thickness of the solder is less than 0.1 mm.
  • the number N of superconducting tapes on the energized cross-section of the superconducting cable conductor satisfies the following conditions:
  • IR is the rated current of the superconducting cable
  • I cav is the average critical current of the superconducting tape
  • m is the design margin.
  • the embodiment of the present invention proposes a method for manufacturing an energized conductor of a superconducting cable, which avoids local electric field distortion caused by irregular conductor properties by spirally winding a semiconducting layer between an insulating layer and A, B, and C phase conductor layers, It is suitable for the occasion of short-distance power transmission, and realizes low-loss, high-efficiency, and large-capacity power transmission.
  • the superconducting cable energization conductor of the embodiment of the present invention can simultaneously realize high-efficiency, low-loss and large-capacity electric energy transmission, which is helpful for upgrading the reliability of the distribution network, and will strongly support and meet the continuous and rapid increase in load demand and high-efficiency land use requirements. Development planning, power grid safety operation requirements and high-tech development direction.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for manufacturing a superconducting cable energized conductor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic partial structure diagram of a superconducting cable manufactured by using the method for manufacturing a superconducting cable energized conductor according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the performance of the superconducting tape in this embodiment under a magnetic field.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between main parameters of the superconducting tape winding in this embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between the pitch of the helical winding and the winding direction angle in this embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of the relationship between the welding resistance, the lap length, and the thickness of the solder in the lap low-temperature solder brazing in the present embodiment.
  • an embodiment of the present invention provides a method for manufacturing a superconducting cable energized conductor, including the following steps S1 to S17:
  • Step S1 providing a flexible skeleton 1
  • Step S2 spirally winding the first insulating layer 2 on the flexible skeleton 1;
  • Step S3 spirally winding the first semiconducting layer 3 on the first insulating layer 2;
  • Step S4 spirally winding the A-phase superconducting layer 4 on the first semiconducting layer 3;
  • Step S5 spirally winding the second semiconducting layer 5 on the A-phase superconducting layer 4;
  • Step S6 spirally winding a second insulating layer 6 on the second semiconducting layer 5;
  • Step S7 spirally winding a third semiconducting layer 7 on the second insulating layer 6;
  • Step S8 spirally winding the B-phase superconducting layer 8 on the third semiconducting layer 7;
  • Step S9 spirally winding a fourth semiconducting layer 9 on the B-phase superconducting layer 8;
  • Step S10 spirally winding a third insulating layer 10 on the fourth semiconducting layer 9;
  • Step S11 spirally winding a fifth semiconducting layer 11 on the third insulating layer 10 ;
  • Step S12 spirally winding the C-phase superconducting layer 12 on the fifth semiconducting layer 11;
  • Step S13 spirally winding a sixth semiconducting layer 13 on the C-phase superconducting layer 12;
  • Step S14 spirally winding a fourth insulating layer 14 on the sixth semiconducting layer 13;
  • Step S15 spirally winding the copper shielding layer 15 on the fourth insulating layer 14;
  • Step S16 spirally winding the fifth insulating layer 16 on the copper shielding layer 15;
  • Step S17 spirally winding a protective layer on the fifth insulating layer 16 .
  • the thickness of the fifth insulating layer is smaller than that of the first, second, third and fourth insulating layers.
  • a low-temperature Dewar tube is arranged on the periphery of the current-carrying conductor.
  • a fourth insulating layer and a protective layer are spirally wound on the outer surface of the copper shielding layer to isolate the point between the copper shielding layer and the low-temperature Dewar tube and protect the current-carrying conductors when they penetrate the low-temperature Dewar tube. Not subject to mechanical damage.
  • YBCO high temperature superconducting tape is selected for the A-phase superconducting layer, B-phase superconducting layer, and C-phase superconducting layer.
  • YBCO high-temperature superconducting tape is selected as the tape for the A-phase superconducting layer, the B-phase superconducting layer, and the C-phase superconducting layer, and further starts from the characteristics of the superconducting tape.
  • carry out the electromagnetic design of the energized conductor design the insulation of the conductor according to the characteristics of the insulating material; at the same time consider the bending and shrinkage of the energized conductor at low temperature, carry out structural design and force check, design the twisting or winding of each layer package process.
  • the design parameter values of each functional layer are given, and the design of the energized conductor is checked and optimized as a whole.
