WO2022058651A1

WO2022058651A1 - Apparatuses and systems for determining sensitivity of eye to chemicals

Info

Publication number: WO2022058651A1
Application number: PCT/FI2021/050607
Authority: WO
Inventors: Mika SALKOLA
Original assignee: Icare Finland Oy
Priority date: 2020-09-18
Filing date: 2021-09-13
Publication date: 2022-03-24
Also published as: FI129223B; FI20205901A1

Abstract

An apparatus for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical. The apparatus comprising a probe holding means for holding a probe within the apparatus. The probe comprising a first part being made of a bio-compatible material, the first part having a proximal end connected to a second part and a distal end opposite to the proximal end, and the second part being made of a magnetic material, wherein the distal end of the first part is employed to carry the chemical. Further apparatus comprises an induction coil and its control circuit, wherein the control circuit is operable to control the induction coil to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe in a first direction and to retract the probe ) in a second direction, respectively, wherein, when released in the first direction, the probe is to administer the chemical from the distal end of the first part upon touching the eye surface of the person.

Description

APPARATUSES AND SYSTEMS FOR DETERMINING SENSITIVITY OF EYE TO CHEMICALS

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to ophthalmic testing, and more specifically, to apparatuses, probes and systems for determining sensitivity of eye surface of a person to a chemical.

BACKGROUND

Amongst all the sensory organs, eyes are one of the most sensitive organs. Specifically, cornea of the eye receives the densest sensory innervations of the body. Sensory nerve fibres (namely, small-fibre nociceptives) in the cornea of the eyes are responsible for sensing painful stimuli associated with noxious mechanical stimuli (namely, painful pressure, cutting, squeezing, and such like), thermal stimuli (namely, burning or chilling sensations), and chemical stimuli (such as chili powder in eye). The painful stimuli enable the nerves in conducting impulses through their sensory endings to the brain and back. Therefore, eye surfaces are prone to being more sensitive to various foreign elements, such as for example chemicals, gases, medicines, allergens, airway irritants, and other analytes, in comparison with other organs.

Generally, some individuals experience a higher sensitivity of the eye to certain external chemical or thermal stimuli, in comparison to others. Such higher sensitivity may result in irritation, redness, pricking sensation, discharge, burning sensation, swelling of eyelids, watery discharge, dryness and so forth. Therefore, in order to accurately diagnose sensitivity of the eyes and specifically, eye surfaces, a test is required to be performed. Typically, such tests involve providing a measured amount of a chemical, with respect to which the sensitivity is to be determined, on the eye surface. Herein, the measured amount of the chemical provided on the eye surface may be in orders of magnitude ranging from milligrams to micrograms. In an example, a test may comprise providing decreasing amounts of chemical on the eye surface to determine a minimum amount of chemical that may generate a sensation in the eye.

With advancements in technology over the past few decades, various qualitative and quantitative methods have been developed to test sensitivity of the eye. However, such methods mainly employ unsophisticated techniques, such as cotton pads, injections, to provide the chemical on the eye surface. Such techniques may cause discomfort, dryness, grating or itching, to the eye surface of a person. Furthermore, such techniques are inefficient in tests that require micrograms of chemical to be provided on the eye surface. Moreover, some tests may require the chemical to be provided on a specific area on the eye surface. Such conventional techniques of providing the chemical on the eye surface fail to offer a degree of control that enables administration of chemical on such specific areas of the eye surface. Additionally, conventional techniques require a trained professional such as a physician or an ophthalmologist to perform the test.

Therefore, in light of the foregoing discussion, there exists a need to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks associated with conventional techniques for testing of sensitivity of eye surfaces to chemicals.

SUMMARY

The present disclosure seeks to provide an apparatus for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical. The present disclosure also seeks to provide a probe for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical. The present disclosure also seeks to provide a system for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical. The present disclosure seeks to provide a solution to the existing problem of complex, inaccurate and unsophisticated testing for sensitivity of eye surface to a chemical. An aim of the present disclosure is to provide a solution that overcomes at least partially the problems encountered in prior art, and provides an accurate, safe and risk-free procedure for testing sensitivity of the eye surface.

In one aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an apparatus for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the apparatus comprising:

- a probe holding means for holding a probe within the apparatus,

- the probe comprising

- a first part being made of a bio-compatible material, the first part having a proximal end connected to a second part and a distal end opposite to the proximal end, and

- the second part being made of a magnetic material, wherein the distal end of the first part is employed to carry the chemical;

- an induction coil and its control circuit, wherein the control circuit is operable to control the induction coil to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe in a first direction and to retract the probe in a second direction, respectively, wherein, when released in the first direction, the probe is to administer the chemical from the distal end of the first part upon touching the eye surface of the person.

In another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a probe for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the probe comprising:

- a first part made of a bio-compatible material,

- a second part made of a magnetic material, wherein the first part has a proximal end connected to the second part and a distal end opposite to the proximal end, and wherein the distal end of the first part is employed to carry the chemical, and

- at least one capillary tube arranged inside at least the first part of the probe, an opening of the at least one capillary tube being at the distal end of the first part, the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical.

In yet another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a system for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the system comprising:

- a probe comprising

- a first part being made of a bio-compatible material, the first part having a proximal end connected to a second part and a distal end opposite to the proximal end;

- the second part being made of a magnetic material, wherein the distal end of the first part is employed to carry the chemical; and

- at least one capillary tube arranged inside at least the first part of the probe, an opening of the at least one capillary tube being at the distal end of the first part, the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical;

- an apparatus comprising:

- a probe holding means for holding the probe within the apparatus; and

Embodiments of the present disclosure substantially eliminate or at least partially address the aforementioned problems in the prior art, and enable a straightforward, safe and user-friendly procedure for determining sensitivity of eye surface of a person.

