WO2021227501A1 - 井下脉冲信号发生器、传输压力脉冲的方法、钻铤及钻井设备 - Google Patents

井下脉冲信号发生器、传输压力脉冲的方法、钻铤及钻井设备 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021227501A1
WO2021227501A1 PCT/CN2020/137927 CN2020137927W WO2021227501A1 WO 2021227501 A1 WO2021227501 A1 WO 2021227501A1 CN 2020137927 W CN2020137927 W CN 2020137927W WO 2021227501 A1 WO2021227501 A1 WO 2021227501A1
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Prior art keywords
mud
primary
valve body
overflow
signal generator
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PCT/CN2020/137927
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
刘庆波
底青云
王向阳
杨永友
谢棋军
Original Assignee
中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所
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Application filed by 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 filed Critical 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所
Priority to JP2021507519A priority Critical patent/JP7239678B2/ja
Publication of WO2021227501A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021227501A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings
    • E21B17/16—Drill collars

Definitions

  • the application belongs to the technical field of petroleum downhole instruments, and in particular relates to a downhole pulse signal generator, a method for transmitting pressure pulses, drill collars and drilling equipment.
  • Measurement-while-drilling and logging-while-drilling refer to the downhole information measured by measuring instruments near the drill bit during the drilling process and transmitted to the surface.
  • information that is difficult to measure on the ground can be measured, such as the torque, torque, weight on bit, inclination angle, azimuth angle, tool face angle, axial tension, three Phase acceleration, stratum petrophysical parameters, gamma rays reflecting stratum characteristics, resistivity, etc.
  • the information can be obtained in real time by using MWD and logging technology, and the information can be processed through the surface software system of MWD to facilitate the operator to grasp the working status of the drill bit in real time, and realize the structure and simulation of the bottom layer while drilling. , To complete the formation evaluation, so that the drill bit advances efficiently in the oil and gas layer.
  • the existing wireless transmission methods are mainly divided into acoustic wave, electromagnetic wave, and mud pulse transmission according to the transmission channel and transmission medium.
  • the acoustic wave transmission technology has not yet solved the problems of noise and attenuation, so it is in the experimental research stage; the electromagnetic wave transmission technology is greatly affected by the depth of the well and the geological conditions, and the application range is limited; the mud pulse transmission technology is produced by the mud pulse generator. Commercial applications are widely used.
  • Mud pulse transmission methods are divided into negative pulse, positive pulse and continuous wave signal transmission according to the type of mud pulse.
  • the negative pulse signal generator has the defects of pollution, low signal rate, and large energy loss
  • the positive pulse mud signal generator is widely used at present, usually through the principle of controlling the mushroom head to block the mud channel to realize the mud pulse signal upload, but its transmission rate Generally less than 0.5-5bit/s, it can no longer meet the requirements of simultaneous real-time upload of multiple sets of measurement while drilling parameters and logging parameters; and negative pulse transmission and positive pulse are baseband transmission, with low transmission rate, poor reliability, and easy to be interfered with and cause errors.
  • Code continuous wave signal transmission belongs to frequency band transmission. Compared with negative pulse and positive pulse transmission, the transmission rate of continuous wave signal transmission is much faster. At the same time, it also has the advantages of high reliability and strong anti-interference ability. Therefore, continuous wave signal transmission It has good application prospects.
  • the continuous wave signal generator uses the motor to control the rotor of the rotary valve to move in a certain regularity to change the flow area of the mud fluid. Different flow areas of the drilling fluid generate drilling fluid pressure signals of different amplitudes. The drilling fluid pressure signals are used to achieve downhole data. transmission. Specifically, by controlling the operating mode of the rotor, the amplitude, frequency and phase of the sine pressure wave signal of the mud drilling fluid can be changed, thereby realizing the modulation of the measurement data while drilling.
  • the data transmission rate of the continuous wave signal generator is higher than that of the mud
  • the negative pulse generator and the mud positive pulse generator are much faster, up to 40bit/s.
  • the rotary valve rotor According to the different movement modes of the rotary valve rotor, it can be divided into a swing shear valve type continuous signal generator and a continuous rotary valve type continuous wave signal generator. Both the swing shear valve type continuous signal generator and the continuous rotary valve type continuous wave signal generator face a series of common problems. First of all, it is the problem of motor control. As the driving source of the rotor, the control accuracy of the motor often has a great influence on the signal generation. Therefore, the accuracy of the motor control is very high, and the underground working environment is harsh.
  • the motor needs to be resistant to high temperature and The characteristics of scouring, and the actual operation process, the motor will be affected by hydraulic shock, the load is a variable and uncertain amount, what kind of control method can be used to improve the control accuracy of the motor is a difficult problem, technically not easy to achieve.
  • swing shear valve type continuous signal generators it is necessary to control the motor to continue forward and reverse rotation.
  • the requirements for the motor are high.
  • the motor may even fail to rotate to the set position. Condition.
  • it is the power consumption of the system.
  • the motor drives the rotor to move, it needs to overcome the load hydraulic torque, and at the same time generate a high-frequency oscillation signal.
  • the power consumption of the system is very large, and the unknown disturbance generated by the hydraulic torque will also Thunder performance of the motor.
  • the downhole temperature increases as the depth of the well increases, and changes in temperature will inevitably cause changes in motor control parameters.
  • Patent US20180291733A1 discloses a device for generating low-frequency pressure pulses downhole.
  • the device includes a housing and a rotary valve arranged in the housing.
  • the rotary valve includes a first valve part and a second valve part.
  • the first valve part The rotation is driven by the first turbine, and the second valve portion is rotated by the second turbine.
  • the first turbine and the second turbine have the same displacement-rotation characteristics, that is, the first turbine and the The slopes of the displacement-rotation speed curve of the second turbine are equal, so that although the first valve part and the second valve part can rotate at different speeds, they can obtain a stable fixed frequency to achieve a pulse signal The stable transmission.
  • This application provides a downhole pulse signal generator, a method for transmitting pressure pulses, drill collars and drilling equipment to solve at least one of the above technical problems.
  • a downhole pulse signal generator includes a shell, the shell has a hollow cavity, and a mud inlet and a mud outlet respectively communicating with the hollow cavity.
  • the hollow cavity is provided with a rotary valve.
  • the valve includes a primary valve body and a secondary valve body arranged in sequence along the mud flow direction, the primary valve body and the secondary valve body can rotate at different speeds to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve;
  • the mud displacement adjustment unit includes an overflow channel capable of diverting mud, the overflow channel is arranged on the primary valve body or the secondary valve body; the mud displacement adjustment unit further includes The adjustment mechanism is used to adjust the overflow flow of the overflow channel so that the difference between the mud displacement flowing through the primary rotating part and the mud displacement flowing through the secondary
  • the downhole pulse signal generator in this application also has the following additional technical features:
  • the adjustment mechanism includes a restrictor and a driving element for driving the movement of the restrictor, the overflow channel has an overflow outlet, and the restrictor has a restrictor capable of opening, closing or partially shielding the overflow outlet.
  • the overflow outlet is a variable cross-section through port, and/or the restrictor is a structure with a variable cross-section, and the drive member changes the overflow outlet by controlling the movement of the restrictor The overflow area to change the overflow volume of the overflow channel.
  • the current limiting member moves linearly under the driving of the driving member.
  • the movement direction of the restrictor is parallel to the axial direction of the overflow outlet.
  • the secondary valve body has a secondary matching part that cooperates with the primary valve body to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve, and is fixedly connected to the secondary matching part and is connected to the secondary rotating part The secondary connecting part of the connection, and the overflow channel is opened in the secondary connecting part.
  • the primary valve body has a primary mating part that cooperates with the secondary valve body to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve, and a primary mating part that is fixedly connected to the primary mating part and coupled to the primary rotary member.
  • the primary rotating member is sleeved on the outer side of the primary connecting portion; the secondary rotating member is sleeved on the outer side of the secondary connecting portion.
  • the primary rotating part is keyed to the primary valve body, and the secondary rotating part is keyed to the secondary valve body.
  • the application also discloses a method for transmitting pressure pulses in a fluid.
  • the method includes: providing a pulse signal generator.
  • the pulse signal generator includes a housing. Said hollow cavity is connected with a mud inlet and a mud outlet, and a rotary valve is arranged in the hollow cavity.
  • the rotary valve includes a primary valve body and a secondary valve body arranged in sequence along the mud flow direction, the primary valve body and The secondary valve bodies can cooperate with each other to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve; a primary rotary member used to drive the rotation of the primary valve body, the primary rotary member being driven to rotate by the mud; used to drive the secondary valve A secondary rotating member that rotates in a body, the secondary rotating member is driven to rotate by the mud; and a mud displacement adjustment unit, the mud displacement adjustment unit includes an overflow channel capable of diverting mud, and the overflow channel is provided In the rotary valve, the primary rotary member and/or the secondary rotary member; the mud displacement adjustment unit further includes an adjustment mechanism for adjusting the overflow flow of the overflow channel to Make the difference between the mud displacement flowing through the primary rotating part and the mud displacement flowing through the secondary rotating part an adjustable variable, and the primary valve and the secondary valve can have an adjustable rotational speed difference Running
  • the application also discloses a drill collar, which comprises a shell, and the above-mentioned downhole pulse signal generator is arranged in the shell.
