WO2022002629A1 - Procédés, appareils et systèmes de détection conçus pour la localisation d'une cible en fonction d'un traitement radar d'un signal - Google Patents

Procédés, appareils et systèmes de détection conçus pour la localisation d'une cible en fonction d'un traitement radar d'un signal Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022002629A1
WO2022002629A1 PCT/EP2021/066566 EP2021066566W WO2022002629A1 WO 2022002629 A1 WO2022002629 A1 WO 2022002629A1 EP 2021066566 W EP2021066566 W EP 2021066566W WO 2022002629 A1 WO2022002629 A1 WO 2022002629A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
signal
information
target
network element
localization
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PCT/EP2021/066566
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English (en)
Inventor
Abdullah HASKOU
Ali Louzir
Anthony Pesin
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Interdigital Ce Intermediate, Sas
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Publication of WO2022002629A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022002629A1/fr

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/003—Bistatic radar systems; Multistatic radar systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/08—Systems for measuring distance only
    • G01S13/32—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
    • G01S13/34—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal
    • G01S13/347—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal using more than one modulation frequency
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/42—Simultaneous measurement of distance and other co-ordinates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/87—Combinations of radar systems, e.g. primary radar and secondary radar
    • G01S13/878—Combination of several spaced transmitters or receivers of known location for determining the position of a transponder or a reflector
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/003—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations
    • G01S7/006—Transmission of data between radar, sonar or lidar systems and remote stations using shared front-end circuitry, e.g. antennas
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/08—Systems for measuring distance only
    • G01S13/32—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
    • G01S13/34—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal
    • G01S13/343—Systems for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated using transmission of continuous, frequency-modulated waves while heterodyning the received signal, or a signal derived therefrom, with a locally-generated signal related to the contemporaneously transmitted signal using sawtooth modulation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/50—Systems of measurement based on relative movement of target
    • G01S13/58—Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems
    • G01S13/583—Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems using transmission of continuous unmodulated waves, amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated waves and based upon the Doppler effect resulting from movement of targets
    • G01S13/584—Velocity or trajectory determination systems; Sense-of-movement determination systems using transmission of continuous unmodulated waves, amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated waves and based upon the Doppler effect resulting from movement of targets adapted for simultaneous range and velocity measurements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S13/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of radio waves, e.g. radar systems; Analogous systems using reflection or reradiation of waves whose nature or wavelength is irrelevant or unspecified
    • G01S13/02—Systems using reflection of radio waves, e.g. primary radar systems; Analogous systems
    • G01S13/06—Systems determining position data of a target
    • G01S13/46—Indirect determination of position data
    • G01S2013/466—Indirect determination of position data by Trilateration, i.e. two antennas or two sensors determine separately the distance to a target, whereby with the knowledge of the baseline length, i.e. the distance between the antennas or sensors, the position data of the target is determined
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
    • G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
    • G01S7/02—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S13/00
    • G01S7/023—Interference mitigation, e.g. reducing or avoiding non-intentional interference with other HF-transmitters, base station transmitters for mobile communication or other radar systems, e.g. using electro-magnetic interference [EMI] reduction techniques
    • G01S7/0232—Avoidance by frequency multiplex

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to network communications, including, but not exclusively, to methods, apparatuses, systems, etc. directed to performing radio detection and ranging (RADAR) applications.
  • RADAR radio detection and ranging
  • RADAR technology is known to be used in military and high-end professional applications (e.g., aircraft, automotive industry). Recent progress in integrated circuits (ICs) and the growth of processing power combined with machine learning (ML) techniques may enable novel RADAR applications in other domains.
  • ICs integrated circuits
  • ML machine learning
  • a communication system may be augmented by allocating a set of time frequency resources for transmission by a transmitting network element in a set of successive time slots with a step wise linearly varying frequency.
  • the transmitting network element may be configured to transmit a stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) signal in the allocated resources.
  • the SFCW signal may include a time synchronization information.
  • At least two receiving network elements, located at different positions, may be configured to receive the SFCW signal as well as echoes of the SFCW signal reflected on a target.
  • a sensing information element may be obtained by a receiving network element based on a radar processing of the received echo and a locally generated SFCW signal synchronized to the transmitted SFCW signal.
  • a localization of the target may be obtained based on at least two sensing information elements and the positions of the at least two receiving network elements.
  • FIG. 1 A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented
  • FIG. 1 B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment
  • WTRU wireless transmit/receive unit
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment
  • RAN radio access network
  • CN core network
  • FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and a further example CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1 A according to an embodiment;
  • FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR waveform;
  • FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR transceiver architecture
  • FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR waveform
  • FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR transceiver architecture
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an OFDMA resource allocation
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a sensing capable OFDMA based communication system
  • FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C are three diagrams illustrating three steps of a 2D localization method based on a multi-static radar
  • FIG. 7A is a system diagram illustrating an example of a (e.g., joint communication and) localization method based on a coordination of a transmitting network element and at least two receiving network elements;
  • FIG. 7B is a system diagram illustrating another example of a (e.g., joint communication and) localization method based on a coordination of a transmitting network element and at least three receiving network elements;
  • FIG. 8 is a system diagram illustrating an example of a receiving network element participating in the (e.g., joint communication and) localization method;
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a representation of four sensing information elements;
  • FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are two diagrams illustrating the performances of a localization method where the transmitter and all the receivers are collocated in a same networking element;
  • FIG. 10C and FIG. 10D are two diagrams illustrating the performances of a localization method where the transmitter and the different receivers are located in different networking elements;
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for obtaining a velocity vector of a moving target;
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for use in a network element to localize a target based on a RADAR processing of a communication signal
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for use in a network element to localize a target based on a RADAR processing of a communication signal
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of time frequency ramps allocation to two transmitting network elements
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for use in a receiving network element to localize a target based on a RADAR processing of a communication signal.
  • FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users.
  • the communications system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth.
  • the communications systems 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • OFDMA orthogonal FDMA
  • SC-FDMA single-carrier FDMA
  • ZT UW DTS-s OFDM zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM
  • UW-OFDM unique word OFDM
  • FBMC filter bank multicarrier
  • the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104/113, a ON 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and/or network elements.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and/or communicate in a wireless environment.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like.
  • UE user equipment
  • PDA personal digital assistant
  • HMD head-mounted display
  • a vehicle a drone
  • the communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114a and/or a base station 114b.
  • Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Flome Node B, a Flome eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and/or network elements.
  • the base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may also include other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc.
  • BSC base station controller
  • RNC radio network controller
  • the base station 114a and/or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum.
  • a cell may provide coverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that may be relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may further be divided into cell sectors.
  • the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors.
  • the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one for each sector of the cell.
  • the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.
  • MIMO multiple-input multiple output
  • beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desired spatial directions.
  • the base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.).
  • the air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).
  • RAT radio access technology
  • the communications system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDM A, SC-FDMA, and the like.
  • the base station 114a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA).
  • WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (FI SPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (FISPA+).
  • HSPA may include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (FISDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/or LTE- Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).
  • E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • LTE-A LTE-Advanced
  • LTE-A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • LTE-A Pro LTE-Advanced Pro
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).
  • NR New Radio
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies.
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles.
  • DC dual connectivity
  • the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).
  • the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.
  • IEEE 802.11 i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)
  • IEEE 802.16 i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
  • CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO Code Division Multiple Access 2000
  • IS-95 Interim Standard 95
  • IS-856 Interim Standard 856
  • GSM Global System for
  • the base station 114b in FIG. 1 A may be a wireless router, Flome Node B, Flome eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such as a place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and the like.
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN).
  • WLAN wireless local area network
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN).
  • the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE- A, LTE- A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell.
  • the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110.
  • the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.
  • the RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d.
  • the data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the CN 106/115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication.
  • the RAN 104/113 and/or the CN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • the CN 106/115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.
  • the CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the other networks 112.
  • the PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS).
  • POTS plain old telephone service
  • the Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/or the internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite.
  • the networks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networks owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.
  • Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links).
  • the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1 A may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.
  • FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and/or other peripherals 138, among others.
  • GPS global positioning system
  • the processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment.
  • the processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example.
  • the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.
  • the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.
  • the transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122.
  • the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities.
  • the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11 , for example.
  • the processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receive user input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit).
  • the processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/or the display/touchpad 128.
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.
  • the non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device.
  • the removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like.
  • SIM subscriber identity module
  • SD secure digital
  • the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).
  • the processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102.
  • the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.
  • the processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102.
  • location information e.g., longitude and latitude
  • the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and/or determine its location based on the timing of the signals being received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity.
