WO2021234519A1

WO2021234519A1 - Paging collision avoidance in multi-sim devices

Info

Publication number: WO2021234519A1
Application number: PCT/IB2021/054117
Authority: WO
Inventors: Christofer Lindheimer; Qian Chen; Paul Schliwa-Bertling; Stefan Rommer; Alessio Terzani; Magnus Stattin
Original assignee: Telefonaktiebolaget Lm Ericsson (Publ)
Priority date: 2020-05-20
Filing date: 2021-05-13
Publication date: 2021-11-25
Also published as: TW202145817A

Abstract

A method by a user equipment having a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks (PLMNs) is disclosed. The method includes calculating a first paging occasion (PO) in a paging frame (PF) based on a first identity obtained using a first subscriber identity module for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN. The method includes calculating a second PO in a PF based on a second identity obtained using a second subscriber identity module for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN. The method further includes determining the occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO, and sending a message to a radio access network node connected to the second PLMN indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

Description

PAGING COLLISION AVOIDANCE IN MULTI-SIM DEVICES

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communications, and more particularly to communication methods and related devices and nodes supporting wireless communications.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The 3GPP working group started a study for supporting multiple USIM in one device for Rel-17 beginning in Oct 2019. A multi-SIM device can hold more than one set of USIM credentials and access more than one network at the same time. The USIM can be a physical SIM-card that a user can insert, or the USIM can also be a so-called eSIM, credentials and identity that is stored in a memory in a device.

[0003] A multi-SIM UE can thus access for example two different networks mobile networks, such as PLMN1 and PLMN2, using identity and credentials from different SIMs, such as USIM1 and USIM2 respectively. Dependent on UE type, there are aspects related to how much a UE can operate “simultaneously” towards the two networks. For example, if a UE only has one TX processing unit / chain implemented, it would only be capable of transmitting to a single network at a time. Similarly, if a UE only had one Rx processing unit /chain implemented, it would only be capable of receiving transmissions from a single network at the time. This means, such UE will miss any message sent by PLMN2, if it is listening for messages in PLMN1. Thus, a solution to avoid paging collisions when a UE with more than one SIM-card is registered to more than one network at the same time is needed.

SUMMARY

[0004] In accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a user equipment (UE) having a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks is described. The method includes calculating a first paging occasion (PO) in a paging frame (PF) based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network (PLMN). The method includes calculating a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN. The method includes determining occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO. The method further includes sending a message to a radio access network node connected to the second PLMN indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity in response to determining the occurrence of the PO collision.

[0005] A user equipment comprising processing circuitry and memory coupled with the processing circuitry storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to perform operations in accordance with embodiments of the above method by a UE is also described.

[0006] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a radio access network node for sending paging messages to a UE registered with a second PLMN connected to the radio access network node is described. The method includes receiving a message from the UE which includes an identity for the UE and indicates occurrence of a PO collision based on a first PO in a PF overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively. The method performed by the radio access network node also includes selecting a third PO for the UE. The method performed by the radio access network node further includes determining another identity for the UE based on the third PO.

[0007] A radio access network node comprising processing circuitry and memory coupled with the processing circuitry storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to perform operations in accordance with embodiments of the above method by a radio access node is also described.

[0008] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a method performed by a core network of a second PLMN connected to a radio access network node is described. The method performed by the core network includes receiving a message from the radio access network node which includes an identity for a UE and indicates occurrence of a PO collision based on a first PO in a PF overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively. The method also includes selecting a new temporary identity for the UE based on the identity for the UE received in the message. The method further includes sending a message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE.

[0009] A core network comprising processing circuitry and memory coupled with the processing circuitry storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to perform operations in accordance with embodiments of the above method by a core network is also described.

[0010] The methods and systems described herein may operate to avoid paging collision when a UE with more than one SIM is registered to more than one PLMN at the same time. The involvement of the RAN in influencing the assignment of the new 5G-GUTI attempts to ensure that the new PO for a UE will not be conflicting with another PO of the UE and that the determination is influenced by the paging distribution and communication load currently handled by the radio access network node.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the disclosure and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate certain non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure. In the drawings:

[0012] Figure 1 is diagram illustrating an example paging collision where a Multi- SIM UE is listening for a paging message from two PLMNs;

[0013] Figure 2 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example procedure for detecting a paging collision in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0014] Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating a wireless device UE according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0015] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating a radio access network RAN node (e.g., a base station eNB/gNB) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0016] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating a core network CN node (e.g., an AMF node, an SMF node, etc.) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0017] Figure 6 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a user equipment (UE) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0018] Figure 7 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a UE to calculate a third paging offset (PO) in a paging frame (PF) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0019] Figure 8 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a UE to calculate a fourth paging offset (PO) in a paging frame (PF)according to some embodiments of the present disclosure; [0020] Figure 9 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a radio access network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0021] Figure 10 is a flow chart illustrating operations of radio access network node to select a third PO based on a combination of a paging distribution and a communication load according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0022] Figure 11 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a core network according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0023] Figure 12 is a block diagram of an example UE having a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks, PLMNs, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0024] Figure 13 is a signaling diagram illustrating an example procedure for a UE sending a message indicating an occurrence of a collision to a core network in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0025] Figure 14 is a flow chart illustrating operations of a UE according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0026] Figure 15 is a block diagram of a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments;

[0027] Figure 16 is a block diagram of a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments;

[0028] Figure 17 is a block diagram of a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments;

[0029] Figure 18 is a block diagram of a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments;

[0030] Figure 19 is a block diagram of a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments;

[0031] Figure 20 is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; [0032] Figure 21 is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments;

[0033] Figure 22 is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments; and

[0034] Figure 23 is a block diagram of methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0035] The present disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which examples of embodiments of the present disclosure are shown. The present disclosure may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of present the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. It should also be noted that these embodiments are not mutually exclusive. Components from one embodiment may be tacitly assumed to be present/used in another embodiment.

[0036] The following description presents various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter. These embodiments are presented as teaching examples and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosed subject matter. For example, certain details of the described embodiments may be modified, omitted, or expanded upon without departing from the scope of the described subject matter.

[0037] Figure 3 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a communication device UE 300 (also referred to as a mobile terminal, a mobile communication terminal, a wireless device, a wireless communication device, a wireless terminal, mobile device, a wireless communication terminal, user equipment, UE, a user equipment node/terminal/device, etc.) configured to provide wireless communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure. (Communication device 300 may be provided, for example, as discussed below with respect to wireless device 4110 of Figure 15.) As shown, communication device UE may include an antenna 307 (e.g., corresponding to antenna 4111 of Figure 15), and transceiver circuitry 301 (also referred to as a transceiver, e.g., corresponding to interface 4114 of Figure 15) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink radio communications with a base station(s) (e.g., corresponding to network node 4160 of Figure 15, also referred to as a RAN node) of a radio access network. Communication device UE may also include processing circuitry 303 (also referred to as a processor, e.g., corresponding to processing circuitry 4120 of Figure 15) coupled to the transceiver circuitry, and memory circuitry 305 (also referred to as memory, e.g., corresponding to device readable medium 4130 of Figure 15) coupled to the processing circuitry. The memory circuitry 305 may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processing circuitry 303 causes the processing circuitry to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, processing circuitry 303 may be defined to include memory so that separate memory circuitry is not required. Communication device UE may also include an interface (such as a user interface) coupled with processing circuitry 303, and/or communication device UE may be incorporated in a vehicle.

[0038] As discussed herein, operations of communication device UE may be performed by processing circuitry 303 and/or transceiver circuitry 301. For example, processing circuitry 303 may control transceiver circuitry 301 to transmit communications through transceiver circuitry 301 over a radio interface to a radio access network node (also referred to as a base station) and/or to receive communications through transceiver circuitry 301 from a RAN node over a radio interface. Moreover, modules may be stored in memory circuitry 305, and these modules may provide instructions so that when instructions of a module are executed by processing circuitry 303, processing circuitry 303 performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed below with respect to Example Embodiments relating to wireless communication devices).

[0039] Figure 4 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a radio access network RAN node 400 (also referred to as a network node, base station, eNodeB/eNB, gNodeB/gNB, etc.) of a Radio Access Network (RAN) configured to provide cellular communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure. (RAN node 400 may be provided, for example, as discussed below with respect to network node 4160 of Figure 15.) As shown, the RAN node may include transceiver circuitry 401 (also referred to as a transceiver, e.g., corresponding to portions of interface 4190 of Figure 15) including a transmitter and a receiver configured to provide uplink and downlink radio communications with mobile terminals. The RAN node may include network interface circuitry 407 (also referred to as a network interface, e.g., corresponding to portions of interface 4190 of Figure 15) configured to provide communications with other nodes (e.g., with other base stations) of the RAN and/or core network CN. The network node may also include processing circuitry 403 (also referred to as a processor, e.g., corresponding to processing circuitry 4170) coupled to the transceiver circuitry, and memory circuitry 405 (also referred to as memory, e.g., corresponding to device readable medium 4180 of Figure 15) coupled to the processing circuitry. The memory circuitry 405 may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processing circuitry 403 causes the processing circuitry to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, processing circuitry 403 may be defined to include memory so that a separate memory circuitry is not required.

[0040] As discussed herein, operations of the RAN node may be performed by processing circuitry 403, network interface 407, and/or transceiver 401. For example, processing circuitry 403 may control transceiver 401 to transmit downlink communications through transceiver 401 over a radio interface to one or more mobile terminals UEs and/or to receive uplink communications through transceiver 401 from one or more mobile terminals UEs over a radio interface. Similarly, processing circuitry 403 may control network interface 407 to transmit communications through network interface 407 to one or more other network nodes and/or to receive communications through network interface from one or more other network nodes. Moreover, modules may be stored in memory 405, and these modules may provide instructions so that when instructions of a module are executed by processing circuitry 403, processing circuitry 403 performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed below with respect to Example Embodiments relating to RAN nodes).

[0041] According to some other embodiments, a network node may be implemented as a core network CN node without a transceiver. In such embodiments, transmission to a wireless communication device UE may be initiated by the network node so that transmission to the wireless communication device UE is provided through a network node including a transceiver (e.g., through a base station or RAN node). According to embodiments where the network node is a RAN node including a transceiver, initiating transmission may include transmitting through the transceiver.

