WO2021219765A1 - Matériau cristal liquide polymérisable et film cristal liquide polymérisé - Google Patents

Matériau cristal liquide polymérisable et film cristal liquide polymérisé Download PDF

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WO2021219765A1
WO2021219765A1 PCT/EP2021/061211 EP2021061211W WO2021219765A1 WO 2021219765 A1 WO2021219765 A1 WO 2021219765A1 EP 2021061211 W EP2021061211 W EP 2021061211W WO 2021219765 A1 WO2021219765 A1 WO 2021219765A1
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groups
polymerizable
independently
atoms
group
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PCT/EP2021/061211
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English (en)
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Jung-Min Lee
Hoo-Yong LEE
Hyun-Jin Yoon
Heui-Seok Jin
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Merck Patent Gmbh
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Publication of WO2021219765A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021219765A1/fr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K2019/0444—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group
    • C09K2019/0448—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit characterized by a linking chain between rings or ring systems, a bridging chain between extensive mesogenic moieties or an end chain group the end chain group being a polymerizable end group, e.g. -Sp-P or acrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
    • C09K19/08—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings
    • C09K19/30—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic rings, e.g. cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3001—Cyclohexane rings
    • C09K19/3066—Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers
    • C09K19/3068—Cyclohexane rings in which the rings are linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms, e.g. esters or ethers chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups
    • C09K2019/3077—Cy-Cy-COO-Ph

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a polymerizable LC material comprising one or more di- or multireactive mesogenic compounds and one or more compounds of formula I, wherein the individual radicals have one of the meaning as given in the claims. Furthermore, the present invention relates also to a method for its preparation, a polymer film with improved thermal and UV stability obtainable from a corresponding polymerizable LC material, to a method of preparation of such polymer film, and to the use of such polymer film and said polymerizable LC material in optical, electro-optical, decorative or security devices.
  • Polymerizable liquid crystal materials are known in prior art for the preparation of anisotropic polymer films with uniform orientation. These films are usually prepared by coating a thin layer of a polymerizable liquid crystal mixture onto a substrate, aligning the mixture into uniform orientation and polymerizing the mixture.
  • the orientation of the film can be planar, i.e. where the liquid crystal molecules are oriented substantially parallel to the layer, homeotropic (rectangular or perpendicular to the layer) or tilted.
  • Such optical films are described, for example, in EP 0940707 B1, EP 0 888565 B1 and GB 2329393 B1.
  • Polymerizable liquid crystal (LC) materials while stable at room temperature, can degrade when subjected to increased temperatures. For example, when heated for a period of time the optical properties such as dispersion or retardance decreases and as such, the performance of the optical film degrades over time. This can be attributed, in particular, to a low degree of polymerization and a corresponding high content of residual free radicals in the polymer, polymer shrinkage, and/or thermo-oxidative degradation. Thermo-oxidative degradation is the breakdown of a polymer network catalysed by oxidation at high temperatures.
  • antioxidant additives can be used to reduce the thermo-oxidative degradation of polymers when subjected to increased temperatures. This is especially important when optical films are utilized for an in-cell application due to the high temperatures. In particular, the optical film has to endure when annealing the polyimide layer in the LC cell.
  • the documents WO 2009/86911 A1 and JP 5354238 B1 describe polymerizable liquid crystal (LC) materials comprising the commercially available antioxidant lrganox®1076.
  • such polymerizable LC materials should preferably be applicable for the preparation of different, uniform aligned polymer networks, such as polymer films, and should, preferably at the same time, - show a favourable adhesion to a substrate,
  • the uniform aligned polymer films should be produced by compatible, commonly known methods for the mass production.
  • the inventors of the present invention have found that one or more, preferably all of the above requirements aims can be achieved, preferably at the same time, by using a polymerizable LC material according to claim 1 .
  • the present invention relates to a polymerizable LC material comprising one or more di- or multireactive mesogenic compounds and one or more compounds of the formula I, preferably in a concentration in the range from 1 ppm to 2500 ppm, preferably to 2000 ppm, preferably to 71500 ppm, particularly preferably to 1000 ppm, preferably in the range from 1 ppm to 500 ppm, particularly preferably in the range from 1 ppm to 250 ppm, in which
  • R 11 preferably denotes FI or alkyl, particularly preferably alkyl, especially preferably n-alkyl and very particularly preferably n-butyl,
  • R 12 preferably denotes FI, unbranched alkyl or branched alkyl, particularly preferably FI or unbranched alkyl,
  • X 11 denotes C
  • Y 11 to Y 14 each, independently of one another, denote methyl or ethyl, particularly preferably all denote either methyl or ethyl and very particularly preferably methyl,
  • Z 11 preferably denotes -O-
  • Z 13 preferably denotes a single bond
  • n * p denotes an integer from 3 to 10, preferably to 8
  • P denotes 1 or 2
  • o denotes (3-p)
  • n denotes 3, 4, 5, 6 or 8, particularly preferably 4, 6 or 8, very particularly preferably 4 or 6, and m denotes (10-n)
  • the invention also relates to a corresponding method of production for the polymerizable LC material comprising at least the step of mixing one or more di- or multireactive mesogenic compounds and one or more compounds of formula I.
  • the invention further relates to a polymer network or polymer film obtainable, preferably obtained, from the polymerizable LC material, as described above and below and to a method of production of a polymer film, as described above and below.
  • the invention further relates to a method of increasing the UV stability of a polymer film, obtainable, preferably obtained, from a polymerizable LC material as described above and below, by adding a compound of formula I to the polymerizable LC material before polymerization.
  • the invention further relates to the use of a polymer film or polymerizable LC material, as described above and below, in optical, electrooptical, information storage, decorative and security applications, like liquid crystal displays, projection systems, polarisers, compensators, alignment layers, circular polarisers, colour filters, decorative images, liquid crystal pigments, reflective films with spatially varying reflection colours, multicolour images, non-forgeable documents like identity or credit cards or banknotes.
  • a polymer film or polymerizable LC material as described above and below, in optical, electrooptical, information storage, decorative and security applications, like liquid crystal displays, projection systems, polarisers, compensators, alignment layers, circular polarisers, colour filters, decorative images, liquid crystal pigments, reflective films with spatially varying reflection colours, multicolour images, non-forgeable documents like identity or credit cards or banknotes.
  • the invention further relates to a optical component or device, polariser, patterned retarder, compensator, alignment layer, circular polariser, colour filter, decorative image, liquid crystal lens, liquid crystal pigment, reflective film with spatially varying reflection colours, multicolour image for decorative or information storage, comprising one or more polymer network or polymer film or polymerizable LC material, as described above and below
  • the invention further relates to a liquid crystal display comprising one or more polymer films or polymerizable LC materials or an optical component, as described above and below.
  • the invention further relates to authentification, verification or security marking, coloured or multicolour image for security use, non-forgeable object or document of value like an identity or credit card or a banknote, comprising a polymer network or polymer film or polymerizable LC material or a optical component as described above and below.
  • polymer will be understood to mean a molecule that encompasses a backbone of one or more distinct types of repeating units (the smallest constitutional unit of the molecule) and is inclusive of the commonly known terms “oligomer”, “copolymer”, “homopolymer” and the like. Further, it will be understood that the term polymer is inclusive of, in addition to the polymer itself, residues from initiators, catalysts, and other elements attendant to the synthesis of such a polymer, where such residues are understood as not being covalently incorporated thereto.
  • (meth)acrylic polymer includes a polymer obtained from acrylic monomers, a polymer obtainable from methacrylic monomers, and a corresponding co-polymer obtainable from mixtures of such monomers.
  • polymerization means the chemical process to form a polymer by bonding together multiple polymerizable groups or polymer precursors (polymerizable compounds) containing such polymerizable groups.
  • film and “layer” include rigid or flexible, self-supporting or freestanding films with mechanical stability, as well as coatings or layers on a supporting substrate or between two substrates.
  • liquid crystal or “LC” relates to materials having liquid- crystalline mesophases in some temperature ranges (thermotropic LCs) or in some concentration ranges in solutions (lyotropic LCs). They obligatorily contain mesogenic compounds.
  • meogenic compound and “liquid crystal compound” mean a compound comprising one or more calamitic (rod- or board/lath-shaped) or discotic (disk-shaped) mesogenic groups.
  • meogenic group means a group with the ability to induce liquid-crystalline phase (or mesophase) behaviour. The compounds comprising mesogenic groups do not necessarily have to exhibit a liquid-crystalline mesophase themselves.
  • liquid-crystalline mesophases only in mixtures with other compounds, or when the mesogenic compounds or materials, or the mixtures thereof, are polymerized.
  • a calamitic mesogenic group is usually comprising a mesogenic core consisting of one or more aromatic or non-aromatic cyclic groups connected to each other directly or via linkage groups, optionally comprising terminal groups attached to the ends of the mesogenic core, and optionally comprising one or more lateral groups attached to the long side of the mesogenic core, wherein these terminal and lateral groups are usually selected e.g. from carbyl or hydrocarbyl groups, polar groups like halogen, nitro, hydroxy, etc., or polymerizable groups.
  • reactive mesogen means a polymerizable mesogenic or liquid crystal compound, preferably a monomeric compound. These compounds can be used as pure compounds or as mixtures of reactive mesogens with other compounds functioning as photoinitiators, inhibitors, surfactants, stabilizers, chain transfer agents, non-polymerizable compounds, etc.
  • Polymerizable compounds with one polymerizable group are also referred to as “monoreactive” compounds, compounds with two polymerizable groups as “direactive” compounds, and compounds with more than two polymerizable groups as “multireactive” compounds.