  • the proposed design parameters are shown in the table below:
  • the YBCO high-temperature superconducting tape exhibits anisotropy in the magnetic field, that is, the critical current is not only related to the magnitude of the magnetic field, but also to the direction in which the magnetic field is applied.
  • the experimental results show that the attenuation of the critical current in the vertical field is much greater than that in the parallel field.
  • the Kim-like model can be used to approximately describe the relationship between the critical current and the magnetic field:
  • the critical current generally refers to the critical current under direct current.
  • the critical current of the superconducting tape varies with the frequency. Under the self-field, the dependence on frequency is:
  • I c0 (f 0 ) is the AC critical current of the strip when the frequency is f under the self-field; f 0 is the frequency value when the AC critical current is equal to the DC critical current; n is the number of superconducting strips.
  • the AC critical current is not only related to the frequency but also related to the external magnetic field.
  • the experimental fitting relationship is as follows:
  • ⁇ is defined as f cp /f cv , which is the ratio of the frequency corresponding to the AC critical current in the parallel field and the critical current in the vertical field, respectively.
  • the AC critical current at any magnetic field and any frequency can be calculated.
  • Figure 3 shows the performance curve of the YBCO strip under the magnetic field that meets the requirements of Table 1.
  • the curve cluster shows the critical current curve of the YBCO strip under the magnetic field in parallel, in the magnetic field and in the middle angle.
  • the influence of the magnetic field on the current is taken as a reference.
  • the multi-layer superconducting tape is spirally wound on the central flexible skeleton, and carries rated current and overload current according to design requirements.
  • common control variables include tape pitch, winding angle , prestress, arrangement spacing, etc. Since the superconducting tape is cabled according to a certain winding angle, the length of the tape used is greater than the actual length of the cable, and the relationship between the two is shown in Figure 4.
  • each conductor layer is subjected to two components of the magnetic field, including the magnetic field along the axial direction of the cable and the magnetic field along the radial direction of the cable.
  • the axial magnetic field component B a and the radial magnetic field component B r are respectively calculated as follows:
  • I is the total current (A) of the layer
  • R is the average radius (m) of the layer
  • ⁇ 0 is the vacuum permeability
  • the magnetic field component can be calculated by the current of each layer, and the static magnetic field of a specific layer can be obtained after the multi-layer magnetic field components are superimposed.
  • D is the radius of the magnetic field shielding layer
  • ri is the radius of the ith phase
  • pi is the pitch of the ith phase.
  • the phase-to-phase mutual inductance is obtained by using the magnetic field energy relationship.
  • phase k The mutual inductance between phase k and phase i is:
  • phase k The self-inductance of phase k is:
  • r k is the radius of the k-th phase
  • p k is the pitch of the k-th phase
  • the subscripts a, b, and c represent the three phases of A, B, and C, respectively.
  • the relationship between the pitch P and the winding angle ⁇ as shown in Figure 5 can be obtained.
  • the relationship between can be obtained:
  • L cable is the target cable length corresponding to a single superconducting tape, and the winding angle obtained by the above calculation is mainly obtained according to the electromagnetic optimization conditions.
  • Each layer is formed by helically wound superconducting tape, and each superconducting tape has a fixed winding angle.
  • the winding angle and pitch are closely related to the inductance, and on the other hand, considering the mechanical properties of the strip, the winding angle of the superconducting cable body has a certain range. Therefore, a trade-off between electromagnetic optimization and mechanical stability needs to be made.
  • the winding direction angle ⁇ of the helical winding is determined according to the following formula:
  • the winding direction angle ⁇ of the helical winding is determined according to the following formula:
  • ⁇ t is the free thermal shrinkage rate
  • ⁇ s is the cooling process strain
  • ⁇ p pitch change rate is the radial shrinkage rate of the conductor layer.
  • the method of this embodiment further includes:
  • a plurality of superconducting strips are welded to form a superconducting strip satisfying a preset superconducting cable length; wherein the ends of two adjacent superconducting strips are overlapped and connected by low-temperature soldering.
  • the length of the overlapping portion of two adjacent superconducting tapes is 60 mm, and the thickness of the solder is less than 0.1 mm.
  • the resistance of the high temperature superconducting tape can be determined by the definition of the critical current, which is given by:
  • the method in this embodiment controls the lap to be 60 mm and the thickness of the solder to be less than 0.1 mm, which can ensure that the resistance of the solder joint is below 20 n ⁇ .
