WO2021226242A1 - Aliment aquacole pour améliorer la santé des poissons - Google Patents

Aliment aquacole pour améliorer la santé des poissons Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021226242A1
WO2021226242A1 PCT/US2021/030899 US2021030899W WO2021226242A1 WO 2021226242 A1 WO2021226242 A1 WO 2021226242A1 US 2021030899 W US2021030899 W US 2021030899W WO 2021226242 A1 WO2021226242 A1 WO 2021226242A1
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omega
fish
nutritional component
oil
plant
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PCT/US2021/030899
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English (en)
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Benita BOETTNER
Malcolm DEVINE
Sergio Silva
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Nuseed Pty Ltd
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Publication of WO2021226242A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021226242A1/fr

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10—Organic substances
    • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs

Definitions

  • the present embodiments relate to methods of aquaculture and aquafeed comprising plant-sourced Omega 3 fatty acids.
  • Fish, such as salmonids, fed this aquafeed exhibited better health and mortality, and produced superior fillets.
  • feeds manufactured for use in farmed fish such as salmonids
  • many inputs of marine origin are renewable resources, there are limits to the quantities of these products that the world's oceans can supply.
  • the growing demand for such inputs results in sustained price increases and stress on over-fished oceans.
  • the shortage of supply of marine raw materials is a problem for aquaculture.
  • fish farmed at industrial scale experience a variety of environmental stresses.
  • Adequate supply of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) is needed to maintain or improve the health of farm-raised fish, and LC PUFA are typically sourced by marine raw materials.
  • aquafeed that includes sustainable, e.g., land-based, materials that provides healthy fish and quality products.
  • the present embodiments provide methods of farming fish to improve the health of farm-raised fish by providing a plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component that provides Omega 3 LC PUFA in aquafeed.
  • the method improves the health, mortality, or yield of the farmed fish.
  • the farmed fish are salmonids.
  • At least one embodiment provides aquafeed with significant levels of ALA, DHA, and other LC PUFA, with a low ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acids obtained from canola oil.
  • the canola oil is Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil.
  • fish receiving the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil as a nutritional component in aquafeed in commercial scale sea water farming exhibited an increased survivability by an average of about 2% compared with control (fish oil) diets.
  • An aspect of the present embodiments provides a method for providing a farm- raised fish comprising providing said fish with aquafeed comprising a plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component, wherein at harvest said fish is healthier than a farm-raised fish that has not been provided the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component.
  • Another aspect provides a method for providing farm-raised fish comprising providing said fish with aquafeed comprising a plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component, wherein at harvest said fish have a lower mortality rate than farm-raised fish that have not been provided the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component.
  • the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component comprises about 8% to about 10% DHA, inclusive, and about 18% to about 22% ALA, inclusive (% total fatty acid content).
  • the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component comprises about 9.2% DHA and about 20.2% ALA (% total fatty acid content).
  • the plant-sourced Omega 3 oil nutritional component has a ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acids of about 0.15 to about 0.35, such as about 0.23.
  • the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component has the fatty acid profile as shown for the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil in Table 1.
  • the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component is Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil.
  • the methods provided herein improve FIFO and FDDR compared with fish farming using conventional aquafeed that lacks the Omega 3 nutritional component.
  • the farmed fish have improved color in fillets compared with a method that does not comprise inclusion of the Omega 3 nutritional component.
  • the Omega 3 nutritional component provides a lower fish mortality of about 1.5 to about 2% compared with a method that does not comprise inclusion of the Omega 3 nutritional component.
  • the healthier fish or lower fish mortality rate improves the economic feed conversion factor (FCRe).
  • providing aquafeed with the Omega 3 nutritional component provides the fish with higher resistance or more robust responses to environmental stresses compared with fish lacking the Omega 3 nutritional component.