Additional aspects, advantages, features and objects of the present disclosure would be made apparent from the drawings and the detailed description of the illustrative embodiments construed in conjunction with the appended claims that follow.

It will be appreciated that features of the present disclosure are susceptible to being combined in various combinations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The summary above, as well as the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, is better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. For the purpose of illustrating the present disclosure, exemplary constructions of the disclosure are shown in the drawings. However, the present disclosure is not limited to specific methods and instrumentalities disclosed herein. Moreover, those skilled in the art will understand that the drawings are not to scale. Wherever possible, like elements have been indicated by identical numbers.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the following diagrams wherein: FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an apparatus for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a probe arranged within an apparatus, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIGs. 3A, 3B and 3C are schematic illustrations of a probe, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a system for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a system for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

In the accompanying drawings, an underlined number is employed to represent an item over which the underlined number is positioned or an item to which the underlined number is adjacent. A non-underlined number relates to an item identified by a line linking the non-underlined number to the item. When a number is non-underlined and accompanied by an associated arrow, the non-underlined number is used to identify a general item at which the arrow is pointing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following detailed description illustrates embodiments of the present disclosure and ways in which they can be implemented. Although some modes of carrying out the present disclosure have been disclosed, those skilled in the art would recognize that other embodiments for carrying out or practising the present disclosure are also possible.

In one aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides an apparatus for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the apparatus comprising: - a probe holding means for holding a probe within the apparatus,

- the probe comprising

- an induction coil and its control circuit, wherein the control circuit is operable to control the induction coil to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe in a first direction and to retract the probe in a second direction, respectively, wherein, when released in the first direction, the probe is to administer the chemical from the distal end of the first part upon touching the eye surface of the person..

- a first part made of a bio-compatible material,

- at least one capillary tube arranged inside at least the first part of the probe, an opening of the at least one capillary tube being at the distal end of the first part, the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical. In yet another aspect, an embodiment of the present disclosure provides a system for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the system comprising:

- a probe comprising

- an apparatus comprising:

- a probe holding means for holding the probe within the apparatus; and

The present disclosure provides the apparatus, the probe and the system for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical. The apparatus enables safe and painless contact of the probe with the eye surface of the person. In this regard, the part of probe contacting the eye surface is composed of a bio-compatible material to prevent an unsafe or damaging contact of the probe with the eye. Moreover, the probe is strategically designed to accurately provide an intended amount of chemical onto the eye surface. Specifically, the probe is capable of providing an amount of chemical in orders of magnitudes ranging from milligrams to micrograms. Beneficially, the apparatus provides hygienic and contamination-proof administration of the chemical to the eye surface of the person. Furthermore, the apparatus and the system provide a high degree of control to a user thereof, allowing targeted operation and administration of the chemical onto specific parts of the eye surface. Notably, the probe allows delivery of chemicals in different forms such as liquids, solids (for example, powder or granules), sols.

The present disclosure provides the apparatus for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical. Herein, the eye surface of a person refers to the ocular surface of the person onto which the chemical is administered for determining the sensitivity of the eye surface of a person to said chemical. In particular, the ocular surface of the eye forms a barrier between the eye and the external environment. Therefore, the chemical supplied thereto permeates the eye surface and acts on the sensory neurons innervating the eye. Upon stimulation by the chemical, the sensory nerves generate a reaction (i.e. sensitivity or senselessness) to said chemical. It will be appreciated that the administration of the chemical onto the eye surface of the person can be performed by the person himself or by another person handling the apparatus. Hereinafter, the person operating the apparatus or the system is referred as a "user”, who could be a doctor, an ophthalmologist, an optometrist, or other medical personnel. The sensitivity of the eye can be thus determined by for example following reactions of the user upon the administration such as asking feedback from the user. The feedback can be for example to ask if the user felt any sensation or not. In alternative embodiment the feedback can be collected for example by monitoring resulting eye movement. If the administered chemical causes irritation the eye will blink. Throughout the present disclosure, the term ''chemical” refers to a naturally derived or synthetically produced compound or substance with respect to which the sensitivity of the eye surface is to be tested. The apparatus enables determination of eye sensitivity with respect to such chemical. The chemical may include, but is not limited to, therapeutics, drugs, pollutants, toxins, allergens, airway irritants, and any other analyte. Herein, the chemical is in a liquid form, a powder form, or a sol form. In an instance, the chemical is a liquid indicator chemical for testing a specific and/or various type of eye sensitivities of a person. In another instance, the chemical is a powdered pollen from a plant, that when deposited on the eye surface dissolves in the tear film of the eye surface and allows for testing of eye sensitivity with respect to the pollen. Notably, the chemical may comprise a substance or a compound dissolved in a non-reactive solvent that may function as a carrier for the substance or the compound.

It will be appreciated that a predetermined amount (or concentration) of chemical is used for determining sensitivity of the eye surface of a person. Moreover, the predetermined amount (or concentration) of chemical used for determining sensitivity of the eye surface of a person may be based on a type and properties of said chemical. It will be appreciated that a chemical may result in different levels of sensitivities in different people. For example, a first person may be highly sensitive to a given chemical, such as citric acid, whereas a second person may show no reaction to it.