  • Compounds without a polymerizable group are also referred to as “non-reactive or non- polymerizable “compounds.
  • non-mesogenic compound or material means a compound or material that does not contain a mesogenic group as defined above.
  • Visible light is electromagnetic radiation that has wavelength in a range from about 400 nm to about 740 nm.
  • Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in a range from about 200 nm to about 450 nm.
  • the radiant exposure or radiation dose (H e ), is as the irradiance or radiation power (E e ) per time (t):
  • H e E e ⁇ t. All temperatures, such as, for example, the melting point T(C,N) or T(C,S), the transition from the smectic (S) to the nematic (N) phase T(S,N) and the clearing point T(N,I) of the liquid crystals, are quoted in degrees Celsius.
  • the term “clearing point” means the temperature at which the transition between the mesophase with the highest temperature range and the isotropic phase occurs.
  • the term "director” is known in prior art and means the preferred orientation direction of the long molecular axes (in case of calamitic compounds) or short molecular axes (in case of discotic compounds) of the liquid-crystalline or RM molecules. In case of uniaxial ordering of such anisotropic molecules, the director is the axis of anisotropy.
  • alignment or “orientation” relates to alignment (orientational ordering) of anisotropic units of material such as small molecules or fragments of big molecules in a common direction named “alignment direction”.
  • alignment direction In an aligned layer of liquid-crystalline or RM material the liquid- crystalline director coincides with the alignment direction so that the alignment direction corresponds to the direction of the anisotropy axis of the material.
  • uniform orientation or “uniform alignment” of an liquid- crystalline or RM material, for example in a layer of the material, mean that the long molecular axes (in case of calamitic compounds) or the short molecular axes (in case of discotic compounds) of the liquid-crystalline or RM molecules are oriented substantially in the same direction. In other words, the lines of liquid-crystalline director are parallel.
  • homeotropic structure or “homeotropic orientation” refers to a film wherein the optical axis is substantially perpendicular to the film plane.
  • planar structure or “planar orientation” refers to a film wherein the optical axis is substantially parallel to the film plane.
  • negative (optical) dispersion” refers to a birefringent or liquid crystalline material or layer that displays reverse birefringence dispersion where the magnitude of the birefringence (Dh) increases with increasing wavelength ( ⁇ ). I.e.
  • positive (optical) dispersion” means a material or layer having
  • a material or layer with negative or reverse dispersion has R (450)/R (550) ⁇ 1 or I R (450) I ⁇ I R (550)
  • a material or layer with positive or normal dispersion has R (450)/R (550) > 1 or
  • optical dispersion means the retardation dispersion i.e. the ratio R (450)/R (550), or short R450/550.
  • high dispersion means that the absolute value of the dispersion shows a large deviation from 1
  • low dispersion means that the absolute value of the dispersion shows a small deviation from 1.
  • high negative dispersion means that the dispersion value is significantly smaller than 1
  • low negative dispersion means that the dispersion value is only slightly smaller than 1.
  • the retardation (R( ⁇ )) of a material can be measured using a spectroscopic ellipsometer, for example the M2000 spectroscopic ellipsometer manufactured by J. A. Woollam Co., This instrument is capable of measuring the optical retardance in nanometres of a birefringent sample e.g. Quartz over a range of wavelengths typically,
  • a method for carrying out these measurements was presented at the National Physics Laboratory (London, UK) by N. Singh in October 2006 and entitled “Spectroscopic Ellipsometry, Parti -Theory and Fundamentals, Part 2 - Practical Examples and Part 3 - measurements”.
  • Retardation Measurement (RetMeas) Manual (2002) and Guide to WVASE (2002) (Woollam Variable Angle Spectroscopic Ellipsometer) published by J. A. Woollam Co. Inc (Lincoln, NE, USA).
  • This method is used to determine the retardation of the materials, films and devices described in this invention.
  • the term "A plate” refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of uniaxially birefringent material with its extraordinary axis oriented parallel to the plane of the layer.
  • C plate refers to an optical retarder utilizing a layer of uniaxially birefringent material with its extraordinary axis oriented perpendicular to the plane of the layer.
  • A/C-plates comprising optically uniaxial birefringent liquid crystal material with uniform orientation
  • the optical axis of the film is given by the direction of the extraordinary axis.
  • An A (or C) plate comprising optically uniaxial birefringent material with positive birefringence is also referred to as "positive A (or C) plate” or "+ A (or +C) plate".
  • An A (or C) plate comprising a film of optically uniaxial birefringent material with negative birefringence, such as discotic anisotropic materials is also referred to as "negative A (or C) plate” or “- A (or C) plate” depending on the orientation of the discotic materials.
  • a film made from a cholesteric calamitic material with a reflection band in the UV part of the spectrum also has the optics of a negative C plate.
  • n av. ((2n 0 2 + n e 2 )/3) 1 ⁇ 2
  • n av. ((2n 0 2 + n e 2 )/3) 1 ⁇ 2
  • n av. and n 0 can be measured using an Abbe refractometer.
  • ⁇ n can then be calculated from the above equations.
  • Carbyl group denotes a mono- or polyvalent organic group containing one or more carbon atom which either contains no further atoms (such as, for example, -C ⁇ C-) or optionally contains one or more further atoms, such as, for example, N, 0, S, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge (for example carbonyl, etc.).
  • “Hydrocarbyl group” denotes a carbyl group, which additionally contains one or more H atoms and optionally one or more heteroatoms, such as, for example, N, 0, S, P, Si, Se, As, Te or Ge.
  • a carbyl or hydrocarbyl group can be a saturated or unsaturated group. Unsaturated groups are, for example, aryl, alkenyl, or alkinyl groups.
  • a carbyl or hydrocarbyl group having more than 3 C atoms can be straight chain, branched and/or cyclic and may contain spiro links or condensed rings.
  • Preferred carbyl and hydrocarbyl groups are optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy and alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 40, preferably 1 to 25, particularly pref- erably 1 to 18 C atoms, optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy having 6 to 40, preferably 6 to 25 C atoms, or optionally substituted alkylaryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryloxy, arylalkyloxy, arylcarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylcarbonyloxy and aryloxycarbonyloxy having 6 to 40, preferably 6 to 25 C atoms.
  • carbyl and hydrocarbyl groups are C 1 -C 40 alkyl, C 2 -C 40 alkenyl, C 2 -C 40 alkinyl, C 3 -C 40 allyl, C 4 -C 40 alkyldienyl, C 4 -C 40 polyenyl, C 6 - C 40 aryl, C 6 -C 40 alkylaryl, C 6 -C 40 arylalkyl, C 6 -C 40 alkylaryloxy, C 6 -C 40 aryl- alkyloxy, C 2 -C 40 heteroaryl, C 4 -C 40 cycloalkyl, C 4 -C 40 cycloalkenyl, etc.
  • C 1 -C 22 alkyl Particular preference is given to C 1 -C 22 alkyl, C 2 -C 22 alkenyl, C 2 -C 22 alkinyl, C 3 -C 22 allyl, C 4 -C 22 alkyldienyl, C 6 -C 12 aryl, C 6 -C 20 arylalkyl, and C 2 -C 20 heteroaryl.
  • R x preferably denotes H, halogen, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl chain having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which, in addition, one or more non-adjacent C atoms may be replaced by -O-, -S-, -CO-, -CO-O-, -O -CO-, -O-CO-O-, and in which one or more H atoms may be replaced by fluorine, an optionally substituted aryl or aryloxy group having 6 to 40 C atoms or an optionally substituted heteroaryl or heteroaryloxy group having 2 to 40 C atoms.
  • Preferred alkyl groups are, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, 2-methylbutyl, n-pentyl, s-pentyl, n-hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, dodecanyl, trifluoromethyl, perfluoro-n-butyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, perfluorooctyl, perfluorohexyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkenyl groups are, for example, ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, cyclopentenyl, hexenyl, cyclohexenyl, heptenyl, cycloheptenyl, octenyl, cyclooctenyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkinyl groups are, for example, ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, pentynyl, hexynyl, octynyl, etc.
  • Preferred alkoxy groups are, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 2-methoxy- ethoxy, n-propoxy, i-propoxy, n-butoxy, i-butoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, 2- methylbutoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, n-heptyloxy, n-octyloxy, n-nonyloxy, n-decyloxy, n-undecyloxy, n-dodecyloxy, etc.
  • Preferred amino groups are, for example, dimethylamino, methylamino, methylphenylamino, phenylamino, etc.
  • Aryl and heteroaryl groups can be monocyclic or polycyclic, i.e. they can have one ring (such as, for example, phenyl) or two or more rings, which may also be fused (such as, for example, naphthyl) or covalently linked (such as, for example, biphenyl), or contain a combination of fused and linked rings.
  • Heteroaryl groups contain one or more heteroatoms, prefera- bly selected from O, N, S, and Se.
  • Preferred aryl groups are, for example, phenyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, [1 ,1':3',1"]terphenyl-2'-yl, naphthyl, anthracene, binaphthyl, phenanthrene, pyrene, dihydropyrene, chrysene, perylene, tetracene, pentacene, benzo- pyrene, fluorene, indene, indenofluorene, spirobifluorene, etc.
  • Preferred heteroaryl groups are, for example, 5-membered rings, such as pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2,4-triazole, tetrazole, furan, thiophene, selenophene, oxazole, isoxazole, 1 ,2-thiazole, 1 ,3-thiazole,
  • the heteroaryl groups may also be substituted by alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, fluorine, fluoroalkyl or further aryl or heteroaryl groups.
  • the (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups encompass both saturated rings, i.e. those that contain exclusively single bonds, and partially unsaturated rings, i.e. those that may also contain multiple bonds.