  • the application also discloses a drilling equipment, including a drill string and a drill bit, the equipment further includes a drill collar for connecting the drill string and the drill bit, the drill collar being the above-mentioned drill collar;
  • the hollow cavity is also provided with a control unit and a data acquisition unit for transmitting downhole data to the control unit.
  • the data acquisition unit includes a measuring-while-drilling instrument and/or a logging-while-drilling tool
  • the control unit includes a control module , A modulation module and a ground demodulation module, the control module is used to control the adjustment mechanism, the modulation module is used to encode and modulate the downhole data into the mud pressure wave, and the pulse generator The data is transmitted to the ground demodulation module.
  • the primary rotating member and the secondary rotating member in this application are both driven by mud to rotate, thereby driving the primary valve body and the secondary valve body to rotate, which makes full use of the kinetic energy of the mud to achieve
  • the motorless drive of the rotary valve not only greatly reduces power consumption, improves the safety of downhole instruments, but also reduces the difficulty of control.
  • the signal generator also has a mud displacement adjustment unit that includes an overflow channel capable of diverting mud and an adjustment mechanism for adjusting the overflow flow of the overflow channel, so that
  • the difference between the mud displacement flowing through the primary rotating part and the mud displacement flowing through the secondary rotating part is an adjustable variable, so that the primary valve body and the secondary valve body can be adjusted Rotational speed difference operation, and then a wide range of adjustable pulse signal frequency and information transmission rate can be obtained, so as to obtain different signal load capacity at different well depth positions, and finally obtain different load data information according to different well depths.
  • the pulse signal frequency can be adjusted without replacing the primary rotating parts and the secondary rotating parts, realizing real-time online adjustment of downhole operations, and providing a guarantee for the smooth progress of drilling operations.
  • the adjustment mechanism includes a flow restrictor and a driving member that drives the flow restrictor to move, the overflow channel has an overflow outlet, and the overflow outlet has a variable cross-section
  • the port, and/or the restrictor is a structure with a variable cross-section, and the drive member can change the overflow area at the overflow outlet by controlling the movement of the restrictor to change the overflow
  • the overflow flow of the flow channel can adjust the mud displacement flowing through the primary rotating part and the secondary rotating part, and finally achieve the purpose of adjusting the speed difference between the primary valve body and the secondary valve body.
  • the adjustment method of the overflow flow described in this application is convenient, fast, and easy to control.
  • the cross-sectional design of the overflow outlet and/or the restricting portion can assist in the realization of the primary valve body and the secondary valve
  • the stepless adjustment of the body speed difference not only expands the range of signal frequency adjustment, but also adjusts the matching signal frequency for different well depths, and meets the requirements for the amount of data information at different well depths.
  • the impact of the primary rotating part, the primary valve body, the secondary rotating part, and the secondary valve body is small, which ensures the reliability and stability of the signal generator's working performance and helps to extend the service life of the signal generator.
  • the restrictor moves linearly under the drive of the drive element, and the movement direction of the restrictor is parallel to the axial direction of the overflow outlet to pass
  • the movement of the restrictor changes the overflow of the overflow channel, the linear movement is more reliable, and the installation space occupied by the assembly and transmission of the components is smaller, thereby helping to reduce the
  • the size of the signal generator the reduction in the size of the signal generator not only reduces the production cost of the entire signal generator, but also improves the reliability of the signal generator's operation process.
  • a small-sized signal generator helps For the miniaturization of the entire drill collar, the miniaturization of the drill collar helps to improve its flexibility. In the complex working conditions of downhole operations, it facilitates the turning and attitude adjustment of the drill collar, thereby contributing to the reliability of the entire operation process. Sex and stability.
  • the overflow channel is opened in the secondary connecting part of the secondary valve body, so that the mud displacement flowing through the secondary rotating part is less than or equal to
  • the mud displacement of the primary rotating part, the entire mud flow process and the final confluence process are smoother, and the structure design of the signal generator is facilitated, which is helpful for the radial and axial dimensions of the signal generator Therefore, the reliability of the working performance of the signal generator is improved.
  • the primary rotating member is sleeved on the outer side of the primary connecting part of the primary valve body
  • the secondary rotating member is sleeved on the secondary valve body of the secondary valve body.
  • the primary rotating part is keyed to the primary valve body
  • the secondary rotating part is keyed to the secondary valve body.
  • the assembly of the rotating part and the valve body is realized through the key connection, and the centering is good. , It is not only convenient to install, but also to improve assembly efficiency, but also convenient to disassemble. It can easily replace the rotating parts. By replacing the rotating parts, the displacement adjustment of the primary and secondary rotating parts can also be realized, thereby expanding the The scope of application of the signal generator.
  • Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of the signal generator described in this application, in which the direction of the arrow shows the flow direction of mud.
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of part A of Fig. 1, in which the direction of the arrow shows the flow direction of mud.
  • Fig. 3 is a state diagram of the adjustment mechanism in an embodiment of the application, in which the direction of the arrow shows the flow direction of the mud.
  • Fig. 4 is another state diagram of the adjustment mechanism in an embodiment of the application, in which the direction of the arrow shows the flow direction of the mud.
  • Fig. 5 is a front view of the primary valve body in an embodiment of the application.
  • Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line A-A in Fig. 5.
  • Fig. 7 is a perspective view of the primary rotating member in an embodiment of the application.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the state of the adjustment mechanism described in Embodiment 1 of the application.
  • FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of the state of the adjustment mechanism described in Embodiment 2 of the application.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of the state of the adjustment mechanism described in Embodiment 3 of the application.
  • FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of the state of the adjustment mechanism according to Embodiment 4 of the application.
  • top, bottom, inner, outer, axial, radial, “circumferential”, etc. indicate the orientation or The positional relationship is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the application and simplifying the description, and does not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, Therefore, it cannot be understood as a limitation to the present invention.
  • the terms “installed”, “connected”, “connected”, “fixed” and other terms should be understood in a broad sense, for example, it can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection , Or integrated; it can be a mechanical connection, it can be an electrical connection, it can also be communication; it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, it can be the internal communication of two components or the interaction relationship between two components .
  • installed can be a fixed connection or a detachable connection , Or integrated; it can be a mechanical connection, it can be an electrical connection, it can also be communication; it can be directly connected, or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium, it can be the internal communication of two components or the interaction relationship between two components .
  • the first feature “on” or “under” the second feature may be in direct contact with the first and second features, or the first and second features may be indirectly through an intermediary. touch.
  • descriptions with reference to the terms “one embodiment”, “some embodiments”, “examples”, “specific examples”, or “some examples” etc. mean specific features described in conjunction with the embodiment or example ,
  • the structure, materials, or characteristics are included in at least one embodiment or example of the present application.
  • the schematic representations of the above terms do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment or example.
  • the described specific features, structures, materials or characteristics can be combined in any one or more embodiments or examples in a suitable manner.
  • a downhole pulse signal generator includes a housing 1 having a hollow cavity, and a mud inlet 20 and a mud outlet 21 respectively communicating with the hollow cavity.
  • the hollow cavity A rotary valve is arranged in the body, and the rotary valve includes a primary valve body 4 and a secondary valve body 6 arranged in sequence along the mud flow direction.
  • the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 can cooperate with each other to change the mud The flow area at the rotary valve; the primary rotary member 5 for driving the primary valve body 4 to rotate, the primary rotary member 5 is driven to rotate by mud; the secondary rotary member 8 for driving the secondary valve body 6 to rotate , The secondary rotating member 8 is driven to rotate by mud.
  • the rotation of the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8 is replaced by a traditional motor drive instead of a mud drive, thereby overcoming the problems caused by the downhole operating environment for the operation and control of the motor.
  • the kinetic energy of the mud is used to realize the motorless drive of the rotary valve, which not only greatly reduces the power consumption, improves the safety of downhole instruments, but also reduces the control difficulty.
  • mud enters the hollow cavity from the mud inlet 20, and flows through the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8, respectively, to drive the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 5
  • the rotating member 8 rotates, thereby driving the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 to rotate, and finally changes the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve.
  • different amplitudes will be generated. Pressure signal.
  • the adjustment of the mud signal frequency in this application is assisted by the following mud displacement adjustment unit.
  • the hollow cavity in the present application is also provided with a mud displacement adjustment unit, and the mud displacement adjustment unit includes an overflow channel 22 capable of distributing mud.
  • the mud displacement adjustment unit further includes an adjustment mechanism for adjusting the overflow flow of the overflow channel 22 so that the mud displacement flowing through the primary rotating member 5 is consistent with the flow through the secondary
  • the difference in the mud displacement of the rotating part 8 is an adjustable variable.
  • the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 can operate at an adjustable speed difference, so that an adjustable signal frequency can be obtained to adapt to drilling In the process, different well depth positions have different requirements for the amount of downhole data collection.
  • the present application does not specifically limit the location of the overflow channel 22.
  • the overflow channel 22 is provided in the primary valve body 4.
  • the overflow channel 22 is provided on the secondary valve body 6. Taking the overflow passage 22 opened in the secondary valve body 6 as an example, part of the mud is discharged into the overflow passage 22 during the drilling process, so that it flows through the primary rotating member 5 and flows through the secondary valve body 6 The mud displacement of the secondary rotating member 8 is different, so that the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 produce a difference in rotational speed.