  • the number N of superconducting tapes on the energized cross-section of the superconducting cable conductor satisfies the following conditions:
  • I R is the rated current of the superconducting cable, which refers to the peak value instead of the effective value
  • I cav is the average critical current of the selected superconducting tape at the design operating temperature and self-field
  • m is the design margin
  • the design margin needs to consider not only the degradation of the superconducting tape in the process of processing, winding, laying, etc., but also the safety margin of the superconducting cable during operation, and the influence of the unbalanced current distribution of the superconducting cable. .
  • the selection of the design basis can be completed using the above formula. Based on this benchmark, technical researches such as magnetic field analysis and current sharing analysis are carried out, and the number of strips is fine-tuned. Generally speaking, the degradation caused by processing and other processes is not more than 5%, and the operating safety margin is not less than 20%.
  • the external field of the superconducting cable that is, the magnetic field generated by other strips and the stray magnetic field from other sources around it is mainly a parallel field with little intensity.
  • the embodiment of the present invention proposes a method for manufacturing an energized conductor of a superconducting cable, which avoids local electric field distortion caused by irregular conductor properties by spirally winding a semiconducting layer between an insulating layer and A, B, and C phase conductor layers, It is suitable for the occasion of short-distance power transmission, and realizes low-loss, high-efficiency, and large-capacity power transmission.
  • the superconducting cable energization conductor of the embodiment of the present invention can simultaneously realize high-efficiency, low-loss and large-capacity electric energy transmission, which is helpful for upgrading the reliability of the distribution network, and will strongly support and meet the continuous and rapid increase in load demand and high-efficiency land use requirements. Development planning, power grid safety operation requirements and high-tech development direction.

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Abstract

