WO2022006644A1 - Nanofibrillated cellulose emulsion, emulsification process, use of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose and use of emulsion - Google Patents
Nanofibrillated cellulose emulsion, emulsification process, use of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose and use of emulsion Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022006644A1 WO2022006644A1 PCT/BR2020/050249 BR2020050249W WO2022006644A1 WO 2022006644 A1 WO2022006644 A1 WO 2022006644A1 BR 2020050249 W BR2020050249 W BR 2020050249W WO 2022006644 A1 WO2022006644 A1 WO 2022006644A1
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
- D21H11/18—Highly hydrated, swollen or fibrillatable fibres
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L29/00—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L29/20—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents
- A23L29/206—Foods or foodstuffs containing additives; Preparation or treatment thereof containing gelling or thickening agents of vegetable origin
- A23L29/262—Cellulose; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B15/00—Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose, e.g. complexes
- C08B15/02—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose; Cellulosehydrate, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
- C08B15/04—Carboxycellulose, e.g. prepared by oxidation with nitrogen dioxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B3/00—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids
- C08B3/14—Preparation of cellulose esters of organic acids in which the organic acid residue contains substituents, e.g. NH2, Cl
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08H—DERIVATIVES OF NATURAL MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
- C08L1/04—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/08—Cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/10—Esters of organic acids, i.e. acylates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L91/00—Compositions of oils, fats or waxes; Compositions of derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
- D21H11/20—Chemically or biochemically modified fibres
Definitions
- the present invention provides cationic nanofibrillated cellulose (cNFC), which can be used as stabilizer for emulsions, and provides processes to obtain those cNFCs and emulsions.
- cNFC cationic nanofibrillated cellulose
- Those emulsions can be used in many applications, e.g. for preparing cosmetics and pharmaceutical formulations.
- the present invention is within the field of Physical-Chemistry, Nanotechnology, Cosmetology and Pharmacy.
- Pickering emulsions are emulsions (O/W, W/O, or multiple) stabilized by solid particles instead of surfactants.
- This surfactant-free character makes this type of emulsion attractive to be used in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications, in which some surfactants can cause adverse effects (irritancy, hemolytic behavior, etc.).
- the preferable type of emulsion can be predicted by the contact angle value: O/W when 0 ⁇ 90° and W/O when 0 > 90° (Binks, 2002).
- the document CN110563964A discloses nanofibrillated cellulose oxidized with TEMPO.
- the present invention uses a different NFC, different emulsion proportion as well a different preparation method of the NFCs.
- the document KR20190127150A discloses emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystal for the production of microcapsules.
- the document CN110343260A discloses aminosilicone nanofibrillated cellulose.
- the document CN107254002A discloses nanofibrillated cellulose functionalized with cinnamyl groups.
- the present invention has the object to solve the problems present in the state of the art by providing cationic nanofibrillated cellulose as stabilizers for emulsions.
- the present application provides a emulsification process comprising the steps: a) Adding from 1% to 50% v/v of oil phase to a cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension; b) Homogenization of the mixture obtained in step a, wherein the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose is present in 0.1% to 5% by weight of the final mixture.
- the present invention provides a method for producing cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension, wherein it comprising the following steps: a) Cationization of never-dried cellulose pulp with sodium hydroxide solution and cationic reagent; b) Washing of the cationic pulp with ethanol and hydrochloric acid; c) Separation of the pulp by centrifugation and dialyzation against water; d) Fibrillation of cellulose pulp by microfluidization.
- the present application provides use of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose as stabilizers for emulsions, wherein the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose is present in an amount of 0.1% to 5% by weight of the final mixture.
- the present application provides a method for preparing compositions for cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food products, wherein the method comprises an emulsification process comprising the steps: a) Adding from 1% to 50% v/v of oil phase to a cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension; b) Homogenization of the mixture obtained in step a, wherein the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose is present in 0.1% to 5% by weight of the final mixture.
- FIG. 1 Topography images acquired by AFM of cationic nanofibrillated celluloses prepared with GTMAC: glucose molar ratios (a) 2:1 and (b) 10:1. Scale bars of 1 pm.
- Figure 2 Instability indexes obtained after 19h of centrifugation at 5590 g for O/W Pickering stabilized by cNFCs 2:1 and 10:1 and oNFC, with concentrations of 0.5 wt. % and 1.0 wt. %.
- FIG. 1 Photographs of NFCs- Pickering emulsions after centrifugation. Solid content of 0.5 wt. % for cNFC 2:1 (a), cNFC10:1 (c) and oNFC (e), and 1.0 wt. % for cNFC 2:1 (b), cNFC10:1 (d) and oNFC (f).