[0042] Figure 5 is a block diagram illustrating elements of a core network CN node (e.g., an SMF node, an AMF node, etc.) of a communication network configured to provide cellular communication according to embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown, the CN node may include network interface circuitry 507 (also referred to as a network interface) configured to provide communications with other nodes of the core network and/or the radio access network RAN. The CN node may also include a processing circuitry 503 (also referred to as a processor) coupled to the network interface circuitry, and memory circuitry 505 (also referred to as memory) coupled to the processing circuitry. The memory circuitry 505 may include computer readable program code that when executed by the processing circuitry 503 causes the processing circuitry to perform operations according to embodiments disclosed herein. According to other embodiments, processing circuitry 503 may be defined to include memory so that a separate memory circuitry is not required.

[0043] As discussed herein, operations of the CN node may be performed by processing circuitry 503 and/or network interface circuitry 507. For example, processing circuitry 503 may control network interface circuitry 507 to transmit communications through network interface circuitry 507 to one or more other network nodes and/or to receive communications through network interface circuitry from one or more other network nodes. Moreover, modules may be stored in memory 505, and these modules may provide instructions so that when instructions of a module are executed by processing circuitry 503, processing circuitry 503 performs respective operations (e.g., operations discussed below with respect to Example Embodiments relating to core network nodes).

[0044] A multi-SIM UE with a single Rx processing unit /chain can receive transmissions from one PLMN at the time as discussed above. One major issue is the possibility to miss the Paging message sent by a PLMN, if the UE listening to the Paging in the other PLMN, causing performance degradation in terms of paging detection. This may happen if the Paging Occasions (PO) for the different USIMs are overlapping in time domain. According to TS 36.304 and TS 38.304 the following are the formulas for calculating Paging Frame (PF) and Paging Occasions (POs):

(System Frame Number) SFN for the PF is determined by: 5G: (SFN + PF_offset) mod T = (T div N)*(UE_ID mod N)

LTE: SFN mod T= (T div N)*(UE_ID mod N)

Index (i _ s), indicating the index of the PO is determined by: i_s = floor (UE_ID/N) mod Ns Where:

UE_ID: 5G-S-TMSI mod 1024 (in the 5GS)

UE_ID: IMSI mod 1024 (in the EPS)

[0045] Due to the mod 1024 operation in the UE_ID, the POs are determined only by the last 10 bits of the IMSI (EPS) or the 5G-S-TMSI (5GS). Assuming for simplicity that the two PLMNs are synchronized at SFN level, whenever the last 10 bits of the UE_ID in the PLMNs are the same, the PO of the two PLMN will be the same. This causes the Paging collision, meaning that a single Rx UE listening for Paging in one PLMN might miss the Paging sent in the other PLMN, since it is sent at the same PO.

[0046] Even though the two systems are not synchronized at SFN level, there can be combinations of UE_ID that will lead to overlap of the POs, which can cause performance degradation in terms of paging detection. In EPS, the POs are calculated based on a permanent subscription identifier (IMSI), which means that if the IMSIs associated with the two USIM cards are matching in the last 10 bits, the paging collisions will be systematic. The POs in 5GS are calculated based on the 5G-S-TMSI (temporary identifier) which can be reassigned over time at the Mobility Registration procedure. The frequency of 5G-S-TMSI reassignment is left to the operator. Due to the 5G-S-TMSI reassignment in one or the other system, the possibility for paging collisions can occur at any time.

[0047] It should be noted that the PF/PO also depend on other parameters configurable on cell level (e.g., T, N, Ns), where “T” can be the DRX cycle length in radio frames, “N” can be the Min (T, Ns), and “Ns” can be the number of subframes where paging message is carried. This means that even though the UE_ID does not change, there is the possibility of PO collision when the UE performs a cell change in each of the PLMNs. Figure 1 illustrates an example of Paging collision: the slots in bold indicates where the Multi-SIM UE is listening for the Paging message (PLMN1 or PLMN2). If the UE is listening to PLMN1 while the Paging message is sent by PLMN2, the message is missed (black slot). [0048] Methods to avoid the Paging collision when the PO for the different USIMs are overlapping is described. The methods address a situation when a UE is in CM-IDLE/RRC- IDLE, or possibly when a UE is in CM-CONNECTED/RRC-INACTIVE state in both two networks. The methods are based on the possibility to change the 5G-S-TMSI (provided by the 5GC), so it is applicable to a Multi-SIM UE registered to two 5GC networks, or to EPC and 5GC networks. In some embodiments, the methods are not applicable in case the Multi-SIM UE is registered to two EPC networks because once the IMSI is assigned, it cannot be changed.

[0049] The methods address the paging collision for both CN Paging (UE in RRC- IDLE) and RAN Paging (UE in RRC-IN ACTIVE), because the two messages uses the same the PO. The method requires, in some embodiments, that the UE calculates PF and PO and checks for PO collision with the other PLMN. If the collision is detected (by determining that the POs for two PLMNs overlap in time), the UE sends a message to the gNB where it is currently connected informing the gNB of the collision and the UE's identifier. The gNB selects a new PF and PO for the UE, based on the knowledge of current paging distribution. The gNB reports the collision to AMF including the assistance information to assign a new 5G-GUTI, which correspond to the new PF and PO. The AMF selects the new 5G-GUTI for the UE, based on the assistance information from gNB and assigns it to the UE. This procedure is repeated whenever the UE detects a Paging collision. The method is also application to CN Paging (when UE is in RRC-IDLE) and RAN Paging (when UE is in RRC-INACTIVE) because the same PF and PO are used.

[0050] Figure 2 illustrates an example signaling diagram in according with embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, the UE has a 5G-GUTI assigned in one PLMN (e.g., PLMN1). Figure 2 illustrates The UE performs (1) one of an Initial Registration to the other PLMN (e.g., PLMN2) where a new 5G-GUTI is assigned, a Mobility Registration on a PLMN and a new 5G-GUTI is assigned (when the UE is already registered in both PLMNs), or executes a cell selection in one of the PLMNs (UE is already registered in both PLMNs). Figure 2 also illustrates the UE calculates (2) PF and PO and checks for PO collisions with the other PLMN. If the collision is detected and the UE is in RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE, the connection is setup (3) as per legacy.

[0051] Figure 2 also illustrates the UE sends (4) an RRC UEAssistancelnformation message to gNB, to report the collision. The UE includes the current UE_ID causing the collision. Note that in case of 5GC and EPC PLMNs, the UE reports the collision to the gNB connected to 5GC CN because it allows changing the 5G-S-TMSI (on the contrary, in some embodiments, the IMSI assigned by EPC cannot be changed). The gNB selects (5) a new PO and possibly PF for the UE and, from the corresponding formulas, performs the reverse calculation and get the new UE_ID based on the UE_ID reported by UE and knowing the current paging distribution and load as shown in Figure 2.

[0052] The gNB reports (6) the Paging collision to AMF by using a new Next- Generation Application Protocol (NGAP) message or extending an existing one (e.g., UE Radio Capability Info Indication) as shown in Figure 2. The message includes some assistance information (i.e., the new UE_ID and possibly other parameters) to allow the AMF to select the 5G-GUTI corresponding to the chosen PF and PO. Figure 2 also illustrates the AMF selects (7) the new 5G-GUTI for the UE, based on the assistance information from gNB. The AMF executes (8) the NAS UE Configuration Update procedure to assign the new 5G-GUTI to the UE as further illustrated in Figure 2. The procedure is repeated whenever the UE detects a possible Paging collision.

[0053] Operations of the communication device UE 300 and UE 1200 (implemented using the structure of the block diagram of Figure 3) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of Figure 6 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, modules may be stored in memory 305 of Figure 3, and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective communication device UE 300 processing circuitry 303, processing circuitry 303 performs respective operations of the flow chart.

[0054] Figure 6 illustrates a method performed by a user equipment (UE) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. According to embodiments, the UE has a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks. For example, Figure 12 illustrates an example UE 1200 that has a subscriber identity module (SIM) 1202 and a SIM 1204 and UE 1200 receives paging messages while registered with public land mobile network (PFMN) 1206 and PFMN 1208. Returning to FIG. 6, the method includes calculating 600 a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PFMN. Continuing the previous example, Figure 12 illustrates example UE 1200 calculates a first PO in a PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using SIM 1202, for monitoring for a paging message from PLMN 1206.

[0055] Figure 6 illustrates the method also includes calculating 602 a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a second PFMN. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200, illustrated in Figure 12, calculates a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using SIM 1204, for monitoring for a paging message from PFMN 1208. Returning to FIG. 6, the method also includes determining 604 occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO. For example, UE 1200, illustrated in Figure 12, determines occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO. Responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, Figure 6 further illustrates the method includes sending 606 a message to a radio access network node connected to the second PFMN indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200 sends a message to radio access network node (RAN) 1210 connected to the PFMN 1208 indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

[0056] Figure 7 illustrates the method also includes receiving 700 a third identity from a core network according to some embodiments. For example, Figure 12 illustrates example UE 1200 receives a third identity from core network 1212. In some embodiments, the core network comprises an access and mobility management function (AMF). In some embodiments, the UE receives the third identity from an AMF of the core network. Figure 12 also illustrates UE 1200 receives, for example, the third identity from an AMF 1214 of core network 1212. In some embodiments, the method includes receiving the third identity from the core network by performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure. For example, UE 1200 illustrated in Figure 12 performs a NAS UE configure update procedure to receive the third identity from core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214 similarly as discussed above with regards Figure 2 above. In some embodiments, the second identity and the third identity correspond to 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI).

[0057] Returning to FIG. 7, the method also includes calculating 702 a third PO in a PF based on the third identity. For example, UE 1200, illustrated in Figure 12, calculates a third PO in a PF based on the third identity received from core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214. The method also includes monitoring 704 for a paging message from the first PLMN during the first PO and from the second PLMN during the third PO as illustrated in Figure 7. For example, Figure 12 illustrates UE 1200 monitors for a paging message from the PLMN 1206 during the first PO and from PLMN 1208 during the third PO.

[0058] Ligure 8 illustrates the method also includes, following calculation of the third PO as discussed above with regards to Ligure 7, determining 800 occurrence of another PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the third PO according to some embodiments. Lor example, UE 1200 illustrated in Ligure 12, determines occurrence of another PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the third PO. Returning to Ligure 8, the method also includes sending 802 another message to the radio access network node indicating the occurrence of the another PO collision and including the third identity in response to determining the occurrence of the another PO collision. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200, illustrated in Ligure 12, sends another message to RAN 1210 indicating the occurrence of the another PO collision and including the third identity in response to determining the occurrence of the another PO collision.

[0059] The method also includes receiving 804 a fourth identity from a core network and calculating 806 a fourth PO based on the fourth identity as shown in Ligure 8. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200 receives a fourth identity from core network 1212 (e.g., from AML 1214 of core network 1212) and calculates a fourth PO based on the fourth identity. Returning to Ligure 8, the method also includes monitoring 808 for a paging message from the first PLMN during the first PO and from the second PLMN during the fourth PO according to some embodiments. Lor example, UE 1200 monitors for a paging message from PLMN 1206 during the first PO and from the PLMN 1208 during a fourth PO.