  • the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8 are both turbines, as shown in FIG. 7, which gives a specific structural example of the turbine, but the present application
  • the structure of the turbine described herein is not limited to the structure shown in the figure, and other structure types may also be adopted.
  • this application provides a specific example in which the primary rotating part 5 and the secondary rotating part 8 adopt turbines with completely identical structural shapes.
  • the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8 may use turbines with different structural shapes to adjust the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 5 through the mud displacement adjustment unit.
  • the turbine structure of the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8 is further changed to change the displacement of the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8. Displacement-speed characteristics.
  • FIG. 5 and 6 a specific structural example of the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 is given.
  • the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 both have two flaps.
  • the structure of the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 in the present application is not limited to this, it can also use four flaps. The structure and so on.
  • the structure of the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 in this application can be completely different. As long as the mud flow area changes during the relative movement, a certain frequency of mud pressure waves can be generated. Signal.
  • the adjustment mechanism includes a flow restrictor 11 and a driving member 14 that drives the flow restrictor 11 to move.
  • the overflow channel 22 has an overflow inlet 19 and an overflow outlet 10.
  • the restrictor 11 has a restrictor that can open, close or partially block the overflow outlet 10.
  • the restrictor 11 in this embodiment does not only have two working states of opening or closing the overflow outlet 10, but also has a working state of partially shielding the overflow outlet 10, thereby increasing the variety of overflow adjustments. It lays the foundation for obtaining mud pressure wave signals of different frequencies.
  • the adjustment method of the overflow flow in this embodiment is convenient, fast, and easy to control.
  • This embodiment does not specifically limit the movement mode of the restrictor 11:
  • the flow limiting member 11 is driven by the driving member 14 to make a rotational movement to open, close or partially block the overflow outlet 10.
  • the current limiting member 11 is driven by the driving member 14 to move linearly.
  • the linear movement is more reliable.
  • the installation space occupied by the assembly and transmission of the various components is smaller, which helps to reduce the size of the signal generator.
  • the reduction in the size of the signal generator not only reduces the production cost of the entire signal generator, but also The reliability of the signal generator operation process is improved.
  • the small-sized signal generator contributes to the miniaturization of the entire drill collar, and the miniaturization of the drill collar helps improve its flexibility. In complex working conditions, it facilitates the turning and posture adjustment of the drill collar, thereby contributing to the reliability and stability of the entire operation process.
  • the direction of movement of the restrictor 11 is perpendicular to the axial direction of the overflow outlet 10
  • the other is that the direction of movement of the restrictor 11 is perpendicular to the direction of the overflow.
  • the axial direction of the outlet 10 is parallel.
  • the movement direction of the restrictor 11 is parallel to the axial direction of the overflow outlet 10, thereby helping to reduce the radial size of the signal generator. , Which is conducive to the miniaturization of the signal generator.
  • this embodiment does not limit the specific composition of the driving member 14: for example, in a specific example, the driving member 14 is a motor, and the motor passes through a linear transmission mechanism such as a ball screw pair. It is connected with the limiting member to drive the limiting member to move linearly; for another example, in another specific example, the driving member 14 is a hydraulic cylinder or air cylinder, and the hydraulic cylinder or the air cylinder drives the The limiting member performs linear motion; for another example, the driving member 14 is a solenoid valve driving component, and the limiting member is driven to perform linear motion through the solenoid valve driving component.
  • the driving member 14 in this embodiment is not limited to the above-mentioned examples, and other structural types can also be adopted.
  • An electronic warehouse 12 is provided in the hollow cavity, and the electronic warehouse 12 has a chamber for accommodating the driving member 14, and the chamber is isolated from mud. Therefore, even if the driving member 14 adopts a structure such as a motor, The driving member 14 will not be affected by the mud, so its working stability and control performance are not affected by the mud.
  • the overflow outlet 10 and the restrictor 11 may adopt any one of the following embodiments to adjust the overflow amount of the overflow outlet 10 through the cooperation of the two:
  • the overflow outlet 10 is a variable cross-section port.
  • the side where the mud enters the overflow outlet 10 is called the inlet side
  • the side where the mud flows out of the overflow outlet 10 is called the inlet side.
  • the cross-sectional area of the overflow outlet 10 gradually decreases from the inlet side to the outlet side, so that the overflow outlet 10 is a variable cross-section through port.
  • the restrictor is a surface with a fixed cross-sectional area, and the driving member 14 changes the flow rate at the overflow outlet 10 by controlling the amount of movement of the restrictor 1101.
  • the overflow area is used to change the overflow volume of the overflow channel 22.
  • the present embodiment uses the knot shown in FIG. 8 as an example to further describe this embodiment in detail.
  • the displacement difference of the secondary rotating member 8 is also smaller, and the rotational speed difference between the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 is smaller.
  • This embodiment can assist in the stepless adjustment of the speed difference between the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6, which not only expands the range of signal frequency adjustment, but also adjusts the matching signal frequency for different well depths to meet the needs of different well depths.
  • the requirements for the amount of data information, and the stepless adjustment method has little impact on the primary rotating part 5, the primary valve body 4, the secondary rotating part 8, and the secondary valve body 6, ensuring the reliability of the signal generator's working performance And stability, and help to extend the service life of the signal generator.
  • Embodiment 2 The overflow outlet 10 is a variable cross-section port, which is different from the above-mentioned embodiment 1.
  • the overflow outlet 102 extends from the inlet side toward the A plurality of protruding step portions are provided on the outlet side, and the inner diameter of each step portion is different, so that the overflow outlet 102 is a variable cross-section channel.
  • the restrictor is a surface with a fixed cross-sectional area, and the driving member 14 changes the overflow area at the overflow outlet 102 by controlling the movement of the restrictor 1101 to change the overflow channel 22 Of overflow.
  • Embodiment 3 As shown in FIG. 10 in this embodiment, the cross-sectional area of the overflow outlet 103 is uniform from the inlet side to the outlet side, and the flow restricting portion of the restrictor 1102 is of variable cross-section
  • the end of the current limiting member 1102 close to the driving member 14 is called the connecting end
  • the end of the current limiting member 1102 far away from the driving member 14 is called the free end
  • the cross-sectional area of the current limiting portion gradually increases from the free end to the connecting end.
  • this embodiment is not limited to this.
  • the cross-sectional area of the current limiting portion gradually decreases from the free end to the connecting end.
  • Embodiment 4 In this embodiment, as shown in FIG. 11, the cross-sectional area of the overflow outlet 103 is uniform from the inlet side to the outlet side, and the flow restricting portion of the restrictor 1103 has a variable cross-section
  • the difference between the structure of the above-mentioned embodiment 3 is that, as shown in FIG. 11, in this embodiment, the current limiting portion is provided with a plurality of stepped surfaces with different cross-sectional areas from the free end to the connecting end.
  • the relative position of the restrictor 1103 and the overflow outlet 103 is controlled to change the overflow amount of the overflow outlet 10 per unit time.
  • the overflow outlet 10 is a variable cross-section through port, and its specific structure can adopt any one of the above-mentioned Embodiment 1 and Embodiment 2, and the flow limiting portion is a variable cross-section
  • the specific structure can adopt any one of the above-mentioned Embodiment 3 and Embodiment 4.
  • the driving member 14 changes the overflow area at the overflow outlet 10 by controlling the movement amount of the flow restricting member 11, In order to change the overflow amount of the overflow channel 22.
  • the overflow outlet 10 When the restrictor 11 is in the position shown in FIG. 2, the overflow outlet 10 is fully opened, and the overflow channel 22 will leak a part of the displacement. At this time, the primary rotating member 5 and the The secondary rotating member 8 will generate a rotational speed difference, and the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 will generate a mud pressure wave with a frequency of f1;
  • the overflow outlet 10 When the restrictor 11 is in the position shown in FIG. 3, the overflow outlet 10 is partially blocked by the restrictor 11, and the overflow volume of the overflow outlet 10 per unit time will be reduced, compared with When the overflow outlet 10 is fully opened, the mud displacement flowing through the secondary rotating member 8 will increase, and the rotational speed difference between the primary rotating member 5 and the secondary rotating member 8 will decrease. The rotational speed difference between the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 is also correspondingly reduced. At this time, the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 will generate a mud pressure wave with a frequency of f 2 , f 2 ⁇ f 1 ;
  • the overflow port and the restrictor 11 adopt more variable cross-sectional structures than those shown in FIGS. 2 to 4, by controlling the displacement of the restrictor 11, more mud pressures of different frequencies can be obtained.
  • the wave signal can be used to obtain different signal capacity at different well depths, and finally data information of different capacity can be obtained according to different well depths. It can be realized without replacing the primary rotating part 5 and the secondary rotating part 8.
  • the adjustment of the pulse signal frequency realizes real-time online adjustment of downhole operations, which provides a guarantee for the smooth progress of drilling operations.
  • the secondary valve body 6 has a secondary matching part that cooperates with the primary valve body 4 to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve, and is fixedly connected to the secondary matching part and is connected to the secondary The secondary connecting part of the rotating member 8.
  • the overflow channel 22 is opened in the secondary connecting part, so that the mud displacement flowing through the secondary rotating member 8 is less than or equal to that of the mud flowing through the primary rotating member.
