WO2021219105A1 - Methods for preparing zeolites - Google Patents
Methods for preparing zeolites Download PDFInfo
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- WO2021219105A1 WO2021219105A1 PCT/CN2021/091187 CN2021091187W WO2021219105A1 WO 2021219105 A1 WO2021219105 A1 WO 2021219105A1 CN 2021091187 W CN2021091187 W CN 2021091187W WO 2021219105 A1 WO2021219105 A1 WO 2021219105A1
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- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/14—Type A
- C01B39/16—Type A from aqueous solutions of an alkali metal aluminate and an alkali metal silicate excluding any other source of alumina or silica but seeds
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/20—Faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
- C01B39/22—Type X
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/20—Faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
- C01B39/24—Type Y
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B39/00—Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites; Their preparation; After-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination
- C01B39/02—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof; Direct preparation thereof; Preparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactants; After-treatment thereof
- C01B39/36—Pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11
- C01B39/38—Type ZSM-5
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to methods for preparing zeolite materials. More particularly the present disclosure relates to efficient and eco-friendly photocatalytic methods for preparing zeolites.
- zeolites Due to the microporous structure of zeolites, they have found a number of applications in various fields, such as in gas separation, industrial catalysis, detergents, and ion-exchange.
- the structural advantages and wide application prospects of zeolite have seen a boom in research focusing on discovering new zeolites, exploring suitable synthesis methods and understanding the corresponding mechanisms.
- Zeolites are typically synthesized using hydrothermal processes in which the reactants are heated to 50-200°C for hours to days.
- hydrothermal methods are energy-and time-consuming. Since using solar energy instead of electric power provides a cleaner and more sustainable solution, it is of great importance for zeolite chemistry to develop fast and green production methods based on solar light driving technology in an ambient temperature environment.
- photocatalysis can be used as a green and facile method to synthesize zeolites, such as Na-x type zeolites, at room temperature with significantly shortened crystallization time and increased productivity.
- zeolites such as Na-x type zeolites
- g-C 3 N 4 is employed as a photocatalyst to induce the generation of ⁇ OH and ⁇ O 2 -under visible light irradiation.
- EPR electron paramagnetic resonance
- DFT Density functional theory
- a method for preparing a zeolite comprising: contacting a metal aluminate, a metal silicate, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) , and at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS) precursor selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light under conditions that generate ROS thereby forming the zeolite.
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- reaction composition further comprises water.
- the hydroxide is a metal hydroxide salt.
- the metal silicate is selected from the group consisting of a metal nesosilicate, a metal sorosilicate, a metal cyclosilicate, a metal inosilicate, a metal phyllosilicate, a metal tectosilicate, and mixtures thereof.
- the metal silicate is a metal metasilicate.
- the metal silicate comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, and Group 13 of the periodic table.
- the metal silicate is sodium metasilicate.
- the metal aluminate is sodium aluminate.
- the g-C 3 N 4 is present in a catalytic amount.
- the zeolite is a Na-X type zeolite, Na-Z21 type zeolite, Na-A type zeolite, FAU type zeolite, EMT type zeolite, zeolite Y type zeolite, ZSM-5 type zeolite, or a mixture thereof.
- the zeolite has a crystallinity between 20-70%by weight.
- the step of irradiating the reaction composition occurs between 20-30°C.
- the reaction composition has a pH greater than 7.
- the method comprises contacting M 1 AlO 2 , M 2 2 SiO 3 , g-C 3 N 4 , M 3 OH, and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light thereby forming the zeolite, wherein each of M 1 , M 2 , and M 3 is independently selected from Group 1 of the periodic table; and g-C 3 N 4 is present in a catalytic amount.
- each of M 1 , M 2 , and M 3 is Na + .
- the step of irradiating the reaction composition occurs between 20-30°C.
- M 1 AlO 2 has a concentration in the reaction composition between 0.2-0.7 M; 0.5-1.0 M 2 2 SiO 3 has a concentration in the reaction composition; and M 3 OH has a concentration between 1-14 M in the reaction composition.
- the method comprises contacting M 1 AlO 2 , M 2 2 SiO 3 , g-C 3 N 4 , M 3 OH, and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition, wherein M 1 AlO 2 has a concentration of 0.3-0.7 M in the reaction mixture; M 2 2 SiO 3 has a concentration of 0.5-0.8 in the reaction mixture; and M 3 OH has a concentration of 8-12 M in the reaction mixture; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light at a temperature between 20-30°C thereby forming the zeolite, wherein each of M 1 , M 2 , and M 3 is independently selected from Group 1 of the periodic table; and g-C 3 N 4 is present in a catalytic amount.
- the zeolite has a crystallinity of 50-70%by weight.
- the zeolite is a Na-X type zeolite, a NaZ-21 type zeolite, or a mixture thereof.
- Figure 1 depicts X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of zeolites prepared (A) using g-C 3 N 4 in the dark; (B) visible irradiation light only; and (C) g-C 3 N 4 and visible light visible light irradiation at different reaction times.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- Figure 2 depicts (A) and (B) yields of zeolighs prepared in the dark, visible light, and visible light and g-C 3 N 4 ; and (C) zeolite crystallization curves of Na-X under visible light irradiation and visible light irradiation in the presence of g-C 3 N 4 .
- the bars are shown from left to right in the following order: Dark, Visible, and Visible + g-C 3 N 4 with yields of zeolites for Visible + g-C 3 N 4 the highest at each time entry.
- Figure 3 depicts ROS radicals identification using 5, 5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) spin-trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of (A) aqueous solution and (B) methanol with and without g-C 3 N 4 in the dark and Xe lamp irradiation ( ⁇ > 400 nm) . Peaks generated from the DMPO-OH and the DMPO- ⁇ O 2 - adducts are marked as (*) and ( ⁇ ) , respectively.
- DMPO 5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide
- ESR electron spin resonance
- Figure 4 depicts XRD of products from radical trapping experiments using (A) t-BuOH and (B) phenylhydrazine at different reaction times.
- Figure 5 depicts a schematic diagram of a possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the methods described herein.
- Figure 6 depicts a theoretic reaction of [SiO 2 (OH) –O–SiO 3 ] Na 5 system and Gibbs free-energy calculation for the single-step reaction process (A) H 2 O, (B) ⁇ OH and (C) ⁇ O 2 - , multi-step reaction processes (D) H 2 O and (E) ⁇ OH
- Figure 7 depicts the XRD of NaZ-21 type zeolites prepared in accordance with certain embodiments of the methods described herein and comparative example conducted in the dark at different reaction time.