  • Heterocyclic rings contain one or more heteroatoms, preferably selected from Si, 0, N, S, and Se.
  • the (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups can be monocyclic, i.e. contain only one ring (such as, for example, cyclohexane), or poly- cyclic, i.e. contain a plurality of rings (such as, for example, decahydro- naphthalene or bicyclooctane). Particular preference is given to saturated groups. Preference is furthermore given to mono-, bi-, or tricyclic groups having 3 to 25 C atoms, which optionally contain fused rings and which are optionally substituted.
  • Preferred alicyclic and heterocyclic groups are, for example, 5-membered groups, such as cyclopentane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiofuran, pyr- rolidine, 6-membered groups, such as cyclohexane, silinane, cyclohexene, tetrahydropyran, tetrahydrothiopyran, 1,3-dioxane, 1 ,3-dithiane, piperidine, 7-membered groups, such as cycloheptane, and fused groups, such as tetrahydronaphthalene, decahydronaphthalene, indane, bicyclo[1.1.1]- pentane-1 ,3-diyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-1 ,4-diyl, spiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-diyl, octahydro-4,7-
  • the aryl, heteroaryl, (non-aromatic) alicyclic and heterocyclic groups optionally have one or more substituents, which are preferably selected from the group comprising silyl, sulfo, sulfonyl, formyl, amine, imine, nitrile, mercapto, nitro, halogen, C 1-12 alkyl, C 6-12 aryl, C 1-12 alkoxy, hydroxyl, or combinations of these groups.
  • Preferred substituents are, for example, solubility-promoting groups, such as alkyl or alkoxy, electron-withdrawing groups, such as fluorine, nitro or nitrile, or substituents for increasing the glass transition temperature (Tg) in the polymer, in particular bulky groups, such as, for example, t-butyl or optionally substituted aryl groups.
  • Preferred substituents are, for example, F, Cl, Br, I, -OH, -CN, -NO 2 , -NCO, -NCS, -OCN, -SCN,
  • R x has the above-mentioned meaning
  • Y x denotes halogen, optionally substituted silyl, optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl having 4 to 40, preferably 4 to 20 ring atoms, and straight-chain or branched alkyl, alkenyl, alkinyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy having 1 to 25 C atoms, in which one or more H atoms may optionally be replaced by F or Cl.
  • Substituted silyl or aryl preferably means substituted by halogen, -CN, R y , -OR y , -CO-R y , -CO-O-R y , -O-CO-R y or -O-CO-O-R y , in which R y denotes H, a straight-chain, branched or cyclic alkyl chain having 1 to 12 C atoms.
  • a substituted phenylene ring is pre , ferably or , in which L has, on each occurrence identically or differently, one of the meanings given above and below, and is preferably F, Cl, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C(CH 3 ) 3 , CH(CH 3 ) 2 , CH 2 CH(CH 3 ) C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF2, OC2F5 or P-Sp-, very preferably F, Cl, CN, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 , OCF 3 or P-Sp-, most preferably F, Cl, CH 3 , OCH 3 , COCH 3 or OCF 3.
  • Halogen denotes F, Cl, Br or I, preferably F or Cl, more preferably F.
  • W 1 denotes H, F, Cl, CN, CF 3 , phenyl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular H, F, Cl or CH 3 ,
  • W 2 denotes FI or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, in particular FI, methyl, ethyl or n-propyl,
  • W 3 and W 4 each, independently of one another, denote FI, Cl or alkyl having 1 to 5 C atoms, Phe denotes 1 ,4-phenylene, which is optionally substituted by one or more radicals L as being defined above but being different from P-Sp, preferably preferred substituents L are F, Cl, CN, NO 2 , CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , OCH 3 , OC 2 H 5 , COCH 3 , COC 2 H 5 , COOCH 3 , COOC 2 H 5 , CF 3 , OCF 3 , OCHF 2 , OC 2 F 5 , furthermore phenyl, and k 1 , k 2 and k 3 each, independently of one another, denote 0 or 1 , k3 preferably denotes 1 , and k 4 is an integer from 1 to 10.
  • polymerizable groups (P) are vinyloxy, acrylate, methacrylate, fluoroacrylate, chloroacrylate, oxetane and epoxide, most preferably acrylate or methacrylate, in particular acrylate.
  • all multireactive polymerizable compounds and sub-formulae thereof contain instead of one or more radicals P-Sp-, one or more branched radicals containing two or more polymerizable groups P (multireactive polymerizable radicals).
  • multireactive polymerizable radicals selected from the following formulae:
  • X has one of the meanings indicated for X', and
  • P v to P z each, independently of one another, have one of the meanings indicated above for P.
  • Preferred spacer groups Sp are selected from the formula Sp'-X, so that the radical "P-Sp-" conforms to the formula "P-Sp'-X'-", where
  • Sp' denotes alkylene having 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 12 C atoms, which is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by F, Cl, Br, I or
  • X' is preferably -O-, -S- -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -O-COO-, -CO-NR xx -, -NR xx -CO-, -NR xx -CO-NR yy - or a single bond.
  • Typical spacer groups Sp' are, for example, -(CH 2 ) p1 -, -(CH 2 CH 2 O) q1 - CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -S-CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -NH-CH 2 CH 2 - or -(SiR xx R yy -O) p1 -, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12, q1 is an integer from 1 to 3, and R xx and R yy have the above-mentioned meanings.
  • Particularly preferred groups -X'-Sp'- are -(CH 2 ) p1 -, -O-(CH 2 ) p1 -, -OCO- (CH 2 ) p1 -, -OCOO-(CH 2 ) p1 -, in which p1 is an integer from 1 to 12.
  • Particularly preferred groups Sp' are, for example, in each case straight- chain, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, octylene, nonylene, decylene, undecylene, dodecylene, octadecylene, ethyleneoxyethylene, methyleneoxybutylene, ethylenethioethylene, ethylene-N-methyliminoethylene, 1-methylalkylene, ethenylene, propenylene and butenylene.
  • trans-1 ,4-cyclohexylene and and denote 1 ,4-phenylene.
  • the groups -COO- or -CO 2 - denote an ester group of formula
  • the groups -OCO-, -O 2 C- or -OOC- denote an ester group of formula .
  • a “polymer network” is a network in which all polymer chains are interconnected to form a single macroscopic entity by many crosslinks.
  • the polymer network can occur in the following types:
  • a graft polymer molecule is a branched polymer molecule in which one or more the side chains are different, structurally or configurationally, from the main chain.
  • a star polymer molecule is a branched polymer molecule in which a single branch point gives rise to multiple linear chains or arms. If the arms are identical, the star polymer molecule is said to be regular. If adjacent arms are composed of different repeating subunits, the star polymer molecule is said to be variegated.
  • a comb polymer molecule consists of a main chain with two or more three-way branch points and linear side chains. If the arms are identical the comb polymer molecule is said to be regular.
  • a brush polymer molecule consists of a main chain with linear, unbranched side chains and where one or more of the branch points has four-way functionality or larger.
  • the words “obtainable” and “obtained” and variations of the words mean “including but not limited to”, and are not intended to (and do not) exclude other components.
  • the word “obtainable” also encompasses the term “obtained” but is not limited to it. All concentrations are quoted in percent by weight and relate to the respective mixture as a whole, all temperatures are quoted in degrees Celsius and all temperature differences are quoted in differential degrees.
  • the groups N(R 13 )(R 14 ) may preferably also be amines.
  • Preference is further given to compounds of formula I, wherein P is 2, is an organic radical having 4 bonding sites, preferably an alkanetetrayl unit having 1 to 30 C atoms, in which, in addition to the m groups R 12 present in the molecule, but independently thereof, a further H atom may be replaced by R 12 or a plurality of further H atoms may be replaced by R 12 , preferably an alkanetetrayl unit having one or two valences on each of the two terminal C atoms, in which one -CH 2 - group or a plurality of -CH 2 - groups may be replaced by -O- or -(C O)- in such a way that two O atoms are not bonded directly to one another, or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or heteroaromatic hydrocarbon radical having up to 8 valences, in which, in addition to the m groups R 12 present in the molecule, but independently thereof, a further H atom may be replaced by R 12 or
  • ethane-1 ,2-diyl propane-1 ,3-diyl, butane-1 , 4-diyl, pentane-1 ,5-diyl, hexane-1 , 6-diyl, heptane-1 ,7-diyl, octane-1 , 8-diyl, (1 ,4-phenylene), (1 ,3-phenylene), (1 ,2-phenylene) or (trans- 1 ,4-cyclohexylene) and/or
  • R 11 denotes alkyl, alkoxy or H, preferably H or alkyl, and/or
  • R 12 denotes H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl or 3-heptyl, or cyclohexyl.
  • the group in the com- pounds of the formula I, preferably denotes a group selected from the group of the formulae
  • the compounds of the formula I preferably denotes a group selected from the group of the formulae and
  • the media according to the invention comprise in each case one or more compounds of the formula I selected from the following group of the compounds of the for- mulae 1-1 to 1-13, preferably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-3, I-5, I-6, I-7, I-8, I-9, 1-10, 1-12 and 1-13, particularly prefer- ably selected from the group of the compounds of the formulae I-6 to I-9 and very particularly preferably of the formula I-9,
  • the media according to the invention comprise in each case one or more compounds of the formula I selected from the group of the following compounds of the formulae 1-1 and/or I-3 to I-7 and/or I-8 and/or I-9.
  • the media according to the invention comprise in each case one or more compounds of the formula I selected from the group of the following compounds of the formulae I-8 and/or I-9.