一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，包括：在柔性骨架（1）上绕制第一绝缘层（2）；在第一绝缘层（2）上绕制第一半导电层（3）；在第一半导电层（3）上绕制A相超导层（4）；在A相超导层（4）上绕制第二半导电层（5）；在第二半导电层（5）上绕制第二绝缘层（6）；在第二绝缘层（6）上绕制第三半导电层（7）；在第三半导电层（7）上绕制B相超导层（8）；在B相超导层（8）上绕制第四半导电层（9）；在第四半导电层（9）上绕制第三绝缘层（10）；在第三绝缘层（10）上绕制第五半导电层（11）；在第五半导电层（11）上绕制C相超导层（12）；在C相超导层（12）上绕制第六半导电层（13）；在第六半导电层（13）上绕制第四绝缘层（14）；在第四绝缘层（14）上绕制铜屏蔽层（15）；在铜屏蔽层（15）上绕制第五绝缘层（16）；在第五绝缘层（16）上绕制保护层；利用该方法制造的通电导体，能避免导体性质不规则产生的局部电场畸变。

Description

一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法
本申请要求于2020年10月13日提交中国专利局、申请号为202011090496.8、发明名称为“一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法”的中国专利申请的优先权，上述专利的全部内容通过引用结合在本申请中。
技术领域
本发明涉及超导电缆技术领域，具体涉及一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法。
背景技术
高温超导电缆系统是采用无阻的、能传输高电流密度的超导材料作为导电体并能传输大电流的一种电力设施，具有体积小、重量轻、损耗低和传输容量大的优点，可以实现低损耗、高效率、大容量输电。高温超导电缆系统将首先应用于短距离传输电力的场合(如发电机到变压器、变电中心到变电站、地下变电站到城市电网端口)及电镀厂、发电厂和变电站等短距离传输大电流的场合，以及大型或超大型城市电力传输的场合。其中，通电导体是高温超导电缆的载流部分，是超导电缆系统最核心的部件，目前超导电缆系统所使用的通电导体常常会因导体性质不规则产生的局部电场畸变，从而影响超导电缆的电力传输。
发明内容
本发明旨在提出一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，利用该方法制造的超 导电缆通电导体，能够避免导体性质不规则产生的局部电场畸变，适用短距离传输电力的场合，实现低损耗、高效率、大容量输电。
为此，本发明实施例提出一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，包括：
提供一柔性骨架；
在所述柔性骨架上螺旋绕制第一绝缘层；
在所述第一绝缘层上螺旋绕制第一半导电层；
在所述第一半导电层上螺旋绕制A相超导层；
在所述A相超导层上螺旋绕制第二半导电层；
在所述第二半导电层上螺旋绕制第二绝缘层；
在所述第二绝缘层上螺旋绕制第三半导电层；
在所述第三半导电层上螺旋绕制B相超导层；
在所述B相超导层上螺旋绕制第四半导电层；
在所述第四半导电层上螺旋绕制第三绝缘层；
在所述第三绝缘层上螺旋绕制第五半导电层；
在所述第五半导电层上螺旋绕制C相超导层；
在所述C相超导层上螺旋绕制第六半导电层；
在所述第六半导电层上螺旋绕制第四绝缘层；
在所述第四绝缘层上螺旋绕制铜屏蔽层；
在所述铜屏蔽层上螺旋绕制第五绝缘层；
在所述第五绝缘层上螺旋绕制保护层。
可选地，所述第五绝缘层的厚度小于所述第一、第二、第三、第四绝缘层。
可选地，所述A相超导层、B相超导层、C相超导层选用YBCO高温 超导带材。
可选地，当所述柔性骨架半径r小于超导带材的临界弯曲半径R时，根据以下公式确定螺旋绕制的绕向角θ：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000001
当所述柔性骨架r大于超导带材的临界弯曲半径R时，根据以下公式确定螺旋绕制的绕向角θ：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000002
其中，∈ t为自由热收缩率，∈ s为冷却过程应变，∈ p螺距变化率，∈ r为导体层径向收缩率。
可选地，所述方法还包括：
将多根超导带材焊接形成满足预设超导电缆长度的超导带材；其中相邻两根超导带材的端部进行搭接，并进行低温焊锡钎焊连接。
可选地，相邻两根超导带材搭接的部分的长度为60mm，并且焊锡厚度小于0.1mm。
可选地，所述超导电缆导体通电横截面上的超导带材根数N满足以下条件：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000003
其中，I R为超导电缆的额定电流，I cav为超导带材的平均临界电流，m为设计裕度。
本发明实施例提出一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其通过在绝缘层和 A、B、C相导体层之间螺旋绕制半导电层，来避免导体性质不规则产生的局部电场畸变，适用短距离传输电力的场合，实现低损耗、高效率、大容量输电。本发明实施例超导电缆通电导体能够同时实现高效低损耗和大容量电能输送，有助于升级配网可靠性，将有力地支撑并满足持续快速增长的负荷需求和土地高效利用要求，符合工业发展规划、电网安全运行要求和高新技术发展方向。
本发明的其它特征和优点将在随后的具体实施方式中阐述。
附图说明