- Figure 8 depicts the XRD of Na-X type zeolites prepared using g-C 3 N 4 and deoxygenated water under visible light irradiation in accordance with certain embodiments of the methods described herein at different reaction time.
- Figure 9 depicts yields of zeolite prepared in accordance with certain embodiments of the methods described herein with different g-C 3 N 4 quantities.
- Figure 10 depicts a theoretic reaction of [AlO 2 (OH) –O–SiO 3 ] Na 5 system and Gibbs free-energy calculation for the single-step reaction process (A) H 2 O, (B) ⁇ OH and (C) ⁇ O 2 -, multi-step reaction processes (D) H 2 O and (E) ⁇ OH.
- Figure 11 depicts a theoretic reaction of [AlO 2 (OH) –O–AlO 3 ] Na 5 system and Gibbs free-energy calculation for the single-step reaction process (A) H 2 O, (B) ⁇ OH and (C) ⁇ O 2 -, multi-step reaction processes (D) H 2 O and (E) ⁇ OH
- Figure 12 depicts scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of of (A, B) zeolite prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein and (C, D) zeolite/g-C 3 N 4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
- Figure 13 depicts (A-C) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of zeolite/g-C 3 N 4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- FIG 14 depicts energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images of zeolite/g-C 3 N 4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
- EDS energy dispersive spectroscopy
- Figure 15 depicts (A-F) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of zeolite/g-C 3 N 4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Figure 16 depicts reflection of zeolite and zeolite/g-C 3 N 4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
- Figure 17 depicts Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
- compositions of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.
- the present disclosure provides a method for preparing a zeolite, the method comprising: contacting a metal aluminate, a metal silicate, g-C 3 N 4 , and at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS) precursor selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light under conditions that generate ROS thereby forming the zeolite.
- ROS reactive oxygen species
- the metal aluminate may comprise one or more metals selected from Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, or Group 13 of the periodic table.
- the metal aluminate comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum.
- the metal aluminate is sodium aluminate, lithium aluminate, potassium aluminate, magnesium aluminate, calcium aluminate, and mixtures thereof.
- an aluminum source can be used in place of the metal aluminate, wherein the aluminum source is selected from the group consisting of boehmite (aluminum oxide hydroxide) , aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, an aluminum alkoxide (such as aluminum methoxide, aluminum ethoxide, and aluminum isopropoxide) , aluminum hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
- boehmite aluminum oxide hydroxide
- aluminum sulfate aluminum nitrate
- an aluminum alkoxide such as aluminum methoxide, aluminum ethoxide, and aluminum isopropoxide
- the metal silicate may be selected from the group consisting of a metal nesosilicate, a metal sorosilicate, a metal cyclosilicate, a metal inosilicate, a metal phyllosilicate, a metal tectosilicate, and mixtures thereof.
- the metal silicate is a metal metasilicate.
- Exemplary metal metasilicates include, but are not limited to, lithium metasilicate, sodium metasilicate, potassium metasilicate, calcium metasilicate, magnesium metasilicate, and cesium metasilicate.
- a silicon source can be used in place of the metal silicate, wherein the silicon source is selected from the group consisting of silica gel, colloidal silica, fumed silica, tetraalkylorthosilicate (such as tetrametylorthosilicate and tetraetylorthosilicate) , and combinations thereof.
- the silicon source is selected from the group consisting of silica gel, colloidal silica, fumed silica, tetraalkylorthosilicate (such as tetrametylorthosilicate and tetraetylorthosilicate) , and combinations thereof.
- the metal silicate may comprise one or more metals selected from Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, or Group 13 of the periodic table.
- the metal silicate comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum.
- the metal silicate and metal aluminate can be present in a molar ratio between 1: 1 to 1: 1 to 3: 2; 1: 1 to 5: 1; 2: 1 to 5: 1; 1: 1 to 2: 1; or 5: 4 to 7: 4. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the metal silicate and metal aluminate is about 5: 4 to about 7: 4.
- g-C 3 N 4 is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer, which can comprise covalently-linked, sp 2 -hybridized carbon and nitrogen atoms arranged in triazine units, heptazine units, or combinations thereof.
- the g-C 3 N 4 exists as a film comprising one or more atomic layers of g-C 3 N 4 .
- the g-C 3 N 4 exists as a film comprising up to 10,000, up to 5,000, 1,000, up to 500, up to 100, up to 50, up to 20, up to 10, up to 5, up to 3, or 1 atomic layer of g-C 3 N 4 .
- the g-C 3 N 4 can be present in the reaction composition at a concentration between 20-60%, 25-55%, 30-50%, 35-45%, or 40-45%m/v.
- the electrons on the valence band of g-C 3 N 4 are excited into higher energy levels on the conduction band of g-C 3 N 4 , leaving holes in the VB, which can react with one or more ROS precursors, e.g., OH-and O 2 thereby forming ⁇ OH and ⁇ O 2 .
- ROS precursors e.g., OH-and O 2
- the hydroxide may take any form including, but not limited to a hydroxide salt or hydroxide present in aqueous solution due to self-ionization of water.
- the hydroxide salt is a metal hydroxide.
- the metal hydroxide comprises metals selected from Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, or Group 13 of the periodic table.
- the metal hydroxide comprises lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, and combinations thereof.
- the metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg (OH) 2 , Ca (OH) 2 , and combinations thereof.
- the metal hydroxide may be present in the reaction composition at a concentration between 0.1-18 M. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the metal hydroxide is 1-16 M, 1-14 M, 5-14 M, 10-14 M, 10-12 M, 11-12 M, or about 11.5 to about 12 M.
- O 2 is a ROS precursor
- it may be introduced into the reaction mixture by exposure of the reaction mixture to an atmosphere comprising O 2 , such as air.
- O 2 can be introduced into the reaction mixture by addition of a gas comprising O 2 into the reaction composition, e.g., by bubbling O 2 in the reaction mixture.
- the reaction mixture can optionally comprise templating agents, such as an amine.
- exemplary amines include, but are not limited to alkyl amines, such as propylamine, diaminohexane, triethanolamine, and piperidine, alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts and dialkyldimethyl, such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, behenyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropyl, tetrabutylammonium, tetraethylpropylammonium, and mixtures thereof.
- the reaction composition may further comprise a solvent.
- Suitable solvents include those solvents in which the reactants are at least partially soluble.
- Exemplary solvents include water.
- a first aqueous solution comprising the metal silicate and a second solution comprising the metal aluminate and the metal hydroxide are contacted thereby forming the reaction mixture.