  • the media according to the invention comprise at least in each case one or more compounds of the formula I in which p denotes 1 and n denotes 3, 4, 5 or 6, preferably 4, and the groups -Z 11 -S 11 -Z 12 - denote ⁇ -bisoxyalkylene, i.e. -O-S 11 -O-, these media have excellent stability.
  • the compounds of the formula I can advantageously and preferably be prepared in accordance the disclosure given in US application No. 15/883,976.
  • one or more di- or multireactive mesogenic compounds are selected of formula DRM
  • P 1 and P 2 independently of each other denote a polymerizable group
  • Sp 1 and Sp 2 independently of each other are a spacer group or a single bond
  • MG is a rod-shaped mesogenic group, which is preferably selected of formula MG _(A 1 -Z 1 ) n -A 2 - MG wherein
  • a 1 and A 2 denote, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, an aromatic or alicyclic group, which optionally contains one or more heteroatoms selected from N, 0 and S, and is optionally mono- or polysubstituted by L 1 ,
  • R 00 and R 000 independently of each other denote H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C- atoms
  • Z 1 denotes, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -OCO-, -S-CO-, -CO-S-, -O- COO-, -CO-NR 00 -, -NR 00 -CO-, -NR 00 -CO-NR 000 , -NR 00 -CO- O-, -O-CO-NR 00 -, -OCH 2 -, -CH 2 O-, -SCH 2 -, -CH 2 S-, -CF 2 O-, - OCF 2 -, -CF 2 S-, -SCF 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -(CH 2 )n1 , -CF 2 CH 2 -, -, -
  • Y 1 and Y 2 independently of each other denote FI, F, Cl or CN, n is 1 , 2, 3 or 4, preferably 1 or 2, most preferably 2, n1 is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 , 2, 3 or 4.
  • Preferred groups A 1 and A 2 include, without limitation, furan, pyrrol, thiophene, oxazole, thiazole, thiadiazole, imidazole, phenylene, cyclohexylene, bicyclooctylene, cyclohexenylene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, azulene, indane, fluorene, naphthalene, tetrahydronaphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene and dithienothiophene, all of which are unsubstituted or substituted by 1 , 2, 3 or 4 groups L as defined above.
  • Particular preferred groups A 1 and A 2 are selected from 1 ,4-phenylene, pyridine-2, 5-diyl, pyrimidine-2, 5-diyl, thiophene-2, 5-diyl, naphthalene-2,6- diyl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydro-naphthalene-2,6-diyl, indane-2, 5-diyl, bicyclooctylene or 1 ,4-cyclohexylene wherein one or two non-adjacent CH 2 groups are optionally replaced by 0 and/or S, wherein these groups are unsubstituted or substituted by 1 , 2, 3 or 4 groups L as defined above.
  • Very preferred one or more direactive mesogenic compounds of formula DRM are selected from the following formulae: wherein SF 5 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, a polymerizable group, preferably an acryl, methacryl, oxetane, epoxy, vinyl, heptadiene, vinyloxy, propenyl ether or styrene group,
  • L has on each occurrence identically or differently one of the meanings given for L 1 in formula DRM, and is preferably, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, selected from F, Cl, CN or optionally halogenated alkyl, alkoxy, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 to 5 C atoms, r is 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4, x and y are independently of each other 0 or identical or different integers from 1 to 12, z is each and independently, 0 or 1 , with z being 0 if the adjacent x or y is 0.
  • the polymerizable LC material additionally comprises one or more monoreactive mesogenic compounds, which are preferably selected from formula MRM,
  • X is halogen, preferably F or Cl, and
  • R x and R y are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C- atoms.
  • one or more monoreactive mesogenic compounds of formula MRM are selected from the following formulae.
  • R° is alkyl, alkoxy, thioalkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyloxy or alkoxycarbonyloxy with 1 or more, preferably 1 to 15 C atoms or denotes Y°
  • Y° is F, Cl, CN, NO 2 , OCH 3 , OCN, SCN, SF5, or mono- oligo- or polyfluorinated alkyl or alkoxy with 1 to 4 C atoms,
  • a 0 is, in case of multiple occurrence independently of one another, 1 ,4-phenylene that is unsubstituted or substituted with 1 , 2, 3 or 4 groups L, or trans-1 ,4-cyclohexylene, u and v are independently of each other 0, 1 or 2, w is 0 or 1 , and wherein the benzene and naphthalene rings can additionally be substituted with one or more identical or different groups L.
  • MRM4, MRM5, MRM6, MRM7, MRM9 and MRM10 especially those of formula MRM1, MRM4, MRM6, and MRM7, and in particular those of formulae MRMIand MRM7.
  • the proportion of polymerizable mesogenic compounds in the polymerizable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole is in the range from 30 to 99 % by weight, more preferably in the range from 40 to 97 % by weight and even more preferably in the range from 50 to 95% by weight.
  • the proportion of said mono-, di- or multireactive liquid- crystalline compounds is preferably in the range from 30 to 99.9 % by weight, more preferably in the range from 40 to 99.9 % by weight and even more preferably in the range from 50 to 99.9% by weight.
  • the proportion of di- or multireactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds in the polymerizable liquid- crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole is preferably in the range from 5 to 99 % by weight, more preferably in the range from 10 to 97 % by weight and even more preferably in the range from 15 to 95% by weight.
  • the proportion of monoreactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds in a polymerizable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole is, if present, preferably in the range from 5 to 80% by weight, more preferably in the range from 10 to 75 % by weight and even more preferably in the range from 15 to 70 % by weight.
  • the proportion of multireactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds in a polymerizable liquid-crystalline material according to the present invention as a whole is, if present, preferably in the range from 1 to 30 % by weight, more preferably in the range from 2 to 20 % by weight and even more preferably in the range from 3 to 10% by weight.
  • the polymerizable LC material does not contain polymerizable mesogenic compounds having more than two polymerizable groups. In another preferred embodiment the polymerizable LC material does not contain polymerizable mesogenic compounds having less than two polymerizable groups.
  • the polymerizable LC material is an achiral material, i.e. it does not contain any chiral polymerizable mesogenic compounds or other chiral compounds.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises one or more monoreactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formulae MRM-1 , one or more direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formula DRMa-1 , and one or more compounds of formula I.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises one or more monoreactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formula MRM-7, one or more direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formula DRMa-1 , and one or more compounds of formula I.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises at least two monoreactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formulae MRM-1 and/or MRM-7, one or more direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from formula DRMa-1 , and one or more compounds of formula I.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises at least two monoreactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formulae MRM-1 and/or MRM-7, at least two direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formula DRMa-1 , and one or more compounds of formula I.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises at least two direactive mesogenic compounds, preferably selected from compounds of formula DRMa-1 , and one or more compounds of formula I.
  • the polymerizable LC material as described above comprises additionally one or more compounds of formula ND, wherein
  • U 1,2 are independently of each other selected from and including their mirror images, wherein the rings U 1 and U 2 are each bonded to the group -(B) q - via the axial bond, and one or two non-adjacent CH 2 groups in these rings are optionally replaced by 0 and/or S, and the rings U 1 and U 2 are optionally substituted by one or more groups L,
  • Q 1 ⁇ 2 are independently of each other CH or SiH
  • Q 3 is C or Si, B is in each occurrence independently of one another -C ⁇ C-,
  • Y 1 ' 2 are independently of each other H, F, Cl, CN or R 0 , q is an integer from 1 to 10, preferably 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7,
  • a 1-4 are independently of each other selected from non-aromatic, aromatic or heteroaromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic groups, which are optionally substituted by one or more groups R 5 , and wherein each of -(A 1 -Z 1 ) m -U 1 -(Z 2 -A 2 ) n - and - (A 3 -Z 3 ) o -U 2 -(Z 4 -A 4 )p- does not contain more aromatic groups than non-aromatic groups and preferably does not contain more than one aromatic group,
  • Z 1'4 are independently of each other -O-, -S-, -CO-, -COO-, -
  • R 0 and R 00 are independently of each other H or alkyl with 1 to 12 C- atoms
  • m and n are independently of each other 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4
  • o and p are independently of each other 0, 1 , 2, 3 or 4
  • P is a polymerizable group
  • Sp is a spacer group or a single bond.
  • the subgroups forming the bridging group B in formula ND are preferably selected from groups having a bonding angle of 120° or more, preferably in the range of 180°.
  • Very preferred are -C ⁇ C- groups or divalent aromatic groups connected to their adjacent groups in para- position, like e.g. 1 ,4-phenylene, naphthalene-2, 6-diyl, indane-2,6-diyl or thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-diyl.
  • the bridging group, or -(B) q - in formula ND comprises one or more groups selected from the group consisting of -C ⁇ C-, optionally substituted 1 ,4-phenylene and optionally substituted 9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl.
  • the subgroups, or B in formula ND are preferably selected from the group consisting of -C ⁇ C ⁇ , optionally substituted 1 ,4-phenylene and optionally substituted 9H-fluorene-2,7-diyl, wherein in the fluorene group the H-atom in 9-position is optionally replaced by a carbyl or hydrocarbyl group.
  • bridging group or -(B) q - in formula ND, are selected from
  • the non-aromatic rings of the mesogenic groups where the bridging group is attached are preferably selected from wherein R 5 is as defined in formula ND.
  • the aromatic groups A 1-4 in formula ND may be mononuclear, i.e. having only one aromatic ring (like for example phenyl or phenylene), or polynuclear, i.e. having two or more fused rings (like for example napthyl or naphthylene).
  • mono-, bi- or tricyclic aromatic or heteroaromatic groups with up to 25 C atoms that may also comprise fused rings and that are optionally substituted.