  • the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an e- compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like.
  • FM frequency modulated
  • the peripherals 138 may include one or more sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • a gyroscope an accelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/or a humidity sensor.
  • the WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous.
  • the full duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via processor 118).
  • the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with particular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or the downlink (e.g., for reception)).
  • FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.
  • the RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology.
  • the eNode-B 160a for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
  • Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.
  • the CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • MME mobility management entity
  • SGW serving gateway
  • PGW packet data network gateway
  • the MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface.
  • the SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • the SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.
  • the SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • packet-switched networks such as the Internet 110
  • the CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices.
  • the CN 106 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.
  • the other network 112 may be a WLAN.
  • a WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an Access Point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP.
  • the AP may have an access or an interface to a Distribution System (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carries traffic in to and/or out of the BSS.
  • Traffic to STAs that originates from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STAs.
  • Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSS may be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations.
  • Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, for example, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP may deliver the traffic to the destination STA.
  • the traffic between STAs within a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic.
  • the peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS).
  • the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS).
  • a WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within or using the IBSS may communicate directly with each other.
  • the IBSS mode of communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad-hoc” mode of communication.
  • the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel.
  • the primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling.
  • the primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP.
  • Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11 systems.
  • the STAs e.g., every STA, including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detected and/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA may back off.
  • One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.
  • High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel for communication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHz wide channel.
  • VHT STAs may support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and/or 160 MHz wide channels.
  • the 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels.
  • a 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration.
  • the data, after channel encoding may be passed through a segment parser that may divide the data into two streams.
  • Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing may be done on each stream separately.
  • IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
  • the streams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by a transmitting STA.
  • the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).
  • MAC Medium Access Control
  • Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11 af and 802.11 ah.
  • the channel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11 af and 802.11 ah relative to those used in 802.11h, and 802.11 ac.
  • 802.11 af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum
  • 802.11 ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum.
  • 802.11 ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-Type Communications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area.
  • MTC devices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilities including support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limited bandwidths.
  • the MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).
  • WLAN systems which may support multiple channels, and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11h, 802.11 ac, 802.11 af, and 802.11 ah, include a channel which may be designated as the primary channel.
  • the primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS.
  • the bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs in operating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode.
  • the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1 MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes.
  • Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operating mode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands may be considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remains idle and may be available.
  • STAs e.g., MTC type devices
  • NAV Network Allocation Vector
  • the available frequency bands which may be used by 802.11 ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11 ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.
  • FIG. 1 D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment.
  • the RAN 113 may employ an NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.
  • the RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology.
  • gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c.
  • the gNB 180a may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology.
  • the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum.
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology.
  • WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and/or gNB 180c).
  • CoMP Coordinated Multi-Point
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframe or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths of absolute time).
  • TTIs subframe or transmission time intervals
  • the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may beconfigured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and/or a non-standalone configuration.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c).
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobility anchor point.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with/connect to gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c.
  • WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously.
  • eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may serve as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicing WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b and the like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with one another over an Xn interface.
  • UPF User Plane Function
  • AMF Access and Mobility Management Function
  • the CN 115 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.
  • SMF Session Management Function
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as a control node.
  • the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like.
  • Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.
  • different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or the like.
  • URLLC ultra-reliable low latency
  • eMBB enhanced massive mobile broadband
  • MTC machine type communication
  • the AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.
  • radio technologies such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to an AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to a UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b.
  • the SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notifications, and the like.
  • a PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.
  • the UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.
  • the UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and the like.
  • the CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks.
  • the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108.
  • IMS IP multimedia subsystem
  • the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by other service providers.
  • the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to a local Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.
  • DN local Data Network
  • one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with regard to one or more of: WTRU 102a-d, Base Station 114a-b, eNode-B 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-c, AMF 182a-ab, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and/or any other device(s) described herein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown).
  • the emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein.
  • the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulate network and/or WTRU functions.
  • the emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator network environment.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partially implemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, or all, functions while being temporarily implemented or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-air wireless communications.
  • the one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, including all, functions while not being implemented or deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communication network.
  • the emulation devices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratory and/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wireless communication network in order to implement testing of one or more components.
  • the one or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry (e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.
  • RF circuitry e.g., which may include one or more antennas
  • sensing a target may include any of range detection, velocity determination and localization of the target.
  • the methods described herein may not negatively impact the communication performances (e.g., any of throughput and latency) of the system.
  • the methods described herein may allow to perform RADAR processing on OFDMA signals without introducing any overhead in the transmitted signals.
  • the methods disclosed herein may be implemented in consumer electronics (CE) devices using OFDMA, such as, for example, and without any limitation any of Wi-Fi APs, Wi-Fi STAs, a 4G/5G WTRU, and a BS (any of a eNB, gNB, etc).
  • CE consumer electronics
  • RADAR technology is known to be used in military and high-end professional applications (e.g., aircraft, automotive industry). Recent progress in integrated circuits (ICs) and the growth of processing power combined with machine learning (ML) techniques may enable novel RADAR applications in other domains. Examples of such RADAR applications may include any of user sensing, user localization, gesture recognition, vital signs sensing (e.g., breathing, heartbeat), etc.
  • communication devices may be augmented with sensing capabilities for new use cases including but not limited to home monitoring, energy management, elder care, remote operator trouble shooting and user interface.
  • Frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) RADAR may be one example of RADAR waveform, which principle is illustrated by FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B (collectively FIG. 2).
  • FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR waveform, represented in frequency 220 as a function of time 210.
  • a signal 20 may be transmitted with a frequency, which may linearly vary (e.g., change) with time.
  • the frequency may vary in a frequency band, which may be referred to herein as Bw.
  • the frequency band Bw may comprise any of a single (e.g., continuous) frequency band and any number of non-adjacent sub-bands (not represented).
  • the frequency band Bw (e.g., or any of its sub-bands) may be comprised between a first frequency 221 and a second frequency 222.
  • the frequency may linearly vary from the first frequency 221 to the second frequency 222 over a sweep time interval 211, along a slope, which may be given by the ratio of the frequency bandwidth Bw over the sweep time 211.
  • the signal 20 may be transmitted again over subsequent sweep time intervals 212, 213 e.g., linearly varying from the first frequency 221 to the second frequency 222 over a same duration of same sweep time interval 211, 212, 213.
  • the signal 20 may be reflected by a target.
  • the reflected signal 21 may be received (e.g., by a Rx antenna), after some time corresponding to the time of flight (ToF).
  • the transmitted signal 20 and received signal 21 may be shifted in frequency by a frequency shift 22, that may be referred to herein as DT
  • the ToF may be calculated from the frequency shift 22 Af based on the slope of the chirp.
  • FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of a FMCW RADAR transceiver architecture.
  • the transceiver may comprise a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 200, configured to control (e.g., linearly vary) the frequency of the transmitted signal 20 over a sweep time interval 211, 212, 213.
  • VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
  • the frequency shift 22 Af may be obtained (e.g., measured) using a mixer 201, configured to mix (e.g., at each instant) the transmitted signal 20 with the received signal 21.
  • different amounts of power at the mixer output may correspond to different ToF.
  • c the range resolution of an FMCW RADAR
  • Stepped frequency continuous wave (SFCW) RADAR may be another example of RADAR waveform, which principle is illustrated by FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B (collectively FIG. 3).
  • FIG. 3A is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR waveform, represented in frequency 320 as a function of the time 310.
  • a signal 30 may be transmitted with a frequency, which may linearly change (e.g., vary) with time with a discrete frequency step 325, and a step duration 305.
  • the transmission of the signal 30 may be seen as a set of successive transmissions during a set of successive time slots of a same (e.g., step) duration 305, wherein the frequency of the signal may be constant during (e.g., each) time slots, and the frequency of the signal may be increased by the discrete frequency step 325 between two successive time slots.
  • the discrete frequency step may be referred to herein as AFs, and the step duration may be referred to herein as Ts.
  • Such a signal 30 wherein the frequency may linearly increase in a step by step manner may be referred to herein as any of "step wise linearly varying frequency” and SFCW signal (collectively SFCW signal).
  • the frequency may step wise linearly vary from a first frequency 321 to a second frequency 322 over a sweep time interval 311.
  • the SFCW signal 30 may be transmitted again over subsequent sweep time intervals 312, 313, e.g., step wise linearly varying from the first frequency 321 to the second frequency 322 over the same duration of sweep time interval 311, 312, 313.
  • the SFCW signal 30 may be reflected by a target.
  • the reflected signal 31 may be received (e.g., by a Rx antenna), after some time corresponding to the ToF.