Optionally, the chemical is to be employed for testing at least one of: a heat sensitivity of the eye surface, a cold sensitivity of the eye surface, a pH sensitivity of the eye surface, an allergic reaction of the eye surface to the chemical. The term "heat sensitivity” as used herein refers to an extent of susceptivity of the eye surface towards heat-inducing substances. The heat sensitivity of eyes may result in irritation, redness, pricking sensation, discharge, burning sensation, and so forth, for example, due to heat generated by chemicals or hot weather. Similarly, the term "cold sensitivity” as used herein refers to an extent of susceptivity of the eye surface towards coolness-inducing substances. The cold sensitivity of eyes may result in swelling in eyelids, watery discharge, redness, itching or burning sensation, dryness, and so forth due to reduced atmospheric temperatures. The term "pH sensitivity" refers to an extent of sensitivity exhibited by the eye surface to acidic substances (pH lesser than 7) or basic substances (pH higher than 7). Notably, an eye surface having high sensitivity may react adversely to acidic or basic substances. Therefore, acidic substances and/or basic substances are chosen selectively as chemicals that are provided on the eye surface to assess reaction thereof. The term "allergic reaction" broadly refers to a sensitivity of an eye surface to foreign particles or allergens, such as pollens, dust mites, mould and so forth. Notably, even small concentrations of allergens may cause high sensitivity to a human mucosal lining, including eye surface of a person. In such instances, such allergens, optionally dissolved in a solvent, may be provided on the eye surface to assess reaction thereof.

Optionally, the chemical comprises capsaicin. Notably, capsaicin is a heat-inducing substance and is used for testing heat sensitivity of the eye surface. Specifically, capsaicin is a chemical irritant that simulates a burning sensation (heat effect) in especially mammals including humans. Generally, capsaicin is an active compound of chilli peppers, with a chemical formula 8-methyl-/V-vanillyl-6-nonenamide. Upon contacting, capsaicin triggers heat-sensitive neurons innervating the targeted site, such as the eye surface, without causing an actual change in temperature. As an example, for determining heat sensitivity of eye surface, the amount of capsaicin used may be in a range of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, 10 or 25 micrograms up to 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 micrograms. More optionally, the heat-inducing substances may include, but are not limited to, allicin, allyl isothiocyanate (allyl mercaptan), gingerol, shogaol, and piperine.

Optionally, the chemical comprises menthol. Notably, menthol is a coolness-inducing substance and is used for testing cold sensitivity of the eye surface. Specifically, menthol simulates a cold effect or cooling sensation when inhaled, eaten or applied to skin without causing an actual change in temperature. Menthol is an active ingredient in corn mint, peppermint or other mints with a chemical formula 5-Methyl-2- (propan-2-yl) cyclohexan-l-ol. As an example, for determining cold sensitivity of eye surface, the amount of menthol used may be in a range of 1, 5, 10, 25, 50 or 100 micrograms up to 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 or 500 micrograms. Alternatively, the chemical could be nutmeg, Wilkinson sword GRAS coolants, and so on.

The present disclosure provides a probe. Notably, the probe is an elongate instrument held by the probe holding means of the apparatus. The probe is designed in a manner to have minimal contact with the eye surface while administering the chemical thereon. The probe is detachably attached to the apparatus. In an instance, the probe may be a single-use disposable unit, that may be discarded after the administration of the chemical to ensure hygienic operation.

The probe comprises a first part made of a bio-compatible material. In particular, the first part of the probe carries the chemical. Therefore, the first part of the probe comes in close contact with the eye surface of the person. Beneficially, the first part being made of bio-compatible material enables the probe to function in intimate contact with living tissues of the eye causing minimal discomfort or pain. Notably, the bio-compatible material is free from carcinogenicity, toxicity, and is resistive to corrosion. Examples of bio-compatible materials include, but are not limited to, metallic bio-compatible materials (such as stainless steel, titanium alloys, cobalt alloys), polymeric bio-compatible materials (such as polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene), ceramic bio-compatible materials (such as Alumina, Zirconia, Bio-glass).

The probe comprises a second part made of a magnetic material. Notably, the magnetic material enables the probe to be held by the probe holding means. Furthermore, the induction coil is operable to induce motion in the probe by providing a magnetic force to the magnetic material of the second part. In an instance, the magnetic material is a ferromagnetic material (for example, iron, nickel, and the like) used for manufacturing the second part of the probe. It will be appreciated that a momentary and brief contact of the probe with the eye surface is required to avoid any damage or discomfort to the eye. Therefore, the magnetic material and the magnetic forces provided by the induction coil enable such quick motion of the probe.

The first part of the probe has a proximal end connected to the second part and a distal end opposite to the proximal end. The distal end of the first part is employed to carry the chemical. Notably, the distal end of the first part of probe comes in contact with the eye surface to administer the chemical onto it. Herein, the proximal end connected to the second part of the probe is held within the probe holding means, wherein the distal end protrudes from the apparatus to contact the eye surface for administration of chemical. In deed the probe comprises the first part and the second part connected to each other's. Proximal end of the first part is connected to first end of the second part. Distal end of the first part is opposite to the proximal end of the second part. A second end of the first part is opposite to the first end.

In an embodiment, the second part of the probe is an elongate metallic rod, wherein the first part of the probe is implemented as a spherical or ellipsoidal element. Herein, the proximal end and the distal end of the first part are diametrically opposing points on the spherical or ellipsoidal element. Beneficially, such spherical or ellipsoidal element increases surface area of the probe, thereby reducing an impact pressure of the probe on the eye surface. Furthermore, the spherical or ellipsoidal element enables the first part to provide a larger surface for carrying the chemical thereon. Optionally, the size of the probe ranges from 1 x 10 mm up to 5 x 40 mm. In an example, the size of probe may have a width (or diameter) in a range of 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5 or 3 mm up to 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 or 5 mm and a length in a range of 10, 12.5, 15, 20 or 25 mm up to 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 or 40 mm.