- Figure 4 Optical micrographs and droplet size for freshly prepared and diluted cNFC-Pickering emulsions. Solid content of: 0.5 wt. % for (a) cNFC 2:1 and (c) cNFC10:1 , and 1.0 wt. % for (b) cNFC 2:1 and (d) cNFC10:1.
- FIG. 1 Cryo-TEM images of the top creaming layer diluted of O/W (cNFC 10:1 0.5 wt. %) showing: regions when the oil is attached to the cNFCs (a) and (b). Scale bars of 200 nm.
- cationic NFCs with different degrees of substitution were applied to stabilize oil-in-water dispersions.
- the results presented herein show that by using positively charged cellulose nanoparticles, high aspect ratio, and flexibility, O/W emulsions with excellent colloidal stability can be produced.
- NFCs adsorb onto the interface and form a network in the continuous aqueous phase, increasing the viscosity and, consequently, reducing the oil droplets coalescence without the need of adding other nanoparticles or additives.
- the O/W Pickering emulsions obtained with the cationic NFCs were stable for up to 6 months without phase separation. Comparing with other emulsion prepared with anionic NFCs, CNCs, cationic chitin and silica, the present emulsion can display lesser toxicity, and better colloidal stability, mainly by two stabilization mechanisms: (i) increasing the viscosity/elasticity of the continuous phase and (ii) attractive electrostatic interaction between oil (negatively charged) and cNFCs. The entanglement of the cNFCs fibers are correspondent to the rheological properties of the continuous aqueous phase of the emulsion.
- the present invention provides stable O/W Pickering emulsions, prepared by a facile and simple method, using renewable nanomaterials without acids and other co-stabilizers, such as salts, polymers and/or surfactants.
- the present application provides a emulsification process comprising the steps: a) Adding from 1% to 50% v/v of oil phase to a cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension; b) Flomogenization of the mixture obtained in step a, wherein the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose is present in 0.1% to 5% by weight of the final mixture.
- the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension is prepared by a method comprising the following steps: a) Cationization of never-dried cellulose pulp with sodium hydroxide solution and cationic reagent; b) Washing of the cationic pulp with ethanol and hydrochloric acid; c) Separation of the pulp by centrifugation and dialyzation against water; d) Fibrillation of cellulose pulp by microfluidization.
- the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose has dimensions from 200 nm to 2000 nm in length and from 2 nm to 10 nm in width, when functionalized by a cationic agent.
- the oil phase is selected from the group consisting of mineral oils and organic oils from animals or vegetable origin and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the oil phase is selected from: organic oils (plant or animal origin) and minerals oils (petroleum derivatives).
- nanofibers can also stabilize emulsions with additives dissolved in the oil phase, such as lipophilic vitamins, drugs, dyes or other additives for food, biomedical, cosmetic or industrial purposes.
- the present invention provides a method for producing cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension, wherein it comprising the following steps: a) Cationization of never-dried cellulose pulp with sodium hydroxide solution and cationic reagent; b) Washing of the cationic pulp with ethanol and hydrochloric acid; c) Separation of the pulp by centrifugation and dialyzation against water; d) Fibrillation of cellulose pulp by microfluidization.
- the cationization step comprises at least one cationic reagent selected from the group consisting of glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride GTMAC, chloro-2-hydroxypropyl- trimethylammonium chloride (CHPTAC), chlorocholine chloride, or (2- hydrazinyl-2-oxoethyl)-trimethylazanium chloride.
- the cation is glycidyl trimethylammonium chloride GTMAC.
- the cationic reagent is GTMAC at GTMAC anhydroglucose ratios from 2:1 to 10:1.
- the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose has a degree of substitution from 0.07 to 1.5 mmol/g. In one embodiment, the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose has a degree of substitution from 0.14 to 0.51 mmol/g. [0040] In one embodiment, the cationization step is maintained at 60-65°C for 4h.
- the present application provides use of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose as stabilizers for emulsions, wherein the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose is present in an amount of 0.1% to 5% by weight of the final mixture.
- the present application provides a method for preparing compositions for cosmetics, pharmaceutical and food products, wherein the method comprises an emulsification process comprising the steps: a) Adding from 1% to 50% v/v of oil phase to a cationic nanofibrillated cellulose aqueous suspension; b) Homogenization of the mixture obtained in step a, wherein the cationic nanofibrillated cellulose is present in 0.1% to 5% by weight of the final mixture.
- the emulsion possesses antimicrobial property promoted by cationized nanocelluloses
- CNCs are obtained via acid hydrolysis of cellulose fibers, displaying an average diameter of 5-70 nm and an average length of 100-250 nm. Therefore, CNCs have a rigid, rod-like morphology.