为了更清楚地说明本发明实施例或现有技术中的技术方案，下面将对实施例或现有技术描述中所需要使用的附图作简单地介绍，显而易见地，下面描述中的附图仅仅是本发明的一些实施例，对于本领域普通技术人员来讲，在不付出创造性劳动的前提下，还可以根据这些附图获得其他的附图。
图1为本发明实施例的超导电缆通电导体制造方法流程图。
图2为利用本发明实施例的超导电缆通电导体制造方法所制造的超导电缆的局部结构示意图。
图3为本实施例中超导带材的磁场下性能示意图。
图4为本实施例中超导带材绕制主要参数关系示意图。
图5为本实施例中螺旋绕制的螺距与绕向角之间的关系示意图。
图6为本实施例中搭接低温焊锡钎焊的中焊接电阻与搭接长度、焊锡厚度的关系示意图。
具体实施方式
以下将参考附图详细说明本公开的各种示例性实施例、特征和方面。附图中相同的附图标记表示功能相同或相似的元件。尽管在附图中示出了实施例的各种方面，但是除非特别指出，不必按比例绘制附图。
另外，为了更好的说明本发明，在下文的具体实施例中给出了众多的具体细节。本领域技术人员应当理解，没有某些具体细节，本发明同样可以实施。在一些实例中，对于本领域技术人员熟知的手段未作详细描述，以便于凸显本发明的主旨。
参阅图1～2，本发明实施例提出一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，包括如下步骤S1～S17：
步骤S1、提供一柔性骨架1；
步骤S2、在所述柔性骨架1上螺旋绕制第一绝缘层2；
步骤S3、在所述第一绝缘层2上螺旋绕制第一半导电层3；
步骤S4、在所述第一半导电层3上螺旋绕制A相超导层4；
步骤S5、在所述A相超导层4上螺旋绕制第二半导电层5；
步骤S6、在所述第二半导电层5上螺旋绕制第二绝缘层6；
步骤S7、在所述第二绝缘层6上螺旋绕制第三半导电层7；
步骤S8、在所述第三半导电层7上螺旋绕制B相超导层8；
步骤S9、在所述B相超导层8上螺旋绕制第四半导电层9；
步骤S10、在所述第四半导电层9上螺旋绕制第三绝缘层10；
步骤S11、在所述第三绝缘层10上螺旋绕制第五半导电层11；
步骤S12、在所述第五半导电层11上螺旋绕制C相超导层12；
步骤S13、在所述C相超导层12上螺旋绕制第六半导电层13；
步骤S14、在所述第六半导电层13上螺旋绕制第四绝缘层14；
步骤S15、在所述第四绝缘层14上螺旋绕制铜屏蔽层15；
步骤S16、在所述铜屏蔽层15上螺旋绕制第五绝缘层16；
步骤S17、在所述第五绝缘层16上螺旋绕制保护层。
需说明的是，本实施例方法通过在第一绝缘层2和A相导体层之间、A相导体层与第二绝缘层之间、第二绝缘层和B相导体层之间、B相导体层和第三绝缘层之间、第三绝缘层和C相导体层之间、C相导体层和第四绝缘层之间分别螺旋绕制半导电层，来避免导体性质不规则产生的局部电场畸变，利用本实施例方法制造得到的超导电缆通电导体的局部结构如图2所示，利用本实施例方法制造得到的超导电缆通电导体适用短距离传输电力的场合，实现低损耗、高效率、大容量输电。
可选地，所述第五绝缘层的厚度小于所述第一、第二、第三、第四绝缘层。其中，通电导体外围设置低温杜瓦管。具体而言，铜屏蔽层外表面螺旋绕制第四绝缘层以及保护层，以隔离所述铜屏蔽层与低温杜瓦管之间的点位，并保护通电导体穿入低温杜瓦管的时候不受到机械损伤。
可选地，所述A相超导层、B相超导层、C相超导层选用YBCO高温超导带材。
具体而言，本实施例中在选用YBCO高温超导带材作为A相超导层、B相超导层、C相超导层的带材的基础上，进一步从超导带材的特性入手，开展通电导体的电磁设计；根据绝缘材料的特性，设计导体的绝缘；同时考虑通电导体的弯折和在低温下的收缩，进行结构设计和力的校核，设计各层的绞合或绕包工艺。最终给出各功能层的设计参数值，并整体校核和优化通电导体的设计。提出设计参数如下表所示：
表1
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000004
其中，YBCO高温超导带材在磁场中表现出各向异性，即临界电流不仅与磁场的大小有关，还与磁场施加的方向有关。实验结果表明，垂直场对临界电流的衰减程度远大于平行场。
YBCO带材各向异性磁场对临界电流的影响用以下公式进行表示：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000005
其中，B ∥，B ⊥——分别表示平行和垂直于YBCO带材表面的磁场分量；I c0为超导带在自场下的临界电流，B 0＝20mT，α＝0.65，γ＝5。
此外，对于磁场比较高的范围，采用类金(Kim-like)模型，可以近似描述临界电流随磁场的变化关系：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000006
其中，临界电流一般是指的直流下的临界电流，通入交变电流的时候，超导带材的临界电流是随频率不同而不同的。自场下，对频率的依赖关系为：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000007
其中，I c0(f 0)为自场下频率为f时的带材交流临界电流；f 0为交流临界电流等于直流临界电流时的频率值；n为超导带材根数。
存在外施磁场时，交流临界电流除了与频率有关还与外磁场有关系，实验拟合关系如下：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000008
式中，cp,cv下标分别表示平行场条件和垂直场条件；λ定义为f cp/f cv，即平行场中交流临界电流与垂直场中临界电流分别对应的频率之比。