In an embodiment, the probe further comprises at least one capillary tube arranged inside at least the first part of the probe, an opening of the at least one capillary tube being at the distal end of the first part, the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical. Notably, the at least one capillary tube carries the chemical in the liquid or sol form. Herein, the at least one capillary tube may carry multiple doses of chemical therein and a predetermined amount of the chemical may be administered from the capillary tube onto the eye surface when the distal end comes in contact with the eye surface of the person. Furthermore, the at least one capillary tube significantly reduces contact of the chemical with the external environment, thereby eliminating chances of contamination of the chemical. In an instance, the probe comprises multiple capillary tubes inside at least the first part of the probe. Optionally, the chemical may be filled in the at least one capillary tube during manufacturing of the probe, and the probe is provided in a ready- to-use packaging to the user administering the chemical.

Optionally, the at least one capillary tube is arranged to extend through the second part of the probe. Notably, in such instance, the at least one capillary tube is able to store a higher quantity of chemical that is to be administered to the person. Specifically, the extension of the at least one capillary tube through the second part of the probe increases volume thereof. More optionally, the second part of the probe comprises a reservoir therein for storing the chemical, wherein the reservoir supplies chemical to the at least one capillary tube. Beneficially, such storage of multiple doses of chemical in the probe allows reuse of the probe, thereby enabling the probe to be cost-effective and reducing biomedical waste from single-use products.

Optionally, the predetermined amount of chemical administered from the at least one capillary tube is based on a diameter of the capillary tube. Notably, a capillary tube with a larger diameter administers a greater amount of chemical onto the eye surface in comparison with a capillary tube of a smaller diameter. Therefore, a probe may be selected based on the diameter of the at least one capillary tube thereof to suit an amount of chemical required to be administered to the person.

Optionally, the first part of the probe is porous. Notably, the first part being porous allows adsorption and/or absorption of the chemical thereon. Herein, the first part of the probe is immersed in a container of chemical, wherein upon immersion the first part of the probe adsorbs and/or absorbs the chemical. In an instance when the chemical is in a powdered form, the first part of the probe adsorbs the powder thereon. Subsequently, the chemical in the powdered form is administered from the distal end upon contact with the eye surface. In another instance when the chemical is a liquid form, the first part of the probe absorbs the liquid upon immersion in the container of chemical. In an instance, the chemical is adsorbed and/or absorbed on the first part of the probe during the manufacturing process of the probe. In another instance, the probe is immersed in the container of chemical by the user prior to administering the chemical.

In an embodiment, the first part of the probe comprises a concave cavity for carrying the chemical. Specifically, the concave cavity is provided on the distal end of the first part of the probe. Therefore, the chemical is administered on the eye surface of the person from the concave cavity provided at the distal end.

Pursuant to embodiments of the present disclosure, the probe touches the eye surface gently. Notably, the probe contacts the eye surface for a very momentary and brief period to ensure the safety of the eye and not cause any irritation or physical injury to the eye surface. In this regard, the probe has sufficiently large surface area to prevent piercing through the eye surface, thereby eliminating an instance of damage of tissues of the eye surface.

The probe holding means is operable to hold the probe within the apparatus. The probe holding means retains the probe in its resting position and prevents the probe from dropping off of the apparatus. The probe holding means is strategically designed to allow movement of the probe along a longitudinal axis of the probe when in operation.

Optionally, the probe holding means comprises at least one magnetic coil, wherein the at least one magnetic coil, when activated, applies a magnetic force on the second part of the probe and holds the second part of the probe within the probe holding means. Optionally, the at least one magnetic coil is placed inside the apparatus such that the at least one magnetic coil surrounds the probe. The at least one magnetic coil is configured to hold the probe in its initial position (or prevent the probe from dropping off of the apparatus). Moreover, the at least one magnetic coil is configured to be electrically controlled. Specifically, supplying electrical current to the at least one magnetic coil enables the at least one magnetic coil to produce a magnetic force. Such magnetic force enables the probe holding means to securely hold the probe within it using the second part of the probe. Notably, the probe can be easily detached from the apparatus by turning off the supply of electrical current to the at least one magnetic coil. It will be appreciated that regulation of current in the probe holding means assists in retention of the probe within the apparatus, for example during measurements in horizontal as well as at an inclination with respect to the eye surface of the person. Optionally, the at least one magnetic coil is arranged within a coil frame, wherein the coil frame is a skeleton structure that holds the at least one magnetic coil in a desired manner. Alternatively, optionally, the probe holding means comprises a mechanical lock, a frictional brake, an induction coil, an electrical conductor (for example, a wire) in shape of a coil, spiral, helix and the like. Additionally or alternatively, optionally, the probe holding means induces an electric field, a frictional force and/or a magnetic field into the probe for its retention in the apparatus.

The apparatus comprises an induction coil and its control circuit. Notably, the control circuit is operable to control the induction coil to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe in a first direction and to retract the probe in a second direction, respectively. Herein, when released in the first direction, the probe is to administer the chemical from the distal end of the first part upon touching the eye surface of the person. The control circuit is operable to control a supply of electrical current flown through the induction coil. Such electrical current produces the first magnetic force that nullifies a force exerted by the probe holding means to retain the probe within the apparatus. It is to be understood that the speed of the probe is controlled by the flow of current in the induction coil. Specifically, a higher current in the induction coil results in a higher speed at which the probe is released from the probe holding means. Similarly, a lower current in the induction coil results in a lower speed at which the probe is released from the apparatus. The control circuit further controls introduction of a current opposite to the direction of the current in the induction coil that led to release of the probe from the apparatus, in order to retract the probe back into the apparatus. The induction coil and the control circuit can be understood to be "driving electronics" for the probe in the apparatus, namely for driving the movement of the probe. Optionally, the control circuit is implemented as hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of these. The control circuit is coupled to electrical current supply and the induction coil. Herein, the supply of the electrical current to the induction coil and its control circuit is provided from, for example, an electrical socket, at least one electrical battery, and the like. Optionally, the apparatus comprises a button thereon, wherein the button is employed to trigger the functioning of the control circuit.