  • the reflected signal 31 may show similar frequency steps as the transmitted SFCW signal 30.
  • the RADAR resolution may be given by Equation (2).
  • the RADAR transmitted SFCW signal 30 may be given by Equation (3), where rectQ may represent a rectangular function, and t may represent the time.
  • the signal 31 received from a reflection of the transmitted SFCW signal 30 on a target, situated at a distance R(t) of the RADAR transceiver may be given by Equation (4), where a may be the signal magnitude and c the light velocity.
  • n a normalized sample (n) of a baseband signal, obtained by mixing the received signal 31 with the transmitted SFCW signal 30 and applying a low pass filter (LPF), may be given by Equation (5), where m may be the burst number:
  • a high-resolution range profile may represent the level of a reflected signal on a target as a function of the distance between the target and the RADAR transceiver.
  • the HRRP may be obtained by applying an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) along (e.g., each) burst.
  • IFFT inverse fast Fourier transform
  • the ratio of both sinus terms in Equation (6) may be seen as the HRRP magnitude.
  • a maximum of the magnitude may be obtained when k m equals k, which may give the target range (e.g., distance).
  • the transmitter may dwell at each frequency (e.g., maintain transmission at a constant frequency) long enough to allow reflections from different targets to reach the receiver so as to result in a stationary situation (e.g., where a target may remain static during a step (e.g., time slot T s ) duration).
  • a maximum detected range may be given by Equation (7).
  • the range (e.g., distance) of the target may be given by Equation (8): c. ToF c. Af
  • the discontinuous waveform may lead to a resolution ambiguity.
  • the maximum ambiguity may happen when the reflected signal may be between two frequency steps, meaning:
  • the smallest detected range may be given by Equation (10): c. T oF min c. T s -min (10)
  • both the range ambiguity (e.g., given by Equation (9)) and minimum detected range (e.g., given by Equation (10)) using the SFCW technique may be proportional to the step duration Ts.
  • Embodiments described herein may be appropriate for small slot durations (e.g., in order of tens of nanoseconds).
  • FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating an example of a SFCW RADAR transceiver architecture.
  • the transceiver may comprise a SFCW waveform generator 306, configured to generate a signal 30, which frequency may step wise linearly vary over a sweep time interval 311, 312, 313, as illustrated in FIG. 3A.
  • a mixer 301 may be configured to mix the generated (e.g., transmitted) SFCW signal 30 with a received signal 31 resulting from a reflection of the transmitted SFCW signal 30 on a target.
  • the mixed signal may be filtered in a low pass filter 302 and converted to a digital signal in an analog to digital converter 303 (ADC).
  • ADC analog to digital converter
  • the resulting digital signal may be processed in a processing module 304, which may be configured to perform RADAR processing on the digital signal for sensing the target.
  • the processing module 304 may be further configured to perform any of machine learning, deep learning technique to sense the target according to any sensing application.
  • the processing module 304 may be coupled to an output 305 for generating the outcome of the sensing processing.
  • the output 305 may comprise a display for displaying any information resulting from the target sensing.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of an OFDMA resource allocation.
  • the operating bandwidth may be divided into any number of (e.g., small) sub bands with orthogonal subcarrier 42 signals for interference limitation.
  • a network element which may be referred to herein as a central network controller (CNC) may be configured to allocate a (e.g., specific, different) set of subcarriers to a (e.g., each, every) WTRU or set ofWTRUs at a (e.g., each, every) timeslot as shown in FIG.4.
  • CNC central network controller
  • a subcarrier may transfer a data symbol via a digital modulation scheme, such as for example, quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).
  • FIG. 4 shows a set of resource elements 41 arranged in an array where the horizontal dimension may represent the time and the vertical dimension may represent the (e.g., subcarrier) frequencies.
  • the time may be divided in a set of time slots and the frequency may be divided in a set of frequencies (e.g., sub-bands).
  • a time-frequency resource element 41 which may be referred to herein as any of a resource block (RB) and a resource unit (collectively RB), may be characterized by a (e.g., subcarrier) frequency and a time slot.
  • a time- frequency resource element may be allocated for any of transmission and reception by any of a specific WTRU and a set of WTRUs. As illustrated in FIG. 4 time-frequency resource elements with different shades of grey represent time-frequency resources respectively allocated to different WTRUs or set of WTRUs.
  • Embodiments are described herein by using an OFDMA communication system (e.g., wherein transmitted and received signals are ODFMA signals). Embodiments described herein may not be restricted to OFDMA signals. Any signal (e.g., non-orthogonal frequency division multiple access) allowing multiple access by a division of at least both frequency and time for sharing a medium without interfering may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • OFDMA communication system e.g., wherein transmitted and received signals are ODFMA signals.
  • Embodiments described herein may not be restricted to OFDMA signals. Any signal (e.g., non-orthogonal frequency division multiple access) allowing multiple access by a division of at least both frequency and time for sharing a medium without interfering may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of a sensing capable OFDMA based communication system.
  • FIG. 5 shows an allocation 500 of resources for any of transmission and reception by any of a specific WTRU and a set of WTRUs.
  • a set of time- frequency resource elements 501 may be allocated to a (e.g., single) WTRU for transmission by the WTRU of a (e.g., OFDMA) signal 50 in a set 511 of successive time slots 505, with subcarrier frequencies linearly varying over the set 511 of successive time slots 505 according to a discrete frequency step 525.
  • a CNC may allocate to a (e.g., given) WTRU a (e.g., single) frequency that may increase of a discrete frequency step 525 at every time slot 505 over the set 511 of successive time slots.
  • a (e.g., single) frequency may increase of a discrete frequency step 525 at every time slot 505 over the set 511 of successive time slots.
  • the frequency of the allocated time-frequency resource elements 501 may step wise linearly increase from a lower frequency 521 to a higher frequency 522 over the set 511 of successive time slots.
  • a subsequent set of resources may be allocated over a subsequent set of time slots, with the same frequency allocation distribution (e.g., pattern).
  • the WTRU transmitting data in a (e.g., OFDMA) signal on the allocated time-frequency resource elements 501 of the set of successive time slots may transmit a SFCW waveform that may be used for sensing a target by any sensing application without adding any overhead in the communication system.
  • the set of successive time slots 511 may correspond to a sweep time of the SFCW waveform.
  • the WTRU may receive an echo 51 of the transmitted signal 50, reflected by a target.
  • the WTRU may be configured to perform RADAR signal processing on the received signal 51.
  • the WTRU may be configured to sense the target.
  • a target may be any of static and moving target.
  • a target may be any of an obstacle, an object, a device, an animal, a human body, a part of a human body, ...
  • sensing the target may include any of detecting the target, its range, its radial velocity.
  • sensing the target may include detecting a fall of a human body, for example, in an elderly care application.
  • sensing the target may include detecting and/or monitoring a heartbeat or a breathing of a human body.
  • sensing the target may include detecting the position of the target for a device positioning application.
  • the set of successive time slots may be a set of contiguous time slots.
  • the frequency of a time-frequency resource element may be increased of the frequency step 525 at every time slot.
  • the set of successive time slots may be a set of discontinuous time slots, with a (e.g., regular) pattern.
  • the frequency of a time-frequency resource element may not be increased at every time slot but at a time slot every N time slots, N being, for example, any constant integer value greater than one.
  • the RADAR processing of the received signal may be configured with the transmitted signal pattern.
  • a single time-frequency resource element with a single frequency allocated per time slot 505 for transmission by the WTRU.
  • the frequencies of the allocated time-frequency resource elements may step wise linearly decrease from a higher frequency to a lower frequency over a set of successive timeslots.
  • a CNC may allocate a set of time-frequency resources for allowing a WTRU to sense a target, for example, on a periodic basis.
  • a set of allocated time-frequency resources for sensing a target by a WTRU may be referred to herein as a sensing opportunity.
  • the WTRU may wait for the next sensing opportunity for sensing a target while transmitting data in the allocated resources.
  • the CNC may schedule a sensing opportunity on demand.
  • the CNC may schedule a sensing opportunity to a WTRU (e.g., allocate a set of time-frequency resources for allowing the WTRU to sense a target), after receiving a request for sensing from the WTRU.
  • the request for sensing may include a duration, over which sensing may be requested.
  • the WTRU after having sensed a target may send an indication to the CNC that sensing may be stopped.
  • the CNC after reception of such an indication may stop scheduling sensing opportunities to the WTRU.
  • the CNC may stop allocating step wise linearly varying frequency resources over successive time slots to a specific WTRU, (e.g., when no target sensing is expected) and resume any of its other time-frequency resource allocation scheme.