  • the non-aromatic carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings A 1-4 in the compounds of formula ND include those which are saturated (also referred to as “fully saturated”), i.e. they do only contain C-atoms or hetero atoms connected by single bonds, and those which are unsaturated (also referred to as “partially saturated”), i.e. they also comprise C-atoms or hetero atoms connected by double bonds.
  • the non-aromatic rings may also comprise one or more hetero atoms, preferably selected from Si, 0, N and S.
  • non-aromatic and aromatic rings, or A 1-4 in formula ND are selected from trans-1, 4-cyclohexylene and 1 ,4-phenylene that is optionally substituted with one or more groups L.
  • Very preferred are compounds of formula ND, wherein m and p are 1 and n and o are 1 or 2.
  • compounds wherein m, n, o and p are 2.
  • the compounds of formula ND comprise one or more terminal groups, like R 1-4 , or substituents, like R 5 , that are substituted by two or more polymerizable groups P or P-Sp- (multifunctional polymerizable groups).
  • Suitable multifunctional polymerizable groups of this type are disclosed for example in US 7,060,200 B1 or US 2006/0172090 A1.
  • R 1-5 , A 1-4 , Z 1-4 , B, m, n, o, p and q have one the meanings given above.
  • Z has one of the meanings of Z 1 given above
  • R has one of the meanings of R 1 as given above that is different from P-Sp-
  • P, Sp, L and r are as defined above
  • the benzene rings in the mesogenic groups are optionally substituted by one or more groups L as defined above.
  • P-Sp- in these preferred compounds is preferably P-Sp'-X', with X' preferably being -O-, -COO- or -OCOO-.
  • the compounds of formula ND, its subformulae and suitable methods for their synthesis are disclosed in WO 2008/119427 A1.
  • the amount of compounds of formula ND in the polymerizable LC material is preferably from 0 to 50 %, very preferably from 0 to 40 %.
  • the polymerizable LC material optionally comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of further polymerization initiators, antioxidants, surfactants, stabilisers, catalysts, sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, degassing or defoaming agents, deaerators, diluents, reactive diluents, auxiliaries, colourants, dyes, pigments and nanoparticles.
  • additives selected from the group consisting of further polymerization initiators, antioxidants, surfactants, stabilisers, catalysts, sensitizers, inhibitors, chain-transfer agents, co-reacting monomers, reactive thinners, surface-active compounds, lubricating agents, wetting agents, dispersing agents, hydrophobing agents, adhesive agents, flow improvers, degassing or defo
  • the polymerizable LC material optionally comprises one or more additives selected from polymerizable non- mesogenic compounds (reactive thinners).
  • the amount of these additives in the polymerizable LC material is preferably from 0 to 30 %, very preferably from 0 to 25 %.
  • the reactive thinners used are not only substances which are referred to in the actual sense as reactive thinners, but also auxiliary compounds already mentioned above which contain one or more complementary reactive units or polymerizable groups P, for example hydroxyl, thiol-, or amino groups, via which a reaction with the polymerizable units of the liquid-crystalline compounds can take place.
  • the substances which are usually capable of photopolymerization, include, for example, mono-, bi- and polyfunctional compounds containing at least one olefinic double bond.
  • examples thereof are vinyl esters of carboxylic acids, for example of lauric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acid, and of dicarboxylic acids, for example of succinic acid, adipic acid, allyl and vinyl ethers and methacrylic and acrylic esters of monofunctional alcohols, for example of lauryl, myristyl, palmityl and stearyl alcohol, and diallyl and divinyl ethers of bifunctional alcohols, for example ethylene glycol and 1 ,4-butanediol.
  • methacrylic and acrylic esters of polyfunctional alcohols are also suitable, for example, methacrylic and acrylic esters of polyfunctional alcohols, in particular those which contain no further functional groups, or at most ether groups, besides the hydroxyl groups.
  • examples of such alcohols are bifunctional alcohols, such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and their more highly condensed representatives, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, such as ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenols, cyclohexanedimethanol, trifunctional and polyfunctional alcohols, such as glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipenta
  • polyester (meth)acrylates which are the (meth)acrylic ester of polyesterols.
  • polyesterols examples are those which can be prepared by esterification of polycarboxylic acids, preferably dicarboxylic acids, using polyols, preferably diols.
  • the starting materials for such hydroxyl- containing polyesters are known to the person skilled in the art.
  • Dicarboxylic acids which can be employed are succinic, glutaric acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, o-phthalic acid and isomers and hydrogenation products thereof, and esterifiable and transesterifiable derivatives of said acids, for example anhydrides and dialkyl esters.
  • Suitable polyols are the abovementioned alcohols, preferably ethyleneglycol, 1,2- and 1,3- propylene glycol, 1 ,4-butanediol, 1 ,6-hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol and polyglycols of the ethylene glycol and propylene glycol type.
  • Suitable reactive thinners are furthermore 1 ,4-divinylbenzene, triallyl cyanurate, acrylic esters of tricyclodecenyl alcohol of the following formula also known under the name dihydrodicyclopentadienyl acrylate, and the allyl esters of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and cyanoacrylic acid.
  • This group includes, for example, dihydric and polyhydric alcohols, for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and more highly condensed representatives thereof, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol etc., butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, neopentyl glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, butanetriol, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol and the corresponding alkoxylated, in particular ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols.
  • dihydric and polyhydric alcohols for example ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and more highly condensed representatives thereof, for example diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, dipropylene
  • the group furthermore also includes, for example, alkoxylated phenolic compounds, for example ethoxylated and propoxylated bisphenols.
  • These reactive thinners may furthermore be, for example, epoxide or urethane (meth)acrylates.
  • Epoxide (meth)acrylates are, for example, those as obtainable by the reaction, known to the person skilled in the art, of epoxidized olefins or poly- or diglycidyl ether, such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, with (meth)acrylic acid.
  • Urethane (meth)acrylates are, in particular, the products of a reaction, likewise known to the person skilled in the art, of hydroxylalkyl (meth)acrylates with poly- or diisocyanates. Such epoxide and urethane (meth)acrylates are included amongst the compounds listed above as “mixed forms”.
  • the low-crosslinking (high-crosslinking) liquid- crystalline compositions can be prepared, for example, using corresponding reactive thinners, which have a relatively low (high) number of reactive units per molecule.
  • the group of diluents include, for example:
  • C1-C4-alcohols for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol, sec-butanol and, in particular, the C5-C12-alcohols n- pentanol, n-hexanol, n-heptanol, n-octanol, n-nonanol, n-decanol, n- undecanol and n-dodecanol, and isomers thereof, glycols, for example 1 ,2-ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- and 1 ,3-propylene glycol, 1 ,2-, 2,3- and 1 ,4- butylene glycol, di- and triethylene glycol and di- and tripropylene glycol, ethers, for example methyl tert-butyl ether, 1 ,2-ethylene glycol mono- and dimethyl ether, 1 ,2-ethylene glycol
  • these diluents can also be mixed with water.
  • suitable diluents are C1-C 4 -alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol and sec-butanol, glycols, for example 1 ,2-ethylene glycol, 1 ,2- and 1 ,3-propylene glycol, 1 ,2-, 2,3- and 1 ,4-butylene glycol, di- and triethylene glycol, and di- and tripropylene glycol, ethers, for example tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, ketones, for example acetone, methyl ethyl ketone and diacetone alcohol (4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone), and C1- C 4 -alcohols, for example methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, isobutanol
  • the diluents are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 10.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable LC material.
  • the antifoams and deaerators (d )), lubricants and flow auxiliaries (c2)), thermally curing or radiation-curing auxiliaries (c3)), substrate wetting auxiliaries (c4)), wetting and dispersion auxiliaries (c5)), hydrophobicizing agents (c6)), adhesion promoters (c7)) and auxiliaries for promoting scratch resistance (c8)) cannot strictly be delimited from one another in their action.
  • lubricants and flow auxiliaries often also act as antifoams and/or deaerators and/or as auxiliaries for improving scratch resistance.
  • Radiation-curing auxiliaries can also act as lubricants and flow auxiliaries and/or deaerators and/or as substrate wetting auxiliaries.
  • some of these auxiliaries can also fulfil the function of an adhesion promoter (c8)).
  • a certain additive can therefore be classified in a number of the groups d ) to c8) described below.
  • the antifoams in group d) include silicon-free and silicon-containing polymers.
  • the silicon-containing polymers are, for example, unmodified or modified polydialkylsiloxanes or branched copolymers, comb or block copolymers comprising polydialkylsiloxane and polyether units, the latter being obtainable from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide.
  • the deaerators in group d) include, for example, organic polymers, for example polyethers and polyacrylates, dialkylpolysiloxanes, in particular dimethylpolysiloxanes, organically modified polysiloxanes, for example arylalkyl-modified polysiloxanes, and fluorosilicones.
  • organic polymers for example polyethers and polyacrylates
  • dialkylpolysiloxanes in particular dimethylpolysiloxanes
  • organically modified polysiloxanes for example arylalkyl-modified polysiloxanes
  • fluorosilicones fluorosilicones.
  • the action of the antifoams is essentially based on preventing foam formation or destroying foam that has already formed.
  • Antifoams essentially work by promoting coalescence of finely divided gas or air bubbles to give larger bubbles in the medium to be deaerated, for example the compositions according to the invention, and thus accelerate escape of the gas (of the air). Since antifoams can frequently also be employed as deaerators and vice versa, these additives have been included together under group d).
  • auxiliaries are, for example, commercially available from Tego as TEGO® Foamex 800, TEGO® Foamex 805, TEGO® Foamex 810, TEGO® Foamex 815, TEGO® Foamex 825, TEGO® Foamex 835,
  • the auxiliaries in group d) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable LC material.