理论上来说，只要确定了λ，任何磁场、任何频率下的交流临界电流就可以计算得到了。
试验数据表明，在工频50Hz条件下，交流临界电流与直流临界电流相差并不大。考虑到交流临界电流的计算比较复杂，可以使用直流临界电流作为设计基准，但应该考虑到两者之间的差异，并留有余量。
图3给出的是满足表1要求的YBCO带材的磁场下的性能曲线，该曲线簇给出了YBCO带材在平行、磁场以及中间角度下的磁场下的临界电流曲线，本实施例中通电导体的设计中凡涉及磁场对电流的影响的，均以其为参考。
其中，本实施例中多层超导带材螺旋状缠绕在中心柔性骨架上，并根据设计要求承载额定电流和过载电流，螺旋绕制的时候，常见的控制变量包括带材螺距、绕向角、预应力、排列间距等。由于超导带是按照一定的绕向角成缆，所用带材长度要大于电缆的实际长度，两者之间的关系如图4所示。
由于每层均由多根超导带材缠绕构成，因此，每个导体层承受两个分量的磁场，包括沿电缆轴向的磁场以及沿电缆径向的磁场。
其中，轴向磁场分量B a和径向磁场分量B r分别按下式计算：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000009
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000010
其中，I是该层的总电流(A)，R是该层的平均半径(m)，μ 0为真空磁导率。
具体地，磁场分量可以通过每一层的电流进行计算，多层磁场分量叠加后可以得到特定层的静磁场。
单位长度导体存储的磁场能为：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000011
其中，D为磁场屏蔽层的半径，r i是第i相的半径；p i是第i相的螺距。
根据磁场的能量关系，有：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000012
本实施例中利用磁场能量关系求得相间互感。
相k和相i之间的互感为：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000013
相k的自感为：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000014
其中，r k是第k相的半径，p k是第k相的螺距。
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000015
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000016
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000017
其中，下标a，b，c分别表示A、B、C三相，根据确定的三相螺距，根据图4所示的参数关系可以得到如图5所示的螺距P与绕向角θ之间的关系，即可以得到：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000018
进一步的，计算得到螺旋绕制条件下的单根超导带的实际所需用长度L tape为：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000019
其中L cable为单根超导带所对应的目标电缆长度，上述计算得到的绕向角主要是依据电磁优化条件得到的。各层由超导带螺旋绕制构成，每一根超导带材都有固定的绕向角。一方面，绕向角和螺距与电感关系密切，另一方面出于带材机械特性等考虑，超导电缆本体的绕角螺旋角存在一定的范围。所以，需要在电磁优化和机械稳定性两方面作出权衡。
因此，本实施例中，当所述柔性骨架半径r小于超导带材的临界弯曲半径R时，根据以下公式确定螺旋绕制的绕向角θ：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000020
当所述柔性骨架r大于超导带材的临界弯曲半径R时，根据以下公式确定螺旋绕制的绕向角θ：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000021
其中，∈ t为自由热收缩率，∈ s为冷却过程应变，∈ p螺距变化率，∈ r为导体层径向收缩率。
需说明的是，当电磁优化条件和机械稳定性条件两者出现矛盾的时候，应以机械稳定性为准，并尽量选择与电磁优化条件相近的值，满足次优条件。
可选地，本实施例方法还包括：
将多根超导带材焊接形成满足预设超导电缆长度的超导带材；其中相邻两根超导带材的端部进行搭接，并进行低温焊锡钎焊连接。
可选地，相邻两根超导带材搭接的部分的长度为60mm，并且焊锡厚度小于0.1mm。
其中，由于高温超导带材的电阻是磁场、温度和运行电流的函数，其电阻计算非常复杂。在一定的假设简化下，各层的电阻计算可以遵循如下步骤。
通过临界电流的定义可以确定高温超导带材的电阻，如下式给出：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000022
式中，为温度和磁场B下的临界电流(A)；为实际运行电流(A)；N为反应超导材料特性的指数，越大说明超导体越接近理想超导体，表示其E-J曲线的上升部分越陡；R是超导层的平均半径(m)；为超导带材的绕向角(rad)。