  • Step wise linearly varying the frequency of the resources allocated to the WTRU, with a single resource element per time slot may impact the flexibility of the resource allocation for the WTRU.
  • Scheduling sensing opportunities only for a part of the time e.g., any of periodically and on demand
  • every subcarrier may be modulated, while in a SFCW waveform the signal may not be modulated.
  • the transmitted RADAR burst of Equation (3) may be given by Equation (11):
  • a received (e.g., modulated) RADAR signal reflected on a target at a distance R(t) may be given by Equation (12):
  • the normalized sample (n) of the baseband signal, obtained by mixing the received modulated signal with the transmitted modulated one and applying a low pass filter (LPF) may be given by Equation (13):
  • a RADAR processing may be applied on a modulated (e.g., OFDMA) signal in a similar manner as on a non-modulated signal.
  • a modulated e.g., OFDMA
  • Radar processing based on a single pair of receiving and transmitting network elements may allow to detect a range (e.g., a distance) to a target. This may not allow to localize the target. By localizing it is meant, determining a localization (e.g., a position) of the target. There may be many examples where localization may be useful, e.g., beyond range detection. For example, in a factory with self-driving vehicles, any of ranging, localization and tracking may be performed.
  • FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, FIG. 6C are three diagrams illustrating three steps of a (e.g., 2D) localization method based on a multi-static radar.
  • a target 600 may be localized based on embodiments described herein.
  • FIG. 6A shows a first pair of transmitting and receiving network elements 610, 611 (which may be referred to herein as a Tx-Rx pair).
  • the transmitting and receiving network elements 610, 611 may be located at different positions.
  • the first Tx-Rx pair may perform ranging of the target 600.
  • the Tx-Rx pair network element 610 may transmit a first signal, that may reflect on the target 600.
  • a distance to the target may be obtained based on a RADAR processing of the transmitted signal and of its echo received by the receiving network element 611.
  • the echo may correspond to a reflection of the transmitted on the target.
  • the echo may include multiple echoes (e.g., corresponding multiple reflections of the same signal on the target, e.g., if the signal took several different paths to reach the target).
  • echo an echo and multiple echoes of a same signal on a target may be collectively referred to herein as "echo”.
  • the target 600 may be localized at any point of an ellipse 61 , wherein the two focal points may be at the position of respectively the transmitting network element 610 and the receiving network element 611.
  • the Tx-Rx pair may be included in a single network element.
  • the transmitting network element 610 and the receiving network element 611 may be collocated (at a same position), and the target may be localized on a circle centered at the position of the network element.
  • a second Tx-Rx pair 620, 621 may perform ranging of the target 600.
  • the transmitting network element 610 may transmit a second signal, that may reflect on the target 600, similarly as the first signal.
  • a second ellipse 62 may be obtained based on the target ranging performed by the second Tx-Rx pair 620621.
  • the two focal points of the second ellipse 62 may be located at the positions of respectively the second Tx network element 620 and the second Rx network element 621.
  • Four candidate locations 600, 601, 602, 603 may be obtained from the intersection of the first 61 and the second 62 ellipses.
  • the localization of the target may be determined as any of the four candidate locations 600, 601 , 602, 603. Determining at most four candidate positions may be sufficient for many applications, not expecting a precise localization.
  • FIG. 6C is a diagram illustrating an additional optional step of the (e.g., 2D) localization method, that may be performed for obtaining a more accurate localization (e.g., finetuning the localization).
  • a third Tx-Rx pair 630, 631 may perform ranging of the target 600.
  • the transmitting network element 630 may transmit a third signal, that may reflect on the target 600, similarly as the first and the second signals.
  • a third ellipse 63 may be obtained based on the target ranging performed by the third Tx-Rx pair 630, 631.
  • the two focal points of the third ellipse 63 may be located at the positions of respectively the third Tx network element 630 and the third Rx network element 631.
  • the position of the target 600 may be determined from the (e.g., single) intersection point of the first 61, the second 62 and the third 63 ellipses. This for example may allow to eliminate up to three candidate positions 601, 602, 603, for keeping only the final localization 600 of the target.
  • the same method may be applicable to 3D localization by e.g., replacing ellipses by ellipsoids (and circles by spheres).
  • the first, second (and optional third) Tx-Rx pairs may be located at different positions, so as to form a multi-static radar and obtain intersecting ellipses.
  • Different Tx-Rx pairs may be embedded in a single network element such as for example a Wi Fi AP.
  • the limited size of e.g., a Wi-Fi e.g., with dimensions in the order of 10 cm
  • Embodiments described herein may allow to perform localization (e.g., of a target) based on a (e.g., joint communication and) sensing method, where at least three network elements (e.g., one Tx and two Rx network elements) may coordinate with each other, and at least the two Rx network elements may be located at two different positions
  • FIG. 7A is a system diagram illustrating an example of a (e.g., joint communication and) localization method based on a coordination of a transmitting network element and at least two receiving network elements.
  • a first network element 70 may comprise a transmitter Tx, and be configured a transmitting network element.
  • the first network element 70 may be, for example an access point (AP), and may be referred to herein as a central network controller (CNC).
  • the CNC 70 may be configured to control (e.g., coordinate) at least two receiving network elements, respectively located at a first and a second (e.g., fix) positions, and connected to a same wireless communication network.
  • the two receiving network elements 71, 72 may be included in two wireless transmit and receive units (WTRUs).
  • WTRUs wireless transmit and receive units
  • the receiver of the first WTRU 71 and the transmitter of the CNC 70 may form a first pair of Tx-Rx of a multi-static radar.
  • the receiver of the second WTRU 71 and the transmitter of the CNC 70 may form a second pair of Tx-Rx of the multi-static radar (with the same transmitter in the first and second Tx-Rx pairs).
  • Embedding the two receivers of two different Tx-Rx pairs in different network elements (e.g., devices) at different positions may allow to provide spatial diversity for the multi-static radar operation (e.g., enabling intersecting ellipses/circle). Spatial diversity for the multi static radar operation may be obtained by using (e.g., at least one of the two) receivers and a transmitter of different network elements at different positions without any specific additional constraint on the positions of the different network elements (e.g.,
  • some other (e.g., mobile) WTRUs 75 may be connected to the same wireless network, controlled by the CNC.
  • the CNC may be configured to coordinate the first 71 and the second 72 WTRUs to localize a target 7 while communicating with any WTRUs 71, 72, 75 of the (e.g., OFDMA) communication wireless network.
  • the CNC may be configured to transmit a signal 700 signal in a set of successive time slots with subcarrier frequencies linearly varying over the set of successive time slots according to a discrete frequency step.
  • the signal 700 may comprise a time synchronization information for enabling a distant receiving network element (e.g., WTRU) to synchronize a locally generated signal on the transmitted signal 700.
  • WTRU distant receiving network element
  • a signal transmitted in a set of successive time slots with subcarrier frequencies linearly varying over the set of successive time slots according to a discrete frequency step may be referred to herein as a SFCW signal.
  • a first WTRU 71 may be configured to receive the SFCW signal
  • the first WTRU 71 may be configured to obtain a first sensing information element based on a RADAR processing of the first echo
  • the locally generated signal may be synchronized in the first WTRU 71 with the (e.g., originally) transmitted SFCW signal 700 based on the time synchronization information .
  • the first sensing information element may be representative of a range from the first WTRU
  • a second WTRU 72 may be configured to receive the SFCW signal 700 and a second echo 702 of the signal 700 reflected by the target 7.
  • the second WTRU 72 may be configured to obtain a second sensing information element based on a RADAR processing of the second echo 702 and a locally generated signal.
  • the locally generated signal may be synchronized in the second WTRU 72 with the (e.g., originally) transmitted SFCW signal 700 based on the time synchronization information.
  • the second sensing information element may be representative of a range from the second WTRU 72 to the target.
  • the first 71 and the second 72 WTRUs may be configured to send respectively the first and the second sensing information elements to the CNC 70.
  • the CNC may be configured to obtain a first set of candidate positions 710 of the target 7 based on the first sensing information element and the position of the first WTRU 71 relative to the CNC position.
  • the first set of candidate positions 710 may be in the form of a first ellipse 710, which focal points may be located respectively at the CNC position and the first WTRU 71 position.
  • the CNC 70 may be configured to obtain a second set of candidate positions 720 of the target 7 based on the second sensing information element and the position of the second WTRU
  • the second set of candidate positions 720 may be in the form of a second ellipse 720, which focal points may be located respectively at the CNC position and the second WTRU 72 position.
  • the target 7 may be located at any of the two intersection points of the first 710 and the second 720 ellipses.