- the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light under conditions that induces g-C 3 N 4 to convert the ROS precursors to ROS, which then react with the reactants and intermediates formed therefrom.
- Any source of visible light can be used to irritate the reaction composition, such as the sun, a bulb or lamp, or laser.
- the visible light can be one or wavelengths of light between 380 to 700 nm or 400 to 700 nm.
- the visible light can be generated from any source, such as the sun, an incandescent lamp, a flash lamp, such as a xenon flash lamp, an arc lamp, a combination mercury-xenon lamp, an Excimer laser, a tunable dye laser, laser diode or light emitting diode.
- the reaction mixture can be irradiated with visible light for 30 minutes to 48 hours.
- the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light for 1 to 48 hours; 2 to 48 hours; 2 to 36 hours; 2 to 24 hours; 4 to 24 hours; 6 to 26 hours; 8 to 26 hours; 4 to 12 hours; 6 to 12 hours; 12 to 48 hours; 24 to 48 hours; 12 to 24 hours; or 12 to 36 hours.
- the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light for at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours; at least 4 hours; at least 6 hours; at least 8 hours; or at least 12 hours.
- the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light for less than 48 hours; lestt than 36 hours; less than 24 hours; or less than 12 hours.
- the reaction mixture can be irradiated at any temperature between 20-100°C. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated at 20-90°C; 20-80°C; 20-70°C; 20-60°C; 20-50°C; 20-40°C; 20-30°C; or about 20 to about 25°C. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated at room temperature.
- the zeolite can optionally be isolated using any isolation technique known to those skilled in the art, such as by filtration, recrystallization, and the like.
- the zeolite can optionally be purified by washing with one or more portions of a solvent, such as water, and optionally dried.
- the zeolite may comprise one or a combination of zeolite frameworks including, but not limited to, the FAU, EMT, zeolite Y, and ZSM-5 frameworks.
- the zeolite comprises one or more frameworks selected from the group consisting of LTA, EMT, and FAU frameworks.
- the zeolite comprises a FAU framework.
- zeolite frameworks can readily be prepared by a person skilled in the art by varying the amounts and stoichiometry of reactants, e.g., silicon, aluminum, and other inorganic and organic species in the reaction mixture and/or reaction conditions used in connection with the methods described herein.
- reactants e.g., silicon, aluminum, and other inorganic and organic species in the reaction mixture and/or reaction conditions used in connection with the methods described herein.
- General synthetic methods for preparing zeolites having different frameworks are described in Xu, Ruren, et al., Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Materials, Synthesis and Structure, Singapore, Markono Print Media Pte Ltd., 2007.
- the zeolite can have a crystallinity of at least 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%by weight, as measured by XRD.
- the zeolite can have a crystallinity of 10-70%; 20-70%; 30-70%; 40-70%; 50-70%; 60-70%; or about 65 to about 70%by weight, as measured by XRD.
- Synthesis of Na-X zeolite was employed as an exemplary product to demonstrate the methods described herein.
- g-C 3 N 4 was employed as a visible-light-driven metal free photocatalyst for the generation of ROS radicals due to its high photocatalytic activity and stability in a wide range of pH, especially in alkaline solution.
- EPR electron paramagnetic resonance
- Crystallization is an important aspect of zeolite chemistry.
- XRD patterns of products with different irradiation time are shown in Fig. 1.
- the crystal formation time of zeolite was 12h under visible light without photocatalyst (Fig. 1a) . It should be noted that the temperature was maintained at 25 °C by a flow of cooling water without additional heat promoting the reaction.
- g-C 3 N 4 was introduced into the zeolite fabrication process.
- zeolite crystal was obtained after 58h indicating the formation of zeolite crystal was slow under OH – dominant conditions.
- g-C 3 N 4 resulted in a generation of ROS, including ⁇ O 2 - and ⁇ OH in the solution, than that of the g-C 3 N 4 free system.
- the crystal growing process started at 6 hm which can be observed in Fig 1B.
- the yeilds of zeolites in g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysis process increased rapidly and reached the highest value at 0.42 g/l of g-C 3 N 4 (see Fig. 7) .
- the highest yield value obtained is about 4.25 times that in the g-C 3 N 4 free synthesis system after 24h visible light irradiation (Fig. 2A) .
- the amorphous and crystal products can be obtained at 4h and 6h, respectively, in the g-C 3 N 4 photocatalysis condition, while almost no yield can be seen within 8h in the dark and visible light conditions (Fig. 2B) .
- Fig. 2B dark and visible light conditions
- the relative crystallinity values from the photocatalytic system were 9.74, 27.84 48.1 and 70.4%at 4, 6, 8 and 12h, respectively.
- the crystallinity at all time periods in photocatalytic system is higher than photocatalyst free system under visible light irradiation.
- similar results were obtained during the photocatalytic synthesis of NaZ-21 zeolite (see Fig. 7) .
- the same raw materials were mixed in different proportions to produce NaZ-21 zeolites.
- obvious crystallization were obtained with g-C 3 N 4 under visible light irradiation while no crystallization was obtained in dark condition with or without g-C 3 N 4 .
- ROS are primary intermediates in most photocatalytic reactions, which are considered as the actual reactants in the oxidation and reduction processes, respectively. Therefore, the identification of ROS can be key to understanding their generation and reaction mechanisms.
- Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons, is the most widely used detection technology for organic radicals. It was also employed in the ROS radical identification during photocatalysis herein.
- DMPO was employed as the spin trapping reagent of ⁇ OH and ⁇ O 2 - in aqueous solution and methanol, respectively. As shown in Fig.
- the band gap of g-C 3 N 4 matches well with the thermodynamic requirements in various chemical reactions.
- the typical photocatalytic process of g-C 3 N 4 can be described in Fig. 5:under visible light irradiation, electrons (e - ) on the valence band (VB) of g-C 3 N 4 are excited into higher energy levels on the conduction band (CB) of g-C 3 N 4 , leaving holes (h + ) in the VB as shown in Eq 1.
- the holes react with the target reactants (e.g., ROS precursors) as sacrificial reagents.
- ROS radicals including ⁇ OH and ⁇ O 2 - are expected to play a catalytic role in the synthesis process of zeolite. Based on the result of EPR tests and radical trapping experiments, a ROS radicals dominant reaction mechanism towards fast and efficient synthesis of zeolites through C 3 N 4 -based photocatalysis can be explained in this work.
- the steps with the highest energy gap were defined as the rate-determining steps.