  • the lubricants and flow auxiliaries typically include silicon- free, but also silicon-containing polymers, for example polyacrylates or modifiers, low-molecular-weight polydialkylsiloxanes.
  • the modification consists in some of the alkyl groups having been replaced by a wide variety of organic radicals. These organic radicals are, for example, polyethers, polyesters or even long-chain (fluorinated)alkyl radicals, the former being used the most frequently.
  • polyether radicals in the correspondingly modified polysiloxanes are usually built up from ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide units.
  • auxiliaries are, for example, commercially available from Tego as TEGO® Glide 100, TEGO® Glide ZG 400, TEGO® Glide 406, TEGO® Glide 410, TEGO® Glide 411 , TEGO® Glide 415, TEGO® Glide 420, TEGO® Glide 435, TEGO® Glide 440, TEGO® Glide 450, TEGO® Glide A 115, TEGO® Glide B 1484 (can also be used as antifoam and deaerator), TEGO® Flow ATF, TEGO® Flow 300, TEGO® Flow 460, TEGO® Flow 425 and TEGO® Flow ZFS 460.
  • Suitable radiation-curable lubricants and flow auxiliaries which can also be used to improve the scratch resistance, are the products TEGO® Rad 2100, TEGO® Rad 2200, TEGO® Rad 2500, TEGO® Rad 2600 and TEGO® Rad 2700, which are likewise obtainable from TEGO.
  • Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from BYK as BYK®-300 BYK®-306, BYK®-307, BYK®-310, BYK®-320, BYK®-333, BYK®-341, Byk® 354, Byk®361, Byk®361N, BYK®388.
  • Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from 3M as FC 4 430®.
  • Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from Cytonix as FluorN®561 or FluorN®562.
  • Such-auxiliaries are also available, for example, from Merck KGaA as Tivida® FL 2300 and Tivida® FL 2500
  • the auxiliaries in group c2) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 2.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable LC material.
  • the radiation-curing auxiliaries include, in particular, polysiloxanes having terminal double bonds which are, for example, a constituent of an acrylate group.
  • Such auxiliaries can be crosslinked by actinic or, for example, electron radiation. These auxiliaries generally combine a number of properties together. In the uncrosslinked state, they can act as antifoams, deaerators, lubricants and flow auxiliaries and/or substrate wetting auxiliaries, while, in the crosslinked state, they increase, in particular, the scratch resistance, for example of coatings or films which can be produced using the compositions according to the invention.
  • the improvement in the gloss properties is regarded essentially as a consequence of the action of these auxiliaries as antifoams, deaerators and/or lubricants and flow auxiliaries (in the uncrosslinked state).
  • suitable radiation-curing auxiliaries are the products TEGO® Rad 2100, TEGO® Rad 2200, TEGO® Rad 2500, TEGO® Rad 2600 and TEGO® Rad 2700 available from TEGO and the product BYK®-371 available from BYK.
  • Thermally curing auxiliaries in group c3) contain, for example, primary OH groups, which are able to react with isocyanate groups, for example of the binder.
  • thermally curing auxiliaries which can be used, are the products BYK®-370, BYK®-373 and BYK®-375 available from BYK.
  • the auxiliaries in group c3) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable LC material.
  • the substrate wetting auxiliaries in group c4) serve, in particular, to increase the wettability of the substrate to be printed or coated, for example, by printing inks or coating compositions, for example compositions according to the invention.
  • the generally attendant improvement in the lubricant and flow behaviour of such printing inks or coating compositions has an effect on the appearance of the finished (for example crosslinked) print or coating.
  • auxiliaries are commercially available, for example from Tego as TEGO® Wet KL 245, TEGO® Wet 250, TEGO® Wet 260 and TEGO® Wet ZFS 453 and from BYK as BYK®-306, BYK®-307,
  • the auxiliaries in group c4) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 1.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the liquid-crystalline composition.
  • the wetting and dispersion auxiliaries in group c5) serve, in particular, to prevent the flooding and floating and the sedimentation of pigments and are therefore, if necessary, suitable in particular in pigmented compositions.
  • These auxiliaries stabilize pigment dispersions essentially through electrostatic repulsion and/or steric hindrance of the pigment particles containing these additives, where, in the latter case, the interaction of the auxiliary with the ambient medium (for example binder) plays a major role.
  • Such wetting and dispersion auxiliaries are commercially available, for example from Tego, as TEGO® Dispers 610, TEGO® Dispers 610 S, TEGO® Dispers 630, TEGO® Dispers 700, TEGO® Dispers 705, TEGO® Dispers 710, TEGO® Dispers 720 W, TEGO® Dispers 725 W, TEGO® Dispers 730 W, TEGO® Dispers 735 W and TEGO® Dispers 740 W and from BYK as Disperbyk®, Disperbyk®-107, Disperbyk®-108, Disperbyk®- 110, Disperbyk®-111, Disperbyk®-115, Disperbyk®-130, Disperbyk®-160, Disperbyk®-161, Disperbyk®-162, Disperbyk®-163, Disperbyk®-164, Disperbyk®-165, Disperbyk®-166, Disperbyk®-167, Disperbyk®-170, Dis
  • the hydrophobicizing agents in group c6) can be used to give water- repellent properties to prints or coatings produced, for example, using compositions according to the invention. This prevents or at least greatly suppresses swelling due to water absorption and thus a change in, for example, the optical properties of such prints or coatings.
  • the composition when used, for example, as a printing ink in offset printing, water absorption can thereby be prevented or at least greatly reduced.
  • Such hydrophobicizing agents are commercially available, for example, from Tego as Tego® Phobe WF, Tego® Phobe 1000, Tego® Phobe 1000 S, Tego® Phobe 1010, Tego® Phobe 1030, Tego® Phobe 1010, Tego® Phobe 1010, Tego® Phobe 1030, Tego® Phobe 1040, Tego® Phobe 1050, Tego® Phobe 1200, Tego® Phobe 1300, Tego® Phobe 1310 and Tego® Phobe 1400.
  • auxiliaries in group c6) are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable LC material.
  • Further adhesion promoters from group c7) serve to improve the adhesion of two interfaces in contact. It is directly evident from this that essentially the only fraction of the adhesion promoter that is effective is that located at one or the other or at both interfaces.
  • adhesion promoter must be added directly to the latter or the substrate must be pre-treated with the adhesion promoters (also known as priming), i.e. this substrate is given modified chemical and/or physical surface properties.
  • adhesion promoters also known as priming
  • this substrate is given modified chemical and/or physical surface properties.
  • the substrate has previously been primed with a primer, this means that the interfaces in contact are that of the primer on the one hand and of the printing ink or coating composition or paint on the other hand.
  • the adhesion properties between the substrate and the primer but also between the substrate and the printing ink or coating composition or paint play a part in adhesion of the overall multilayer structure on the substrate.
  • Adhesion promoters in the broader sense which may be mentioned are also the substrate wetting auxiliaries already listed under group c4), but these generally do not have the same adhesion promotion capacity.
  • the multiplicity of adhesion promoter systems is not surprising.
  • Adhesion promoters based on silanes are, for example, 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, N-aminoethyl-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-aminoethyl-3- aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, N-methyl-3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-ureidopropyltriethoxysilane, 3- methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- chloropropyltrimethoxysilane and vinyltrimethoxysilane.
  • silanes are commercially available from HLIIS, for example under the tradename DYNASILAN®.
  • additives are to be added as auxiliaries from group c7) to the polymerizable LC materials according to the invention, their proportion optionally corresponds to from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the polymerizable LC material.
  • concentration data serve merely as guidance, since the amount and identity of the additive are determined in each individual case by the nature of the substrate and of the printing/coating composition. Corresponding technical information is usually available from the manufacturers of such additives for this case or can be determined in a simple manner by the person skilled in the art through corresponding preliminary experiments.
  • the auxiliaries for improving the scratch resistance in group c8) include, for example, the abovementioned products TEGO® Rad 2100, TEGO® Rad 2200, TEGO® Rad 2500, TEGO® Rad 2600 and TEGO® Rad 2700, which are available from Tego.
  • the amount data given for group c3) are likewise suitable, i.e. these additives are optionally employed in a proportion of from about 0 to 5.0% by weight, preferably from about 0 to 3.0% by weight, based on the total weight of the liquid-crystalline composition.