  • the CNC may be further configured to receive a third echo of the transmitted signal 700, reflected by the target 7.
  • the CNC may be configured perform ranging (e.g., obtain a range to the target) based on a RADAR processing of the third echo and the transmitted signal.
  • a third set of candidate positions 730A e.g., in the form of a circle, centered at the CNC position and with a radius corresponding to the range of the target 7) may be obtained.
  • the (e.g., precise) localization of the target 7 may be obtained (e.g., fine-tuned) from the intersection of the first, 710, second 720 and third 73A sets of candidate positions.
  • FIG. 7B is a system diagram illustrating another example of a (e.g., joint communication and) localization method based on a coordination of a transmitting network element and at least three receiving network elements.
  • the CNC may be configured to control (e.g., coordinate) three wireless transmit and receive units (WTRUs) 71, 72, 73, respectively located at a first, a second and a third (e.g., fix) position, and connected to a same wireless communication network.
  • some other (e.g., mobile) WTRUs 75 may be connected to the same wireless network, controlled by the CNC 70.
  • the CNC 70 may be configured to coordinate the first 71, the second 72 and the third 73 WTRUs to localize a target 7 while communicating with any WTRUs 71 , 72, 73, 75 of the (e.g., OFDMA) communication wireless network.
  • the CNC may be configured to transmit a SFCW signal 700 signal.
  • the SFCW signal 700 may comprise a time synchronization information for enabling a distant WTRU to synchronize a locally generated signal on the transmitted signal 700.
  • a first 71 and a second 72 WTRUs may be configured to obtain respectively a first and a second sensing information elements based on a RADAR processing of a locally generated signal (e.g., on the respective WTRU) and (e.g., a first and a second) echoes of the signal 700 reflected on the target and respectively received by the first 71 and the second 72 WTRUs.
  • a locally generated signal e.g., on the respective WTRU
  • echoes of the signal 700 reflected on the target and respectively received by the first 71 and the second 72 WTRUs e.g., a first and a second
  • an (optional) third WTRU 73 may be configured to receive the signal 700 and a third echo 703 of the signal 700 reflected by the target 7.
  • the third WTRU 73 may be configured to obtain a third sensing information element based on a RADAR processing of the third echo 703 and a locally generated signal.
  • the locally generated signal may be synchronized in the third WTRU 73 with the (e.g., originally) transmitted signal 700 based on the time synchronization information.
  • the third WTRU 73 may be (e.g., optionally) configured to transmit the third sensing information element to the CNC 70.
  • the CNC 70 may be configured to obtain a third set of candidate positions 730B of the target 7 based on the third sensing information element and the position of the third WTRU 73 (e.g., relative to the CNC).
  • the third set of candidate positions 730B may be in the form of e.g., an ellipse 730B, which focal points may be located respectively at the CNC position and the third WTRU position.
  • the target 7 may be (e.g., precisely) located at the intersection point of the first 710, the second 720 and the third 730B ellipses.
  • the positions of the different network elements 70, 71, 72, 73 may be pre-configured in the CNC 70.
  • the positions may be in the form of e.g., any of x,y,z coordinates.
  • the position of the different network elements 70, 71, 72, 73 may be configurable in the CNC via a user interface.
  • the different network elements 70, 71, 72, 73 may include self localization means (e.g., a GPS chip), for obtaining their position and registering (e.g., transmitting) their position (e.g., coordinates) to the CNC 70.
  • self localization means e.g., a GPS chip
  • a (e.g., any of fix and mobile) WTRU 75 e.g., connected to the same (e.g., OFDMA) communication network may send a message to the CNC 70 for requesting localizing a target 7.
  • the target may be any element of the environment (e.g. humans, animals, self-driving-vehicles, walls, furniture).
  • the request may include a duration over which any of sensing and localization may be requested.
  • the CNC may allocate a set of resources according to a SFCW slot allocation scheme for transmitting the signal 700, over the requested duration. After the requested duration may have elapsed, the CNC may restore a non SFCW slot allocation scheme.
  • the CNC may transmit a message to the (e.g., first, second, third) WTRUs participating in the localization method, to indicate the participating network elements that the localization (e.g., SFCW) signal may be transmitted.
  • the message may, for example, be transmitted in broadcast mode.
  • FIG. 8 is a system diagram illustrating an example of a receiving network element participating in the (e.g., joint communication and) localization method.
  • the receiving network element 80 may be any of the first, second and third WTRU as previously described (referred to herein as any of "participating receiving network element”, “participating WTRU”).
  • a SFCW waveform generator 801 may be used, e.g., in the CNC, to generate a SFCW signal, for transmission.
  • the SFCW signal may include time synchronization information capable of synchronizing a locally generated signal to that signal.
  • the SFCW signal may be received by the participating WTRU together with a corresponding echo, reflected on the target.
  • the participating WTRU may comprise a SFCW waveform signal generator 800 that may be synchronized to the transmitted signal based on the carried time synchronization information.
  • the time synchronization element may be a network time protocol (NTP) element and a locally generated SFCW signal may be synchronized to the transmitted SFCW signal based on NTP.
  • NTP network time protocol
  • the time synchronization element may be an IEEE 802.11 timing synchronization function (TSF) beacon, and the locally generated SFCW signal may be synchronized to the transmitted SFCW signal based on IEEE 802.11 TSF mechanisms.
  • TSF timing synchronization function
  • the synchronized locally generated SFCW signal may be used to obtain (e.g., calculate) a HRRP corresponding to the round trip between the transmitting network element (e.g., the CNC) and the participating receiving network element through reflection on the (e.g., different) target(s).
  • the round trip may be the sum of the distance between SFCW signal transmitter (e.g., the CNC) and the target and the distance between the target and the participating receiving network element.
  • SFCW RADAR signal processing may be performed by mixing the synchronized locally generated SFCW waveform signal with the (e.g., echo) signal reflected on the (e.g., different) target(s).
  • the mixed signal may be filtered in a low pass filter 802 and converted to a digital signal in an analog to digital converter (ADC) 803.
  • ADC analog to digital converter
  • the resulting digital signal may be processed in a processing module 804, which may be configured to perform RADAR processing on the digital signal for obtaining a sensing information element (such as e.g., a HRRP) representative of a range to the (e.g., different) target(s).
  • a sensing information element such as e.g., a HRRP
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a representation of four sensing information elements.
  • different sensing information elements may be represented as different curbs of a different shades of gray, and corresponding to different receiving network elements Rx1, Rx2, Rx3, Rx4.
  • any of the first, second and third sensing information element may be represented as a set (e.g., table) of power versus range values (e.g., a power value corresponding to a target range value).
  • a range value as illustrated in FIG. 9 may correspond to a round trip (CNC-target distance plus target-Rx distance) divided by two.
  • Any data structure able to represent a HRRP as a set of power/range values may be applicable to the embodiments described herein.
  • a localization network element may receive sensing information elements from different WTRUs located at different positions.
  • the localization network element e.g., the CNC
  • the localization network element may obtain the localization of the target based on the received sensing information elements and the different positions of the different receiving and transmitting network elements (e.g., CNC, participating WTRUs).
  • a sensing information element may comprise any number of local maxima 91, 92, 93, 94 of power levels.
  • an ellipsoid having the foci located at position of the Tx network element (e.g., CNC) and at the position of the participating Rx network element may be obtained.
  • An ellipsoid indeed may include all points having a cumulated distance to its foci equal to a constant value (e.g., path length).
  • an ellipsoid may be obtained for a (each) power level of the HRRP corresponding to a local maximum 91 , 92, 93, 94.
  • an ellipsoid may be obtained for a (each) power level of the HRRP which value may be above a (e.g., threshold) value. Any technique for selecting power levels of the HRRP and obtaining an ellipsoid based on the corresponding range may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • a number (referred to herein as N) of co-centered ellipsoids with the Tx network element (e.g., CNC) and that participating WTRU as foci may be obtained.
  • the HRRP may be sampled over N (e.g., distance) points (e.g., each sample point corresponding to a distance), and an ellipsoid may correspond to a power level and to a (e.g., each) sample point.
  • the obtained set of N ellipsoids may represent a (e.g., individual) 3D heatmap representing the power level (e.g., from the HRRP) as a function of (x,y,z) positions (e.g., samples).
  • a heatmap, representing different power levels for different positions may be referred to herein as a power matrix.
  • (e.g., individual, 3D) heatmaps may be combined in a (e.g., single, 3D) heatmap.
  • the combination of the different heatmaps may be obtained by any of interpolating, extrapolating, and approximating the positions (x,y,z) samples across the (e.g., 3D) heatmaps, and by adding the corresponding power levels of (e.g., all) the (e.g., individual, 3D) heatmaps.