- NFCs are produced through the delamination of cellulosic pulp by mechanical processes before or after chemical or enzymatic treatments. NFCs have typical diameters ranging from 3 from 60 nm and lengths from 400 nm to 1 pm.
- NFCs have a high aspect ratio than CNCs, presenting a fibrillar-like morphology and remarkable flexibility, that is important for its adsorption onto the oil droplets and entanglement in solution to provide high viscosity to the medium (Klemm et al., 2011 ).
- NFCs with their larger aspect ratio can provide this property in lower concentrations than CNC.
- Cationic nanofibrillated Cellulose was prepared by a method comprising the steps: i) Processing sugarcane bagasse fibers with organosolv and bleaching processes [4, 5]; ii) Cationization process [6], wherein the cationization was performed with never-dried cellulose pulp (1 Og) that was mixed with sodium hydroxide solution (25 mL, 1 mol L 1 ) in a polyethylene bag, followed by the addition of a cationic reagent GTMAC at GTMAC anhydroglucose ratios of: 2:1 and 10:1.
- the reaction was performed in a Cole-Parmer ultrasonic bath (110W) at 60-65°C for 4h; iii) Washing of the cationic pulp with ethanol and 0.02 mol L 1 hydrochloric acid; iv) Separation of the pulp by centrifugation and dialyzed against Milli-Q water for 15 days using an INLAB membrane with a MWCO of 22 kDa; v) Fibrillation of cellulose pulp by microfluidization of 1 wt. % suspension was conducted in a Microfluidizer® M-110P (Microfluidics Corp.), using three passes at a pressure of 600 bar. The degree of cationization was determined by conductimetric titration. Typically, 9 mg of cationic nanocellulose in 90 mL Milli- Q water was titrated with a silver nitrate solution (0.0010 mol L 1 ) and monitored by an AJMICRONAL AJX-515 conductometer.
- TEMPO-oxidized nanofibrillated Cellulose was prepared by a method comprising the steps: i) Processing sugarcane bagasse fibers with organosolv and bleaching processes [4, 5]; ii) Oxidation process [7], wherein the oxidation was performed with never-dried cellulose pulp (5g) was hydrated in Milli-Q water (500 ml_) for 24 h and then TEMPO (0.08 g) and sodium bromide (0.5 g) were added to the suspension. The oxidation started by the addition of (15.6 ml_) of a 12 (w/v) % NaCIO solution, and the fibers were stirred at room temperature until no more NaOH consumption was detected.
- Cationic nanofibrillated cellulose were dispersed in a NaCI solution (0.05 wt. %, NaCI 10 mmol L 1 ), and the electrophoretic mobility was determined using a ZetaSizer Nano ZS (Malvern Panalytical Ltd., Malvern, UK) at 25 °C, where the Smoluchowski model was used to extract the zeta potential. Three measurements were performed for each sample.
- the elemental surface composition of cNFC was measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses using a Thermo K-Alpha (Thermo Scientific, Inc.) equipment, with a monochromatic Al Ka X-ray (1486.7 eV) source. Survey spectra were obtained with a pass energy of 200 eV.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- NFC The morphology of NFC was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM, Park NX10) using the tapping mode and a Nanoworld cantilever with a stiffness of 42 N m 1 and resonance frequency between 260-320 kFIz.
- AFM atomic force microscopy
- a droplet of diluted cNFC suspension (10 mL, 5 mg/L) was deposited onto a silicon substrate (TED PELLA, Wafer in 5x5 mm chips) and dried overnight at room temperature.
- the length and width of cNFC were measured via Gwyddion software by counting 30-100 independent nanofibers.
- Apparent zeta potential values of cNFCs are positive, confirming the grafting.
- DS degree of substitution
- Table 1 The degree of substitution (DS) of cNFC was investigated by conductimetric titration, yielding gravimetrically normalized values of 0.14 (2:1 cNFC) and 0.51 mmol/g (10:1 cNFC), Table 1. DS values ranging from 0.04 to 2.31 mmol/g were previously reported for derivatized cNFCs isolated from Eucalyptus [8], “fiber sludge” [9], softwood pulp [10, 11], bamboo Kraft pulp [12] and oat [13], also modified with GTMAC. For comparison purposes, oxidized nanofibrillated cellulose (oNFC), also extracted from sugarcane bagasse, was used throughout this work. This oNFC has a degree of substitution of 0.40 mmol/g (amount of COO- groups) and an apparent zeta potential value of -36 mV (Table 1).
- cNFCs prepared with a higher degree of cationization are mostly disaggregated, without junction points, differently from cNFC 2:1 that presents partially disassembled fibers, as indicated by the red arrows.