  • alkylated monophenols such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, 2-tert- butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol, 2, 6-d i-tert-buty I-4- n-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-isobutylphenol, 2,6-dicyclopentyl-4- methylphenol, 2-( ⁇ -methylcyclohexyl)-4,6-dimethylphenol, 2,6-dioctadecyl- 4-methylphenol, 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenol, 2 , 6-d i-tert-buty I-4- methoxymethylphenol, nonylphenols which have a linear or branched side chain, for example 2,6-dinonyl-4-methylphenol, 2,4-di
  • Hydroquinones and alkylated hydroquinones such as 2, 6-d i-tert-buty I-4- methoxyphenol, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert- amylhydrocrainone, 2,6-diphenyl-4-octadecyloxyphenol, 2,6-di-tert- butylhydroquinone, 2,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanisole, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl stearate and bis(3,5-di- tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)adipate,
  • Tocopherols such as ⁇ -tocopherol, b-tocopherol, g-tocopherol, d- tocopherol and mixtures of these compounds, and tocopherol derivatives, such as tocopheryl acetate, succinate, nicotinate and polyoxyethylenesuccinate (“tocofersolate”), hydroxylated diphenyl thioethers, such as 2,2'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol), 2,2'-thiobis(4-octylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-3- methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-2-methylphenol), 4,4'-thiobis(3,6-di- sec-amylphenol) and 4,4'-bis(2,6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)disulfide,
  • tocopherol derivatives such as tocopheryl acetate, succinate, nic
  • Alkylidenebisphenols such as 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4- methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol), 2,2'- methylenebis[4-methyl-6-( ⁇ -methylcyclohexyl)phenol], 2,2'- methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(6-nonyl-4- methylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2- ethylidenebis(4,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-ethylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-4- isobutylphenol), 2,2'-methylenebis[6-( ⁇ -methylbenzyl)-4-nonylphenol], 2,2'- methylenebis[6-(a, ⁇ -dimethylbenzyl)-4-non
  • N- and S-benzyl compounds such as 3,5,3',5'-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4'- dihydroxydibenzyl ether, octadecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5- dimethylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tridecyl 4-hydroxy-3,5-di-tert- butylbenzylmercaptoacetate, tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)amine, bis(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylbenzyl)dithioterephthalate, bis(3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide and isooctyl-3, 5-d i-tert-buty I-4- hydroxybenzylmercaptoacetate, aromatic hydroxybenzyl compounds, such as 1,3,5-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzyl)
  • Triazine compounds such as 2,4-bis(octylmercapto)-6-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)-1 ,3,5-thazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyanilino)-1 ,3,5-thazine, 2-octylmercapto-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenoxy)-1 ,3,5-thazine, 2,4,6-tris(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenoxy)-1 ,2,3-triazine, 1 , 3, 5-tris(3, 5-di-tert-buty I-4- hydroxybenzyl)isocyanurate, 1 ,3,5-tris(4-tert-butyl-3-hydroxy-2,6- dimethylbenzyl)isocyanurate, 2,4,6
  • Benzylphosphonates such as dimethyl 2, 5-d i-tert-buty I-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonate, diethyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonate, dioctadecyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxybenzylphosphonate and dioctadecyl 5-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-3- methylbenzylphosphonate,
  • Acylaminophenols such as 4-hydroxylauroylanilide, 4- hydroxystearoylanilide and octyl N-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxyphenyl)carbamate,
  • Propionic and acetic esters for example of monohydric or polyhydric alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, n-octanol, i-octanol, octadecanol,
  • Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and ascorbic acid derivatives, such as ascorbyl palmitate, laurate and stearate, and ascorbyl sulfate and phosphate,
  • Antioxidants based on amine compounds such as N,N'-diisopropyl-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(1 ,4- dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p- phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'- dicyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, N,N'-bis(2-naphthyl)-p-phenylenediamine, N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p- phenylenediamine, N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-pheny
  • 2-(2'-Hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles such as 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'- methylphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(5'-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-5'-(1 ,1 ,3,3- tetramethylbutyl)phenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3'-tert-butyl-2'-hydroxy-5'- methylphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3'-sec-butyl-5'-tert-butyl-2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2'-hydroxy-4'--
  • 2-hydroxybenzophenones such as the 4-hydroxy, 4-methoxy, 4-octyloxy, 4-decycloxy, 4-dodecyloxy, 4-benzyloxy, 4,2',4'-trihydroxy and 2'-hydroxy- 4,4'-dimethoxy derivatives, Esters of unsubstituted and substituted benzoic acids, such as 4-tert- butylphenyl salicylate, phenyl salicylate, octylphenyl salicylate, dibenzoylresorcinol, bis(4-tert-butylbenzoyl)resorcinol, benzoylresorcinol, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, hexadecyl-3,5- di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, octadecyl-3,5-di-tert-butyl-4- hydroxy
  • Acrylates such as ethyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate, isooctyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ , ⁇ -diphenylacrylate, methyl ⁇ -methoxycarbonylcinnamate, methyl ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ -methyl-p-methoxycinnamate, butyl- ⁇ -cyano- ⁇ -methyl-p- methoxycinnamate and methyl- ⁇ -methoxycarbonyl-p-methoxycinnamate, sterically hindered amines, such as bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4- yl)sebacate, bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)succinate, bis(1 , 2, 2,6,6- pentamethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate, bis(1 -octyloxy-2, 2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)se
  • 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1 ,3,5-triazines such as 2,4,6-tris-(2-hydroxy-4- octyloxyphenyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(2,4- dimethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-propyloxyphenyl)-6- (2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-4,6- bis(4-methylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-4,6- bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-1 ,3,5-
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises one or more specific antioxidant additives, preferably selected from the Irganox® series, e.g. the commercially available antioxidants lrganox®1076 and lrganox®1010, from Ciba, Switzerland.
  • specific antioxidant additives preferably selected from the Irganox® series, e.g. the commercially available antioxidants lrganox®1076 and lrganox®1010, from Ciba, Switzerland.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises a combination of one or more, more preferably of two or more photoinitiators, for example, selected from the commercially available Irgacure® or Darocure® (Ciba AG) series, in particular, Irgacure 127, Irgacure 184, Irgacure 369, Irgacure 651, Irgacure 817, Irgacure 907, Irgacure 1300, Irgacure, Irgacure 2022, Irgacure 2100, Irgacure 2959, or Darcure TPO, further selected from the commercially available OXE02 (Ciba AG), NCI 930, N1919T (Adeka), SPI-03 or SPI-04 (Samyang).
  • concentration of the polymerization initiator(s) as a whole in the polymerizable LC material is preferably from 0.5 to 10%, very preferably from
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises besides one or more compounds of formula I, a) one or more di- or multireactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, b) optionally one or more monoreactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, c) optionally one or more antioxidative additives, d) optionally one or more adhesion promotors, e) optionally one or more surfactants, f) optionally one or more mono-, di- or multireactive polymerizable non-mesogenic compounds, g) optionally one or more dyes showing an absorption maximum at the wavelength used to initiate photo polymerization, h) optionally one or more chain transfer agents, i) optionally one or more further stabilizers, j) optionally one or more lubricants and flow auxiliaries, and k) optionally one or more diluents,
  • L optionally a non-polymerizable nematic component.
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises, a) one or more compounds of formula I, b) one or more, preferably two or more, direactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, preferably in an amount, if present at all, of 10 to 90 % by weight, very preferably 15 to 75 % by weight, preferably selected from the compounds of formula DRMa-1 , c) optionally one or more, preferably two or more, monoreactive polymerizable mesogenic compounds, preferably in an amount of 10 to 95 % by weight , very preferably 25 to 85 %, preferably selected from compounds of formulae MRM-1 and/or MRM-7, d) optionally one or more compounds of formula ND in the preferably in an amount of 0 to 50 %, very preferably from 0 to 40 %.
  • optionally one or more antioxidative additives preferably selected from esters of unsubstituted and substituted benzoic acids, in particular lrganox®1076, and if present, preferably in an amount of 0.01 to 2 % by weight, very preferably 0.05 to 1 % by weight
  • optionally one or more lubricants and flow auxiliaries preferably selected from BYK®388, FC 4430 and/or Fluor N 562, and if present, preferably in an amount of 0.1 to 5 % by weight, very preferably 0.2 to 3 % by weight
  • optionally one or more diluents preferably selected from n- dodecanol, if present, preferably in an amount of 0.1 to 5 % by weight, very preferably 0.2 to 3 % by weight, and
  • the invention further relates to a method of preparing a polymer film by
  • the polymerizable LC material comprises one or more solvents, which are preferably selected from organic solvents.
  • the solvents are preferably selected from ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone; acetates such as methyl, ethyl or butyl acetate or methyl acetoacetate; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or isopropyl alcohol; aromatic solvents such as toluene or xylene; alicyclic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane or cyclohexane; halogenated hydrocarbons such as di- or trichloromethane; glycols or their esters such as PGMEA (propyl glycol monomethyl ether acetate), g-butyrolactone.
  • ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl propyl ket
  • the total concentration of all solids, including the RMs, in the solvent(s) is preferably from 10 to 60%.
  • This solution is then coated or printed onto the substrate, for example by spin-coating, printing, or other known techniques, and the solvent is evaporated off before polymerization. In most cases, it is suitable to heat the mixture in order to facilitate the evaporation of the solvent.
  • the polymerizable LC material can be applied onto a substrate by conventional coating techniques like spin coating, bar coating or blade coating. It can also be applied to the substrate by conventional printing techniques which are known to the expert, like for example screen printing, offset printing, reel-to-reel printing, letter press printing, gravure printing, rotogravure printing, flexographic printing, intaglio printing, pad printing, heat-seal printing, ink-jet printing or printing by means of a stamp or printing plate.
  • Suitable substrate materials and substrates are known to the expert and described in the literature, as for example conventional substrates used in the optical films industry, such as glass or plastic.
  • Especially suitable and preferred substrates for polymerization are polyester such as polyethyleneterephthalate (PET) or polyethylenenaphthalate (PEN), polyvinylalcohol (PVA), polycarbonate (PC) triacetylcellulose (TAC), or cyclo olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known color filter materials, in particular triacetylcellulose (TAC), cyclo olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known colour filter materials.
  • PET polyethyleneterephthalate
  • PEN polyethylenenaphthalate
  • PVA polyvinylalcohol
  • PC polycarbonate
  • TAC triacetylcellulose
  • COP cyclo olefin polymers
  • color filter materials in particular triacetylcellulose (TAC), cyclo olefin polymers (COP), or commonly known colour filter materials.
  • the Friedel-Creagh-Kmetz rule can be used to predict whether a mixture will adopt planar or homeotropic alignment, by comparing the surface energies of the RM layer and the substrate: If ⁇ RM > ⁇ s the reactive mesogenic compounds will display homeotropic alignment, If ⁇ RM ⁇ ⁇ s the reactive mesogenic compounds will display homogeneous alignment.