  • different heatmaps may be combined (e.g., summed) based on a common set of (x,y,z) positions, that may be referred to herein as a grid (e.g., of positions).
  • a grid e.g., of positions
  • the (x,y,z) grid may be any of locally generated and received from another network element.
  • a grid of positions may be any of a 3D grid of positions (x,y,z) and a 2D grid of positions (x,y).
  • 2D positions (x,y) will be used hereafter, but 3D positions (x,y,z) may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • a heatmap may be obtained for a Tx-Rx pair as described herein.
  • the distance of that position (xk, yi) to the Tx-Rx pair may be obtained by adding the distance between the position (xk, yi) to Tx and the distance between the position (xk, yi) to Rx, and by dividing the added distances by two, e.g.,
  • the closest distance to the obtained distance dftj j may be obtained (e.g., retrieved).
  • the closest distance may correspond to an index and a power level in the HRRP, e.g.,
  • the value of the (xk, yi) position in the heatmap may be set to the power level of the HRRP which distance may be the closest to the distance d(i )(k,i) between the (xk, yi) position and the Tx-Rx pair.
  • any number of heatmaps may be obtained for respectively any number of Tx-Rx pairs, based on a same (e.g., common) set of position (e.g., grid). Any number of heatmaps may then be added for obtaining a combined (e.g., final) heatmap aggregating the power levels for a plurality of Tx-Rx pairs.
  • Points of the combined heatmap corresponding to a local maximum of intensity may represent locations of (e.g., potential) targets.
  • the localization network element e.g., the CNC
  • the CNC may obtain the location of the target based on the combined heatmap, and may report (e.g., transmit) the location of the target to the WTRU (e.g., which may have requested to localization).
  • the CNC may transmit the combined 3D heatmap to the WTRU, and the WTRU may process the combined 3D heatmap for localizing the (e.g., different) target(s).
  • the CNC may repeatedly transmit the SFCW signal to the participating WTRUs, e.g., up to the expiration of a (e.g., any of requested, preconfigured) duration.
  • a e.g., any of requested, preconfigured
  • a sensing information element representative of range(s) to (e.g., different) target(s) may be obtained based on a RADAR processing of a locally generated signal and echo(es) of a transmitted signal on the (e.g., different) target(s), the locally generated signal being synchronized to the transmitted signal.
  • the sensing information element may be representative of ranges to different targets.
  • the sensing information element may comprise, for example, a set of power levels corresponding to a set of range values (e.g., distances), such as e.g., a HRRP (where e.g., a power level may correspond to a range value), as previously described.
  • a sensing information element representative of ranges to different targets may be referred to herein as a ranging information element.
  • the sensing information element may be representative of positions of different targets.
  • the sensing information element may comprise, for example, a set of power levels corresponding to a set of positions (where e.g., a power level may correspond to a position), such as e.g., a power matrix.
  • the power matrix may be obtained based on a ranging information element e.g., a HRRP, that may have been obtained based on a RADAR processing of a locally generated signal and echo(es) of a transmitted signal on the (e.g., different) target(s).
  • a sensing information element representative of positions of different targets may be referred to herein a positioning information element.
  • Obtaining a positioning information element (e.g., a power matrix) based on a ranging information element (e.g., a HRRP) as described herein may involve computing resources.
  • the processing for obtaining positioning information elements based on ranging information elements may be distributed over different processing devices.
  • any of ranging and positioning information elements may be transmitted by a (e.g., Rx) network element to a localization network element.
  • a (e.g., Rx) network element may obtain a ranging information element as described herein and transmit the ranging information element to the localization network element that may be configured to obtain the positioning information element based on the received ranging information element.
  • a (e.g., Rx) network element may obtain a ranging information element as described herein, obtain (e.g., compute) the positioning information element and transmit the positioning information element to the localization network element that may be configured to localize the (e.g., different) target(s) based on the received positioning information elements.
  • Rx network elements
  • ranging information elements e.g., ranging information elements
  • Rx network elements e.g., also obtaining (e.g., computing) positioning information elements for transmission to the localization network element
  • Embodiments described herein may allow to distribute the processing for computing a combined heatmap for a plurality of Tx-Rx pairs over different processing devices. For example, if some network elements are battery powered, the processing may be distributed according to a level of available energy (e.g., power) at the different network elements.
  • a level of available energy e.g., power
  • a positioning information element (e.g., power matrix) may be obtained based on a ranging information element (e.g., a HRRP), that may have been obtained based on a RADAR processing of a locally generated signal and echo(es) of a transmitted signal on the (e.g., different) target(s).
  • the positioning information element may comprise, for example, a set of power levels corresponding to a set of positions (where e.g., a power level may correspond to a position).
  • the set of positions may be pre-configured in the network element.
  • a same set of positions may be pre-configured in (e.g., all) the network elements involved in the distributed processing of the combined heatmap.
  • the set of positions may be determined based on (e.g., specific) information received, from a (e.g., localization) network element.
  • the (e.g., specific) information may allow any network element receiving this (e.g., specific) information to determine a same set of positions for computing a positioning information element, that may be further used to obtain a combined heatmap.
  • This (e.g., specific) information may be referred to herein as a grid information.
  • a grid information may comprise any of dimensions of a coverage area (in which the localization may be performed), and a cell unit size.
  • the cell unit size and the coverage area may allow to determine a (e.g., common) set of positions in a power matrix.
  • the grid information may comprise the positions (e.g., in the grid) of any (e.g., all) Tx and Rx network elements of any (e.g., all) Tx-Rx pairs that may be involved in the localization method.
  • the cell unit size may be determined based on any of the size (e.g., shape) of the coverage area and a sensing range resolution, for example resulting from the characteristics (e.g., any of frequency band, frequency step) of the SFCW signal.
  • the size of a positioning information element may be reduced, for example, before transmission (e.g., to a localization network element), by removing (e.g., replacing with zeroes, not including, not sending) any power level below a (e.g., given, threshold) level. Since the localization of a target may be determined based on a local maximum of a power value at a (e.g., given) position, low power levels may be omitted from the power matrix without compromising the overall (e.g., final) result.
  • a positioning information element e.g., power matrix
  • a sensing capable network element with e.g., currently limited energy may send (e.g., transmit) its ranging information element (e.g., HRRP) to another network element with e.g., more available energy (higher battery level) to determine on its behalf the corresponding ranging information element (e.g., power matrix).
  • its ranging information element e.g., HRRP
  • the CNC may be a Wi-Fi AP, configured to allocate resource units (RU) for transmission by any of the AP and a Wi-Fi STA.
  • RU resource units
  • any of the first, second and third participating WTRUs may be any of a Wi-Fi STA and a Wi-Fi AP.
  • the AP and the STA may be according to any of IEEE 801.11 ax and IEEE 801.11 be.
  • the OFDMA symbol duration may be equal to 12.8 me
  • the subcarrier bandwidth may be equal to 78.1256kHz
  • the total available bandwidth may be as large as 160 MHz.
  • FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B are two diagrams illustrating the performances of a localization method where the transmitter and all the receivers are collocated in a same networking element.
  • FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B may illustrate an exemplary situation of a e.g., smart factory environment, with four self-driving-vehicles, which may be considered as four targets 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014 to localize.
  • the (e.g., instantaneous) coordinates of the targets 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014 may be of (3,0,0), (0,5,0), (-7,0,0) and (0,-9,0) respectively.
  • FIG. 10B the (e.g., instantaneous) coordinates of the targets 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014 may be of (3,0,0), (0,5,0), (-7,0,0) and (0,-9,0) respectively.
  • FIG. 10B the (e.g., instantaneous) coordinates of the targets
  • the AP 1000 may be located at coordinates (0,0,0). Considering four receivers may be embedded in the AP 1000 device, the coordinates of the different Rx (e.g., antennas) may be (0.1 , 0.1,0), (-0.1 , 0.1,0), (-0.1, -0.1 ,0) and (0.1 , -0.1 ,0) respectively.
  • the coordinates of the different Rx e.g., antennas
  • FIG. 10A shows an HRRP that may be obtained by the AP 1000 performing RADAR sensing alone, without coordinating any participating WTRUs.
  • Arrows 1001, 1002, 1003 1004 represent true targets locations from the perspective of the different Rx antennas.
  • FIG. 10A shows that the true arrows of a same target from the perspective of different Rx antennas are superimposed.
  • FIG. 10B shows an exemplary of a combined 3D heatmap, as described herein. Due to the colocation of the different Rx with the Tx in the same device, the combined 3D heatmap fails in localizing the different targets 1011 , 1012, 1013, 1014.