[0060] In some embodiments, the message sent to the radio access network node comprises a RRC UEAssistancelnformation message indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity. In this embodiment, when the UE is in RRC_IDLE state or RRC_INACTIVE state, the method includes establishing a Radio Resource Control, RRC, connection before sending the message to the radio access network node. Lor example, UE 1200, illustrated in Ligure 12, establishes a RRC connection with RAN 1210 before sending the message to RAN 1210. [0061] The first PLMN is an evolved packet core, EPC, network and the second PLMN is a 5G core, 5GC, network in some embodiments. In this embodiment, the method includes selecting the radio access network node to receive the message being sent based on the radio access network node being connected to the 5GC network. For example, PLMN 1206 and 1208 of Figure 12 comprises an EPC network and a 5GC network respectively. In this example, UE 1200 selects RAN 1210 to receive the message being sent based on RAN 1210 being connected to 5GC network/PLMN 108.

[0062] Various operations from the flow chart of Figures 7 and 8 may be optional with respect to some embodiments of communication devices and related methods. Regarding methods of example embodiment 2-9 (set forth below), for example, operations of blocks 700- 704 of Figure 7 and blocks 800-804 of Figure 8 may be optional.

[0063] Operations of a RAN node 400 and RAN 1210 (implemented using the structure of Figure 4) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of Figure 9 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, modules may be stored in memory 405 of Figure 4, and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective RAN node processing circuitry 403, processing circuitry 403 performs respective operations of the flow chart.

[0064] Figure 9 illustrates a method performed by a radio access network node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. The radio access network node sends paging messages to a user equipment, UE, registered with a second public land mobile network, PLMN, connected to the radio access network node according to embodiments. For example, Figure 12 illustrates RAN 1210 that sends paging messages to UE 1200 registered with PLMN 1208 connected to RAN 1210. Returning to Figure 9, the method includes receiving 900 a message from the UE which includes an identity for the UE and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively.

[0065] Continuing the previous example, RAN 1210 illustrated in Figure 12 receives a message from UE 1200 which includes an identity for UE 1200 and indicates occurrence of a PO collision based on a first PO in a PF. In this example, the PF overlaps in time with a second PO in the PF. The first PO and the second PO are calculated by UE 1200 for monitoring for a paging message from PLMN 1206 and the PLMN 1208, respectively.

[0066] Figure 9 also illustrates the method includes selecting 902 a third PO for the UE. For example, RAN 1210 selects a third PO for UE 1200 illustrated Figure 12. In some embodiments, the method includes selecting the third PO for the UE by obtaining 1000 paging distribution and a communication load currently handled by the radio access network node as illustrated in Figure 10. For example, RAN 1210 selects the third PO for UE 1200 by obtaining paging distribution and a communication load currently handled by RAN 1210. In this embodiment, Figure 10 illustrates the method also includes selecting 1002 the third PO based on a combination of the paging distribution and the communication load. Continuing the previous example, RAN 1210 selects the third PO based on a combination of the paging distribution and the communication load. In some embodiments, the method includes selecting the third PO to not overlap in time with the first PO. For example, RAN 1210 selects the third PO to not overlap in time with the first PO.

[0067] Returning to Figure 9, the method further includes determining 904 another identity for the UE based on the third PO. For example, RAN 1210 illustrated in Figure 12 determines another identity for UE 1200 based on the third PO. In some embodiments, the method also includes sending a message to a core network indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the another identity for the UE. For example, RAN 1210 sends a message to core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214 indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the another identity for UE 1200.

[0068] Operations of a core network (e.g., core network 1212) comprising Core Network CN node 500, 1214 (implemented using the structure of Figure 5) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of Figure 11 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, modules may be stored in memory 505 of Figure 5, and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective CN node processing circuitry 503, processing circuitry 503 performs respective operations of the flow chart.

[0069] Figure 11 illustrates a method performed by a core network of a second public land mobile network, PFMN, connected to a radio access network node according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the core network comprises an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF). For example, Figure 12 illustrates a core network 1212 of PLMN 1208 connected to RAN 1210. Figure 12 also illustrates core network 1212 comprises an AMF 1214.

[0070] The method includes receiving 1100 a message from the radio access network node which includes an identity for a user equipment, UE, and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively as illustrated in Figure 11. For example, core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214 receives a message from RAN 1210 which includes an identity for UE 1200. In this example, the message received from RAN 1210 also indicates occurrence of a PO collision based on a first PO in a PF overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF. The first PO and the second PO are calculated by UE 1200 for monitoring for a paging message from PLMN 1206 and the PLMN 1208 respectively.

[0071] In an alternative embodiment, the UE originates the message received from the radio access network node which includes the identity for the UE and indicates the occurrence of the PO collision. In this embodiment, the message which includes the identity for the UE and indicates the occurrence of the PO collision comprises a Next-Generation Application Protocol, NGAP, message originated by the UE.

[0072] Returning to Figure 11, the method includes selecting 1102 a new temporary identity for the UE based on the identity for the UE received in the message. Continuing the previous example, core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214 illustrated in Figure 12 selects a new temporary identity for UE 1200 based on the identity for UE 200 received in the message from RAN 1210. Figure 11 also illustrates the method further includes sending 1104 a message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE. For example, core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214 illustrated in Figure 12 sends a message to UE 1200 including a temporary identity for UE 1200. In some embodiments, the temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier (GUTI). In some embodiments, the method includes sending the message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE by performing one of a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure or a NAS mobility registration procedure to assign the temporary identity to the UE. For example, core network 1212 and/or AMF 1214 illustrated in Figure 12 performs a NAS UE configuration update procedure to assign the temporary identity to UE 1200 similarly as discussed with regards to Figure 2 above.

[0073] Figure 13 illustrates an example signaling diagram in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In this example, the UE has a 5G-GUTI assigned in one PLMN (e.g., PLMN1). Figure 13 also illustrates the UE performs (1) one of an Initial Registration to the other PLMN (e.g., PLMN2) where a new 5G-GUTI is assigned, a Mobility Registration on a PLMN and a new 5G-GUTI is assigned (when the UE is already registered in both PLMNs), or executes a cell selection in one of the PLMNs (UE is already registered in both PLMNs). Figure 13 also illustrates the UE calculates (2) PF and PO and checks for PO collisions with the other PLMN. If the collision is detected and the UE is in RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE, the connection is setup (3) as per legacy.

[0074] Figure 13 also illustrates the UE originates and sends (4a) a NAS message towards the AMF, to report the collision. The UE includes the current UE_ID causing the collision in the NAS message. For example, the UE can use the NAS Registration Request message according to a Mobility Registration procedure. In some embodiments, the gNB receives the NAS message from the UE and forwards the message to the AMF as shown in step 4b of Figure 13. The AMF receives the NAS message originated by the UE. In some embodiments, the UE may send a preferred new GUTI, which avoids the collision, as assistance information in the NAS message. The AMF can use the suggested GUTI or select another GUTI, e.g., a random value, which does not result in the same UE_ID (UE_ID = 5G-S-TMSI mod 1024, that is changing the GUTI, it means the 5G-S-TMSI changes, but the UE_ID can be the same, due to the mod 1024 operation). Figure 13 also illustrates the AMF selects (5) the new 5G-GUTI for the UE, based on the information in the NAS message originated at the UE. The AMF executes the NAS UE Configuration Update procedure (6a-6b) to assign the new 5G-GUTI to the UE as further illustrated in Figure 13. In this embodiment, this procedure is repeated whenever the UE detects a possible paging collision. In some embodiments, the AMF uses a NAS Registration Accept message as part of a NAS mobility registration procedure (6a-6b) to send the new 5G-GUTI when the NAS message received from the UE comprises a NAS Registration Request message.

[0075] Operations of the communication device UE 300 and UE 1200 (implemented using the structure of the block diagram of Figure 3) will now be discussed with reference to the flow chart of Figure 14 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, modules may be stored in memory 305 of Figure 3, and these modules may provide instructions so that when the instructions of a module are executed by respective communication device UE 300 processing circuitry 303, processing circuitry 303 performs respective operations of the flow chart.

[0076] Figure 14 illustrates a method performed by a user equipment (UE) according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. According to embodiments, the UE has a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks. For example, Figure 12 illustrates an example UE 1200 that has a subscriber identity module (SIM) 1202 and a SIM 1204 and UE 1200 receives paging messages while registered with public land mobile network (PLMN) 1206 and PLMN 1208. Returning to FIG. 14, the method includes calculating 1400 a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN. The method also includes calculating 1402 a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN also shown in Figure 14. For example, Figure 12 illustrates an example UE 1200 that calculates a first PO in a PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using SIM 1202, for monitoring for a paging message from PLMN 1206. In this example, UE 1200 also calculates a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using SIM 1204, for monitoring for a paging message from PLMN 1208.

[0077] Returning to FIG. 14, the method also includes determining 1404 occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200 determines occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO. Responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, Figure 14 further illustrates the method includes sending 1406 a message to a core network indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200 sends a message to core network 1212 connected to indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

[0078] In some embodiments, the core network comprises an access and mobility management function (AMF). In some embodiments, the method includes receiving a message from the core network including a temporary identity for the UE. The temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier (5G-GUTI) according to some embodiments. The UE performs a non-access stratum (NAS) UE configuration update procedure with the core network to receive the message including the temporary identifier according to some embodiments. Continuing the previous example, UE 1200 performs a NAS UE configuration update procedure with the core network 1212 to receive the message from core network 1212 that includes a 5G-GUTI for UE 1200. In some embodiments, the UE receives the new identifier via a NAS Registration Accept message during a Mobility Registration procedure.

[0079] In some embodiments, the message sent to the core network which includes the second identity for the UE and indicates the occurrence of the PO collision comprises an NAS message. In some embodiments, the UE originates the NAS message and sends it to the RAN node for forwarding to the core network. In some embodiments, the RAN node encapsulates the NAS message in an NGAP message and forwards the NGAP message to the core network. For example, Figure 13 illustrates the RAN node forwards (transparently) (4b) the NAS message to the CN. The NAS message can be by encapsulating the NAS message in a NGAP message (the NAS is included in the NGAP message in a “transparent container”). Other than forwarding the NAS message to the core network, the RAN node does not take any action based on the NAS message received from the UE in this embodiment.

[0080] Example embodiments are also discussed below.