  • an aquafeed comprising an Omega 3 nutritional component comprising the fatty acid profile as shown for the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil in Table 1.
  • the incorporation of the Omega 3 nutritional component is from about 3% to about 7%, inclusive, of total components in aquafeed.
  • the Omega 3 nutritional component replaces about 30% to about 60%, inclusive of fish oil included in typical aquafeed.
  • Another aspect of the present embodiments provides a fish fillet obtained from the farm-raised fish of provided an Omega 3 nutritional component as in any one of the preceding claims.
  • the fillet is a Norwegian quality cut having the fatty acid content as shown for Aquaterra in Table 3.
  • FIG. 1 is a bar graph showing the mortality rate (%) for each trial (control and experimental diet comprising a plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component (Aquaterra Omega 3 oil)), consolidated in the processing plant.
  • FIG. 2 presents a graphical representation of a cage-to-cage analysis of the evolution of the monthly and cumulative mortality rate (Trial 2).
  • Trial 2 A color version of this graphic and other figures is presented in Silva et al., Applied Research on the Use of Aquaterra®, a New Source of Omega-3 for Use in Salmon Feed - Successful results of industrial-scale trials (2020) available at the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil website (aquaterraomega3) and incorporated herein by reference.
  • FIG. 3 is a bar graph depicting the fatty acid content comparison of control and experimental diets according to saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acid categories.
  • Black saturated fatty acids
  • gray monosaturated fatty acids
  • light gray polyunsaturated fatty acids.
  • FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing the comparison of fatty acid content for fatty acids of interest, shown as g/lOOg in fillets (Norwegian quality cut) (NQC), between control and test diets in each trial.
  • NQC Newegian quality cut
  • FIG. 5 is a bar graph reflecting the comparison (g/lOOg NQC) according to fatty acid categories Omega 6 fatty acids (co6) and Omega 3 fatty acids (co3).
  • Light gray total Omega 6 fatty acids
  • dark gray total Omega 3 fatty acids.
  • FIG. 6 is a bar graph showing the ratio comparisons of Omega 6 fatty acids (co6) to Omega 3 fatty acids (co3) for all three trials described herein.
  • FIG. 7 is a bar graph showing EPA and DHA content comparisons as g/lOOg of fillets (NQC) of wild or farmed salmon. For each year or trial indicated, left bar: EPA; middle bar: DHA; right bar: EPA+DHA.
  • FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing the astaxanthin content in NQC in ppm.
  • left bar astaxanthin in control diets
  • right bar astaxanthin in diets including a plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component: Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil.
  • FIG. 9 is a bar graph reflecting the color expression in fillet, according to SalmofanTM scale. For each indicated scale value (y axis), top bar: Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil diet; bottom bar: control diet.
  • FIG. 11 is a bar graph of the sustainability index showing the comparison of indexes related to use of marine ingredients in feed using FIFO (BAP) and FFDRO (ASC) sustainability indicators.
  • DHA docosahexaenoic acid
  • EPA eicosapentaenoic acid
  • an Omega 3 nutritional component from a plant-sourced Omega 3 oil as a source of DHA and EPA, delivered from canola oil at fish oil equivalency (9%-l 1% DHA + EPA), as well as a source of alpha linolenic acid (ALA) important for achieving a desirable Omega 6/Omega 3 (co6/co3) ratio.
  • the oil with this fatty acid profile is Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil (commercially available from Nuseed, West Sacramento, California, U.S.A.).
  • a least one embodiment provides a method of feeding fish with an aquafeed comprising, as a component, Aquaterra® Omega-3 oil as a partial replacement for fish oil in aquaculture feed.
  • the present embodiments provide a method of commercial scale fish farming comprising providing as a component in aquafeed a plant-based source of Omega 3 fatty acids for a superior aquafeed that provides healthier commercial scale farmed fish (e.g., healthier salmonids), compared with traditional fish oil-based sources of Omega 3 fatty acids.
  • the plant- based source of the Omega 3 nutritional component also provides a superior fish product, such as fillets.
  • the farmed fish is a salmonid, such as Atlantic salmon ⁇ Salmo salar ) or Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss).
  • the present embodiments provide a method for farming fish at commercial scale comprising providing the fish with aquafeed comprising a plant-based Omega 3 (co3) nutritional component, wherein at harvest said fish is healthier (e.g., lower mortality) than farm-raised fish that have not been provided the plant-based co3 nutritional component.
  • the co3 nutritional component is an oil that may comprise about 8% to about 10% DHA, inclusive, such as about 9.2% DHA, and about 19% to about 22% ALA, inclusive, such as about 20% ALA (% total fatty acid content of oil), and a ratio of co6/co3fatty acids of about 0.15 to about 3.5, inclusive, such as about 0.2.
  • at least one embodiment provides an aquafeed comprising a canola oil having the fatty acid profile shown in Table 1 or similar to that profile.