Optionally, the apparatus further comprises:

- a sensor that is to be employed to sense an acceleration of the probe; and

- a controller configured to determine an amount of the chemical administered from the distal end of the probe, based on the acceleration of the probe.

The sensor can be for example a coil arranged to surround at least partially the second part of the probe. As the probe moves magnetic material of the second part induces a voltage to the coil. The voltage is function of the speed of the probe. By measuring speed as function of time the acceleration can be sensed (i.e. measured). The apparatus can comprise a dedicated coil for the said sensing of acceleration or it can be configured to use the induction coil for the measurement. The induced voltage can be measured by the controller. In one embodiment the controller can be same hardware as the control circuit for controlling the induction coil. According to one embodiment the controller is configured to determine a first type of acceleration upon the probe contacts the eye surface and a second type of acceleration upon the probe contacts eye lash. Indeed this allows to determine that amount of chemical is zero if the probe contacts eye lash. Further if acceleration upon contact to eye is high amount of chemical administered might be higher than in case of small acceleration. Further optionally, in this regard, the sensor is employed to sense an acceleration of the probe. In an instance, the sensor is configured to measure a change in magnetic flux in the induction coil due to a movement of the probe towards the eye surface. As mentioned previously, the induction coil exerts a first magnetic force to release the probe in the first direction. Subsequently, the probe is retracted in the second direction to restore the magnetic flux. Therefore, the sensor measures the changes in the magnetic flux in the induction coil to sense the acceleration of the probe. Additionally, or alternatively, optionally, the sensor may be implemented using a transducer, an accelerometer, a frequency sensor, laser surface velocimeter, a piezoelectric sensor. In an instance, the sensor comprises an accelerometer. It will be appreciated that the acceleration of the probe is a function of the accelerative forces induced in response to the magnetic force exerted by the induction coil. In this regard, the sensor employs the accelerometer to measure such accelerative forces to measure the acceleration of the probe. In another instance, the sensor comprises a speed sensor. The speed sensor measures instantaneous speed of the probe. The speed of the probe is measured as a function of time, during movement of the probe towards the eye surface, to determine the acceleration of the probe.

Optionally, the controller comprises programmable components configured to store, process and share information. For example, the controller may comprise at least one of: a network adapter, a memory unit, a processor. Pursuant to embodiments of the present disclosure, the controller governs operation of the components of the apparatus, namely, the probe holding means, the induction coil and its control circuit, and the sensor. Herein, data from the sensor relating to the acceleration of the probe is received by the controller and further analysed to determine the amount of the chemical administered from the distal end of the probe. The amount of the chemical administered from the distal end of the probe is an indication of a proper functioning of the probe, in terms of delivering the predetermined amount of chemical to the eye surface of the person.

Optionally, the acceleration of the probe measured by the sensor is employed to determine the amount of the chemical that has been provided to the eye surface by measuring a change in a mass of the probe between multiple movements of the probe. Notably, the force exerted by the induction coil is constant, therefore the acceleration of the probe during a given movement of the probe is proportional to and indicative of the mass of the probe during the given movement. Consequently, a change in acceleration of the probe between two subsequent movements is measured and is used to determine the change in the mass of the probe using Newton's second law of motion that provides the equation: m= F/a wherein 'F' is the force exerted on the probe, 'a' is the acceleration of the probe and 'm' is the mass of the probe. It will be appreciated that the change in mass of the probe is a result of reduction of amount of chemical from the distal end of the probe upon administration of the chemical onto the eye surface. Consequently, mass of the chemical that was administered onto the eye surface is determined as the calculated reduced mass of the probe. Beneficially, such measurement of acceleration of the probe enables an accurate determination of amount of chemical administered onto the eye surface after each actuation and consequently, enables the user to ensure a proper functioning of the probe.

Optionally, the apparatus comprises a display and a keypad. Notably, the display and the keypad provide an interface which enables the user of the apparatus to provide input to the controller. Herein the input may be, but is not limited to, the predetermined amount of the chemical that is to be administered onto the eye surface, feedback of the person in response to administration of the chemical onto the eye surface that is indicative of the person's sensitivity to the chemical. The controller may prompt the user, via the display, to provide such input relating to feedback of the person, after every administration of the chemical onto the eye surface. In an instance, the controller may prompt the user to provide the feedback of the person on a scale ranging from 1 to 10, wherein 1 is representative of the person experiencing no sensation after administration of the chemical and 10 is representative of an acute reaction of the person to the chemical. In deed the apparatus can comprise an user interface for user to provide feedback in response to administration of the chemical onto the eye surface, which the feedback is indicative of the users sensitivity to the chemical.

Optionally, the apparatus further comprises a protrusion on an outer surface of the apparatus, wherein the protrusion enables to maintain a predefined separation between the first part of the probe and the eye surface of the person. During operation, such protrusion may rest on forehead of the person, ensuring safety of the eye prior to administration of chemical from the probe. Furthermore, the protrusion is configured to allow safe and friction-free retraction of the probe into the apparatus. Optionally, the predefined separation of the first part of the probe from the eye surface lies in a range of 4 mm to 10 mm.