Embodiment 1. A method by a user equipment, UE, having a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks, the method comprising: calculating a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN; calculating a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN; determining occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO; and responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, sending a message to a radio access network node connected to the second PLMN indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

Embodiment 2. The method of Embodiment 1, further comprising: receiving a third identity from a core network; calculating a third PO in a PF based on the third identity; and monitoring for a paging message from the first PLMN during the first PO and from the second PLMN during the third PO.

Embodiment 3. The method of Embodiment 2, wherein receiving the third identity from the core network comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure.

Embodiment 4. The method of any of Embodiments 2 to 3, wherein the second identity and the third identity correspond to 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

Embodiment 5. The method of any of Embodiments 1 to 4, further comprising following calculation of the third PO: determining occurrence of another PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the third PO; responsive to determining the occurrence of the another PO collision, sending another message to the radio access network node indicating the occurrence of the another PO collision and including the third identity; receiving a fourth identity from a core network; calculating a fourth PO in a PF based on the fourth identity; and monitoring for a paging message from the first PLMN during the first PO and from the second PLMN during the fourth PO.

Embodiment 6. The method of any of Embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the message sent to the radio access network node comprises a RRC UEAssistancelnformation message indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity. Embodiment 7. The method of Embodiment 6, wherein when the UE is in RRC_IDLE state or RRC_INACTIVE state, further comprising establishing a Radio Resource Control, RRC, connection before sending the message to the radio access network node.

Embodiment 8. The method of any of Embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the first PLMN is an evolved packet core, EPC, network and the second PLMN is a 5G core, 5GC, network, and further comprising selecting the radio access network node to receive the message being sent based on the radio access network node being connected to the 5GC network.

Embodiment 9. The method of any of Embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the core network is an access and mobility management function.

Embodiment 10. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code executable by at least one processor of a UE to perform the method of any of Embodiments 1 to 9.

Embodiment 11. A method by a radio access network node for sending paging messages to a user equipment, UE, registered with a second public land mobile network, PLMN, connected to the radio access network node, the method comprising: receiving a message from the UE which includes an identity for the UE and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively; selecting a third PO for the UE; and determining another identity for the UE based on the third PO.

Embodiment 12. The method of Embodiment 11, wherein selecting the third PO for the UE comprises: obtaining a paging distribution and a communication load currently handled by the radio access network node; and selecting the third PO based on a combination of the paging distribution and the communication load.

Embodiment 13. The method of any of Embodiments 11 to 12, wherein selecting the third PO for the UE comprises: selecting the third PO to not overlap in time with the first PO.

Embodiment 14. The method of any of Embodiments 11 to 13, further comprising: sending a message to a core network indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the another identity for the UE.

Embodiment 15. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code executable by at least one processor of a radio access network node to perform the method of any of Embodiments 11 to 14.

Embodiment 16. A method by a core network of a second public land mobile network, PLMN, connected to a radio access network node, the method comprising: receiving a message from the radio access network node which includes an identity for a user equipment, UE, and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively; selecting a new temporary identity for the UE based on the identity for the UE received in the message; and sending a message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE.

Embodiment 17. The method of Embodiment 16, wherein the core network is an access and mobility management function.

Embodiment 18. The method of any of Embodiments 16 to 17, wherein the temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier. Embodiment 19. The method of any of Embodiments 16 to 18, wherein sending the message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE, comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure to assign the temporary identity to the UE.

Embodiment 20. A computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer readable medium storing program code executable by at least one processor of an access and mobility management function to perform the method of any of Embodiments 16 to 19.

Embodiment 21. A user equipment, UE, having a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks, the UE comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: calculate a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN; calculate a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module, for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN; determine occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO; and responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, send a message to a radio access network node connected to the second PLMN indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

Embodiment 22. The UE of Embodiment 21, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to: receive a third identity from a core network; calculate a third PO in a PF based on the third identity; and monitor for a paging message from the first PLMN during the first PO and from the second PLMN during the third PO.

Embodiment 23. The UE of Embodiment 22, wherein receiving the third identity from the core network comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure.

Embodiment 24. The UE of any of Embodiments 22 to 23, wherein the second identity and the third identity correspond to 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

Embodiment 25. The UE of any of Embodiments 21 to 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to, following calculation of the third PO: determine occurrence of another PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the third PO; responsive to determining the occurrence of the another PO collision, send another message to the radio access network node indicating the occurrence of the another PO collision and including the third identity; receive a fourth identity from a core network; calculate a fourth PO in a PF based on the fourth identity; and monitor for a paging message from the first PLMN during the first PO and from the second PLMN during the fourth PO.

Embodiment 26. The UE of any of Embodiments 21 to 25, wherein the message sent to the radio access network node comprises a RRC UEAssistancelnformation message indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

Embodiment 27. The UE of Embodiment 26, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry, when the UE is in RRC_IDLE state or RRC_INACTIVE state, to establish a Radio Resource Control, RRC, connection before sending the message to the radio access network node. Embodiment 28. The UE of any of Embodiments 21 to 27, wherein the first PLMN is an evolved packet core, EPC, network and the second PLMN is a 5G core, 5GC, network, and the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to select the radio access network node to receive the message being sent based on the radio access network node being connected to the 5GC network.

Embodiment 29. The UE of any of Embodiments 21 to 28, wherein the core network is an access and mobility management function.

Embodiment 30. A radio access network node for sending paging messages to a user equipment, UE, registered with a second public land mobile network, PLMN, connected to the radio access network node, the radio access network node comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: receive a message from the UE which includes an identity for the UE and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively; select a third PO for the UE; and determine another identity for the UE based on the third PO.

Embodiment 31. The radio access network node of Embodiment 30, wherein the selection of the third PO for the UE comprises: obtaining a paging distribution and a communication load currently handled by the radio access network node; and selecting the third PO based on a combination of the paging distribution and the communication load. Embodiment 32. The radio access network node of any of Embodiments 30 to 31, wherein the selection of the third PO for the UE comprises: selecting the third PO to not overlap in time with the first PO.

Embodiment 33. The radio access network node of any of Embodiments 30 to 32, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to: send a message to a core network indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the another identity for the UE.

Embodiment 34. A core network of a second public land mobile network, PLMN, connected to a radio access network node, the core network comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: receive a message from the radio access network node which includes an identity for a user equipment, UE, and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN and the second PLMN, respectively; select a new temporary identity for the UE based on the identity for the UE received in the message; and send a message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE.

Embodiment 35. The core network of Embodiment 34, wherein the core network is an access and mobility management function.

Embodiment 36. The core network of any of Embodiments 34 to 35, wherein the temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

Embodiment 37. The core network of any of Embodiments 34 to 36, wherein sending the message to the UE including the temporary identity for the UE, comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure to assign the temporary identity to the UE.

[0081] Explanations are provided below for various abbreviations/acronyms used in the present disclosure.

Abbreviation Explanation

5G-GUTI 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier

5G-S-TMSI 5G Shortened Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

5GC Fifth Generation Core network

AMF Access and Mobility management Function

EPC Evolved Packet Core

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

PF Paging Frame

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PO Paging Occasion

RX Receiver

SIM GSM Subscriber Identity Module

SNF System Frame Number

TX Transmitter

UE User Equipment

USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module

[0082] References are identified below.

3GPP TS 36.304 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode,” Release 16.0.0 (April 8, 2020).

3GPP TS 38.304 “NR; User Equipment (UE) procedures in idle mode and in RRC Inactive state,” Release 16.0.0 (April 9, 2020).

3GPP TS 38.331 “NR; Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification,” Release 16.0.0 (April 6, 2020). 3 GPP TS 38.413 “NG-RAN; NG Application Protocol (NGAP),” Release 16.1.0 (March 31, 2020).

[0083] Additional explanation is provided below.

[0084] Generally, all terms used herein are to be interpreted according to their ordinary meaning in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is clearly given and/or is implied from the context in which it is used. All references to a/an/the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. are to be interpreted openly as referring to at least one instance of the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless explicitly stated otherwise. The steps of any methods disclosed herein do not have to be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is explicitly described as following or preceding another step and/or where it is implicit that a step must follow or precede another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, wherever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may apply to any other embodiments, and vice versa. Other objectives, features and advantages of the enclosed embodiments will be apparent from the following description.

[0085] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Other embodiments, however, are contained within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein; rather, these embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0086] Figure 15 illustrates a wireless network in accordance with some embodiments.

[0087] Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any appropriate type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described in relation to a wireless network, such as the example wireless network illustrated in Figure 15. For simplicity, the wireless network of Figure 15 only depicts network 4106, network nodes 4160 and 4160b, and WDs 4110, 4110b, and 4110c (also referred to as mobile terminals). In practice, a wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable to support communication between wireless devices or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node 4160 and wireless device (WD) 4110 are depicted with additional detail. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless devices’ access to and/or use of the services provided by, or via, the wireless network.

[0088] The wireless network may comprise and/or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and/or radio network or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, the wireless network may be configured to operate according to specific standards or other types of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of the wireless network may implement communication standards, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and/or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards; wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the IEEE 802.11 standards; and/or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave and/or ZigBee standards.

[0089] Network 4106 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTNs), packet data networks, optical networks, wide-area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks to enable communication between devices.

[0090] Network node 4160 and WD 4110 comprise various components described in more detail below. These components work together in order to provide network node and/or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connections in a wireless network. In different embodiments, the wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and/or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and/or signals whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0091] As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a wireless device and/or with other network nodes or equipment in the wireless network to enable and/or provide wireless access to the wireless device and/or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and may then also be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units and/or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Yet further examples of network nodes include multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell/multicast coordination entities (MCEs), core network nodes (e.g., MSCs, MMEs), O&M nodes, OSS nodes, SON nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., E-SMLCs), and/or MDTs. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node as described in more detail below. More generally, however, network nodes may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable, configured, arranged, and/or operable to enable and/or provide a wireless device with access to the wireless network or to provide some service to a wireless device that has accessed the wireless network.

[0092] In Figure 15, network node 4160 includes processing circuitry 4170, device readable medium 4180, interface 4190, auxiliary equipment 4184, power source 4186, power circuitry 4187, and antenna 4162. Although network node 4160 illustrated in the example wireless network of Figure 15 may represent a device that includes the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and/or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, while the components of network node 4160 are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, a network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device readable medium 4180 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules). [0093] Similarly, network node 4160 may be composed of multiple physically separate components (e.g., a NodeB component and a RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), which may each have their own respective components. In certain scenarios in which network node 4160 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., BTS and BSC components), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeB ’s. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, network node 4160 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device readable medium 4180 for the different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 4162 may be shared by the RATs). Network node 4160 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 4160, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE,

NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 4160.

[0094] Processing circuitry 4170 is configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by processing circuitry 4170 may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry 4170 by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.