  • the co3 nutritional component is Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil.
  • the plant-based source of Omega 3 fatty acids is Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil or an oil with the fatty acid content (e.g., high DHA, high ALA, low co6/co3 ratio) as described herein.
  • the plant-sourced Omega 3 fatty acid is obtained from seed of transgenic Brassica, such as Brassica napus event NS-B50027-4 or progeny thereof.
  • the fatty acid content of the plant-sourced Omega 3 nutritional component is an oil comprising at least 8.0% DHA, such as about 8.10% to about 10% DHA, inclusive, or more DHA, as wt.% of the total fatty acids of the oil; at least 18% ALA, about 18.1% to about 22% ALA inclusive, or more ALA, as wt.% of the total fatty acids of the oil; at least 10% LC-PUFA, about 10.25% LC-PUFA to about 12% LC PUFA, inclusive, or more LC PUFA, as the sum of EPA, DP A, and DHA, as wt.% of the total fatty acids of the oil; and an co6/co3 ratio of about 0.15 to about 0.3.
  • the fatty acid content of the oil of the Omega 3 nutritional component comprises about 4% palmitic acid (C16:0n-7); about 2% stearic acid (Cl 8:0); about 38% to about 46% oleic acid (C18:ln-9c); about 7% to about 8% linoleic acid (C18:2n-6c); about 2% stearidonic acid (SDA) (C18:4n-3); about 0.4% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (C20:5n-3); and about 0.8% to about 0.9% docosapentaenoic acid (DP A) (C22:5n-3) as wt.% of the total fatty acids of the oil. See U.S. Patent No. 10,570,405.
  • DHA has a positive influence on fluidity and permeability of cells membrane. Stillwell & Wassail, Docosahexaenoic acid: Membrane properties of a unique fatty acid, 126(1) Chemistry & Physics of Lipids 1-27 (2003). DHA is a predominant fatty acid in the central nervous system and retina and plays an essential role in brain development. Singh, Essential fatty acids, DHA human brain, 72(3) Indian J. Pediatrics 239-42 (2005).
  • EPA acts as a precursor to eicosanoids that include prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
  • Eicosanoids are also formed from arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6). Long chain Omega-3 fatty acids are crucial for the synthesis of eicosanoids which play an essential role in vascular physiology. Punia et al., Omega 3-metabolism, absorption, bioavailability and health benefits-A review, 10 PharmaNutrition 100162 (2019).
  • composition of dietary fatty acids can affect many aspects of fish growth, development and health. According to Roberts (FISH PATHOLOGY, 4th Ed, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, 2012), nutritionally compromised diets often increase a species’ susceptibility to infectious diseases. In this regard, there is now growing concern about the effect that low availability of Omega 3 fatty acids, currently sourced from marine sources (e.g., fish meal and fish oil), could have on the ability of fish to address disease or environmental challenges.
  • marine sources e.g., fish meal and fish oil
  • Omega 3 oil contains significant levels of DHA and other LC PUFA.
  • the oil also contains higher levels of alpha linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) and has a much lower Omega 6 to Omega 3 (co6/co3) ratio in comparison with conventional canola oil (see Table 1).
  • the unique combination of high DHA, high ALA, and low co6/co3 ratio are attributes of the Omega 3 nutritional component provided herein and embodied in Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil. Indeed, this unique profile distinguishes Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil from other plant- based sources of oil, such as Camelina, flax, or other transgenic Brassica oils. Accordingly, at least one embodiment provides a component for aquafeed consisting of an oil having a fatty acid content as described in Table 1 as for Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil.
  • At least one embodiment provides a component for aquafeed comprising an Omega 3 nutritional component as an oil with a ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acid of about 0.15 to about 0.35, such as about 0.23; or about 18% to about 22% ALA, such as about 20% ALA, and about 8% to about 10% DHA, such as about 9% DHA.
  • an Omega 3 nutritional component as an oil with a ratio of Omega 6 to Omega 3 fatty acid of about 0.15 to about 0.35, such as about 0.23; or about 18% to about 22% ALA, such as about 20% ALA, and about 8% to about 10% DHA, such as about 9% DHA.
  • the present embodiments are supported by aquafeed trials that brought together Nuseed’ s expertise, feed producers, fish producers, processing plants, analytical laboratories (from Chile and the United States), technical departments of the participating companies and scientific advisors.
  • the trials involved five companies among Chilean salmon and feed producers, with a total population of 2,650,000 salmon in trials spread over three fish farms, two in the region 10 and one in the region 11.
  • the embodiments described herein are the first Chilean aquaculture industry experiments using plant oil with high DHA Omega 3 content for use under large-scale field production conditions. This trial also included processing plant quality reports for production batches from the experimental ocean cages.
  • Trial 1 consisted of sixteen ocean cages with approximately 40,000 fish in each cage, with an initial fish weight of approximately 1.6 kg.