- the energy barriers of the rate-determining steps for Si-O (Al-O) bonds breaking ( ⁇ E b ) and recombination ( ⁇ E r ) were marked with red and blue arrows, respectively.
- the energy barriers of H 2 O, ⁇ OH and ⁇ O 2 - from high to low were 1.97 eV, 1.45 eV and 0.98 eV ( ⁇ E b ) and 2.75 eV, 1.49 eV and 0.62 eV of ( ⁇ E r ) , indicating both ROS played catalytic role on Si-O-Si bonds breaking and recombination in the single-step reaction process.
- ⁇ OH and ⁇ O 2 - could directly react with the other side of [SiO 2 (OH) –O–SiO 3 ] Na 5 without H to produce the monomeric species P.
- the minimum-energy pathway of ⁇ O 2 - to promote the growth of zeolite follows a single-step reaction, meaning that ⁇ O 2 - can react directly with the other side of the highly deprotonated clusters (such as [SiO 2 (OH) –O–SiO 3 ] Na 5 , [AlO 2 (OH) –O–AlO 3 ] Na 5 and [AlO 2 (OH) –O–SiO 3 ] Na 5 ) without H, producing the monomeric species P.
- This is different from the multi-step reaction mechanism of OH – for conventional zeolite fabrication. Nevertheless, the minimum-energy pathways of ⁇ OH to break and reform the Si-O (Al-O) bonds are more interesting.
- g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets were produced from melamine powder according to a modified two-step thermal oxidation method. Briefly, 5 g of melamine was put into an alumina crucible with a cover and calcined at 520 °C for 4 h with a heating rate of 5 °C min -1 . After calcination, the obtained bulk C 3 N 4 was grounded into powder in an agate mortar. Then, the above powder was put back in an alumina crucible and heated at 580 °C for 1.5 h to prepare the g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. Following that, the resulting powder was dispersed in isopropanol followed by sonication for 8 h. The final products were centrifuged and dried at 60 °C for overnight.
- Photocatalytic synthesis of Na-X zeolite In a typical preparation, 24.44 g of Na 2 SiO 3 ⁇ 9H 2 O was dissolved in 60 ml of deionized water with vigorous stirring for 1 h to obtain solution S1; 4.68 g (6.96 g for NaZ-21) of NaAlO 2 and 56.28 g (60 g for NaZ-21) of NaOH were sequentially dissolved in 60 ml of deionized water with a water bath at room temperature to obtain solution S2. Subsequently, solution S2 was added into solution S1 with stirring and the mixture was further stirred for 1 hours.
- the obtained solution 120 mL was mixed with 50 mg of photocatalyst (g-C 3 N 4 ) homogeneously in a Pyrex top-irradiation glass reactor connected to a closed gas-circulation system.
- the synthesis process was respectively conducted under a dark condition (aluminum foil covered sample) and under visible light irradiation from the top of the reactor by using a 300 W Xe lamp with a cut-off filter ( ⁇ > 400 nm) , for different time periods (4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h and 24h) .
- the temperature of the reactant solution was maintained constantly at 25 °C by a flow of cooling water during the reaction.
- the obtained precipitates were washed separated by centrifugation, washed with deionized water, and then dried at 60 °C overnight.
- the van der Waals (vdW) dispersion by employing the D3 method of Grimme was considered for all the calculation 9 .
- the climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) method was used to search the TSs and six images inserted in between two stable states.
- the microstructure of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets and as prepared Na-X Zeolite were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800) and a JEM-2100F scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) operated at 200 kV.
- XPS KRATOS Analytical, AXIS Ultra DLD
- the UV-vis diffuse spectra (DRS) were measured by a Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer with the scanning range from 200 to 800 nm.
- the BET specific surface area was determined by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements at 77 K.
- the morphology of the samples were studied by SEM.
- the SEM images in Fig. 8A and 8B showed that the product consisted of nanoparticles in the size range 50-1000 nm and some aggregates with grape-like structure.
- the nanoparticles were the most general form of the product and the basic unit of the aggregates.
- the above results indicated that two processes including crystal growth and structure development occurred simultaneously during the 24h synthesis without photocatalyst under dark.
- Fig. 9A and 9B the sample exhibited a few layered sheet-like structure which was attributed to the deposition of zeolite nanoparticles on the g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets.
- FIG. 9C shows that the nanoparticles covered on the whole surface of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets can be distinguished, indicating the role of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets as a substrate during the synthesis process of zeolite. Furthermore, it is reasonable to speculate that a good combination of zeolite and g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets was achieved.
- the STEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) result was shown in Fig. 10. It confirmed that the studied sample consists of Al, Si, O, C and N, which were the main constituent elements of zeolites and g-C 3 N 4 , respectively. Furthermore, the ratio of component elements has important effect to the as-prepared composite. For zeolite, the framework SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio of about 2.2 in the EDS pattern was consistent with Na-X type zeolite with faujasite (FAU) structure. It is worth noted that C and N elements were not in stoichiometric proportion. And this result could be contributed to the broken of g-C 3 N 4 structure or combination of g-C 3 N 4 with zeolite. Therefore, further analysis should be carried out to clarify the reason of the phenomenon.
- FAU faujasite
- the surface composition of a material is commonly characterized by XPS.
- zeolite it is generally considered that, Al, Si, and O are the building elements of zeolite structure and the Si/Al atomic ratio is an indicator of dealumination process on the surface of zeolite structure.
- the XPS analysis showed that SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 atomic ratio of the as-prepared sample was 2.12, corresponding to Na-X type zeolite with faujasite (FAU) structure.
- FAU faujasite
- Fig. 11A the peak located at 73.9 eV indicated the presence of aluminosilicate.
- Fig. 11B showed the XPS spectrum for Si 2p.
- the peak of Si 2p was at 101.8 eV corresponding to Si Almand.
- Fig. 11C the O 1s peaks at 531, 531.7 and 536.3 eV was attributed to the C-O bonds, surface hydroxyl groups and Na KLL auger overlap with O1s, respectively.
- C and N are main constituent elements.
- the N1s region in Fig. 11E can be fitted into two peaks at 398.4 eV and 400.2 eV.
- the peak at 400.2 eV corresponded with tertiary nitrogen (N- (C) 3 ) .
- the above results confirmed that the sample was composed of zeolite structure and g-C 3 N 4 .
- the BET specific surface area was investigated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements.
- the BET specific surface area of the product was determined to be 50.15 m 2 /g.