[0095] Processing circuitry 4170 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application- specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 4160 components, such as device readable medium 4180, network node 4160 functionality. For example, processing circuitry 4170 may execute instructions stored in device readable medium 4180 or in memory within processing circuitry 4170. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 4170 may include a system on a chip (SOC).

[0096] In some embodiments, processing circuitry 4170 may include one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 4172 and baseband processing circuitry 4174. In some embodiments, radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 4172 and baseband processing circuitry 4174 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 4172 and baseband processing circuitry 4174 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.

[0097] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB or other such network device may be performed by processing circuitry 4170 executing instructions stored on device readable medium 4180 or memory within processing circuitry 4170. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry 4170 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry 4170 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry 4170 alone or to other components of network node 4160, but are enjoyed by network node 4160 as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally.

[0098] Device readable medium 4180 may comprise any form of volatile or non volatile computer readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer- executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry 4170. Device readable medium 4180 may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry 4170 and, utilized by network node 4160. Device readable medium 4180 may be used to store any calculations made by processing circuitry 4170 and/or any data received via interface 4190. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 4170 and device readable medium 4180 may be considered to be integrated.

[0099] Interface 4190 is used in the wired or wireless communication of signaling and/or data between network node 4160, network 4106, and/or WDs 4110. As illustrated, interface 4190 comprises port(s)/terminal(s) 4194 to send and receive data, for example to and from network 4106 over a wired connection. Interface 4190 also includes radio front end circuitry 4192 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, antenna 4162. Radio front end circuitry 4192 comprises filters 4198 and amplifiers 4196. Radio front end circuitry 4192 may be connected to antenna 4162 and processing circuitry 4170. Radio front end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 4162 and processing circuitry 4170. Radio front end circuitry 4192 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry 4192 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 4198 and/or amplifiers 4196. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna 4162. Similarly, when receiving data, antenna 4162 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry 4192. The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry 4170. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.

[0100] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 4160 may not include separate radio front end circuitry 4192, instead, processing circuitry 4170 may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna 4162 without separate radio front end circuitry 4192. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of RF transceiver circuitry 4172 may be considered a part of interface 4190. In still other embodiments, interface 4190 may include one or more ports or terminals 4194, radio front end circuitry 4192, and RF transceiver circuitry 4172, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and interface 4190 may communicate with baseband processing circuitry 4174, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0101] Antenna 4162 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals. Antenna 4162 may be coupled to radio front end circuitry 4192 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and/or signals wirelessly. In some embodiments, antenna 4162 may comprise one or more omni directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit/receive radio signals between, for example, 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit/receive radio signals from devices within a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line of sight antenna used to transmit/receive radio signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In certain embodiments, antenna 4162 may be separate from network node 4160 and may be connectable to network node 4160 through an interface or port.

[0102] Antenna 4162, interface 4190, and/or processing circuitry 4170 may be configured to perform any receiving operations and/or certain obtaining operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment. Similarly, antenna 4162, interface 4190, and/or processing circuitry 4170 may be configured to perform any transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data and/or signals may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node and/or any other network equipment.

[0103] Power circuitry 4187 may comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry and is configured to supply the components of network node 4160 with power for performing the functionality described herein. Power circuitry 4187 may receive power from power source 4186. Power source 4186 and/or power circuitry 4187 may be configured to provide power to the various components of network node 4160 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). Power source 4186 may either be included in, or external to, power circuitry 4187 and/or network node 4160. For example, network node 4160 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry 4187. As a further example, power source 4186 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry 4187. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, may also be used.

[0104] Alternative embodiments of network node 4160 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 15 that may be responsible for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and/or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node 4160 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into network node 4160 and to allow output of information from network node 4160. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node 4160.

[0105] As used herein, wireless device (WD) refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and/or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and/or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably herein with user equipment (UE). Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and/or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and/or other types of signals suitable for conveying information through air. In some embodiments, a WD may be configured to transmit and/or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a WD may be designed to transmit information to a network on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the network. Examples of a WD include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, a mobile phone, a cell phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a desktop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless cameras, a gaming console or device, a music storage device, a playback appliance, a wearable terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, a tablet, a laptop, a laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), a laptop-mounted equipment (LME), a smart device, a wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE) a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3GPP standard for sidelink communication, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle - to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) and may in this case be referred to as a D2D communication device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and/or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and/or measurements to another WD and/or a network node. The WD may in this case be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device, which may in a 3 GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or home or personal appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, etc.) personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, a WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and/or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. A WD as described above may represent the endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Furthermore, a WD as described above may be mobile, in which case it may also be referred to as a mobile device or a mobile terminal.

[0106] As illustrated, wireless device 4110 includes antenna 4111, interface 4114, processing circuitry 4120, device readable medium 4130, user interface equipment 4132, auxiliary equipment 4134, power source 4136 and power circuitry 4137. WD 4110 may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD 4110, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to mention a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chips or set of chips as other components within WD 4110.

[0107] Antenna 4111 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays, configured to send and/or receive wireless signals, and is connected to interface 4114. In certain alternative embodiments, antenna 4111 may be separate from WD 4110 and be connectable to WD 4110 through an interface or port. Antenna 4111, interface 4114, and/or processing circuitry 4120 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operations described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data and/or signals may be received from a network node and/or another WD. In some embodiments, radio front end circuitry and/or antenna 4111 may be considered an interface.

[0108] As illustrated, interface 4114 comprises radio front end circuitry 4112 and antenna 4111. Radio front end circuitry 4112 comprise one or more filters 4118 and amplifiers 4116. Radio front end circuitry 4112 is connected to antenna 4111 and processing circuitry 4120, and is configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 4111 and processing circuitry 4120. Radio front end circuitry 4112 may be coupled to or a part of antenna 4111. In some embodiments, WD 4110 may not include separate radio front end circuitry 4112; rather, processing circuitry 4120 may comprise radio front end circuitry and may be connected to antenna 4111. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of RF transceiver circuitry 4122 may be considered a part of interface 4114. Radio front end circuitry 4112 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. Radio front end circuitry 4112 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 4118 and/or amplifiers 4116. The radio signal may then be transmitted via antenna 4111. Similarly, when receiving data, antenna 4111 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by radio front end circuitry 4112. The digital data may be passed to processing circuitry 4120. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components.

[0109] Processing circuitry 4120 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application- specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and/or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other WD 4110 components, such as device readable medium 4130, WD 4110 functionality. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry 4120 may execute instructions stored in device readable medium 4130 or in memory within processing circuitry 4120 to provide the functionality disclosed herein.

[0110] As illustrated, processing circuitry 4120 includes one or more of RF transceiver circuitry 4122, baseband processing circuitry 4124, and application processing circuitry 4126. In other embodiments, the processing circuitry may comprise different components and/or different combinations of components. In certain embodiments processing circuitry 4120 of WD 4110 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry 4122, baseband processing circuitry 4124, and application processing circuitry 4126 may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, part or all of baseband processing circuitry 4124 and application processing circuitry 4126 may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and RF transceiver circuitry 4122 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In still alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 4122 and baseband processing circuitry 4124 may be on the same chip or set of chips, and application processing circuitry 4126 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 4122, baseband processing circuitry 4124, and application processing circuitry 4126 may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, RF transceiver circuitry 4122 may be a part of interface 4114. RF transceiver circuitry 4122 may condition RF signals for processing circuitry 4120.

[0111] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by a WD may be provided by processing circuitry 4120 executing instructions stored on device readable medium 4130, which in certain embodiments may be a computer- readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by processing circuitry 4120 without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a device readable storage medium or not, processing circuitry 4120 can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to processing circuitry 4120 alone or to other components of WD 4110, but are enjoyed by WD 4110 as a whole, and/or by end users and the wireless network generally.

[0112] Processing circuitry 4120 may be configured to perform any determining, calculating, or similar operations (e.g., certain obtaining operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations, as performed by processing circuitry 4120, may include processing information obtained by processing circuitry 4120 by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored by WD 4110, and/or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination.

[0113] Device readable medium 4130 may be operable to store a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, etc. and/or other instructions capable of being executed by processing circuitry 4120. Device readable medium 4130 may include computer memory (e.g., Random Access Memory (RAM) or Read Only Memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., a hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and/or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and/or computer executable memory devices that store information, data, and/or instructions that may be used by processing circuitry 4120. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 4120 and device readable medium 4130 may be considered to be integrated. [0114] User interface equipment 4132 may provide components that allow for a human user to interact with WD 4110. Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, audial, tactile, etc. User interface equipment 4132 may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to WD 4110. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment 4132 installed in WD 4110. For example, if WD 4110 is a smart phone, the interaction may be via a touch screen; if WD 4110 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., the number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). User interface equipment 4132 may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, and output interfaces, devices and circuits. User interface equipment 4132 is configured to allow input of information into WD 4110, and is connected to processing circuitry 4120 to allow processing circuitry 4120 to process the input information. User interface equipment 4132 may include, for example, a microphone, a proximity or other sensor, keys/buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. User interface equipment 4132 is also configured to allow output of information from WD 4110, and to allow processing circuitry 4120 to output information from WD 4110. User interface equipment 4132 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibrating circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits, of user interface equipment 4132, WD 4110 may communicate with end users and/or the wireless network, and allow them to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0115] Auxiliary equipment 4134 is operable to provide more specific functionality which may not be generally performed by WDs. This may comprise specialized sensors for doing measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication such as wired communications etc. The inclusion and type of components of auxiliary equipment 4134 may vary depending on the embodiment and/or scenario.

[0116] Power source 4136 may, in some embodiments, be in the form of a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic devices or power cells, may also be used. WD 4110 may further comprise power circuitry 4137 for delivering power from power source 4136 to the various parts of WD 4110 which need power from power source 4136 to carry out any functionality described or indicated herein. Power circuitry 4137 may in certain embodiments comprise power management circuitry. Power circuitry 4137 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source; in which case WD 4110 may be connectable to the external power source (such as an electricity outlet) via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power circuitry 4137 may also in certain embodiments be operable to deliver power from an external power source to power source 4136. This may be, for example, for the charging of power source 4136. Power circuitry 4137 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to the power from power source 4136 to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD 4110 to which power is supplied.

[0117] Figure 16 illustrates a user Equipment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0118] Figure 16 illustrates one embodiment of a UE in accordance with various aspects described herein. As used herein, a user equipment or UE may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and/or operates the relevant device. Instead, a UE may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller). Alternatively, a UE may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter). UE 42200 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and/or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. UE 4200, as illustrated in Figure 16, is one example of a WD configured for communication in accordance with one or more communication standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as 3GPP’s GSM, UMTS, LTE, and/or 5G standards. As mentioned previously, the term WD and UE may be used interchangeable. Accordingly, although Figure 16 is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD, and vice-versa.