  • Trial 2 included twenty-four ocean cages with about 45,000 fish in each cage and an initial weight of approximately 1.2 kg.
  • Trial 3 included eighteen ocean cages with approximately 50,000 fish and an initial weight of approximately 150 g.
  • composition of fatty acids, astaxanthin content, and color expression were evaluated on the Norwegian quality cut (NQC) of the fish at harvest by SGS Chile Ltda. and Tracelab, both accredited and experts in their respective fields. Analysis of the fatty acid profile (via gas chromatography) and lipid content (via Soxhlet extractor) were performed by SGS Chile, while the portion of the counterpart side was used by Tracelab for analysis of astaxanthin content (via HPLC) and color expression (SalmoFanTM color reference guide; DSM Nutritional Products).
  • Trial 1 measurements were made at the beginning and at time of harvest, while in Trials 2 and 3 initial, intermediate, and harvest sampling was carried out, generating a large amount of data on fatty acid deposition and lipid compositions. In this disclosure, final sampling results are presented for all three trials.
  • Trial 2 a sensory panel, composed of eight people selected and trained according to strict criteria established in ISO 8586 (“Sensory analysis - General guidelines for the selection, training and monitoring of selected assessors and expert sensory assessors), carried out an organoleptic evaluation in Dictuc’s aroma and flavor centre (Santiago, Chile). This trial also included processing plant quality reports associated with production batches from the experimental cages.
  • FIFO ratio Fish in to Fish out ratio
  • BAP Best Aquaculture Practices Certification Standard
  • FFDRo Forage Fish Dependency Ratio for Oil
  • Trial 2 included data on several environmental stresses, including low oxygen concentration, an amebiasis outbreak and SRS (salmon rickettsial septicaemia), resulting in a high mortality situation. Mortality increased with both diets, but was lower in the case of the fish on the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil diet (FIG. 1). To establish whether this result was attributable to a single cage, mortality in each individual cage was examined (FIG. 2). It is clear from these data that the fish in ocean cages in which aquafeed comprised Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil had higher resistance to environmental stresses, expressed as lower mortality.
  • the present embodiments provide a method of farming fish wherein inclusion of the Omega 3 nutritional component in aquafeed provides fish a higher resistance or more robust response to environmental stresses. The increased survivability of fish fed the Omega 3 nutritional component further evidences the improved health of these fish.
  • composition of lipid and fatty acids of content (ALA, EPA, DHA and oleic acid), and the proportion of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the NQC of harvested fish were determined for each trial.
  • the data, shown in Table 3, are expressed as g/100 g of NQC.
  • the sum of EPA+DHA and ratios of interest, such as the proportion of co3 and co6 fatty acids, are included in Table 3.
  • FIG. 3 shows the proportion of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in the fish at harvest in the three trials.
  • the only statistically significant difference in the total lipid content was in Trial 1, in which the PUFA content was higher in of the case of the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil.
  • At least one embodiment described herein provides a finished product of suitable quality.
  • yield in the processing plant in Trial 2, it was possible to track fish to the processing plant to evaluate performance in head-on eviscerated product and Trim D fillet.
  • the processing plant had access to the performance sampling data that is usually developed as a control method, isolating the fish corresponding to diet-fed cages (control and Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil).
  • trim D fillet yield expressed in percentage terms, the median was 60.7% in both dietary treatments.
  • Trial 3 was considered to be the only one that included the entire cycle from sea entry to fillet production. Rather than show an average value for color (the usual practice in the industry), a frequency chart including the frequencies of the color readings on the loin and NQC was used. As shown in FIG. 9, the color results were satisfactory in both diets, although with more readings in categories 25 and 26 in fish fed the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil diet.
  • organoleptic analysis there was no difference in the organoleptic aroma, taste, and texture analysis of samples of raw salmon between those fed the Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil diet and the control diet. This is evident in the almost perfect overlap of the radial graph for fish fed the two diets (FIG. 10).
  • Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil has been is an excellent Omega 3-rich oil and a safe and effective partial replacement of fish oil that contributes to the sustainable development of the industry and satisfies the nutritional requirements of commercially raised fish such as salmon.
  • Aquaterra® Omega 3 oil, or an oil with a similar Omega 3 profile e.g., high DHA, high ALA, low co6/co3 ratio