- the relatively low specific surface area of product indicated that the ROS exhibits limited catalytic effect on the porous structure development. Therefore, it is reasonable to extrapolate that the photocatalysis over g-C 3 N 4 under visible light irradiation has a selective effect on the nucleation and crystal growth processes during the synthesis of Na-X zeolite.
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Abstract
Provided herein is a method for preparing a zeolite, wherein the method includes contacting a metal aluminate, a metal silicate, graphitic carbon nitride, and at least one reactive oxygen species precursor selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide salt and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light under conditions forming reactive oxygen species thereby forming the zeolite.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims the benefit of priority of United States Provisional Application Number 63/017, 063, filed on April 29, 2020, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure generally relates to methods for preparing zeolite materials. More particularly the present disclosure relates to efficient and eco-friendly photocatalytic methods for preparing zeolites.
Due to the microporous structure of zeolites, they have found a number of applications in various fields, such as in gas separation, industrial catalysis, detergents, and ion-exchange. The structural advantages and wide application prospects of zeolite have seen a boom in research focusing on discovering new zeolites, exploring suitable synthesis methods and understanding the corresponding mechanisms. Zeolites are typically synthesized using hydrothermal processes in which the reactants are heated to 50-200℃ for hours to days. However, such hydrothermal methods are energy-and time-consuming. Since using solar energy instead of electric power provides a cleaner and more sustainable solution, it is of great importance for zeolite chemistry to develop fast and green production methods based on solar light driving technology in an ambient temperature environment.
The reaction mechanism of zeolite crystal growth, by means of experiments and/or numerical simulations, has indicated that hydroxide ions (OH-) play a key role in Si–O–Si bonds breaking and reforming during the steps from nucleation to crystallization. Furthermore, experimental results and theoretical calculations revealed that the Si-O (Al-O) bonds can be weakened and broken by the catalysis of hydroxyl free radicals (·OH) leading to accelerated crystallization of zeolites. Such free radical reaction mechanism has opened up a new avenue for inducing zeolite crystallization and offers great potential to produce zeolites using reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the synthesis system. However, in the existing literature, the explored type of ROS during the zeolite synthesis process was limited to ·OH only. In addition, UV-driven transformation of OH-to ·OH and Fenton reaction assisted engineering mentioned in the literature may not be optimal methods for efficient ·OH generation. For example, UV light accounts for only 4%of the solar radiation energy. Meanwhile, it is known that the high activity of Fenton reaction is located at low pH region (pH = 2.5-5.0) . Thus, it is believed that the strong basic synthesis condition severely restricts the efficiency of Fenton reaction during hydrothermal synthesis of zeolites. Therefore, it is expected that more effective zeolite fabrication could be achieved if a ROS-rich environment is created.
There is thus a need to develop improved energy efficient methods of producing zeolites that overcome at least some of the challenges described above.
SUMMARY
For the first time, it is demonstrated that photocatalysis can be used as a green and facile method to synthesize zeolites, such as Na-x type zeolites, at room temperature with significantly shortened crystallization time and increased productivity. During the synthesis process, g-C
3N
4 is employed as a photocatalyst to induce the generation of ·OH and ·O
2-under visible light irradiation. The results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum and free radicals trapping tests revealed the origin of ROS and their catalytic roles on zeolite crystallization and production. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations of the activation energy of Si-O (Al-O) bonds cleavage explained the synergistic effects of ·OH and ·O
2-on the depolymerization and nucleation processes of zeolite abiding by different reaction pathways.
In a first aspect, provided herein is a method for preparing a zeolite, the method comprising: contacting a metal aluminate, a metal silicate, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C
3N
4) , and at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS) precursor selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light under conditions that generate ROS thereby forming the zeolite.
In certain embodiments, the reaction composition further comprises water.
In certain embodiments, the hydroxide is a metal hydroxide salt.
In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is selected from the group consisting of a metal nesosilicate, a metal sorosilicate, a metal cyclosilicate, a metal inosilicate, a metal phyllosilicate, a metal tectosilicate, and mixtures thereof.
In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a metal metasilicate.
In certain embodiments, the metal silicate comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, and Group 13 of the periodic table.
In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is sodium metasilicate.
In certain embodiments, the metal aluminate is sodium aluminate.
In certain embodiments, the g-C
3N
4 is present in a catalytic amount.
In certain embodiments, the zeolite is a Na-X type zeolite, Na-Z21 type zeolite, Na-A type zeolite, FAU type zeolite, EMT type zeolite, zeolite Y type zeolite, ZSM-5 type zeolite, or a mixture thereof.
In certain embodiments, the zeolite has a crystallinity between 20-70%by weight.
In certain embodiments, the step of irradiating the reaction composition occurs between 20-30℃.
In certain embodiments, the reaction composition has a pH greater than 7.
In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting M
1AlO
2, M
2
2SiO
3, g-C
3N
4, M
3OH, and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light thereby forming the zeolite, wherein each of M
1, M
2, and M
3 is independently selected from Group 1 of the periodic table; and g-C
3N
4 is present in a catalytic amount.
In certain embodiments, each of M
1, M
2, and M
3 is Na
+.
In certain embodiments, the step of irradiating the reaction composition occurs between 20-30℃.
In certain embodiments, M
1AlO
2 has a concentration in the reaction composition between 0.2-0.7 M; 0.5-1.0 M
2
2SiO
3 has a concentration in the reaction composition; and M
3OH has a concentration between 1-14 M in the reaction composition.
In certain embodiments, the method comprises contacting M
1AlO
2, M
2
2SiO
3, g-C
3N
4, M
3OH, and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition, wherein M
1AlO
2 has a concentration of 0.3-0.7 M in the reaction mixture; M
2
2SiO
3 has a concentration of 0.5-0.8 in the reaction mixture; and M
3OH has a concentration of 8-12 M in the reaction mixture; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light at a temperature between 20-30℃ thereby forming the zeolite, wherein each of M
1, M
2, and M
3 is independently selected from Group 1 of the periodic table; and g-C
3N
4 is present in a catalytic amount.
In certain embodiments, the zeolite has a crystallinity of 50-70%by weight.
In certain embodiments, the zeolite is a Na-X type zeolite, a NaZ-21 type zeolite, or a mixture thereof.
The above and other objects and features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following description of the disclosure, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Figure 1 depicts X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of zeolites prepared (A) using g-C
3N
4 in the dark; (B) visible irradiation light only; and (C) g-C
3N
4 and visible light visible light irradiation at different reaction times.