[0119] In Figure 16, UE 4200 includes processing circuitry 4201 that is operatively coupled to input/output interface 4205, radio frequency (RF) interface 4209, network connection interface 4211, memory 4215 including random access memory (RAM) 4217, read-only memory (ROM) 4219, and storage medium 4221 or the like, communication subsystem 4231, power source 4213, and/or any other component, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 4221 includes operating system 4223, application program 4225, and data 4227. In other embodiments, storage medium 4221 may include other similar types of information. Certain UEs may utilize all of the components shown in Figure 16, or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between the components may vary from one UE to another UE. Further, certain UEs may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0120] In Figure 16, processing circuitry 4201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. Processing circuitry 4201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute machine instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored program, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 4201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). Data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer.

[0121] In the depicted embodiment, input/output interface 4205 may be configured to provide a communication interface to an input device, output device, or input and output device. UE 4200 may be configured to use an output device via input/output interface 4205. An output device may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from UE 4200. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. UE 4200 may be configured to use an input device via input/output interface 4205 to allow a user to capture information into UE 4200. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and an optical sensor. [0122] In Figure 16, RF interface 4209 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. Network connection interface 4211 may be configured to provide a communication interface to network 4243a. Network 4243a may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local- area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network 4243a may comprise a Wi-Fi network. Network connection interface 4211 may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, SONET, ATM, or the like. Network connection interface 4211 may implement receiver and transmitter functionality appropriate to the communication network links (e.g., optical, electrical, and the like). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0123] RAM 4217 may be configured to interface via bus 4202 to processing circuitry 4201 to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during the execution of software programs such as the operating system, application programs, and device drivers. ROM 4219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to processing circuitry 4201. For example, ROM 4219 may be configured to store invariant low-level system code or data for basic system functions such as basic input and output (I/O), startup, or reception of keystrokes from a keyboard that are stored in a non-volatile memory. Storage medium 4221 may be configured to include memory such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, floppy disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, or flash drives. In one example, storage medium 4221 may be configured to include operating system 4223, application program 4225 such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine or another application, and data file 4227. Storage medium 4221 may store, for use by UE 4200, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0124] Storage medium 4221 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), floppy disk drive, flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high- density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM/RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 4221 may allow UE 4200 to access computer-executable instructions, application programs or the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied in storage medium 4221 , which may comprise a device readable medium.

[0125] In Figure 16, processing circuitry 4201 may be configured to communicate with network 4243b using communication subsystem 4231. Network 4243a and network 4243b may be the same network or networks or different network or networks. Communication subsystem 4231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with network 4243b. For example, communication subsystem 4231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN) according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.11, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, or the like. Each transceiver may include transmitter 4233 and/or receiver 4235 to implement transmitter or receiver functionality, respectively, appropriate to the RAN links (e.g., frequency allocations and the like). Further, transmitter 4233 and receiver 4235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0126] In the illustrated embodiment, the communication functions of communication subsystem 4231 may include data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. For example, communication subsystem 4231 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication, Bluetooth communication, and GPS communication. Network 4243b may encompass wired and/or wireless networks such as a local-area network (LAN), a wide-area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a telecommunications network, another like network or any combination thereof. For example, network 4243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and/or a near- field network. Power source 4213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) power to components of UE 4200.

[0127] The features, benefits and/or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of UE 4200 or partitioned across multiple components of UE 4200. Further, the features, benefits, and/or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, communication subsystem 4231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Further, processing circuitry 4201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components over bus 4202.

In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that when executed by processing circuitry 4201 perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functionality of any of such components may be partitioned between processing circuitry 4201 and communication subsystem 4231. In another example, the non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and the computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0128] Figure 17 illustrates a virtualization environment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0129] Figure 17 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 4300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device or any other type of communication device) or components thereof and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines or containers executing on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0130] In some embodiments, some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments 4300 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes 4330. Further, in embodiments in which the virtual node is not a radio access node or does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node), then the network node may be entirely virtualized.

[0131] The functions may be implemented by one or more applications 4320 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operative to implement some of the features, functions, and/or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. Applications 4320 are run in virtualization environment 4300 which provides hardware 4330 comprising processing circuitry 4360 and memory 4390. Memory 4390 contains instructions 4395 executable by processing circuitry 4360 whereby application 4320 is operative to provide one or more of the features, benefits, and/or functions disclosed herein.

[0132] Virtualization environment 4300, comprises general-purpose or special- purpose network hardware devices 4330 comprising a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry 4360, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or special purpose processors. Each hardware device may comprise memory 4390-1 which may be non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions 4395 or software executed by processing circuitry 4360. Each hardware device may comprise one or more network interface controllers (NICs) 4370, also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interface 4380. Each hardware device may also include non-transitory, persistent, machine -readable storage media 4390-2 having stored therein software 4395 and/or instructions executable by processing circuitry 4360. Software 4395 may include any type of software including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers 4350 (also referred to as hypervisors), software to execute virtual machines 4340 as well as software allowing it to execute functions, features and/or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein.

[0133] Virtual machines 4340 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 4350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the instance of virtual appliance 4320 may be implemented on one or more of virtual machines 4340, and the implementations may be made in different ways. [0134] During operation, processing circuitry 4360 executes software 4395 to instantiate the hypervisor or virtualization layer 4350, which may sometimes be referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). Virtualization layer 4350 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to virtual machine 4340.

[0135] As shown in Figure 17, hardware 4330 may be a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 4330 may comprise antenna 43225 and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 4330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., such as in a data center or customer premise equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration (MANO) 43100, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 4320.

[0136] Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.

[0137] In the context of NFV, virtual machine 4340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of virtual machines 4340, and that part of hardware 4330 that executes that virtual machine, be it hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and/or hardware shared by that virtual machine with others of the virtual machines 4340, forms a separate virtual network element (VNE).

[0138] Still in the context of NFV, Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more virtual machines 4340 on top of hardware networking infrastructure 4330 and corresponds to application 4320 in Figure 17.

[0139] In some embodiments, one or more radio units 43200 that each include one or more transmitters 43220 and one or more receivers 43210 may be coupled to one or more antennas 43225. Radio units 43200 may communicate directly with hardware nodes 4330 via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. [0140] In some embodiments, some signaling can be effected with the use of control system 43230 which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes 4330 and radio units 43200.

[0141] Figure 18 illustrates a telecommunication network connected via an intermediate network to a host computer in accordance with some embodiments.

[0142] With reference to Figure 18, in accordance with an embodiment, a communication system includes telecommunication network 4410, such as a 3GPP-type cellular network, which comprises access network 4411, such as a radio access network, and core network 4414. Access network 4411 comprises a plurality of base stations 4412a, 4412b, 4412c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 4413a, 4413b, 4413c. Each base station 4412a, 4412b, 4412c is connectable to core network 4414 over a wired or wireless connection 4415. A first UE 4491 located in coverage area 4413c is configured to wirelessly connect to, or be paged by, the corresponding base station 4412c. A second UE 4492 in coverage area 4413a is wirelessly connectable to the corresponding base station 4412a. While a plurality of UEs 4491, 4492 are illustrated in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to a situation where a sole UE is in the coverage area or where a sole UE is connecting to the corresponding base station 4412.

[0143] Telecommunication network 4410 is itself connected to host computer 4430, which may be embodied in the hardware and/or software of a standalone server, a cloud- implemented server, a distributed server or as processing resources in a server farm. Host computer 4430 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider, or may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. Connections 4421 and 4422 between telecommunication network 4410 and host computer 4430 may extend directly from core network 4414 to host computer 4430 or may go via an optional intermediate network 4420. Intermediate network 4420 may be one of, or a combination of more than one of, a public, private or hosted network; intermediate network 4420, if any, may be a backbone network or the Internet; in particular, intermediate network 4420 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

[0144] The communication system of Figure 18 as a whole enables connectivity between the connected UEs 4491, 4492 and host computer 4430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 4450. Host computer 4430 and the connected UEs 4491 , 4492 are configured to communicate data and/or signaling via OTT connection 4450, using access network 4411, core network 4414, any intermediate network 4420 and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. OTT connection 4450 may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which OTT connection 4450 passes are unaware of routing of uplink and downlink communications. For example, base station 4412 may not or need not be informed about the past routing of an incoming downlink communication with data originating from host computer 4430 to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to a connected UE 4491. Similarly, base station 4412 need not be aware of the future routing of an outgoing uplink communication originating from the UE 4491 towards the host computer 4430.

[0145] Figure 19 illustrates a host computer communicating via a base station with a user equipment over a partially wireless connection in accordance with some embodiments.

[0146] Example implementations, in accordance with an embodiment, of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the preceding paragraphs will now be described with reference to Figure 19. In communication system 4500, host computer 4510 comprises hardware 4515 including communication interface 4516 configured to set up and maintain a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system 4500. Host computer 4510 further comprises processing circuitry 4518, which may have storage and/or processing capabilities. In particular, processing circuitry 4518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Host computer 4510 further comprises software 4511, which is stored in or accessible by host computer 4510 and executable by processing circuitry 4518. Software 4511 includes host application 4512.

Host application 4512 may be operable to provide a service to a remote user, such as UE 4530 connecting via OTT connection 4550 terminating at UE 4530 and host computer 4510. In providing the service to the remote user, host application 4512 may provide user data which is transmitted using OTT connection 4550.

[0147] Communication system 4500 further includes base station 4520 provided in a telecommunication system and comprising hardware 4525 enabling it to communicate with host computer 4510 and with UE 4530. Hardware 4525 may include communication interface 4526 for setting up and maintaining a wired or wireless connection with an interface of a different communication device of communication system 4500, as well as radio interface 4527 for setting up and maintaining at least wireless connection 4570 with UE 4530 located in a coverage area (not shown in Figure 19) served by base station 4520. Communication interface 4526 may be configured to facilitate connection 4560 to host computer 4510. Connection 4560 may be direct or it may pass through a core network (not shown in Figure 19) of the telecommunication system and/or through one or more intermediate networks outside the telecommunication system. In the embodiment shown, hardware 4525 of base station 4520 further includes processing circuitry 4528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. Base station 4520 further has software 4521 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0148] Communication system 4500 further includes UE 4530 already referred to.