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Abstract

Selon les modes de réalisation, la présente invention concerne un procédé d'amélioration de l'aquaculture (c.-à-d., l'élevage de poissons tels que des salmonidés) par introduction d'un composant nutritionnel oméga 3 à base de plante dans un aliment aquacole. La survie des poissons nourris avec le composant nutritionnel oméga 3 décrit dans la présente invention est améliorée, la mortalité des poissons étant moindre d'environ 2 %, par comparaison avec un aliment aquacole à base d'huile de poisson classique. L'introduction de ce composant dans un aliment aquacole assure un FCRe favorable par comparaison avec des régimes classiques, tout en assurant la croissance des poissons et la prise alimentaire. Ce composant nutritionnel oméga 3 à base de plante caractérisé, par ex., par un DHA élevé, un ALA élevé et un faible rapport d'acide gras oméga 6/oméga 3, contribue à une nette amélioration de FIFO et de FFDRo, ce qui permet de réduire la dépendance envers des ingrédients marins et de réaliser des objectifs de développement durable de l'industrie. Le procédé contribue également à une augmentation importante du taux total d'acides gras oméga-3 et assure un rapport ω-6/ω-3 plus favorable dans les filets de poisson lors de la pêche.
PCT/US2021/030899 2020-05-05 2021-05-05 Aliment aquacole pour améliorer la santé des poissons WO2021226242A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

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US8816111B2 (en) 2012-06-15 2014-08-26 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Lipid comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids
WO2017210426A1 (fr) * 2016-06-01 2017-12-07 Cargill, Incorporated Aliment pour poisson préparé à partir de plantes oléagineuses produisant des acides gras oméga-3
US10563218B2 (en) 2016-06-16 2020-02-18 Nuseed Pty Ltd Inbred transgenic canola line NS-B50027-4 and seeds thereof
US10570405B2 (en) 2016-06-16 2020-02-25 Nuseed Pty Ltd. Elite event canola NS-B50027-4

Patent Citations (4)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8816111B2 (en) 2012-06-15 2014-08-26 Commonwealth Scientific And Industrial Research Organisation Lipid comprising polyunsaturated fatty acids
WO2017210426A1 (fr) * 2016-06-01 2017-12-07 Cargill, Incorporated Aliment pour poisson préparé à partir de plantes oléagineuses produisant des acides gras oméga-3
US10563218B2 (en) 2016-06-16 2020-02-18 Nuseed Pty Ltd Inbred transgenic canola line NS-B50027-4 and seeds thereof
US10570405B2 (en) 2016-06-16 2020-02-25 Nuseed Pty Ltd. Elite event canola NS-B50027-4

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