  • the intermolecular forces between the reactive mesogens are stronger than the forces across the RM-substrate interface. Therefore, reactive mesogens align perpendicular to the substrate (homeotropic alignment) in order to maximise the intermolecular forces.
  • Homeotropic alignment can also be achieved by using amphiphilic materials; they can be added directly to the polymerizable LC material, or the substrate can be treated with these materials in the form of a homeotropic alignment layer.
  • the polar head of the amphiphilic material chemically bonds to the substrate, and the hydrocarbon tail points perpendicular to the substrate. Intermolecular interactions between the amphiphilic material and the RMs promote homeotropic alignment. Commonly used amphiphilic surfactants are described above.
  • Another method used to promote homeotropic alignment is to apply corona discharge treatment to plastic substrates, generating alcohol or ketone functional groups on the substrate surface. These polar groups can interact with the polar groups present in RMs or surfactants to promote homeotropic alignment. When the surface tension of the substrate is greater than the surface tension of the RMs, the force across the interface dominates. The interface energy is minimised if the reactive mesogens align parallel with the substrate, so the long axis of the RM can interact with the substrate.
  • One way planar alignment can be promoted is by coating the substrate with a polyimide layer, and then rubbing the alignment layer with a velvet cloth.
  • planar alignment layers are known in the art, like for example rubbed polyimide or alignment layers prepared by photoalignment as described in US 5,602,661, US 5,389,698 or US 6,717,644.
  • the polymerizable compounds in the polymerizable LC material are polymerized or crosslinked (if one compound contains two or more polymerizable groups) by in-situ photopolymerization.
  • the photopolymerization can be carried out in one step. It is also possible to photopolymerize or crosslink the compounds in a second step, which have not reacted in the first step ("end curing").
  • the polymerizable LC material is coated onto a substrate and subsequently photopolymerized for example by exposure to actinic radiation as described for example in WO 01/20394, GB 2,315,072 or WO 98/04651.
  • Photopolymerization of the LC material is preferably achieved by exposing it to actinic radiation.
  • Actinic radiation means irradiation with light, like UV light, IR light or visible light, irradiation with X-rays or gamma rays, or irradiation with high-energy particles, such as ions or electrons.
  • polymerization is carried out by photo irradiation, in particular with UV light.
  • a source for actinic radiation for example a single UV lamp or a set of UV lamps can be used. When using a high lamp power the curing time can be reduced.
  • Another possible source for photo radiation is a laser, like e.g. a UV laser, an IR laser, or a visible laser.
  • the curing time is dependent, inter alia, on the reactivity of the polymerizable LC material, the thickness of the coated layer, the type of polymerization initiator and the power of the UV lamp.
  • the curing time is preferably ⁇ 5 minutes, very preferably ⁇ 3 minutes, most preferably ⁇ 1 minute. For mass production, short curing times of ⁇ 30 seconds are preferred.
  • a suitable UV radiation power is preferably in the range from 5 to 200 mWcm-2, more preferably in the range from 50 to 175 mWcm -2 and most preferably in the range from 100 to 150 mWcm -2 .
  • a suitable UV dose is preferably in the range from 25 to 7200 mJcm -2 more preferably in the range from 500 to 7200 mJcm -2 and most preferably in the range from 3000 to 7200 m Jcm -2 .
  • Photopolymerization is preferably performed under an inert gas atmosphere, preferably in a heated nitrogen atmosphere, but also polymerization in air is possible.
  • Photopolymerization is preferably performed at a temperature from 1 to 70°C, more preferably 5 to 50°C, even more preferably 15 to 30°C.
  • the polymerized LC film according to the present invention has good adhesion to plastic substrates, in particular to TAC, COP, and colour filters. Accordingly, it can be used as adhesive or base coating for subsequent LC layers which otherwise would not well adhere to the substrates.
  • the preferred thickness of a polymerized LC film according to the present invention is determined by the optical properties desired from the film or the final product. For example, if the polymerized LC film does not mainly act as an optical layer, but e.g. as adhesive, aligning or protection layer, its thickness is preferably not greater than 1 ⁇ m, in particular not greater than 0.5 ⁇ m, very preferably not greater than 0.2 ⁇ m.
  • uniformly homeotropic or planar aligned polymer films of the present invention can be used as retardation or compensation films for example in LCDs to improve the contrast and brightness at large viewing angles and reduce the chromaticity. They can be used outside the switchable liquid-crystalline cell in an LCD, or between the substrates, usually glass substrates, forming the switchable liquid-crystalline cell and containing the switchable liquid-crystalline medium (in cell application).
  • the polymer film preferably has a thickness of from 0.5 to 10 ⁇ m, very preferably from 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m, in particular from 0.5 to 3 ⁇ m.
  • the birefringence and accordingly optical retardation depends on the thickness of a film and the tilt angle of optical axis in the film (of. Berek’s compensator). Therefore, the skilled expert is aware that different optical retardations or different birefringence can be induced by adjusting the orientation of the liquid-crystalline molecules in the polymer film.
  • the birefringence ( ⁇ n) of the polymer film according to the present invention is preferably in the range from 0.01 to 0.30, more preferable in the range from 0.01 to 0.25 and even more preferable in the range from 0.01 to 0.16.
  • the optical retardation as a function of the thickness of the polymer film according to the present invention is less than 200 nm, preferable less than 180 nm and even more preferable less than 150 nm.
  • the polymer film of the present invention can also be used as alignment film for other liquid-crystalline or RM materials.
  • they can be used in an LCD to induce or improve alignment of the switchable liquid- crystalline medium, or to align a subsequent layer of polymerizable LC material coated thereon. In this way, stacks of polymerized LC films can be prepared.
  • the polymerized LC films and polymerizable LC materials according to the present invention are useful in optical elements like polarisers, compensators, alignment layer, circular polarisers or colour filters in liquid crystal displays or projection systems, decorative images, for the preparation of liquid crystal or effect pigments, and especially in reflective films with spatially varying reflection colours, e.g. as multicolour image for decorative, information storage or security uses, such as non- forgeable documents like identity or credit cards, banknotes etc..
  • the polymerized LC films according to the present invention can be used in displays of the transmissive or reflective type. They can be used in conventional OLED displays or LCDs, in particular LCDs of the DAP
  • VA vertical aligned
  • ECB electrically controlled birefringence
  • CSH colour super homeotropic
  • VAN vertically aligned nematic or cholesteric
  • MVA multi-domain vertically aligned
  • PVA patterned vertically aligned
  • OCB optically compensated bend cell or optically compensated birefringence
  • R-OCB reflective OCB
  • HAN hybrid aligned nematic
  • pi-cell pi-cell
  • TN twisted nematic
  • HTN highly twisted nematic
  • STN super twisted nematic
  • AMD-TN active matrix driven TN
  • IPS in plane switching
  • the polymerizable LC material and polymer films according to the present invention are especially useful for a 3D display as described in EP 0829 744, EP 0887666 A2, EP 0887692, US 6,046,849, US 6,437,915 and in "Proceedings o the SID 20 th International Display Research Conference, 2000", page 280.
  • a 3D display of this type comprising a polymer film according to the invention is another object of the present invention.
  • the mixtures are dissolved in to 30% solids in toluene/cyclohexanone (7/3).
  • the solution is bar coated with Mayer Bar no. 7on TAC substrate which is coated with photo alignment layer (HSPA-156, Nissan).
  • the film is annealed at 60°C for 120 second and cured under a N2 atmosphere using a Fusion conveyor, H Bulb (95% power, 10 m/min. ⁇ 400mJ/cm 2 , UV B).
  • the film is laminated to a pressure sensitive adhesive and left with an open surface so the total film stack is glass/polymer film/ pressure sensitive adhesive and the film is subjected to the durability experiment.
  • Axoscan ellipsometer is used to determine the initial retardation and dispersion.
  • the film is then stressed with Suntest XLS+ (430W/m 2 ) at 63°C for 202 h. After the test the retardation profile and dispersion is determined again.
  • the durability is quantified by the difference in R in and/or the dispersion (R450/550) before and after the UV test.
  • the compounds SPI-03 (Samyang Corp.), Tinuvin 970, (BASF), LA-F70 (Adeka), NCI-930 (Adeka), BYK-310 (BYK), Tinuvin 770 (BASF) and Irganox 1076 (BASF) are commercially available from the given suppliers CM1 is dissolved, coated and cured as described above and the dispersion is determined before after the suntest and quantified as its difference ⁇ R (450/550) in [%] .
  • Example 1 As can be seen from a comparison between Example 1 and Comparison Example 1, the durability of the optical dispersion is significantly improved by the utilization of compounds of formula I in reactive mesogenic mixtures.

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  • Liquid Crystal Substances (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un matériau à cristaux liquides polymérisables, comprenant un ou plusieurs composés mésogènes biréactifs ou multiréactifs et un ou plusieurs composés de formule (UVI), les radicaux individuels présentant l'une des significations données dans les revendications. L'invention concerne en outre également un procédé pour sa préparation, un film polymère présentant une durabilité thermique et une stabilité aux UV améliorées, pouvant être obtenu à partir d'un matériau de cristal liquide polymérisable correspondant, un procédé de préparation d'un tel film polymère, et l'utilisation d'un tel film polymère et dudit matériau cristal liquide polymérisable pour des dispositifs optiques, électro-optiques, décoratifs ou de sécurité.
PCT/EP2021/061211 2020-04-30 2021-04-29 Matériau cristal liquide polymérisable et film cristal liquide polymérisé WO2021219765A1 (fr)

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EP20172539 2020-04-30
EP20172539.7 2020-04-30
EP20181692 2020-06-23
EP20181692.3 2020-06-23

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