Its hardware 4535 may include radio interface 4537 configured to set up and maintain wireless connection 4570 with a base station serving a coverage area in which UE 4530 is currently located. Hardware 4535 of UE 4530 further includes processing circuitry 4538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application-specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays or combinations of these (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. UE 4530 further comprises software 4531, which is stored in or accessible by UE 4530 and executable by processing circuitry 4538. Software 4531 includes client application 4532. Client application 4532 may be operable to provide a service to a human or non-human user via UE 4530, with the support of host computer 4510. In host computer 4510, an executing host application 4512 may communicate with the executing client application 4532 via OTT connection 4550 terminating at UE 4530 and host computer 4510. In providing the service to the user, client application 4532 may receive request data from host application 4512 and provide user data in response to the request data. OTT connection 4550 may transfer both the request data and the user data. Client application 4532 may interact with the user to generate the user data that it provides.

[0149] It is noted that host computer 4510, base station 4520 and UE 4530 illustrated in Figure 19 may be similar or identical to host computer 4430, one of base stations 4412a, 4412b, 4412c and one of UEs 4491, 4492 of Figure 18, respectively. This is to say, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in Figure 19 and independently, the surrounding network topology may be that of Figure 18.

[0150] In Figure 19, OTT connection 4550 has been drawn abstractly to illustrate the communication between host computer 4510 and UE 4530 via base station 4520, without explicit reference to any intermediary devices and the precise routing of messages via these devices. Network infrastructure may determine the routing, which it may be configured to hide from UE 4530 or from the service provider operating host computer 4510, or both. While OTT connection 4550 is active, the network infrastructure may further take decisions by which it dynamically changes the routing (e.g., on the basis of load balancing consideration or reconfiguration of the network).

[0151] Wireless connection 4570 between UE 4530 and base station 4520 is in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments may improve the performance of OTT services provided to UE

4530 using OTT connection 4550, in which wireless connection 4570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments may improve the random access speed and/or reduce random access failure rates and thereby provide benefits such as faster and/or more reliable random access.

[0152] A measurement procedure may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rate, latency and other factors on which the one or more embodiments improve. There may further be an optional network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection 4550 between host computer 4510 and UE 4530, in response to variations in the measurement results. The measurement procedure and/or the network functionality for reconfiguring OTT connection 4550 may be implemented in software 4511 and hardware 4515 of host computer 4510 or in software

4531 and hardware 4535 of UE 4530, or both. In embodiments, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with communication devices through which OTT connection 4550 passes; the sensors may participate in the measurement procedure by supplying values of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or supplying values of other physical quantities from which software 4511, 4531 may compute or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguring of OTT connection 4550 may include message format, retransmission settings, preferred routing etc.; the reconfiguring need not affect base station 4520, and it may be unknown or imperceptible to base station 4520. Such procedures and functionalities may be known and practiced in the art. In certain embodiments, measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling facilitating host computer 4510’s measurements of throughput, propagation times, latency and the like. The measurements may be implemented in that software 4511 and 4531 causes messages to be transmitted, in particular empty or ‘dummy’ messages, using OTT connection 4550 while it monitors propagation times, errors etc.

[0153] Figure 20 illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0154] Figure 20 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures 18 and 19. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure

20 will be included in this section. In step 4610, the host computer provides user data. In substep 4611 (which may be optional) of step 4610, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 4620, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step 4630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits to the UE the user data which was carried in the transmission that the host computer initiated, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 4640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0155] Figure 21 illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0156] Figure 21 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures 18 and 19. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure

21 will be included in this section. In step 4710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional substep (not shown) the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 4720, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may pass via the base station, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 4730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0157] Figure 22 illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0158] Figure 22 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures 18 and 19. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure

22 will be included in this section. In step 4810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 4820, the UE provides user data. In substep 4821 (which may be optional) of step 4820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In substep 4811 (which may be optional) of step 4810, the UE executes a client application which provides the user data in reaction to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further consider user input received from the user. Regardless of the specific manner in which the user data was provided, the UE initiates, in substep 4830 (which may be optional), transmission of the user data to the host computer. In step 4840 of the method, the host computer receives the user data transmitted from the UE, in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0159] Figure 23 illustrates methods implemented in a communication system including a host computer, a base station and a user equipment in accordance with some embodiments.

[0160] Figure 23 is a flowchart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system, in accordance with one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station and a UE which may be those described with reference to Figures 18 and 19. For simplicity of the present disclosure, only drawing references to Figure

23 will be included in this section. In step 4910 (which may be optional), in accordance with the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure, the base station receives user data from the UE. In step 4920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 4930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0161] Any appropriate steps, methods, features, functions, or benefits disclosed herein may be performed through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual apparatuses. Each virtual apparatus may comprise a number of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessor or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), special-purpose digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory such as read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, etc. Program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more telecommunications and/or data communications protocols as well as instructions for carrying out one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause the respective functional unit to perform corresponding functions according one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0162] The term unit may have conventional meaning in the field of electronics, electrical devices and/or electronic devices and may include, for example, electrical and/or electronic circuitry, devices, modules, processors, memories, logic solid state and/or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for carrying out respective tasks, procedures, computations, outputs, and/or displaying functions, and so on, as such as those that are described herein.

[0163] ABBREVIATIONS

[0164] At least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure.

If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s). lx RTT CDMA2000 lx Radio Transmission Technology

3 GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

5G 5th Generation

ABS Almost Blank Subframe ARQ Automatic Repeat Request

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BCH Broadcast Channel

CA Carrier Aggregation

CC Carrier Component

CCCH SDU Common Control Channel SDU

CDMA Code Division Multiplexing Access

CGI Cell Global Identifier

CIR Channel Impulse Response

CP Cyclic Prefix

CPICH Common Pilot Channel

CPICH Ec/No CPICH Received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band

CQI Channel Quality information

C-RNTI Cell RNTI

CSI Channel State Information

DCCH Dedicated Control Channel

DL Downlink

DM Demodulation

DMRS Demodulation Reference Signal

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel

DUT Device Under Test

E-CID Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method)

E-SMLC Evolved-Serving Mobile Location Centre

ECGI Evolved CGI eNB E-UTRAN NodeB ePDCCH enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel E-SMLC evolved Serving Mobile Location Center E-UTRA Evolved UTRA

E-UTRAN Evolved UTRAN

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FFS For Further Study

GERAN GSM EDGE Radio Access Network gNB Base station in NR

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GSM Global System for Mobile communication

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HO Handover

HSPA High Speed Packet Access

HRPD High Rate Packet Data

LOS Line of Sight

LPP LTE Positioning Protocol

LTE Long-Term Evolution

MAC Medium Access Control

MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services

MBSFN Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network

MBSFN ABS MBSFN Almost Blank Subframe

MDT Minimization of Drive Tests

MIB Master Information Block

MME Mobility Management Entity

MSC Mobile Switching Center

NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel

NR New Radio

OCNG OFDMA Channel Noise Generator

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OSS Operations Support System

OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival

O&M Operation and Maintenance PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

PCell Primary Cell

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDP Profile Delay Profile

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PGW Packet Gateway

PHICH Physical Hybrid- ARQ Indicator Channel

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PMI Precoder Matrix Indicator

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PRS Positioning Reference Signal

PSS Primary Synchronization Signal

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

RACH Random Access Channel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

RAN Radio Access Network

RAT Radio Access Technology

RLM Radio Link Management

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identifier

RRC Radio Resource Control

RRM Radio Resource Management

RS Reference Signal

RSCP Received Signal Code Power

RSRP Reference Symbol Received Power OR Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality OR Reference Symbol Received Quality RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

RSTD Reference Signal Time Difference

SCH Synchronization Channel

SCell Secondary Cell

SDU Service Data Unit

SFN System Frame Number

SGW Serving Gateway

SI System Information

SIB System Information Block

SNR Signal to Noise Ratio

SON Self Optimized Network ss Synchronization Signal sss Secondary Synchronization Signal

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDOA Time Difference of Arrival

TOA Time of Arrival

TSS Tertiary Synchronization Signal

TTI Transmission Time Interval

UE User Equipment

UL Uplink

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System

USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module

UTDOA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival

UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access

UTRAN Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

WCDMA Wide CDMA

WLAN Wide Local Area Network

[0165] Further definitions and embodiments are discussed below.

[0166] In the above-description of various embodiments of present the present disclosure, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of present the present disclosure. Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which present the present disclosure belong. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein.

[0167] When an element is referred to as being “connected”, “coupled”, “responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, it can be directly connected, coupled, or responsive to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected”, “directly coupled”, “directly responsive”, or variants thereof to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout. Furthermore, “coupled”, “connected”, “responsive”, or variants thereof as used herein may include wirelessly coupled, connected, or responsive. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Well-known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and/or clarity. The term “and/or” (abbreviated ‘7”) includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.

[0168] It will be understood that although the terms first, second, third, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements/operations, these elements/operations should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element/operation from another element/operation. Thus, a first element/operation in some embodiments could be termed a second element/operation in other embodiments without departing from the teachings of present the present disclosure. The same reference numerals or the same reference designators denote the same or similar elements throughout the specification.

[0169] As used herein, the terms “comprise”, “comprising”, “comprises”, “include”, “including”, “includes”, “have”, “has”, “having”, or variants thereof are open-ended, and include one or more stated features, integers, elements, steps, components or functions but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, elements, steps, components, functions or groups thereof. Furthermore, as used herein, the common abbreviation “e.g.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “exempli gratia,” may be used to introduce or specify a general example or examples of a previously mentioned item, and is not intended to be limiting of such item. The common abbreviation “i.e.”, which derives from the Latin phrase “id est,” may be used to specify a particular item from a more general recitation.

[0170] Example embodiments are described herein with reference to block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of computer-implemented methods, apparatus (systems and/or devices) and/or computer program products. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computer program instructions that are performed by one or more computer circuits. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor circuit of a general purpose computer circuit, special purpose computer circuit, and/or other programmable data processing circuit to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer and/or other programmable data processing apparatus, transform and control transistors, values stored in memory locations, and other hardware components within such circuitry to implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks, and thereby create means (functionality) and/or structure for implementing the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block(s).

[0171] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a tangible computer-readable medium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer- readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks. Accordingly, embodiments of present the present disclosure may be embodied in hardware and/or in software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) that runs on a processor such as a digital signal processor, which may collectively be referred to as “circuitry,” “a module” or variants thereof.

[0172] It should also be noted that in some alternate implementations, the functions/acts noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or the functionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or block diagrams may be at least partially integrated.

Finally, other blocks may be added/inserted between the blocks that are illustrated, and/or blocks/operations may be omitted without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Moreover, although some of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths to show a primary direction of communication, it is to be understood that communication may occur in the opposite direction to the depicted arrows.