  • the mud displacement of 5, the whole mud flow process and the final confluence process are more smooth, and it facilitates the structural design of the signal generator, which helps to reduce the radial size and the axial size of the signal generator, Thus, the reliability of the working performance of the signal generator is improved.
  • the overflow channel 22 further includes an overflow inlet 19, which is arranged at the secondary connection part.
  • the number of the overflow inlet 19 is not specifically limited in this application.
  • the secondary connection part One overflow inlet 19 may be provided, or multiple overflow inlets 19 may be provided.
  • the secondary connecting portion is provided with a plurality of overflow inlets 19 at intervals along its circumferential direction.
  • the plurality of overflow inlets 19 are evenly distributed along the circumferential direction of the secondary connecting portion, thereby Facilitate the flow of mud, avoid the uniform pressure distribution of the mud in the secondary valve body 6, so that a part of the mud can smoothly pass through the overflow inlet 19 into the overflow channel 22, and the other part of the mud can smoothly flow to the secondary valve body 6.
  • the stage rotating member 8 flows and flows out through the mud outlet 21.
  • the angle between the axial direction of the overflow inlet 19 and the flow direction of the mud is an acute angle, so that the mud in the overflow part can follow the overall flow of the mud It flows into the overflow channel 22 in a direction and convenient way, which reduces the level of turbulence, reduces the chaotic oscillation of the mud, and reduces the interaction force between the mud layer and the mud layer, which not only facilitates the flow of mud, but also reduces the flow of mud.
  • the impact of the overflow inlet 19 on the secondary valve body 6 is abraded.
  • the primary valve body 4 has a primary mating part that cooperates with the secondary valve body 6 to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve, and is fixedly connected to the primary mating part and is connected to the primary rotating member 5
  • the primary connection part of the connection As a preferred embodiment of the present application, the primary rotating member 5 is sleeved on the outer side of the primary connecting portion; the secondary rotating member 8 is sleeved on the outer side of the secondary connecting portion.
  • this embodiment can greatly shorten the axial length of the pulse signal generator, increase its working reliability, and is especially convenient for its use in underground mines. Flexibility in turning.
  • the primary rotating member 5 and the primary valve body 4 are connected by a key 3
  • the secondary rotating member 8 and the secondary valve body 6 are connected by a key 7, which is
  • the connection realizes the assembly of the rotating part and the valve body, with good neutrality, not only easy to install, but also to improve assembly efficiency, but also convenient to disassemble. It can easily realize the replacement of the rotating part.
  • the initial and The displacement of the secondary rotating member 8 is adjusted, thereby expanding the application range of the signal generator.
  • the hollow cavity in the present application is also provided with a primary valve body support 2 and a secondary valve body support 9, and the primary valve body 4 is rotatably connected to the primary valve body support 2 ,
  • the secondary valve body 6 is rotatably connected with the secondary valve body support 9.
  • the overflow outlet 10 is provided at the end of the secondary valve body 6 (the end refers to the end of the secondary connecting part away from the secondary matching part).
  • the overflow outlet 10 is arranged at the end of the secondary valve body support 9 so as to shorten the movement stroke of the restrictor 11 and help the signal generator miniaturization.
  • the electronic warehouse 12 is provided with a drain hole 18 that can communicate with the overflow outlet 10, and the mud flowing out through the overflow outlet 10 flows into the electronic warehouse through the drain hole 18 12, and finally flow out through the mud outlet 21.
  • the included angle between the axial direction of the drain hole 18 and the mud flow direction outside the electronic warehouse 12 is an obtuse angle, so that the mud in the overflow part can conform to the overall flow direction of the mud.
  • the ground flows into the outside of the electronic warehouse 12, which reduces the level of turbulence, reduces the chaotic oscillation of the mud, reduces the interaction force between the mud layer and the mud layer, and facilitates the flow of the mud.
  • the electronic warehouse 12 is provided with a balancing plunger 13, through which the internal pressure of the electronic warehouse 12 can be balanced with the external pressure of the electronic warehouse 12, so as to prevent the electronic warehouse 12 from being balanced. Damage caused by imbalance of internal and external pressure.
  • the application also discloses a method for transmitting pressure pulses in a fluid.
  • the method includes: providing a pulse signal generator.
  • the pulse signal generator includes a housing 1 having a hollow cavity, and A mud inlet 20 and a mud outlet 21 communicating with the hollow cavity are provided with a rotary valve, and the rotary valve includes a primary valve body 4 and a secondary valve body 6 arranged in sequence along the mud flow direction,
  • the primary valve body 4 and the secondary valve body 6 can rotate at different speeds to change the flow area of the mud at the rotary valve;
  • the primary rotary member 5 for driving the rotation of the primary valve body 4, the primary The rotating member 5 is driven to rotate by mud;
  • the secondary rotating member 8 for driving the rotation of the secondary valve body 6 is driven to rotate by the mud;
  • the mud displacement adjusting unit the mud displacement adjusting unit It includes an overflow channel 22 capable of distributing mud, and the overflow channel 22 is arranged at the rotary valve, the primary rotary member 5 and/or the secondary
  • the method in this application uses the above-mentioned signal generator to obtain a frequency-adjustable mud pressure wave signal, and the beneficial effect of the signal generator in obtaining the pressure wave signal also extends to this method, which will not be repeated here.
  • the application also discloses a drill collar, which comprises a shell, and the above-mentioned downhole pulse signal generator is arranged in the shell.
  • the application also discloses a drilling equipment, including a drill string and a drill bit, the equipment further includes a drill collar for connecting the drill string and the drill bit, the drill collar being the above-mentioned drill collar;
  • the hollow cavity is also provided with a control unit and a data acquisition unit for transmitting downhole data to the control unit, and the data acquisition unit includes a measuring-while-drilling instrument and/or a logging-while-drilling instrument 17.
  • the measurement-while-drilling tool and/or the logging-while-drilling tool 17 includes, but is not limited to, a borehole attitude measurement unit, a resistivity module, a gamma module and other measurement-while-drilling modules.
  • the control unit includes a control module 16, a modulation module, and a ground demodulation module.
  • the control module 16 is used to control the adjustment mechanism, and the modulation module is used to encode and modulate the downhole data into a mud pressure wave. , And transmit data to the ground demodulation module through the pulse signal generator.
  • the electronic warehouse 12 is provided with a pressure-bearing sealed connector 15, and the driving member 14 establishes communication with the control module 16 through the pressure-bearing sealed connector 15 to realize the current limiting member. 11 control, so as to realize the adjustment of the overflow flow, and can obtain the adjustable signal frequency to meet the different needs of the downhole data information collection at different depth positions in the drilling process.