Figure 2 depicts (A) and (B) yields of zeolighs prepared in the dark, visible light, and visible light and g-C
3N
4; and (C) zeolite crystallization curves of Na-X under visible light irradiation and visible light irradiation in the presence of g-C
3N
4. For each time point, the bars are shown from left to right in the following order: Dark, Visible, and Visible + g-C
3N
4 with yields of zeolites for Visible + g-C
3N
4 the highest at each time entry.
Figure 3 depicts ROS radicals identification using 5, 5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) spin-trapping electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy of (A) aqueous solution and (B) methanol with and without g-C
3N
4 in the dark and Xe lamp irradiation (λ > 400 nm) . Peaks generated from the DMPO-OH and the DMPO-·O
2
- adducts are marked as (*) and (Δ) , respectively.
Figure 4 depicts XRD of products from radical trapping experiments using (A) t-BuOH and (B) phenylhydrazine at different reaction times.
Figure 5 depicts a schematic diagram of a possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism of the methods described herein.
Figure 6 depicts a theoretic reaction of [SiO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5 system and Gibbs free-energy calculation for the single-step reaction process (A) H
2O, (B) ·OH and (C) ·O
2
-, multi-step reaction processes (D) H
2O and (E) ·OH
Figure 7 depicts the XRD of NaZ-21 type zeolites prepared in accordance with certain embodiments of the methods described herein and comparative example conducted in the dark at different reaction time.
Figure 8 depicts the XRD of Na-X type zeolites prepared using g-C
3N
4 and deoxygenated water under visible light irradiation in accordance with certain embodiments of the methods described herein at different reaction time.
Figure 9 depicts yields of zeolite prepared in accordance with certain embodiments of the methods described herein with different g-C
3N
4 quantities.
Figure 10 depicts a theoretic reaction of [AlO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5 system and Gibbs free-energy calculation for the single-step reaction process (A) H
2O, (B) ·OH and (C) ·O
2-, multi-step reaction processes (D) H
2O and (E) ·OH.
Figure 11 depicts a theoretic reaction of [AlO
2 (OH) –O–AlO
3] Na
5 system and Gibbs free-energy calculation for the single-step reaction process (A) H
2O, (B) ·OH and (C) ·O
2-, multi-step reaction processes (D) H
2O and (E) ·OH
Figure 12 depicts scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of of (A, B) zeolite prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein and (C, D) zeolite/g-C
3N
4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
Figure 13 depicts (A-C) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of zeolite/g-C
3N
4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
Figure 14 depicts energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) images of zeolite/g-C
3N
4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
Figure 15 depicts (A-F) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of zeolite/g-C
3N
4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
Figure 16 depicts reflection of zeolite and zeolite/g-C
3N
4 prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
Figure 17 depicts Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue using prepared in accordance with certain embodiments described herein.
Definitions
Throughout the application, where compositions are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes are described as having, including, or comprising specific process steps, it is contemplated that compositions of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that the processes of the present teachings can also consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited process steps.
In the application, where an element or component is said to be included in and/or selected from a list of recited elements or components, it should be understood that the element or component can be any one of the recited elements or components, or the element or component can be selected from a group consisting of two or more of the recited elements or components. Further, it should be understood that elements and/or features of a composition or a methods described herein can be combined in a variety of ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present teachings, whether explicit or implicit herein.
It should be understood that the order of steps or order for performing certain actions is immaterial so long as the present teachings remain operable. Moreover, two or more steps or actions may be conducted simultaneously.
The use of the singular herein includes the plural (and vice versa) unless specifically stated otherwise. In addition, where the use of the term "about" is before a quantitative value, the present teachings also include the specific quantitative value itself, unless specifically stated otherwise. As used herein, the term "about" refers to a ±10%, ±7%, ±5%, ±3%, ±1%, or ±0% variation from the nominal value unless otherwise indicated or inferred.
The present disclosure provides a method for preparing a zeolite, the method comprising: contacting a metal aluminate, a metal silicate, g-C
3N
4, and at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS) precursor selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light under conditions that generate ROS thereby forming the zeolite.
The metal aluminate may comprise one or more metals selected from Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, or Group 13 of the periodic table. In certain embodiments, the metal aluminate comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum. In certain embodiments, the metal aluminate is sodium aluminate, lithium aluminate, potassium aluminate, magnesium aluminate, calcium aluminate, and mixtures thereof. In alternative embodiments an aluminum source can be used in place of the metal aluminate, wherein the aluminum source is selected from the group consisting of boehmite (aluminum oxide hydroxide) , aluminum sulfate, aluminum nitrate, an aluminum alkoxide (such as aluminum methoxide, aluminum ethoxide, and aluminum isopropoxide) , aluminum hydroxide, and combinations thereof.
The metal silicate may be selected from the group consisting of a metal nesosilicate, a metal sorosilicate, a metal cyclosilicate, a metal inosilicate, a metal phyllosilicate, a metal tectosilicate, and mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate is a metal metasilicate. Exemplary metal metasilicates include, but are not limited to, lithium metasilicate, sodium metasilicate, potassium metasilicate, calcium metasilicate, magnesium metasilicate, and cesium metasilicate. In alternative embodiments a silicon source can be used in place of the metal silicate, wherein the silicon source is selected from the group consisting of silica gel, colloidal silica, fumed silica, tetraalkylorthosilicate (such as tetrametylorthosilicate and tetraetylorthosilicate) , and combinations thereof.
The metal silicate may comprise one or more metals selected from Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, or Group 13 of the periodic table. In certain embodiments, the metal silicate comprises one or more metals selected from the group consisting lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, titanium, zirconium, manganese, iron, zinc, and aluminum.
The metal silicate and metal aluminate can be present in a molar ratio between 1: 1 to 1: 1 to 3: 2; 1: 1 to 5: 1; 2: 1 to 5: 1; 1: 1 to 2: 1; or 5: 4 to 7: 4. In certain embodiments, the molar ratio of the metal silicate and metal aluminate is about 5: 4 to about 7: 4.
g-C
3N
4 is a two-dimensional conjugated polymer, which can comprise covalently-linked, sp
2-hybridized carbon and nitrogen atoms arranged in triazine units, heptazine units, or combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the g-C
3N
4 exists as a film comprising one or more atomic layers of g-C
3N
4. For example, the g-C
3N
4 exists as a film comprising up to 10,000, up to 5,000, 1,000, up to 500, up to 100, up to 50, up to 20, up to 10, up to 5, up to 3, or 1 atomic layer of g-C
3N
4.