从定义上看，这一部分超导带材固有的电阻是极小的，可以忽略不计。由于超导带的单带长度有限，需要由多根超导带焊接形成电缆长度的超导带 材。超导带之间的非超导焊接，引入了所谓的接头电阻。接头电阻与焊接长度和焊锡厚度等要素有关系。图6给出了采用搭接低温焊锡钎焊的中焊接电阻与搭接长度、焊锡厚度的关系。从图6中我们可以看出，搭接长度在60mm之上，焊接电阻的下降开始不再明显；同时，也看到焊接厚度则是以“较薄”为宜。但是焊锡太薄了，可能会产生焊接不牢固或不均匀的问题。综合考虑搭接长度和焊锡厚度两方面因素，本实施例方法控制搭接60mm并且焊锡厚度小于0.1mm，可以保证焊接接头电阻在20nΩ以下。
可选地，所述超导电缆导体通电横截面上的超导带材根数N满足以下条件：
Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-000023
其中，I R为超导电缆的额定电流，指的是峰值而不是有效值；I cav为所选用的超导带材在设计工作温度、自场下的的平均临界电流，m为设计裕度，设计裕度既需要考虑超导带材在加工、绕制、敷设等过程中的退化，也要考虑超导电缆运行时的安全裕度，还要考虑超导电缆电流分配不均衡造成的影响。
采用上述公式可以完成设计基准的选择。以此基准，进行磁场分析、均流分析等技术研究，微调带材根数。一般来说，加工等过程引起的退化不超过5％，运行安全裕度不低于20％。超导电缆的外场，即其他带材的产生的磁场以及周围其他来源的杂散磁场主要为平行场且强度不大。
本发明实施例提出一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其通过在绝缘层和A、B、C相导体层之间螺旋绕制半导电层，来避免导体性质不规则产生的局部电场畸变，适用短距离传输电力的场合，实现低损耗、高效率、大容量 输电。本发明实施例超导电缆通电导体能够同时实现高效低损耗和大容量电能输送，有助于升级配网可靠性，将有力地支撑并满足持续快速增长的负荷需求和土地高效利用要求，符合工业发展规划、电网安全运行要求和高新技术发展方向。
以上已经描述了本发明的各实施例，上述说明是示例性的，并非穷尽性的，并且也不限于所披露的各实施例。在不偏离所说明的各实施例的范围和精神的情况下，对于本技术领域的普通技术人员来说许多修改和变更都是显而易见的。本文中所用术语的选择，旨在最好地解释各实施例的原理、实际应用或对市场中的技术改进，或者使本技术领域的其它普通技术人员能理解本文披露的各实施例。

Claims (7)

  1. 一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，包括：
    提供一柔性骨架；
    在所述柔性骨架上螺旋绕制第一绝缘层；
    在所述第一绝缘层上螺旋绕制第一半导电层；
    在所述第一半导电层上螺旋绕制A相超导层；
    在所述A相超导层上螺旋绕制第二半导电层；
    在所述第二半导电层上螺旋绕制第二绝缘层；
    在所述第二绝缘层上螺旋绕制第三半导电层；
    在所述第三半导电层上螺旋绕制B相超导层；
    在所述B相超导层上螺旋绕制第四半导电层；
    在所述第四半导电层上螺旋绕制第三绝缘层；
    在所述第三绝缘层上螺旋绕制第五半导电层；
    在所述第五半导电层上螺旋绕制C相超导层；
    在所述C相超导层上螺旋绕制第六半导电层；
    在所述第六半导电层上螺旋绕制第四绝缘层；
    在所述第四绝缘层上螺旋绕制铜屏蔽层；
    在所述铜屏蔽层上螺旋绕制第五绝缘层；
    在所述第五绝缘层上螺旋绕制保护层。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，所述第五绝缘层的厚度小于所述第一、第二、第三、第四绝缘层。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，所述A相超导层、B相超导层、C相超导层选用YBCO高温超导带材。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，当所述柔性骨架半径r小于超导带材的临界弯曲半径R时，根据以下公式确定螺旋绕制的绕向角θ：
    Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-100001
    当所述柔性骨架r大于超导带材的临界弯曲半径R时，根据以下公式确定螺旋绕制的绕向角θ：
    Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-100002
    其中，ε t为自由热收缩率，ε s为冷却过程应变，ε p螺距变化率，ε r为导体层径向收缩率。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，所述方法还包括：
    将多根超导带材焊接形成满足预设超导电缆长度的超导带材；其中相邻两根超导带材的端部进行搭接，并进行低温焊锡钎焊连接。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，相邻两根超导带材搭接的部分的长度为60mm，并且焊锡厚度小于0.1mm。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种超导电缆通电导体制造方法，其特征在于，所述超导电缆导体通电横截面上的超导带材根数N满足以下条件：
    Figure PCTCN2020124506-appb-100003
    其中，I R为超导电缆的额定电流，I cav为超导带材的平均临界电流，m为设计裕度，m大于等于20％。
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