Optionally, the apparatus comprises a housing. Herein, the term "housing" refers to a protective covering that substantially encases components, namely, the probe holding means, the induction coil and its control circuit, and the probe. Notably, the housing has an interior and exterior portion. Optionally, the housing has a tubular form-factor. Alternatively, the housing comprises any form-factor selected from any of: an elliptical, a cylindrical, a cuboidal, a conical or any other polygonal form-factor. In an instance, the housing is manufactured using a polymer. In another instance, the housing is manufactured using a metal alloy. Optionally, the apparatus comprises an inserter employed to install the probe within the probe holding means. Herein, the inserter is a gripperlike structure that encloses the probe to allow a safe pickup of the probe and insertion of the probe into the probe holding means without damaging or contaminating the probe. Furthermore, the probe may be packed in a probe tube that is placed in packaging of the probe. Herein, the probe tube is opened (for example, by removing a cap thereof) under hygienic conditions to access the probe. Optionally, the inserter is implemented as a probe base cover. The probe base cover is strategically designed to receive the probe from the probe tube and insert the probe into the apparatus. In an instance, the probe base cover is made of a substantially transparent and flexible material. Herein, the probe base cover may be squeezed to create a suction pressure to pick up the probe from the probe tube and to release during the placement of the probe into the apparatus.

The present disclosure also relates to the system as described above. Various embodiments and variants disclosed above apply mutatis mutandis to the system.

Optionally, the system further comprises a computing device comprising:

- a memory storing program instructions; and

- a processor, wherein, when executed by the processor, the program instructions cause the processor to receive a feedback from the person or another person handling the apparatus, wherein the feedback is indicative of any one of: a type of sensation felt by the person or no sensation felt by the person.

Optionally, in this regard, the term "computing device" refers to an electronic device associated with (or used by) a user that is capable of enabling the user to perform specific tasks associated with the aforementioned apparatus. Herein, the user may be the person or another person handling the computing device and the apparatus, such as a physician or an optometrist. Examples of computing devices include, but are not limited to, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), handheld devices, laptop computers, personal computers, etc. Herein, the computing device is implemented as an input device to receive feedback from the person after the administration of the chemical onto the eye surface of the person. Optionally, the computing device comprises at least one of: a user interface, a keypad, an audio receiver for receiving the feedback by the person. Optionally, the user interface is operable to receive an input by way of touch input, buttons, joystick, slider to register (or log) the sensitivity corresponding to the chemical. Optionally the computing device can be controller or control circuit of the apparatus.

The program instructions are could be adapted based on a user's requirements. Herein, the program instructions stored in the memory relate to the operation of the processor for receiving feedback relating to the sensitivity of the eye surface of the person to the chemical. In an instance, the program instructions when executed by the processor, cause the processor to display a feedback form on a display of the computing device. Specifically, the feedback form may be used to register (or log) the sensitivity in a given format, such as in terms of a 'YES' or a 'NO' or as a grade on a predefined scale (for example, by pressing the buttons). Herein, the predefined scale may be represented as a scale ranging from 'O' to 'n', where 'O' indicates a feeling of 'no sensation', '2' indicates a feeling of 'low sensitivity', and so forth, while 'n' indicates a feeling of 'high sensitivity'. Furthermore, the program instructions cause the memory to store the received feedback, that may be displayed on the display of the computing device upon request from the user at a later point in time. Beneficially, the computing device provides a sophisticated user-interface to the user (as compared to a user interface provided on the display of the apparatus) for providing the feedback, thereby ensure a hassle-free experience of the person. Optionally, the computing device is communicably coupled to the apparatus, via a data communication network. Herein, the controller of the apparatus may provide information to the computing device. Such information may include, but is not limited to, the predetermined amount of chemical provided onto the eye surface, one or more notifications relating to the operation of the apparatus such as malfunction of the apparatus or communicating a successful administration of the chemical. Such information provided to the computing device enables a user to further perform analyses to draw conclusions and inferences relating to the sensitivity of the eye surface of a person to the administered chemical and/or the amount of chemical administered from the probe. Examples of the data communication networks include, but are not limited to, Local Area Networks (LANs), Wide Area Networks (WANs), Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), the Internet, radio networks (for example, such as Bluetooth®), telecommunication networks.

Optionally, the probe is provided with a unique code, and the computing device further comprises a scanner that is to be employed to scan the unique code of the probe, wherein, when executed by the processor, the program instructions cause the processor to:

- send, to a server, the feedback and the unique code of the probe; and

- receive, from the server, information indicative of at least one of: a heat sensitivity of the eye surface, a cold sensitivity of the eye surface, a pH sensitivity of the eye surface, an allergic reaction of the eye surface to the chemical.

In this regard, the server is communicably coupled to the computing device. Notably, the server is configured to store information relating to type and characteristics of the chemicals in different probes corresponding to their unique codes, wherein the type and characteristics of chemical in a given probe indicate the type of sensitivity the given probe could be employed to test. Optionally, in this regard, the unique code is provided on the probe or on a packaging of the probe. Such unique code may be implemented as for example, a QR code, a bar code, an RFID tag and the like. Herein, the scanner of the computing device may be an optical scanner, such a barcode reader or a camera, or an RFID reader. Notably, the unique code is distinctive for each probe. As mentioned previously, the computing device receives the feedback relating to sensitivity of the eye surface. In such instance, the unique code provided on a given probe is scanned using the scanner of the computing device and is sent to the server with the feedback of the person to the chemical carried by the given probe. Upon receiving a scan of the unique code provide on the probe and the feedback, the server determines the sensitivity of the person to the chemical in the probe. Based on the stored type and characteristics of the chemical in such probe, the server further determines the type of sensitivity (such as the heat sensitivity, the cold sensitivity, the pH sensitivity, an allergic reaction of the eye surface to the chemical) and provides information indicative thereof to the processor. The information received by the processor, from the server, may be displayed on the display of the computing device. In an example, the computing device sends to the server, a unique code 'AX2366R' provided on a probe and a grade of '8' on the predefined scale as a feedback. Subsequently, the server may analyse the unique code 'AX2366R' and identifies the chemical of the probe as capsaicin that is used to test heat sensitivity of the eye surface. Therefore, based on the identified chemical and the feedback received from the computing device, the server may provide the information to the computing device as 'The patient has moderate to high heat sensitivity'. Additionally, the information provided by the server may further comprise additional information based on the feedback of the person, including but not limited to, precautionary measures to be followed, potential treatments corresponding to severity of the sensitivity. Furthermore this enables to arrange in effective way double blind tests in which doctor or the user does not know which chemical is being administered. The chemical can be also placebo chemical. This way a randomized tests can be arranged by provided a set of probes with unique codes, performing a set of tests, collecting the feedback, sending the codes and feedback to server. As an example heat or cold sensitivity tests can be done without informing prior to user or doctor which test is being carried out. Furthermore placebo tests can be run using the same logic.