The g-C
3N
4 can be present in the reaction composition at a concentration between 20-60%, 25-55%, 30-50%, 35-45%, or 40-45%m/v.
In the presence of visible light, the electrons on the valence band of g-C
3N
4 are excited into higher energy levels on the conduction band of g-C
3N
4, leaving holes in the VB, which can react with one or more ROS precursors, e.g., OH-and O
2 thereby forming ·OH and ·O
2.
The hydroxide may take any form including, but not limited to a hydroxide salt or hydroxide present in aqueous solution due to self-ionization of water. In certain embodiments, the hydroxide salt is a metal hydroxide. In certain embodiments, the metal hydroxide comprises metals selected from Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, or Group 13 of the periodic table. In certain embodiments, the metal hydroxide comprises lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, cesium, and combinations thereof. In certain embodiments, the metal hydroxide is selected from the group consisting of LiOH, NaOH, KOH, Mg (OH)
2, Ca (OH)
2, and combinations thereof.
The metal hydroxide may be present in the reaction composition at a concentration between 0.1-18 M. In certain embodiments, the concentration of the metal hydroxide is 1-16 M, 1-14 M, 5-14 M, 10-14 M, 10-12 M, 11-12 M, or about 11.5 to about 12 M.
If O
2 is a ROS precursor, it may be introduced into the reaction mixture by exposure of the reaction mixture to an atmosphere comprising O
2, such as air. Alternatively, O
2 can be introduced into the reaction mixture by addition of a gas comprising O
2 into the reaction composition, e.g., by bubbling O
2 in the reaction mixture.
The reaction mixture can optionally comprise templating agents, such as an amine. Exemplary amines include, but are not limited to alkyl amines, such as propylamine, diaminohexane, triethanolamine, and piperidine, alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts and dialkyldimethyl, such as cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, cetyltrimethyl ammonium chloride, behenyltrimethylammonium chloride, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropyl, tetrabutylammonium, tetraethylpropylammonium, and mixtures thereof.
The reaction composition may further comprise a solvent. Suitable solvents include those solvents in which the reactants are at least partially soluble. Exemplary solvents include water.
In certain embodiments, a first aqueous solution comprising the metal silicate and a second solution comprising the metal aluminate and the metal hydroxide are contacted thereby forming the reaction mixture.
The reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light under conditions that induces g-C
3N
4 to convert the ROS precursors to ROS, which then react with the reactants and intermediates formed therefrom. Any source of visible light can be used to irritate the reaction composition, such as the sun, a bulb or lamp, or laser. The visible light can be one or wavelengths of light between 380 to 700 nm or 400 to 700 nm. The visible light can be generated from any source, such as the sun, an incandescent lamp, a flash lamp, such as a xenon flash lamp, an arc lamp, a combination mercury-xenon lamp, an Excimer laser, a tunable dye laser, laser diode or light emitting diode.
The reaction mixture can be irradiated with visible light for 30 minutes to 48 hours. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light for 1 to 48 hours; 2 to 48 hours; 2 to 36 hours; 2 to 24 hours; 4 to 24 hours; 6 to 26 hours; 8 to 26 hours; 4 to 12 hours; 6 to 12 hours; 12 to 48 hours; 24 to 48 hours; 12 to 24 hours; or 12 to 36 hours. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light for at least 1 hour, at least 2 hours; at least 4 hours; at least 6 hours; at least 8 hours; or at least 12 hours. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated with visible light for less than 48 hours; lestt than 36 hours; less than 24 hours; or less than 12 hours.
The reaction mixture can be irradiated at any temperature between 20-100℃. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated at 20-90℃; 20-80℃; 20-70℃; 20-60℃; 20-50℃; 20-40℃; 20-30℃; or about 20 to about 25℃. In certain embodiments, the reaction mixture is irradiated at room temperature.
The zeolite can optionally be isolated using any isolation technique known to those skilled in the art, such as by filtration, recrystallization, and the like. The zeolite can optionally be purified by washing with one or more portions of a solvent, such as water, and optionally dried.
The zeolite may comprise one or a combination of zeolite frameworks including, but not limited to, the FAU, EMT, zeolite Y, and ZSM-5 frameworks. In certain embodiments, the zeolite comprises one or more frameworks selected from the group consisting of LTA, EMT, and FAU frameworks. In certain embodiments, the zeolite comprises a FAU framework.
Different zeolite frameworks can readily be prepared by a person skilled in the art by varying the amounts and stoichiometry of reactants, e.g., silicon, aluminum, and other inorganic and organic species in the reaction mixture and/or reaction conditions used in connection with the methods described herein. General synthetic methods for preparing zeolites having different frameworks are described in Xu, Ruren, et al., Chemistry of Zeolites and Related Porous Materials, Synthesis and Structure, Singapore, Markono Print Media Pte Ltd., 2007.
The zeolite can have a crystallinity of at least 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99%by weight, as measured by XRD. In certain embodiments, the zeolite can have a crystallinity of 10-70%; 20-70%; 30-70%; 40-70%; 50-70%; 60-70%; or about 65 to about 70%by weight, as measured by XRD.
Synthesis of Na-X zeolite was employed as an exemplary product to demonstrate the methods described herein. During the synthesis, g-C
3N
4 was employed as a visible-light-driven metal free photocatalyst for the generation of ROS radicals due to its high photocatalytic activity and stability in a wide range of pH, especially in alkaline solution.
In order to identify the kind of ROS radicals in the synthesis process, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests of solution containing raw materials for zeolite synthesis were conducted under dark and visible light irradiations. The EPR spectrum was recorded on a Bruker A200 EPR spectrometer (90 K, 9064 MHz, 0.998 mW, X-band) to detect superoxide radicals (·O
2
-) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in methanol solution and aqueous solution, respectively, with a radical stabilizer, DMPO (50 mM) . To further confirm the individual contribution from ·O
2
- and ·OH on zeolite production, photocatalytic synthesis of Na-X zeolite was performed using t-BuOH as the ·OH scavenger and benzoquinone as the ·O
2
- scavenger, respectively. The crystallization of reaction products under different conditions were studied by XRD with a Rigaku
X-ray diffractometer (Cu KR radiation
) operating at 45 kV and 200 mA. Theoretical modeling using DFT with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) was also carried out to explain the experimental results and to achieve an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms behind.