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Abstract

一种井下脉冲信号发生器、利用信号发生器在流体中传输压力脉冲的方法，以及具有信号发生器的钻铤及钻井设备，其中信号发生器包括外壳（1），所述外壳（1）具有：中空腔体，以及分别与中空腔体连通的泥浆入口（20）和泥浆出口（21），中空腔体内设置有：沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体（4）和次级阀体（6）；用于驱动初级阀体（4）旋转的初级转动件（5），用于驱动次级阀体（6）旋转的次级转动件（8），初级转动件（5）和次级转动件（8）均由泥浆驱动旋转；用于调整溢流通道（22）的溢流量的泥浆排量调节单元，以使流经初级转动件（5）的泥浆排量与流经次级转动件（8）的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，初级阀体（4）和次级阀体（6）能够以可调节的转速差运转。

Description

井下脉冲信号发生器、传输压力脉冲的方法、钻铤及钻井设备 技术领域
本申请属于石油井下仪器技术领域，尤其涉及一种井下脉冲信号发生器、传输压力脉冲的方法、钻铤及钻井设备。
背景技术
在石油钻井中，尤其是在钻大斜度井、水平井、多分支井等结构复杂需要特殊工艺井的过程中，需要操作人员实时掌握井下各种工艺参数，监测钻井轨迹，并对钻井参数及时调整优化，修正钻井轨迹，达到安全高效钻井的目的，因此随钻测量数据的实时传输的速率、准确性等成为钻井作业的重要影响因素。
随钻测量和随钻测井是指在钻井的过程中由钻头附近的测量仪器测得井下信息并传送到地面上来。借助随钻测量和随钻测井技术，可以测得地面上难以测得的信息，如井下钻头的转矩、扭矩、钻压、井斜角、方位角、工具面角、轴向拉力、三相加速度、地层岩石物理参数、反映地层特性的伽马射线、电阻率等。利用随钻测量和测井技术可以对信息进行实时获取，并通过随钻测量的地面软件系统对这些信息进行数据处理，以方便操作人员实时掌握钻头的工作状态，实现随钻底层的构造与模拟，完成地层评价，使钻头在油气层中高效的前进。
随着随钻测量和随钻测井技术的发展，方位侧向电阻率成像随钻测井仪、伽马成像随钻测井仪等多种随钻测井仪器相继投入应用，随钻测量和测井技术的准确性取决于获得井下信息的真实性和快速性，其关键技术是井下信息传输的载体、传输工具、传输速率及其在地面的信号接收、信号处理及解码等。井下信息传输分为有线传输和无线传输两种方式，目前无线传输因在井下作业过程中受限制较少而受到广泛应用。
现有的无线传输方式按照传输通道和传输介质的不同主要分为声波、电磁波、泥浆脉冲传输。其中，声波传输技术目前尚未解决噪音、衰减等问题，因而处于试验研究阶段；电磁波传输技术受井深和地质条件的影响较大，应用范围受到限制；泥浆脉冲传输技术借助泥浆脉冲发生器产生，目前商业应用作为广泛。
泥浆脉冲传输方式按照借助泥浆脉冲类型的不同分为负脉冲、正脉冲和连续波信号传输。其中，负脉冲信号发生器存在污染，信号速率低，能量损失大的缺陷；正脉冲泥浆信号发生器目前应用广泛，通常通过控制蘑菇头阻塞泥浆通道的原理实现泥浆脉冲信号上传，但其传输速率一般低于0.5-5bit/s，已经不能满足多组随钻测量参数和测井参数同时实时上传的要求；而且负脉冲传输和正脉冲属于基带传输，传输速率低，可靠性差，容易受干扰产生误码；连续波信号传输属于频带传输，相对负脉冲和正脉冲传输而言，连续波信号传输的传输速率要快的多，同时还具有可靠性高、抗干扰能力强的优点，因此连续波信号传输具有较好的应用前景。
连续波信号发生器通过电机控制转阀的转子以一定的规律运动以改变泥浆液的流通面积，不同的钻井液流通面积产生不同幅值的钻井液压力信号，利用钻井液压力信号实现井下数据的传输。具体而言，通过控制转子的运转方式，能够实现泥浆钻井液正弦压力波信号幅值、频率及相位的变化，从而实现随钻测量数据的调制，连续波信号发生器的数据传输速率要比泥浆负脉冲发生器和泥浆正脉冲发生器快得多，最高可达40bit/s。
按照转阀转子运动方式的不同可以分为摆动剪切阀式连续信号发生器和连续旋转阀式连续波信号发生器。不论是摆动剪切阀式连续信号发生器，还是 连续旋转阀式连续波信号发生器，都面临了一系列共性的难题。首先，是电机控制问题，电机作为转子的驱动源，其控制精度往往对信号的产生具有很大的影响，因此电机控制的精度要求非常高，井下工作环境较为恶劣，电机需具有耐高温、耐冲刷的特性，且实际作业过程中，电机会受到水力冲击的影响，负载是一个变化的不确定的量，采用什么样的控制方法能够提高电机的控制精度是一个难题，技术上不容易实现。尤其对于摆动剪切阀式连续信号发生器而言，需要控制电机连续正反转，对电机的要求高，在转子遇到较大阻力时，甚至会出现电机可能转不到设定的位置的情况。其次，是系统的功耗问题，电机驱动转子运动的过程中需要克服负载水力矩，同时要产生一个高频的振荡信号，系统的功耗很大，而且，水力转矩产生的未知扰动也会严重影响电机的运行性能。再者，井下的温度随着井深的增加而升高，而温度的变化势必会引起电机控制参数的变化。
专利US20180291733A1公开了一种在井下产生低频压力脉冲的装置，该装置包括壳体和设置在壳体内的转阀，所述转阀包括第一阀部和第二阀部，所述第一阀部由第一涡轮带动旋转，所述第二阀部由第二涡轮带动旋转，所述第一涡轮和所述第二涡轮具有相同的排量-旋转特性，也就是说所述第一涡轮和所述第二涡轮的排量-转速曲线的斜率相等，以使所述第一阀部和所述第二阀部虽然能够以不同的速率旋转，但能够获得稳定的固定值频率，以实现脉冲信号的稳定传输。然而，在钻井过程中随着井深的增加，钻井工况会变得越来越复杂，需要测量的井下数据也就越多，不仅需要测量井眼轨迹数据、地质数据，还需要测量井下振动、钻压、扭矩、井径扩大率、介电常数等数据，数据传输量的大小与信号频率紧密相关，上述专利所述压力脉冲装置产生的是固定值频率，无法满足不同井深处对于数据信息量的要求。
需要说明的是，上述内容属于发明人的技术认知范畴，并不必然构成现有技术。
发明内容
本申请提供了一种井下脉冲信号发生器、传输压力脉冲的方法、钻铤及钻井设备，以解决上述技术问题中的至少一个技术问题。
本申请所采用的技术方案为：
一种井下脉冲信号发生器，包括外壳，所述外壳具有：中空腔体，以及分别与所述中空腔体连通的泥浆入口和泥浆出口，所述中空腔体内设置有：转阀，所述转阀包括沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体和次级阀体，所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够以不同的速率旋转以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积；用于驱动初级阀体旋转的初级转动件，所述初级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；用于驱动次级阀体旋转的次级转动件，所述次级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；以及泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道，所述溢流通道设置于所述初级阀体或所述次级阀体；所述泥浆排量调节单元还包括调节机构，所述调节机构用于调整所述溢流通道的溢流量，以使流经所述初级转动件的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够以可调节的转速差运转。
本申请中的所述井下脉冲信号发生器还具有下述附加技术特征：
所述调节机构包括限流件以及驱动所述限流件移动的驱动件，所述溢流通道具有溢流出口，所述限流件具有能够打开、封闭或部分遮挡所述溢流出口的限流部；所述溢流出口为变截面通口，和/或所述限流部为具有变截面的结构， 所述驱动件通过控制所述限流件的移动量改变所述溢流出口处的溢流面积，以改变所述溢流通道的溢流量。
所述限流件在所述驱动件的驱动下作直线运动。
所述限流件的运动方向与所述溢流出口的轴线方向平行。
所述次级阀体具有与所述初级阀体配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积的次级配合部，以及与所述次级配合部固连且与所述次级转动件联接的次级连接部，所述溢流通道开设于所述次级连接部。
所述初级阀体具有与所述次级阀体配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积的初级配合部，以及与所述初级配合部固连且与所述初级转动件联接的初级连接部，所述初级转动件套置于所述初级连接部的外侧；所述次级转动件套置于所述次级连接部的外侧。
所述初级转动件与所述初级阀体键连接，所述次级转动件与所述次级阀体键连接。
本申请还公开了一种用于在流体中传输压力脉冲的方法，该方法包括：提供脉冲信号发生器，所述脉冲信号发生器包括外壳，所述外壳具有：中空腔体，以及分别与所述中空腔体连通的泥浆入口和泥浆出口，所述中空腔体内设置有：转阀，所述转阀包括沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体和次级阀体，所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够相互配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积；用于驱动初级阀体旋转的初级转动件，所述初级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；用于驱动次级阀体旋转的次级转动件，所述次级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；以及泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道，所述溢流通道设置于所述转阀、所述初级转动件和/或所述次级转动件；所述泥浆排量调节单元还包括调节机构，所述调节机构用于调整所述溢流通道的溢流量，以使流经所述初级转动件的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，所述初级阀和所述次级阀能够以可调节的转速差运转；
使泥浆流过所述脉冲信号发生器；
通过所述泥浆排量调节单元调节所述溢流通道的溢流量，以调节所述初级转动件和所述次级转动件的泥浆排量的差值；
产生具有可调频率的压力波信号。
本申请还公开了一种钻铤，包括壳体，所述壳体内设置有如上所述的井下脉冲信号发生器。
本申请还公开了一种钻井设备，包括钻柱和钻头，所述设备还包括用于连接所述钻柱和所述钻头的钻铤，所述钻铤为如上所述的钻铤；所述中空腔体内还设置有控制单元以及用于向所述控制单元传输井下数据的数据采集单元，所述数据采集单元包括随钻测量仪和/或随钻测井仪，所述控制单元包括控制模块、调制模块及地面解调模块，所述控制模块用于控制所述调节机构，所述调制模块用于将所述井下数据进行编码并调制到泥浆压力波中，并通过所述脉冲发生器将数据传输至所述地面解调模块。
由于采用了上述技术方案，本申请所取得有益效果为：
1.本申请中的所述初级转动件和所述次级转动件均由泥浆驱动旋转，从而带动所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体旋转，其充分利用了泥浆的动能，实现了转阀的无电机驱动，不仅大幅降低了功耗，提升了井下仪器的安全性，而且降低了控制难度。