  • FIG. 10C and FIG. 10D are two diagrams illustrating the performances of a localization method where the transmitter and the different receivers are located in different networking elements.
  • four participating WTRUs 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024 may be configured as four Wi-Fi STAs, and located at the respective locations (5,5,0), (-5,5,0), (-5, -5,0) and (5, -5,0).
  • FIG. 10C shows the FIRRPs that may be obtained by the different participating WTRUs 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024 based on embodiments described herein. Different FIRRPs may be distinguished in FIG. 10C by different shades of grey.
  • FIG. 10C shows different true arrows 1001 , 1010 corresponding to a same target from the perspective of different Rx network elements which may be distinguishable (e.g., not superimposed). As shown on FIG. 10C the true positions 1001 , 1010 of the target corresponds to a local maximum of a FIRRP.
  • FIG. 10D shows an example of a combined 3D heatmap, as described herein.
  • the combined 3D heatmap of FIG. 10D shows better results than FIG. 10B for localizing the targets 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014.
  • the CNC may be any of an eNB and a gNB, configured to allocate resources for transmission by any of the CNC and e.g., a WTRU.
  • a time frequency resource element may be a time frequency resource block (RB).
  • RB time frequency resource block
  • Embodiments described herein may be implemented in any of LTE, LTE-A and 5G NR network elements.
  • any of the first, second and third participating WTRUs may be any of a 4G/5G WTRU, an eNB and a gNB (e.g., located in the neighborhood of the CNC).
  • the OFDMA symbol duration may be equal to 0.125ms
  • the subcarrier bandwidth may be equal to 120kHz
  • the total available bandwidth may be as large as 400MHz.
  • scheduling sensing opportunities in the form of a SFCW waveform as described herein may allow to augment an (e.g., existing) OFDMA communication system by adapting the resource allocation policies.
  • Embodiments described herein may allow existing OFDMA hardware to be used in a backward compatible manner to implement novel target sensing applications e.g., dedicated to localization.
  • Embodiments described herein may allow to enable RADAR sensing application without introducing any communication overhead, e.g., by RADAR processing a signal which may also be used to transmit (e.g., any kind of user) data.
  • the CNC may be configured to perform RADAR sensing on a signal transmitted by the CNC in a set of successive time slots, with subcarrier frequencies step wise linearly varying over the set of successive time slots (e.g., as described in FIG. 7A).
  • the signal transmitted in a sensing opportunity may not be modulated, and may be (e.g., exclusively) dedicated to RADAR sensing.
  • the signal may not include any (e.g., user) data.
  • the CNC may be configured to allocate a set of successive time slots, with subcarrier frequencies step wise linearly varying over the set of successive time slots, for transmission by any of the first, second, (and third) participating WTRU.
  • the participating WTRU may transmit a SFCW signal in the allocated set of resources.
  • the SFCW signal may include a time synchronization information.
  • Any of the participating WTRUs and the CNC may be configured to perform RADAR processing of a corresponding echo of the SFCW signal reflected on a target and a locally generated signal, synchronized to the transmitted SFCW signal.
  • Any of the participating WTRUs and the CNC may be configured to obtain a corresponding sensing information element representative of a range to the target, as described herein.
  • the transmitted SFCW signal, transmitted by any of the CNC and a participating WTRU may include data destined to any of the CNC and any WTRU connected to the (e.g., OFDMA) communication network.
  • localization may be requested by WTRU A and the transmitted SFCW signal may include data destined (e.g., to be received by) another WTRU B.
  • the radial velocity of the target may be obtained by measuring a frequency shift on the received signal (e.g., due to a moving target), on a (e.g., single, each) resource element (considered as a constant wave form over a single timeslot).
  • At least three participating receiving network elements may be configured to obtain any component of a velocity vector of a moving target.
  • FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method for obtaining a velocity vector of a moving target.
  • a moving target 1100 may be localized at point M based on embodiments described herein with a CNC (not represented) and three (e.g., receivers of) three participating WTRUs 1101, 1102, 1103 respectively located at points A, B and C on FIG. 11.
  • a participating WTRU 1101, 1102, 1103 may be configured to obtain a radial velocity component 1111, 1112, 1113 (e.g., by measuring a frequency shift on the received signal (e.g., due to a moving target), on a (e.g., single, each) resource element (considered as a constant wave form over a single timeslot)).
  • the velocity vector of the target may be obtained based on the three radial velocity components 1111, 1112, 1113 of the velocity vector in the (e.g., non-orthogonal) axis (AM, BM, CM) and e.g., the respective position of the three participating WTRUs 1101, 1102, 1103.
  • AM, BM, CM non-orthogonal axis
  • a (e.g., mobile, moving) WTRU connected to the (e.g., OFDMA) communication network may be configured to request a self-localization.
  • the (e.g., mobile, moving) WTRU may send a request for localizing a target as described herein, wherein the target may be the (e.g., mobile, moving) WTRU itself.
  • a network element may comprise localization means (e.g., any of a GPS circuitry, a 4G/5G cellular based localization method) that may be configured to obtain a position of the network element.
  • the position of the participating network element may be transmitted to the CNC.
  • the GPS clock may be used for synchronizing the SFCW locally generated signal to the transmitted SFCW signal.
  • FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method 1200 for use in a network element to localize a target based on a RADAR processing of a communication signal.
  • a signal in a step 1210, may be transmitted in a set of successive time slots with subcarrier frequencies linearly varying over the set of successive time slots according to a discrete frequency step.
  • the signal may comprise a time synchronization information for e.g., synchronizing a locally generated signal to the transmitted signal by a receiving network element.
  • At least two (e.g., a first and a second) sensing information may be received from respectively at least two (e.g., a first and a second) receiving network elements, respectively located at two different (e.g., a first and a second) positions.
  • the at least two (e.g., first and second) information (e.g., elements) may be obtained from a RADAR processing of respectively at least two locally generated signals and at least two echoes of the transmitted signal reflected by a target and received respectively by the at least two (e.g., first and second) receiving network elements.
  • the at least two locally generated signals may be synchronized to the transmitted signal based on the time synchronization information.
  • a localization of the target may be obtained based on the two different (e.g., first and second) positions and the at least two (e.g., first and second) sensing information (e.g., elements).
  • a third sensing information e.g., element
  • the third sensing information may be obtained from a RADAR processing of a third locally generated signal and a third echo of the transmitted signal reflected by the target and received by the third receiving network element.
  • the third locally generated signal may be synchronized to the transmitted signal based on the time synchronization information by the third receiving network element.
  • the localization may be further finetuned based on the third sensing information (e.g., element) and the third position.
  • a third echo of the transmitted signal reflected by the target may be received by the network element.
  • the localization may be further finetuned based on a position of the network element and on a RADAR processing of the transmitted signal and the third echo.
  • a request may be received for localization from a WTRU, prior to transmitting the signal.
  • the request may include a duration over which the localization may be requested.
  • the network element may stop allocating resources for the SFCW signal and transmit an indication that the localization is terminated.
  • linearly varying may comprise any of increasing over the set of successive time slots and decreasing over the set of successive time slots.
  • any of the different (e.g., first, second, third) positions may be preconfigured in the (e.g., localization) network element.
  • any of the different (e.g., first, second, third) positions may be configurable via a user interface of the (e.g., localization) network element.
  • the SFCW signal may comprise any of user data and sensing specific data.
  • the SFCW signal may be an OFDMA signal.
  • the SFCW signal may be any of an IEEE 802.11 signal, an LTE, LTE-A and 5G
  • the received first sensing information may be ranging information comprising power level information for different ranges.
  • a first positioning information based on the ranging information may be obtained.
  • the first positioning information may comprise power level information for a set of (e.g., different) positions.
  • the received second sensing information may be a second positioning information comprising power level information for a set of (e.g., different) positions.
  • a power matrix may be obtained by adding the obtained first positioning information to the received second positioning information.
  • the localization of the target may be obtained based on the power matrix.
  • the power matrix may be obtained by adding any received positioning information (e.g., remotely obtained based on ranging information).
  • the localization of the target may be obtained based on the power matrix.
  • information may be initially transmitted (e.g., to network elements) for determining the set of (e.g., different) positions for localizing the target.
  • FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method 1300 for use in a receiving network element to localize a target based on a RADAR processing of a communication signal.
  • a signal may be received from a transmitting network element in a set of successive time slots with subcarrier frequencies linearly varying over the set of successive time slots according to a discrete frequency step.
  • the signal may comprise a time synchronization information.
  • an echo of the signal reflected by a target may (e.g. also) be received by the receiving network element.