Optionally, a decoy probe is provided in the packaging along with the probe carrying the chemical. Herein, the decoy probe may carry a neutral solution (such as water) and the probe carries the chemical for testing the sensitivity of the eye surface. Notably, the user is not provided any information that may enable him to differentiate the decoy probe from the probe. The user of the probe is required to administer chemical from both the probe and decoy probe and provide feedback relating to chemical in both probes. Beneficially, such decoy probe eliminates any error in the feedback that may originate due to a user experiencing discomfort from the probe touching the eye surface instead of the eye surface being sensitive to the chemical. Specifically, the feedback received for the decoy probe may be treated as a reference for assessing feedback from the probe.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Referring to FIG. 1, illustrated is a schematic illustration of an apparatus 100 for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface 102 of a person to a chemical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the apparatus 100 comprises a probe holding means 104 for holding a probe 106 within the apparatus 100. The probe 106 comprises a first part 108 and a second part 110, the first part 108 being made of a bio-compatible material, the second part 110 being made of a magnetic material. The first part 108 has a proximal end 112 connected to the second part 110 and a distal end 114 opposite to the proximal end 112, wherein the distal end 114 of the first part 108 is employed to carry the chemical. The apparatus 100 comprises an induction coil 116 and its control circuit (not shown). The control circuit is operable to control the induction coil 116 to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe 106 in a first direction as indicated by arrow O-A and to retract the probe 106 in a second direction as indicated by arrow M-N, respectively. When released in the first direction as indicated by arrow O-A, the probe 106 is to administer the chemical from the distal end 114 of the first part 108 upon touching the eye surface 102 of the person.

Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown an illustration of a probe 200 arranged within an apparatus 202, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. As shown, the probe 200 is implemented as an elongate instrument having a first part 204 and a second part 206, wherein the first part 204 of the probe is implemented as a spherical or ellipsoidal element. The first part 204 has a proximal end 208 and a distal end 210 diametrically opposite to the proximal end 208. The distal end 210 of the first part 204 is employed to carry the chemical. The probe 200 is detachably arranged within the apparatus 202. The probe 200 is held within the apparatus 202 by a probe holding means 212. Herein, an induction coil 214 is operable to release the probe 200 towards the eye surface and to retract the probe 200 into the apparatus 202. A control circuit 216 is operable to control the induction coil 214 to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe 200 in a first direction and to retract the probe 200 in the second direction, respectively.

Referring to FIGs. 3A, 3B and 3C, illustrated are schematic illustrations of probe 300, in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the probe 300 is implemented as an elongate instrument, wherein a first part 302 of the probe is implemented as a spherical or ellipsoidal element. The first part 302 has a proximal end 304 and a distal end 306 diametrically opposite to the proximal end 304.

As shown in FIG. 3A, the probe 300 comprises a capillary tube 308. The capillary tube 308 is filled with chemical. The capillary tube 308 is arranged inside the first part 302 and extends through a second part 312 of the probe 300. An opening 310 of the capillary tube 308 is provided at the distal end 306 to administer the chemical onto the eye surface.

As shown in FIG. 3B, the probe 300 comprises multiple capillary tubes, such as the capillary tubes 314, 316 and 318. The multiple capillary tubes 314, 316 and 318 are arranged inside the first part 302 of the probe 300.

As shown in FIG. 3C, the first part 302 of the probe 300 is porous. The first part 302 being porous allows adsorption and/or absorption of the chemical thereon to be administered from the distal end 306 of the first part 302.

Referring to FIG. 4, illustrated is a schematic illustration of a system 400 for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system 400 comprises a probe 402 (such as the probe 106 of FIG. 1) comprising a first part 404 and a second part 406. The first part 404 has a proximal end 408 and a distal end 410 opposite to the proximal end 408, wherein the distal end 410 of the first part 404 is employed to carry the chemical. The system 400 also comprises an apparatus 412 (similar to the apparatus 100 of FIG. 1). The apparatus 412 comprises a probe holding means 414 for holding the probe 402 within the apparatus 412, and an induction coil 416 and its control circuit 418. The control circuit 418 is operable to control the induction coil 416 to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe 402 in a first direction as indicated by arrow O-A and to retract the probe 404 in a second direction as indicated by arrow M-N, respectively. When released in the first direction as indicated by arrow O-A, the probe 402 is to administer the chemical from the distal end 410 of the first part 404 upon touching the eye surface (not shown) of the person. The apparatus 412 further comprises a protrusion 420 on an outer surface of the apparatus 412. The protrusion 420 enables to maintain a predefined separation between the first part 404 of the probe 402 and the eye surface of the person.