此外，所述信号发生器还具有泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道以及用于调整所述溢流通道的溢流量的调节机构，以使流经所述初级转动件的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件的泥浆 排量的差值为可调节变量，从而所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够以可调节的转速差运转，进而可以获得大范围可调节的脉冲信号频率和信息传输速率，以在不同的井深位置处，获得不同的信号量载量，最终可根据不同的井深获得不同载量的数据信息，可以不必更换初级转动件和次级转动件，即可实现脉冲信号频率的调节，实现了井下作业的实时在线调节，为钻井作业的顺利进行提供了保障。
2.作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述调节机构包括限流件以及驱动所述限流件移动的驱动件，所述溢流通道具有溢流出口，所述溢流出口为变截面通口，和/或所述限流部为具有变截面的结构，所述驱动件通过控制所述限流件的移动量可以改变所述溢流出口处的溢流面积，以改变所述溢流通道的溢流量，从而可以调节流经所述初级转动件和所述次级转动件的泥浆排量，最终达到调节初级阀体和次级阀体转速差的目的。本申请中所述溢流量的调节方式方便、快捷，且容易控制，更进一步地，通过所述溢流出口和/或所述限流部的截面设计，可以辅助实现初级阀体和次级阀体转速差的无级调节，其不仅扩大了信号频率调节的范围，可以针对不同的井深调节相匹配的信号频率，满足了不同井深处对于数据信息量的要求，而且该无级调节的方式对于初级转动件、初级阀体、次级转动件、次级阀体的冲击小，保证了信号发生器工作性能的可靠性和稳定性，且有助于延长信号发生器的使用寿命。
3.作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述限流件在所述驱动件的驱动下作直线运动，所述限流件的运动方向与所述溢流出口的轴线方向平行，以通过所述限流件的运动改变所述溢流通道的溢流量，直线运动的方式可靠性更高，且各部件间的装配和传动所占用的安装空间更小，从而有助于减小所述信号发生器的尺寸，信号发生器尺寸的减小不仅降低了整个信号发生器的制作成本，而且提升了所述信号发生器作业过程的可靠性，具体而言，小体积的信号发生器有助于整个钻铤的小型化，钻铤的小型化有助于提升其灵活性，在井下作业的复杂工况中，方便了钻铤的转弯、姿态调整等，从而有助于整个作业过程的可靠性和稳定性。
4.作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述溢流通道开设于所述次级阀体的次级连接部，从而使得流经所述次级转动件的泥浆排量小于或者等于流经所述初级转动件的泥浆排量，整个泥浆的流动过程以及最终的汇流过程更加顺畅，且方便了所述信号发生器的结构设计，有助于所述信号发生器径向尺寸和轴向尺寸的减小，从而提升了所述信号发生器工作性能的可靠性。
5.作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述初级转动件套置于所述初级阀体的初级连接部的外侧，所述次级转动件套置于所述次级阀体的次级连接部的外侧，相较于通过联轴器、传动轴等机械传动部件实现阀体与转动件的连接的方式而言，本实施方式可以大幅缩短脉冲信号发生器的轴向长度，增加其工作的可靠性，尤其便于其在井下转弯处的灵活性。
更进一步地，所述初级转动件与所述初级阀体键连接，所述次级转动件与所述次级阀体键连接，通过键连接实现转动件与阀体的装配，对中性好，不仅安装方便，有助于提升装配效率，而且拆卸亦方便，可以方便地实现转动件的更换，通过更换转动件，也可以实现初、次级转动件的排量调节，从而扩大了所述信号发生器的适用范围。
附图说明
此处所说明的附图用来提供对本申请的进一步理解，构成本申请的一部分，本申请的示意性实施例及其说明用于解释本申请，并不构成对本申请的不当限定。在附图中：
图1为本申请中所述信号发生器一种实施方式下的剖视图，其中箭头方向示出了泥浆的流向。
图2为图1的A部放大图，其中箭头方向示出了泥浆的流向。
图3为本申请中一种实施方式下的所述调节机构的状态图，其中箭头方向示出了泥浆的流向。
图4为本申请中一种实施方式下的所述调节机构的另一状态图，其中箭头方向示出了泥浆的流向。
图5为本申请中一种实施方式下的所述初级阀体的正视图。
图6为图5的A-A向剖视图。
图7为本申请中一种实施方式下的所述初级转动件的立体图。
图8为本申请中实施例1所述的调节机构的状态示意图。
图9为本申请中实施例2所述的调节机构的状态示意图。
图10为本申请中实施例3所述的调节机构的状态示意图。
图11为本申请实施例4所述的调节机构的状态示意图。
其中，
1外壳；2初级阀体支撑件；3键；4初级阀体；5初级转动件；6次级阀体；7键；8次级转动件；9次级阀体支撑件；10、101、102、103溢流出口；11、1101、1102、1103限流件；12电子仓；13平衡柱塞；14驱动件；15承压密封连接器；16控制模块；17随钻测量仪和/或随钻测井仪；18泄流孔；19溢流入口；20泥浆入口；21泥浆出口；22溢流通道。
具体实施方式
为了更清楚的阐释本申请的整体构思，下面结合说明书附图以示例的方式进行详细说明。
在下面的描述中阐述了很多具体细节以便于充分理解本申请，但是，本申请还可以采用其他不同于在此描述的其他方式来实施，因此，本申请的保护范围并不受下面公开的具体实施例的限制。
另外，在本申请的描述中，需要理解的是，术语“顶”、“底”、“内”、“外”、“轴向”、“径向”、“周向”等指示的方位或位置关系为基于附图所示的方位或位置关系，仅是为了便于描述本申请和简化描述，而不是指示或暗示所指的装置或元件必须具有特定的方位、以特定的方位构造和操作，因此不能理解为对本发明的限制。
在本申请中，除非另有明确的规定和限定，术语“安装”、“相连”、“连接”、“固定”等术语应做广义理解，例如，可以是固定连接，也可以是可拆卸连接，或成一体；可以是机械连接，也可以是电连接，还可以是通信；可以是直接相连，也可以通过中间媒介间接相连，可以是两个元件内部的连通或两个元件的相互作用关系。对于本领域的普通技术人员而言，可以根据具体情况理解上述术语在本发明中的具体含义。
在本申请中，除非另有明确的规定和限定，第一特征在第二特征“上”或“下”可以是第一和第二特征直接接触，或第一和第二特征通过中间媒介间接接触。在本说明书的描述中，参考术语“一个实施例”、“一些实施例”、“示例”、“具体示例”、或“一些示例”等的描述意指结合该实施例或示例描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点包含于本申请的至少一个实施例或示例中。在本说明书中，对上述术语的示意性表述不必须针对的是相同的实施例或示例。而且，描述的具体特征、结构、材料或者特点可以在任一个或多个实施例或示例中以合适的方式结合。
如图1所示，一种井下脉冲信号发生器，包括外壳1，所述外壳1具有：中空腔体，以及分别与所述中空腔体连通的泥浆入口20和泥浆出口21，所述中空腔体内设置有：转阀，所述转阀包括沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体4和次级阀体6，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6能够相互配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积；用于驱动初级阀体4旋转的初级转动件5，所述初级转动件5由泥浆驱动旋转；用于驱动次级阀体6旋转的次级转动件8，所述次级转动件8由泥浆驱动旋转。本申请中所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的旋转由传统的电机驱动更换为泥浆驱动，从而克服了井下作业环境给电机的运行、控制等所带来的问题，其充分利用了泥浆的动能，实现了转阀的无电机驱动，不仅大幅降低了功耗，提升了井下仪器的安全性，而且降低了控制难度。
钻井过程中，泥浆自所述泥浆入口20进入所述中空腔体，并分别流经所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8，以带动所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8转动，从而带动所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6转动，最终改变所述泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积，根据不同的泥浆流通面积，会产生不同幅值的压力信号。
与传统的电机控制转阀连续周期性地运动以切割泥浆而产生泥浆信号不同，本申请中泥浆信号频率的调节通过下述泥浆排量调节单元辅助实现。
具体而言，如图1至图11所示，本申请中的所述中空腔体内还设置有泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道22，所述泥浆排量调节单元还包括调节机构，所述调节机构用于调整所述溢流通道22的溢流量，以使流经所述初级转动件5的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6能够以可调节的转速差运转，从而可以获得可调节的信号频率，以适应钻井过程中不同的井深位置处对于井下数据信息采集量大小不同的需求。
需要说明的是，本申请对于所述溢流通道22的设置位置不做具体限定。例如，在一个具体的实施例中，所述溢流通道22设置于所述初级阀体4。又如，在另一个具体的实施例中，所述溢流通道22设置于所述所述次级阀体6。以所述溢流通道22开设于所述次级阀体6为例，钻井过程中部分泥浆泄流进入所述溢流通道22，以使流经所述初级转动件5和流经所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量不同，从而使得所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6产生转速差，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6在旋转的过程中，所述转阀上的泥浆通道(由所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6配合产生)的流通面积会由于转速差的不同而发生变化，从而产生周期性特性的泥浆压力波信号，而转速差的大小决定了泥浆压力波信号的频率。
作为本申请的一个优选实施例，所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8均为涡轮，如图7所示，其给出了所述涡轮一种具体的结构示例，但本申请中所述涡轮的构造并不局限于图中所示的结构，其还可以采用其它的结构类型。而且本申请给出了所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8采用结构造型完全一致的涡轮的具体示例。但本申请并不局限于此，所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8可以采用结构形状不同的涡轮，以在通过所述泥浆排量调节单元调节所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的排量的基础上，进一步通过所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8涡轮结构的不同，改变所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的排量-转速特性。