  • a sensing (e.g., ranging) information (e.g., element) may be obtained from a RADAR processing of the echo and a locally generated signal, synchronized to the signal based on the time synchronization information.
  • the sensing (e.g., ranging) information (e.g., element) may be transmitted to a localization network element for localization of the target.
  • the localization network element may be the transmitting network element.
  • the transmitting network element and the localization network element may be two different network elements.
  • the receiving network element and the localization network element may be a same network element (e.g., and no transmission of the sensing information may be performed).
  • any number of transmitters may be configured to transmit a SFCW signal for any of ranging and localizing as described herein.
  • the CNC may allocate different ramps (e.g., set of resources with linearly increasing frequency steps).
  • FIG. 14 is a diagram illustrating an example of time frequency ramps allocation 1400 to two transmitting network elements.
  • a first ramp 1401 of time frequency resources may be (e.g., repeatedly) allocated for transmission of a first SFCW signal by a first Tx network element and a second ramp 1402 of time frequency resources may be (e.g., repeatedly) allocated for transmission of a second SFCW signal by a second Tx network element according to any embodiment described herein.
  • any number of ramps may be allocated in non-consecutive time slots (not shown).
  • any number of Rx network elements may be configured to locally generate and synchronize signals to any of the transmitted signals according to any embodiment described herein.
  • FIG. 15 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method 1500 for use in a receiving network element to localize a target based on a RADAR processing of a communication signal.
  • a signal may be received from a transmitting network element in a set of successive time slots with subcarrier frequencies linearly varying over the set of successive time slots according to a discrete frequency step.
  • the signal may comprise a time synchronization information.
  • an echo of the signal reflected by a target may (e.g. also) be received by the receiving network element.
  • ranging information may be obtained from a RADAR processing of the echo and a locally generated signal, synchronized to the signal based on the time synchronization information.
  • positioning information may be obtained based on the ranging information, the positioning information comprising power level information for a set of positions.
  • the positioning information may be transmitted to a localization network element for localization of the target.
  • the localization network element may be the transmitting network element.
  • the transmitting network element and the localization network element may be two different network elements.
  • the receiving network element and the localization network element may be a same network element (e.g., and no transmission of the positioning information may be performed).
  • embodiments described herein may not be limited to the described variants, and any arrangement of variants and embodiments may be used.
  • embodiments described herein may not be limited to the examples described in FIG. 7 A (the CNC transmitting the signal and performing a sensing of the target in coordination with two participating WTRUs), or FIG. 7B (the CNC transmitting the signal in coordination with three participating WTRUs).
  • FIG. 7 A the CNC transmitting the signal and performing a sensing of the target in coordination with two participating WTRUs
  • FIG. 7B the CNC transmitting the signal in coordination with three participating WTRUs
  • SFCW signal transmission by CNC also performing target sensing in coordination with two participating WTRUs (e.g., FIG. 7A);
  • SFCW signal transmission by CNC (not performing target sensing) in coordination with two or three participating WTRUs (e.g., FIG. 7B);
  • SFCW signal transmission by a participating WTRU e.g. also sensing the target
  • CNC sensing the target e.g. also sensing the target
  • SFCW signal transmission by a participating WTRU e.g. also sensing the target
  • CNC sensing the target in coordination with another WTRU e.g. also sensing the target
  • SFCW signal transmission by a participating WTRU e.g. also sensing the target
  • a participating WTRU e.g. also sensing the target
  • two other WTRUs CNC not sensing the target
  • SFCW signal transmission by a participating WTRU (not sensing the target) in coordination with two or three other WTRUs, (CNC not sensing the target);
  • SFCW signal transmission by a participating WTRU (not sensing the target) in coordination with one or two other WTRUs, (CNC sensing the target).
  • embodiments described herein are not limited to the OFDMA communication systems described herein. Any other type of communication signals (e.g., non-orthogonal frequency division multiple access) allowing multiple access by a division of at least both frequency and time for sharing a medium without interfering may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • Any other type of communication signals e.g., non-orthogonal frequency division multiple access
  • allowing multiple access by a division of at least both frequency and time for sharing a medium without interfering may be applicable to embodiments described herein.
  • any characteristic, variant or embodiment described for a method is compatible with an apparatus device comprising means for processing the disclosed method, with a device comprising a processor configured to process the disclosed method, with a computer program product comprising program code instructions and with a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing program instructions.
  • ROM read only memory
  • RAM random access memory
  • register cache memory
  • semiconductor memory devices magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks (DVDs).
  • a processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU 102, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.
  • processing platforms, computing systems, controllers, and other devices containing processors are noted. These devices may contain at least one Central Processing Unit (“CPU”) and memory.
  • CPU Central Processing Unit
  • an electrical system represents data bits that can cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signals and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in a memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals.
  • the memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to or representative of the data bits. It should be understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs and that other platforms and CPUs may support the provided methods.
  • the data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., Random Access Memory (“RAM”)) or non-volatile (e.g., Read-Only Memory (“ROM”)) mass storage system readable by the CPU.
  • RAM Random Access Memory
  • ROM Read-Only Memory
  • the computer readable medium may include cooperating or interconnected computer readable medium, which exist exclusively on the processing system or are distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system. It is understood that the representative embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories and that other platforms and memories may support the described methods.
  • any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium.
  • the computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and/or any other computing device.
  • Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Application Specific Standard Products (ASSPs); Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (1C), and/or a state machine.
  • DSP digital signal processor
  • ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits
  • ASSPs Application Specific Standard Products
  • FPGAs Field Programmable Gate Arrays
  • the terms “station” and its abbreviation “STA”, “user equipment” and its abbreviation “UE” may mean (i) a wireless transmit and/or receive unit (WTRU), such as described infra; (ii) any of a number of embodiments of a WTRU, such as described infra; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable (e.g., tetherable) device configured with, inter alia, some or all structures and functionality of a WTRU, such as described infra; (iii) a wireless-capable and/or wired-capable device configured with less than all structures and functionality of a WTRU, such as described infra; or (iv) the like. Details of an example WTRU, which may be representative of any
  • ASICs Application Specific Integrated Circuits
  • FPGAs Field Programmable Gate Arrays
  • DSPs digital signal processors
  • other integrated formats e.g., those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole or in part, may be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
  • a signal bearing medium examples include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc., and a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
  • a signal bearing medium include, but are not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy disk, a hard disk drive, a CD, a DVD, a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.
  • a transmission type medium such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless communication link, etc.).
  • any two components so associated may also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated may also be viewed as being “operably couplable” to each other to achieve the desired functionality.
  • operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
  • the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”
  • the terms “any of” followed by a listing of a plurality of items and/or a plurality of categories of items, as used herein, are intended to include “any of,” “any combination of,” “any multiple of,” and/or “any combination of multiples of” the items and/or the categories of items, individually or in conjunction with other items and/or other categories of items.
  • the term “set” or “group” is intended to include any number of items, including zero.
  • the term “number” is intended to include any number, including zero.
  • a range includes each individual member.
  • a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or 3 cells.
  • a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
  • a processor in association with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base station, Mobility Management Entity (MME) or Evolved Packet Core (EPC), or any host computer.
  • WTRU wireless transmit receive unit
  • UE user equipment
  • MME Mobility Management Entity
  • EPC Evolved Packet Core
  • the WTRU may be used m conjunction with modules, implemented in hardware and/or software including a Software Defined Radio (SDR), and other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a keyboard, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a Near Field Communication (NFC) Module, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and/or any Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) or Ultra Wide Band (UWB) module.
  • SDR Software Defined Radio
  • other components such as a camera, a video camera module, a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a

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Abstract

Un élément de réseau d'émission peut être configuré pour émettre un signal d'onde continue à fréquences échelonnées (SFCW) dans un ensemble de ressources. Le signal SFCW peut comprendre des informations de synchronisation temporelle. Au moins deux éléments de réseau de réception, situés à des positions différentes, peuvent être configurés pour recevoir le signal SFCW ainsi que les échos du signal SFCW réfléchis sur une cible. Un élément d'informations de détection peut être obtenu par un élément de réseau de réception sur la base d'un traitement radar de l'écho reçu et d'un signal SFCW généré localement synchronisé par rapport au signal SFCW émis. Une localisation de la cible peut être obtenue sur la base d'au moins deux éléments d'informations de détection et des positions des au moins deux éléments de réseau de réception.
PCT/EP2021/066566 2020-06-30 2021-06-18 Procédés, appareils et systèmes de détection conçus pour la localisation d'une cible en fonction d'un traitement radar d'un signal WO2022002629A1 (fr)

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