Referring to FIG. 5, there is shown a schematic illustration of a system 500 for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure. The system 500 comprises a probe 502 and an apparatus 504. The apparatus 504 comprises a probe holding means 506 for holding the probe 502 within the apparatus 504, and an induction coil 508 and its control circuit 510. The system 500 further comprises a computing device 512 communicably coupled to the apparatus 504 via a data communication network 514. Moreover, the computing device 512 comprises a memory 516 for storing program instructions and a processor 518 for executing the program instructions. When executed by the processor 518, the program instructions cause the processor 518 to receive a feedback from the person or another person using the apparatus 504, wherein the feedback is indicative of any one of: a type of sensation felt by the person or no sensation felt by the person. The computing device 512 further comprises a scanner 520 that is to be employed to scan a unique code of the probe 502.

Modifications to embodiments of the present disclosure described in the foregoing are possible without departing from the scope of the present disclosure as defined by the accompanying claims. Expressions such as "including", "comprising", "incorporating", "have", "is" used to describe and claim the present disclosure are intended to be construed in a nonexclusive manner, namely allowing for items, components or elements not explicitly described also to be present. Reference to the singular is also to be construed to relate to the plural.

Claims

1. An apparatus (100, 202, 412) for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface (102) of a person to a chemical, the apparatus (100, 202, 412) comprising:

- a probe holding means (104, 212, 414) for holding a probe (106, 200, 300, 402) within the apparatus (100, 202, 412),

- the probe (106, 200) comprising

- a first part (108, 204, 302, 404) being made of a bio-compatible material, the first part (108, 204, 302, 404) having a proximal end (112, 208, 304, 408) connected to a second part (110, 206, 312, 406) and a distal end (114, 210, 306, 410) opposite to the proximal end (112, 208), and

- the second part (110, 206) being made of a magnetic material, wherein the distal end (114, 210) of the first part (108, 204) is employed to carry the chemical;

- an induction coil (116, 214) and its control circuit (216), wherein the control circuit (216) is operable to control the induction coil (116, 214) to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe (106, 200) in a first direction and to retract the probe (106, 200) in a second direction, respectively, wherein, when released in the first direction, the probe (106, 200) is to administer the chemical from the distal end (114, 210) of the first part (108, 204) upon touching the eye surface (102) of the person.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the probe (106, 200, 300) further comprises at least one capillary tube (308, 314, 316, 318) arranged inside at least the first part (302) of the probe, an opening (310) of the at least one capillary tube (308) being at the distal end (306) of the first part (302), the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical.

3. The apparatus of any of the preceding claims, wherein the chemical is to be employed for testing at least one of: a heat sensitivity of the eye surface, a cold sensitivity of the eye surface, a pH sensitivity of the eye surface, an allergic reaction of the eye surface to the chemical.

4. The apparatus of any of the preceding claims, wherein the first part of the probe is porous.

5. The apparatus of any of the preceding claims, further comprising:

- a sensor that is to be employed to sense an acceleration of the probe; and

6. The apparatus according to any of the preceding claims, further comprising an user interface for user to provide feedback in response to administration of the chemical onto the eye surface, which the feedback is indicative of the users sensitivity to the chemical.

7. A probe (106, 200, 300) for determining a sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the probe comprising:

- a first part (108, 302) made of a bio-compatible material,

- a second part (110) made of a magnetic material, wherein the first part has a proximal end (112, 304) connected to the second part (110) and a distal end (114, 306) opposite to the proximal end, and wherein the distal end of the first part is employed to carry the chemical, and

- at least one capillary tube (308) arranged inside at least the first part (302) of the probe, an opening of the at least one capillary tube being at the distal end of the first part, the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical.

8. The probe of claim 7, wherein the at least one capillary tube is arranged to extend through the second part of the probe.

9. The probe of any of claims 7-8, wherein the chemical is to be employed for testing at least one of: a heat sensitivity of the eye surface, a cold sensitivity of the eye surface, a pH sensitivity of the eye surface, an allergic reaction of the eye surface to the chemical.

10. The probe of any of claims 7-9, wherein the first part of the probe is porous.

11. A system (400) for determining sensitivity of an eye surface of a person to a chemical, the system comprising:

- a probe (402) comprising

- a first part (404) being made of a bio-compatible material, the first part having a proximal end (408) connected to a second part (406) and a distal end (410) opposite to the proximal end;

- the second part (406) being made of a magnetic material, wherein the distal end (410) of the first part is employed to carry the chemical; and

- at least one capillary tube (308) arranged inside at least the first part of the probe, an opening of the at least one capillary tube being at the distal end of the first part, the at least one capillary tube being filled with the chemical;

- an apparatus (504) comprising:

- a probe holding means for holding the probe within the apparatus; and

- an induction coil (214) and its control circuit (216), wherein the control circuit is operable to control the induction coil to produce a first magnetic force and a second magnetic force, in an alternating manner, to release the probe in a first direction and to retract the probe in a second direction, respectively, wherein, when released in the first direction, the probe is to administer the chemical from the distal end of the first part upon touching the eye surface of the person.

12. The system of claims 11, wherein the chemical is to be employed for testing at least one of: a heat sensitivity of the eye surface, a cold sensitivity of the eye surface, a pH sensitivity of the eye surface, an allergic reaction of the eye surface to the chemical.

13. The system of claims 11-12, further comprising a computing device (512) comprising:

- a memory (516) storing program instructions; and

- a processor (518), wherein, when executed by the processor, the program instructions cause the processor to receive a feedback from the person or another person handling the apparatus, wherein the feedback is indicative of any one of: a type of sensation felt by the person or no sensation felt by the person.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the probe is provided with a unique code, and the computing device further comprises a scanner that is to be employed to scan the unique code of the probe, wherein, when executed by the processor, the program instructions cause the processor to:

- send, to a server, the feedback and the unique code of the probe; and