如图5和图6所示，其给出了所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6一种具体的结构示例，从图中可以看出，该示例中，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6 均具有两瓣阀片，然而本申请中所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6的结构并不局限于此，其还可以采用四瓣阀片的结构等等。当然，本申请中所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6的结构可以完全不同，只要在相对运动的过程中能产生泥浆过流面积的变化，就能够产生一定频率的泥浆压力波信号。
作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述调节机构包括限流件11以及驱动所述限流件11移动的驱动件14，所述溢流通道22具有溢流入口19和溢流出口10，所述限流件11具有能够打开、封闭或部分遮挡所述溢流出口10的限流部。本实施方式中的所述限流件11并非只有打开或封闭所述溢流出口10两种工作状态，其还具有部分遮挡所述溢流出口10的工作状态，从而增加了溢流量调节的多样性，为获取不同频率的泥浆压力波信号奠定了基础。本实施方式中所述溢流量的调节方式方便、快捷，且容易控制。
本实施方式对于所述限流件11的运动方式不做具体限定：
在一个具体的示例中，所述限流件11在所述驱动件14的驱动下做旋转运动，以打开、封闭或部分遮挡所述溢流出口10。
而作为本实施方式下的一个优选实施例，所述限流件11在所述驱动件14的驱动下作直线运动，相较于上述旋转运动的方式而言，直线运动的方式可靠性更高，且各部件间的装配和传动所占用的安装空间更小，从而有助于减小所述信号发生器的尺寸，信号发生器尺寸的减小不仅降低了整个信号发生器的制作成本，而且提升了所述信号发生器作业过程的可靠性，具体而言，小体积的信号发生器有助于整个钻铤的小型化，钻铤的小型化有助于提升其灵活性，在井下作业的复杂工况中，方便了钻铤的转弯、姿态调整等，从而有助于整个作业过程的可靠性和稳定性。而直线运动的方式有两种，一种是所述限流件11的运动方向与所述溢流出口10的轴线方向垂直，另一种是所述限流件11的运动方向与所述溢流出口10的轴线方向平行，作为一个优选的示例，所述限流件11的运动方向与所述溢流出口10的轴线方向平行，从而有助于减小所述信号发生器的径向尺寸，有利于所述信号发生器的小型化。
需要说明的是，本实施例对于所述驱动件14的具体组成不做限定：例如，在一个具体的示例中，所述驱动件14为电机，所述电机通过滚珠丝杠副等直线传送机构与所述限位件相连，以驱动所述限位件做直线运动；又如，在另一个具体的示例中，所述驱动件14为液压缸或气缸，通过所述液压缸或气缸驱动所述限位件做直线运动；再如，所述驱动件14为电磁阀驱动组件，通过所述电磁阀驱动组件驱动所述限位件做直线运动。当然，本实施例中所述驱动件14并不局限于上述的举例，其还可以采用其它的结构类型。
所述中空腔体内设置有电子仓12，所述电子仓12具有用于容置所述驱动件14的腔室，所述腔室与泥浆隔绝，因此即便所述驱动件14采用电机等结构，所述驱动件14亦不会收到泥浆的影响，因此其工作的稳定性和控制性能等均不受泥浆的影响。
本实施方式中，所述溢流出口10和所述限流件11可以采用下述实施例中的任意一种，以通过两者的配合调整所述溢流出口10的溢流量：
实施例1：所述溢流出口10为变截面通口，为方便描述，将泥浆进入所述溢流出口10的一侧称为入口侧，将泥浆流出所述溢流出口10的一侧称为出口侧，如图8所示，其给出了所述溢流出口101的截面积自所述入口侧向所述出口侧逐渐增大的具体示例，但本实施例并不局限于此，在另一个具体的示例中，所述溢流出口10的截面积自所述入口侧向所述出口侧逐渐减小，以使所述溢流出口10为变截面通口。
而本实施例中，如图8所示，所述限流部为具有固定截面面积的面，所述驱动件14通过控制所述限流件1101的移动量改变所述溢流出口10处的溢流面积，以改变所述溢流通道22的溢流量。下面以本实施例采用如图8所示的结为例对本实施例作进一步的详细说明，所述限流件1101在所述驱动件14的驱动下进入所述溢流出口101的深度越大，或者说当限流件1101在所述驱动件14的驱动下越靠近所述入口侧，单位时间内所述溢流出口101的溢流量越小，单位时间内流经所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的排量差也就越小，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6的转速差越小。
本实施例可以辅助实现初级阀体4和次级阀体6转速差的无级调节，其不仅扩大了信号频率调节的范围，可以针对不同的井深调节相匹配的信号频率，满足了不同井深处对于数据信息量的要求，而且该无级调节的方式对于初级转动件5、初级阀体4、次级转动件8、次级阀体6的冲击小，保证了信号发生器工作性能的可靠性和稳定性，且有助于延长信号发生器的使用寿命。
实施例2：所述溢流出口10为变截面通口，与上述实施例1不同的是，本实施例中，如图9所示，所述溢流出口102自所述入口侧向所述出口侧设置有多个凸出台阶部，且各所述台阶部的内径尺寸不一，以使所述溢流出口102为变截面通道。所述限流部为具有固定截面面积的面，所述驱动件14通过控制所述限流件1101的移动量改变所述溢流出口102处的溢流面积，以改变所述溢流通道22的溢流量。
实施例3：本实施例中如图10所示，所述溢流出口103的截面积自所述入口侧向所述出口侧均一致，所述限流件1102的限流部为变截面的结构，为方便描述，将所述限流件1102靠近所述驱动件14的一端称为连接端，将所述限流件1102远离所述驱动件14的一端称为自由端，如图10所示，在本实施例下的一个具体示例中，所述限流部的截面积自所述自由端向所述连接端逐渐增大。但本实施例并不局限于此，在另一个具体的示例中，所述限流部的截面积自所述自由端向所述连接端逐渐减小。
当所述限流件1102在所述驱动件14的驱动下进入所述溢流出口103的深度不同时，单位时间内自所述溢流出口103流出的泥浆排量不同，从而改变了单位时间内流经所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量，进而实现了所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6的转速的调节。
实施例4：本实施例中，如图11所示，所述溢流出口103的截面积自所述入口侧向所述出口侧均一致，所述限流件1103的限流部为变截面的结构，与上述实施例3不同的是，如图11所示，本实施例中，所述限流部自所述自由端向所述连接端设置有多个截面积不同的台阶面，通过控制所述限流件1103与所述溢流出口103的相对位置，以改变单位时间内所述溢流出口10的溢流量。
实施例5：本实施例中，所述溢流出口10为变截面通口，其具体结构可以采用上述实施例1和实施例2中的任意一种，所述限流部为具有变截面的结构，其具体结构可以采用上述实施例3和实施例4中的任意一种，所述驱动件14通过控制所述限流件11的移动量改变所述溢流出口10处的溢流面积，以改变所述溢流通道22的溢流量。
如图2至图4所示，下面以所述溢流出口10为固定截面，所述限流件11的限流部为变截面为例对本申请作进一步的详细说明：
当所述限流件11处于如图2所示的位置时，所述溢流出口10完全打开，所述溢流通道22会泄流一部分排量，此时所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8会产生一个转速差，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6会产生频率为f1 的泥浆压力波；
当所述限流件11处于如图3所示的位置时，所述溢流出口10被所述限流件11部分遮挡，单位时间内所述溢流出口10的溢流量会减少，相较于溢流出口10完全打开的状态，流经所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量会增大，所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的转速差会减小，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6的转速差也相应减小，此时所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6会产生频率为f 2的泥浆压力波，f 2<f 1；
当所述限流件11处于如图4所示的位置时，所述溢流出口10被所述限流件11完全遮住，此时所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量相同，所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的转速相同，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6不再有转速差，此时泥浆压力波的频率为0。
当所述溢流口和所述限流件11采用比图2至图4中更多变的截面结构时，通过控制所述限流件11的位移量，可以得到更多不同频率的泥浆压力波信号，以在不同的井深位置处，获得不同的信号量载量，最终可根据不同的井深获得不同载量的数据信息，可以不必更换初级转动件5和次级转动件8，即可实现脉冲信号频率的调节，实现了井下作业的实时在线调节，为钻井作业的顺利进行提供了保障。
所述次级阀体6具有与所述初级阀体4配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积的次级配合部，以及与所述次级配合部固连且与所述次级转动件8联接的次级连接部。作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述溢流通道22开设于所述次级连接部，从而使得流经所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量小于或者等于流经所述初级转动件5的泥浆排量，整个泥浆的流动过程以及最终的汇流过程更加顺畅，且方便了所述信号发生器的结构设计，有助于所述信号发生器径向尺寸和轴向尺寸的减小，从而提升了所述信号发生器工作性能的可靠性。
所述溢流通道22还包括溢流入口19，所述溢流入口19设置于所述次级连接部，本申请对于所述溢流入口19的数量不做具体限定，所述次级连接部可以设置有一个所述溢流入口19，也可以设置有多个所述溢流入口19。而作为优选，所述次级连接部沿其周向间隔设置有多个所述溢流入口19，更进一步地，多个所述溢流入口19沿所述次级连接部的周向均布，从而便于泥浆的流动，避免了泥浆在所述次级阀体6的压力分布均匀，使一部分泥浆能够顺利通过所述溢流入口19进入所述溢流通道22，另一部分泥浆能够顺利向所述次级转动件8流动并经所述泥浆出口21流出。
作为本申请的一个优选实施例，如图1所示，所述溢流入口19的轴线方向与泥浆的流动方向之间的夹角为锐角，以使溢流部分的泥浆能够顺应泥浆的整体流动方向而方便地流入所述溢流通道22，降低了湍流水平，减小了泥浆的混沌振荡，减少了泥浆层与泥浆层之间的相互作用力，既便于泥浆的流动，又降低了泥浆在溢流入口19处对于次级阀体6的冲击磨损。