- the O/W Pickering emulsions were prepared by a method comprising: i) Preparing an aqueous phase suspension comprising 0.5 wt. % or 1 .0 wt. % of NFCs (cNFC 2:1 and 10:1 and oNFC); ii) Adding 1 .5 ml_ of almond oil to 3.5 ml_ of the aqueous phase prepared in step iii) Emulsification using a high-speed blender (Ultra Turrax T10 basic IKA with an S10N-5G disperser) for 5 min at 20000 rpm in neutral pH.
- a high-speed blender Ultra Turrax T10 basic IKA with an S10N-5G disperser
- the interfacial tension was measured in an optical tensiometer (Attension Biolin Scientific ®) by injecting a water or cNFC aqueous dispersion (0.01 , 0.05, 0.1 , 0.5 and 1%) droplet via a hookle needle inside a glass cuvette containing almond oil. Droplets were equilibrated for at least 30 min inside the cuvette. The equipment recorded at least 100 droplet profiles and the interfacial tension was determined from the analysis of the droplet shape.
- AFM was used to investigate the nanofibers after preparing the Pickering emulsions.
- An aliquot of the aqueous phase was obtained after these liquid-liquid extractions was diluted in water (1:1) again and deposited (10 pL) onto a mica substrate.
- Stability The colloidal stability of all the emulsions was analyzed using a Dispersion Analyser LUMiSizer ® (LUM GmbH, Berlin, Germany). 200 mI_ of each sample was placed in a polycarbonate cell and submitted to 134 g rotor speed at 25 °C for 19 hours. A total of 1000 profiles were recorded at different time intervals during the whole experiment. Instability indexes were calculated by the SEPView® software supplied with this equipment.
- Phase separation To determine the phase separation profile, the Pickering emulsions were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 5590 g in an Eppendorf MiniSpin centrifuge.
- Emulsion morphology O/W Pickering emulsions were slightly diluted in water and placed directly onto a glass slide, being imaged in a Zeiss Axiocam ICc5 optical microscope with a magnification of 200x. Images were processed using the AxioVision SE64 Rel. 4.9.1 Software.
- % of cNFC 2:1 and 10:1 diluted in water 10x were prepared for cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) in a controlled environment vitrification system (Vitrobot Mark IV, Thermo Fischer Scientific- formerly FEI, USA). Before the application of the sample, the grids were subjected to a glow discharge treatment using a Pelco easiGlow discharge system (Ted Pella, USA) with 15 mA current, for 25 s in an air atmosphere.
- a 3 pL sample droplet was deposited on a 300-mesh lacey carbon-coated copper grid (Ted Pella, USA) and prepared with a 3s blot time, 0 blot force, 0 drain time and 10s of waiting time before blotting.
- the samples were analyzed in low dose condition, using a JEOL JEM 2100 LaB6 TEM with a single-tilt holder operating at 120 kV.
- % of free oleic acid (pKa 5.0) in the almond oil which is deprotonated at the pH used to prepare the Pickering emulsions, providing negative charges to the oil droplets, thus favoring cNFCs adsorption at the oil-water interface due to electrostatic attraction.
- NFCs are flexible due to the presence of amorphous regions. Therefore, when the fibers adsorb on the droplet surface, they may adopt configurations that minimize the repulsion between the cationic groups.
- Droplet size was monitored by measuring the diameter of the cNFCs emulsions by optical microscopy, as seen in Figure 4. By increasing the degree of cationization and the concentration, the oil droplet size was slightly reduced, considering the standard deviation. The emulsions were imaged again after three months, and no significant change in the size and morphology of the drops was detected.
- Suspensions of chemically pretreated NFCs typically form stronger networks compared to suspensions of enzymatically hydrolyzed or just mechanically fibrillated NFCs [25, 26]
- Surface modified NFCs display higher specific surface area and hence, more entanglements, despite a strong electrostatic repulsion along the nanofibrils [17].
- Diluted O/W emulsions were imaged by cryo-TEM to elucidate how the nanofibers were dispersed in the system and their relationship with dispersion stability.
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PCT/BR2020/050249 WO2022006644A1 (en) | 2020-07-07 | 2020-07-07 | Nanofibrillated cellulose emulsion, emulsification process, use of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose and use of emulsion |
BR112023000267A BR112023000267A2 (en) | 2020-07-07 | 2020-07-07 | EMULSIFICATION PROCESS, METHOD OF PRODUCING AN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF CATIONIC NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE, AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF CATIONIC NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE, USE OF CATIONIC NANOFIBRILLATED CELLULOSE AS STABILIZERS FOR EMULSIONS AND USE OF THE EMULSIFICATION PROCESS |
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2020
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