[0173] Many variations and modifications can be made to the embodiments without substantially departing from the principles of the present the present disclosure. All such variations and modifications are intended to be included herein within the scope of present the present disclosure. Accordingly, the above disclosed subject matter is to be considered illustrative, and not restrictive, and the examples of embodiments are intended to cover all such modifications, enhancements, and other embodiments, which fall within the spirit and scope of present the present disclosure. Thus, to the maximum extent allowed by law, the scope of present the present disclosure are to be determined by the broadest permissible interpretation of the present disclosure including the examples of embodiments and their equivalents, and shall not be restricted or limited by the foregoing detailed description.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed:

1. A method by a user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) having a plurality of subscriber identity modules to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks (PLMN 1206, 1208), the method comprising: calculating (600) a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module (1202), for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN (1206); calculating (602) a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module (1204), for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN (1208); determining (604) occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO; and responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, sending (606) a message to a radio access network node (400, 1210) connected to the second PLMN (1208) indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving (700) a third identity from a core network (500, 1212); calculating (702) a third PO in a PF based on the third identity; and monitoring (704) for a paging message from the first PLMN (1206) during the first PO and from the second PLMN (1208) during the third PO.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein receiving (700) the third identity from the core network (500, 1212) comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure.

4. The method of any one of claims 2 to 3, wherein the second identity and the third identity correspond to a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

5. The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, further comprising following calculation of the third PO: determining (800) occurrence of another PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the third PO; responsive to determining the occurrence of the another PO collision, sending (802) another message to the radio access network node (400, 1210) indicating the occurrence of the another PO collision and including the third identity; receiving (804) a fourth identity from a core network (1212); calculating (806) a fourth PO in a PF based on the fourth identity; and monitoring (808) for a paging message from the first PLMN (1206) during the first PO and from the second PLMN (1208) during the fourth PO.

6. The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the message sent to the radio access network node (400, 1210) comprises a RRC UEAssistancelnformation message indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein when the UE (300) is in RRC_IDLE state or RRC_INACTIVE state, further comprising establishing a Radio Resource Control, RRC, connection before sending the message to the radio access network node (400, 1210).

8. The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first PLMN (1206) is an evolved packet core, EPC, network and the second PLMN (1208) is a 5G core, 5GC, network, and further comprising selecting the radio access network node (400, 1210) to receive the message being sent based on the radio access network node (400, 1210) being connected to the 5GC network.

9. The method of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the core network (500, 1212) is an access and mobility management function (1214).

10. A computer program product comprising a computer readable medium storing program code executable by at least one processor of a UE (300, 1200) to perform the method of any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. A method by a radio access network node (400, 1210) for sending paging messages to a user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) registered with a second public land mobile network, PLMN, (1208) connected to the radio access network node (400, 1210), the method comprising: receiving (900) a message from the UE (300, 1200) which includes an identity for the UE (300, 1200) and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE (300, 1200) for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN (1206) and the second PLMN (1208), respectively; selecting (902) a third PO for the UE (300, 1200); and determining (904) another identity for the UE (300, 1200) based on the third PO.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein selecting the third PO for the UE (300, 1200) comprises: obtaining (1000) a paging distribution and a communication load currently handled by the radio access network node (400, 1210); and selecting (1002) the third PO based on a combination of the paging distribution and the communication load.

13. The method of any one of claims 11 to 12, wherein selecting the third PO for the UE (300, 1200) comprises: selecting the third PO to not overlap in time with the first PO.

14. The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, further comprising: sending a message to a core network (500, 1212) indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the another identity for the UE (300, 1200).

15. A computer program product comprising a computer readable medium storing program code executable by at least one processor of a radio access network node (400, 1210) to perform the method of any one of claims 11 to 14.

16. A method by a core network (500, 1212) of a second public land mobile network, PLMN, (1208) connected to a radio access network node (400, 1210), the method comprising: receiving (1100) a message from the radio access network node (400, 1210) which includes an identity for a user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE (300, 1200) for monitoring for a paging message from a first PFMN (1206) and the second PFMN (1208), respectively; selecting (1102) a new temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200) based on the identity for the UE (300, 1200) received in the message; and sending (1104) a message to the UE (300, 1200) including the temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200).

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the core network (500, 1212) is an access and mobility management function (1214).

18. The method of any one of claims 16 to 17, wherein the temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

19. The method of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein sending the message to the UE (300, 1200) including the temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200), comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure to assign the temporary identity to the UE (300, 1200).

20. A computer program product comprising a computer readable medium storing program code executable by at least one processor of an access and mobility management function (1214) to perform the method of any one of claims 16 to 19.

21. A user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) having a plurality of subscriber identity modules (1202, 1204) to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks (1206, 1208), the UE (300, 1200) comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: calculate a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module (1202), for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN (1206); calculate a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module (1204), for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN (1208); determine occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO; and responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, send a message to a radio access network node (400, 1210) connected to the second PLMN (1208) indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

22. The UE of claim 21, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to: receive a third identity from a core network (500, 1212); calculate a third PO in a PF based on the third identity; and monitor for a paging message from the first PLMN (1206) during the first PO and from the second PLMN (1208) during the third PO.

23. The UE of claim 22, wherein receiving the third identity from the core network (500, 1212) comprises: performing a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure.

24. The UE of any one of claims 22 to 23, wherein the second identity and the third identity correspond to 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

25. The UE of any one of claims 21 to 24, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to, following calculation of the third PO: determine occurrence of another PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the third PO; responsive to determining the occurrence of the another PO collision, send another message to the radio access network node (400, 1210) indicating the occurrence of the another PO collision and including the third identity; receive a fourth identity from a core network (500, 1212); calculate a fourth PO in a PF based on the fourth identity; and monitor for a paging message from the first PLMN (1206) during the first PO and from the second PLMN (1208) during the fourth PO.

26. The UE of any one of claims 21 to 25, wherein the message sent to the radio access network node (400, 1210) comprises a RRC UEAssistancelnformation message indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

27. The UE of claim 26, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry, when the UE (300, 1200) is in RRC_IDLE state or RRC_INACTIVE state, to establish a Radio Resource Control, RRC, connection before sending the message to the radio access network node (400, 1210).

28. The UE of any one of claims 21 to 27, wherein the first PLMN (1206) is an evolved packet core, EPC, network and the second PLMN (1208) is a 5G core, 5GC, network, and the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to select the radio access network node (400, 1210) to receive the message being sent based on the radio access network node (400, 1210) being connected to the 5GC network.

29. The UE of any one of claims 21 to 28, wherein the core network (500, 1212) is an access and mobility management function (1214).

30. A radio access network node (400, 1210) for sending paging messages to a user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) registered with a second public land mobile network, PLMN (1208), connected to the radio access network node (400, 1210), the radio access network node (400, 1210) comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: receive a message from the UE (300, 1200) which includes an identity for the UE (300, 1200) and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion, PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE (300, 1200) for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN (1206) and the second PLMN (1208), respectively; select a third PO for the UE (300, 1200); and determine another identity for the UE (300, 1200) based on the third PO.

31. The radio access network node of claim 30, wherein the selection of the third PO for the UE (300, 1200) comprises: obtaining a paging distribution and a communication load currently handled by the radio access network node (400, 1210); and selecting the third PO based on a combination of the paging distribution and the communication load.

32. The radio access network node of any one of claims 30 to 31 , wherein the selection of the third PO for the UE (300, 1200) comprises: selecting the third PO to not overlap in time with the first PO.

33. The radio access network node of any one of claims 30 to 32, wherein the instructions are further executable by the processing circuitry to: send a message to a core network (500, 1212) indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the another identity for the UE (300, 1200).

34. A core network (500, 1212) of a second public land mobile network, PLMN, (1208) connected to a radio access network node (400, 1210), the core network (500, 1212) comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: receive a message from the radio access network node (400, 1210) which includes an identity for a user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) and indicates occurrence of a paging occasion,

PO, collision based on a first PO in a paging frame, PF, overlapping in time with a second PO in the PF, the first PO and the second PO being calculated by the UE (300, 1200) for monitoring for a paging message from a first PLMN (1206) and the second PLMN (1208), respectively; select a new temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200) based on the identity for the UE (300, 1200) received in the message; and send a message to the UE (300, 1200) including the new temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200).

35. The core network of claim 34, wherein the core network (500, 1212) is an access and mobility management function (1214).

36. The core network of any one of claims 34 to 35, wherein the temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

37. The core network of any one of claims 34 to 36, wherein sending the message to the UE (300, 1200) including the temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200), comprises: performing one of a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure or a NAS mobility registration procedure to assign the temporary identity to the UE (300, 1200).

38. The core network of any one of claims 34 to 37, wherein the UE (300, 1200) originates the message which includes the identity for the UE (300, 1200) and indicates the occurrence of the PO collision.

39. The core network of any one of claims 34 to 38, wherein the message which includes the identity for the UE (300, 1200) and indicates the occurrence of the PO collision is received during a NAS mobility registration procedure with the UE (300, 1200).

40. A method by a user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) having a plurality of subscriber identity modules (1202, 1204) to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks (1206, 1208), the method comprising: calculating (1400) a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module (1202), for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN (1206); calculating (1402) a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module (1204), for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN (1208); determining (1404) occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO; and responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, sending (1406) a message towards a core network (500, 1212) indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein the core network (500, 1212) is an access and mobility management function (1214).

42. The method of any one of claims 40 to 41, further comprising: receiving a message from the core network (500, 1212) including a temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200).

43. The method of claim 42, wherein the temporary identity comprises a 5G Global Unique Temporary Identifier.

44. The method of any one of claims 42 to 43, wherein receiving the message from the core network (500, 1212) including the temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200) comprises: performing one of a non-access-stratum, NAS, UE configuration update procedure or a NAS mobility registration procedure to assign the temporary identity to the UE (300, 1200).

45. The method of any one of claims 40 to 44, wherein the message which includes the temporary identity for the UE (300, 1200) and is received during a NAS mobility registration procedure with the core network (500, 1212).

46. A user equipment, UE, (300, 1200) having a plurality of subscriber identity modules (1202, 1204) to receive paging messages while registered with a plurality of public land mobile networks (1206, 1208), the UE (300, 1200) comprising: processing circuitry; and memory coupled with the processing circuitry and storing instructions executable by the processing circuitry to: calculate a first paging occasion, PO, in a paging frame, PF, based on a first identity, which is obtained using a first subscriber identity module (1202), for monitoring for a paging message from a first public land mobile network, PLMN (1206); calculate a second PO in a PF based on a second identity, which is obtained using a second subscriber identity module (1204), for monitoring for a paging message from a second PLMN (1208); determine occurrence of a PO collision based on the first PO overlapping in time with the second PO; and responsive to determining the occurrence of the PO collision, send a message towards a core network (500, 1212) indicating the occurrence of the PO collision and including the second identity.