所述初级阀体4具有与所述次级阀体6配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积的初级配合部，以及与所述初级配合部固连且与所述初级转动件5联接的初级连接部。作为本申请的一种优选实施方式，所述初级转动件5套置于所述初级连接部的外侧；所述次级转动件8套置于所述次级连接部的外侧，相较于通过联轴器、传动轴等机械传动部件实现阀体与转动件的连接的方式而言，本实施方式可以大幅缩短脉冲信号发生器的轴向长度，增加其工作的可靠性，尤其便于其在井下转弯处的灵活性。
更进一步地，如图1所示，所述初级转动件5与所述初级阀体4通过键3连接，所述次级转动件8与所述次级阀体6通过键7连接，通过键连接实现转 动件与阀体的装配，对中性好，不仅安装方便，有助于提升装配效率，而且拆卸亦方便，可以方便地实现转动件的更换，通过更换转动件，也可以实现初、次级转动件8的排量调节，从而扩大了所述信号发生器的适用范围。
如图1所示，本申请中的所述中空腔体内还设置有初级阀体支撑件2和次级阀体支撑件9，所述初级阀体4与所述初级阀体支撑件2转动连接，所述次级阀体6与所述次级阀体支撑件9转动连接。在一个实施例中，所述溢流出口10设置于所述次级阀体6的末端(该末端指所述次级连接部远离所述次级配合部的一端)。在另一个实施例中，所述溢流出口10设置于所述次级阀体支撑件9的末端，从而可以缩短所述限流件11的运动行程，且有助于所述信号发生器的小型化。
如图1所示，所述电子仓12设置有能够与所述溢流出口10连通的泄流孔18，经所述溢流出口10流出的泥浆通过所述泄流孔18流入所述电子仓12的外侧，并最终通过所述泥浆出口21流出。作为本申请的一个优选实施例，所述泄流孔18的轴线方向与所述电子仓12外侧泥浆流动方向的夹角为钝角，以使溢流部分的泥浆能够顺应泥浆的整体流动方向而方便地流入所述电子仓12外侧，降低了湍流水平，减小了泥浆的混沌振荡，减少了泥浆层与泥浆层之间的相互作用力，方便了泥浆的流动。
如图1所示，所述电子仓12内设置有平衡柱塞13，通过所述平衡柱塞13可以完成所述电子仓12内部压力与电子仓12外部压力的平衡，避免所述电子仓12因内外压力失衡而导致受损。
本申请还公开了一种用于在流体中传输压力脉冲的方法，该方法包括：提供脉冲信号发生器，所述脉冲信号发生器包括外壳1，所述外壳1具有：中空腔体，以及分别与所述中空腔体连通的泥浆入口20和泥浆出口21，所述中空腔体内设置有：转阀，所述转阀包括沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体4和次级阀体6，所述初级阀体4和所述次级阀体6能够以不同的速率旋转以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积；用于驱动初级阀体4旋转的初级转动件5，所述初级转动件5由泥浆驱动旋转；用于驱动次级阀体6旋转的次级转动件8，所述次级转动件8由泥浆驱动旋转；以及泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道22，所述溢流通道22设置于所述转阀、所述初级转动件5和/或所述次级转动件8；所述泥浆排量调节单元还包括调节机构，所述调节机构用于调整所述溢流通道22的溢流量，以使流经所述初级转动件5的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，所述初级阀和所述次级阀能够以可调节的转速差运转；
使泥浆流过所述脉冲信号发生器；
通过所述泥浆排量调节单元调节所述溢流通道22的溢流量，以调节所述初级转动件5和所述次级转动件8的泥浆排量的差值；
产生具有可调频率的压力波信号。
本申请中的所述方法利用上述信号发生器获得频率可调的泥浆压力波信号，所述信号发生器在获得所述压力波信号上的有益效果同样延伸至该方法，在此不再赘述。
本申请还公开了一种钻铤，包括壳体，所述壳体内设置有如上所述的井下脉冲信号发生器。
本申请还公开了一种钻井设备，包括钻柱和钻头，所述设备还包括用于连接所述钻柱和所述钻头的钻铤，所述钻铤为如上所述的钻铤；所述中空腔体内还设置有控制单元以及用于向所述控制单元传输井下数据的数据采集单元，所述数据采集单元包括随钻测量仪和/或随钻测井仪17。需要说明的是，所述随 钻测量仪和/或随钻测井仪17包括但不限于井眼姿态测量单元、电阻率模块、伽马模块等随钻测量模块。
所述控制单元包括控制模块16、调制模块及地面解调模块，所述控制模块16用于控制所述调节机构，所述调制模块用于将所述井下数据进行编码并调制到泥浆压力波中，并通过所述脉冲信号发生器将数据传输至所述地面解调模块。
如图1所示，所述电子仓12内设置有承压密封连接器15，所述驱动件14通过所述承压密封连接器15与所述控制模块16建立通讯，实现所述限流件11的控制，从而实现溢流量的调节，而可以获得可调节的信号频率，以适应钻井过程中不同的井深位置处对于井下数据信息采集量大小不同的需求。
本申请中未述及的地方采用或借鉴已有技术即可实现。
本说明书中的各个实施例均采用递进的方式描述，各个实施例之间相同相似的部分互相参见即可，每个实施例重点说明的都是与其他实施例的不同之处。
以上所述仅为本申请的实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请。对于本领域技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原理之内所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的权利要求范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种井下脉冲信号发生器，包括外壳，所述外壳具有：中空腔体，以及分别与所述中空腔体连通的泥浆入口和泥浆出口，其特征在于，所述中空腔体内设置有：
    转阀，所述转阀包括沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体和次级阀体，所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够相互配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积；
    用于驱动初级阀体旋转的初级转动件，所述初级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；
    用于驱动次级阀体旋转的次级转动件，所述次级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；以及
    泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道，所述溢流通道设置于所述初级阀体或所述次级阀体；所述泥浆排量调节单元还包括调节机构，所述调节机构用于调整所述溢流通道的溢流量，以使流经所述初级转动件的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够以可调节的转速差运转。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种井下脉冲信号发生器，其特征在于，
    所述调节机构包括限流件以及驱动所述限流件移动的驱动件，所述溢流通道具有溢流出口，所述限流件具有能够打开、封闭或部分遮挡所述溢流出口的限流部；
    所述溢流出口为变截面通口，和/或所述限流部为具有变截面的结构，所述驱动件通过控制所述限流件的移动量改变所述溢流出口处的溢流面积，以改变所述溢流通道的溢流量。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的一种井下脉冲信号发生器，其特征在于，
    所述限流件在所述驱动件的驱动下作直线运动。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种井下脉冲信号发生器，其特征在于，
    所述限流件的运动方向与所述溢流出口的轴线方向平行。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的一种井下脉冲信号发生器，其特征在于，
    所述次级阀体具有与所述初级阀体配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积的次级配合部，以及与所述次级配合部固连且与所述次级转动件联接的次级连接部，所述溢流通道开设于所述次级连接部。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种井下脉冲信号发生器，其特征在于，
    所述初级阀体具有与所述次级阀体配合以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积的初级配合部，以及与所述初级配合部固连且与所述初级转动件联接的初级连接部，所述初级转动件套置于所述初级连接部的外侧；
    所述次级转动件套置于所述次级连接部的外侧。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种井下脉冲信号发生器，其特征在于，
    所述初级转动件与所述初级阀体键连接，所述次级转动件与所述次级阀体键连接。
  8. 一种用于在流体中传输压力脉冲的方法，其特征在于，包括：
    提供脉冲信号发生器，所述脉冲信号发生器包括外壳，所述外壳具有：中空腔体，以及分别与所述中空腔体连通的泥浆入口和泥浆出口，所述中空腔体内设置有：转阀，所述转阀包括沿泥浆流动方向依次设置的初级阀体和次级阀体，所述初级阀体和所述次级阀体能够以不同的速率旋转以改变泥浆在所述转阀处的流通面积；用于驱动初级阀体旋转的初级转动件，所述初级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；用于驱动次级阀体旋转的次级转动件，所述次级转动件由泥浆驱动旋转；以及泥浆排量调节单元，所述泥浆排量调节单元包括能够对泥浆进行分流的溢流通道，所述溢流通道设置于所述转阀、所述初级转动件和/或所述次 级转动件；所述泥浆排量调节单元还包括调节机构，所述调节机构用于调整所述溢流通道的溢流量，以使流经所述初级转动件的泥浆排量与流经所述次级转动件的泥浆排量的差值为可调节变量，所述初级阀和所述次级阀能够以可调节的转速差运转；
    使泥浆流过所述脉冲信号发生器；
    通过所述泥浆排量调节单元调节所述溢流通道的溢流量，以调节所述初级转动件和所述次级转动件的泥浆排量的差值；
    产生具有可调频率的压力波信号。
  9. 一种钻铤，包括壳体，其特征在于，
    所述壳体内设置有如权利要求1至7任一项权利要求所述的井下脉冲信号发生器。
  10. 一种钻井设备，包括钻柱和钻头，其特征在于，所述设备还包括用于连接所述钻柱和所述钻头的钻铤，所述钻铤为如权利要求9所述的钻铤；
    所述中空腔体内还设置有控制单元以及用于向所述控制单元传输井下数据的数据采集单元，所述数据采集单元包括随钻测量仪和/或随钻测井仪，所述控制单元包括控制模块、调制模块及地面解调模块，所述控制模块用于控制所述调节机构，所述调制模块用于将所述井下数据进行编码并调制到泥浆压力波中，并通过所述脉冲发生器将数据传输至所述地面解调模块。
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