Crystallization is an important aspect of zeolite chemistry. For the photocatalyst free synthesis system in dark, no change was obtained after 6 days, which is in accordance with the fact that insignificant crystallization of zeolite proceeds at ambient temperature and pressure. In order to assess the effect of visible light on the crystallization of zeolite, XRD patterns of products with different irradiation time are shown in Fig. 1. Interestingly, the crystal formation time of zeolite was 12h under visible light without photocatalyst (Fig. 1a) . It should be noted that the temperature was maintained at 25 ℃ by a flow of cooling water without additional heat promoting the reaction. Therefore, the most possible reason of the above time decrease was the visible light induced transition from OH
– to ·OH in the strong alkali environment. This result is similar to the recent reports about the relationship between the UV light induced ·OH generation and the improved crystallization of zeolite.
For further insight into the effect of rich ROS on the crystallization of zeolite, g-C
3N
4 was introduced into the zeolite fabrication process. For the system in the presence of g-C
3N
4 in dark, zeolite crystal was obtained after 58h indicating the formation of zeolite crystal was slow under OH
– dominant conditions. However, under visible light irradiation, g-C
3N
4 resulted in a generation of ROS, including ·O
2
- and ·OH in the solution, than that of the g-C
3N
4 free system. As a result, the crystal growing process started at 6 hm which can be observed in Fig 1B. Furthermore, the yeilds of zeolites in g-C
3N
4 photocatalysis process increased rapidly and reached the highest value at 0.42 g/l of g-C
3N
4 (see Fig. 7) . The highest yield value obtained is about 4.25 times that in the g-C
3N
4 free synthesis system after 24h visible light irradiation (Fig. 2A) . It is worth noting that, the amorphous and crystal products can be obtained at 4h and 6h, respectively, in the g-C
3N
4 photocatalysis condition, while almost no yield can be seen within 8h in the dark and visible light conditions (Fig. 2B) . In addition, as shown in Fig. 2C, the relative crystallinity values from the photocatalytic system were 9.74, 27.84 48.1 and 70.4%at 4, 6, 8 and 12h, respectively. The crystallinity at all time periods in photocatalytic system is higher than photocatalyst free system under visible light irradiation. It is worth noting that similar results were obtained during the photocatalytic synthesis of NaZ-21 zeolite (see Fig. 7) . The same raw materials were mixed in different proportions to produce NaZ-21 zeolites. As expected, after 8 hours, obvious crystallization were obtained with g-C
3N
4 under visible light irradiation while no crystallization was obtained in dark condition with or without g-C
3N
4. These findings reveal a huge possibility towards ROS dominated fast and efficient synthesis of zeolite through a photocatalytic method.
ROS are primary intermediates in most photocatalytic reactions, which are considered as the actual reactants in the oxidation and reduction processes, respectively. Therefore, the identification of ROS can be key to understanding their generation and reaction mechanisms. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons, is the most widely used detection technology for organic radicals. It was also employed in the ROS radical identification during photocatalysis herein. In the EPR tests, DMPO was employed as the spin trapping reagent of ·OH and ·O
2
-in aqueous solution and methanol, respectively. As shown in Fig. 3A, under dark conditions, no EPR signal corresponding to any ROS radicals was detected in the g-C
3N
4 free solution, indicating that hydroxide ions (OH
–) , in the strong basic medium, were likely the only possible active species. When g-C
3N
4 was added into the above solution, the EPR signals corresponding to DMPO-OH radicals were obtained even in the dark. This interesting phenomenon revealed an effect of alkali condition on the surface chemistry of g-C
3N
4. Based on the details of materials and methods, the concentration of NaOH was more than 5 M in the initial solution. In this strong alkali environment, amino groups (or terminal -NH
2 groups) on the surface of g-C
3N
4 could form H-bonds with or be replaced by the dissociated OH
- ions. Therefore, the EPR signal of ROS in dark could be attributed to some conversion of grafted hydroxyl group into ·OH over g-C
3N
4-OH. Besides adding g-C
3N
4, visible light irradiation was another driving force towards ·OH generation because EPR signals of DMPO-OH radicals were detected in the EPR spectrum of g-C
3N
4 free solution with visible light irradiation. Furthermore, the signals of ·OH were stronger in the presence of g-C
3N
4 under visible light irradiation than those in the dark. Therefore, it can be concluded that both g-C
3N
4 photocatalytic ·OH production and direct visible light induced transformation of OH
– to ·OH contributed to a rich ·OH condition for efficient zeolite synthesis.
On the other hand, the EPR tests in methanol solution showed a slightly different trend. As shown in Fig 3B, no EPR signal corresponding to ROS radicals was detected in the initial solution in the dark regardless of the existence of g-C
3N
4. The same results were observed in the EPR spectrum of initial g-C
3N
4 free solution under visible light irradiation. The above results indicated that methanol, instead of DMPO, played a key role in trapping ·OH, leading to the absence of signals of DMPO-OH radicals corresponding to ·OH. In other words, the effect of ·OH on EPR test was avoided by this way and selective EPR analysis of ·O
2
-can be conducted under this situation. In fact, the strong signals of DMPO-·O
2
-radicals were detected in the g-C
3N
4 containing methanol solution under visible light irradiation. This phenomenon was consistent with the expectation that photocatalytic produced unstable ·O
2
-radicals over g-C
3N
4 were trapped by DMPO directly to form relatively stable ·O
2
- adducts of DMPO, leading to the appearance of signals of DMPO-·O
2
-radicals corresponding to ·O
2
-.
According to the EPR results in Fig. 3, under visible light irradiation, ·OH was the only ROS in the starting solution without g-C
3N
4 and sacrificial agent. The XRD patterns of products in this situation showed that peaks of amorphous phase and crystals appeared at 8h and 10h, respectively (Fig. 1A) . In comparison, for the solution with g-C
3N
4 under visible light irradiation, the peaks of amorphous phase and crystals were obtained at 4h and 6h, respectively. The obvious decrease in reaction time could be most likely attributed to the promotion effect of photocatalytic generated ·OH and ·O
2
-on the crystallization of zeolites by catalyzing the Si-O (Al-O) bonds breaking and reforming.
Based on the above analysis, the generating routes of ROS radicals become clear and a ROS rich condition can be achieved by g-C
3N
4 based photocatalytic production of ·OH and ·O
2
-. However, the EPR results could not differentiate the roles and contribution of ·OH and ·O
2
-during the crystallization of Na-X zeolites. Therefore, photocatalytic reactions with different sacrificial agents were further carried out for this purpose.
A series of radical trapping experiments were performed in g-C
3N
4 photocatalytic zeolite synthesis system under visible light irradiation using t-BuOH as the ·OH scavenger and benzoquinone as the ·O
2
-scavenger, respectively. In addition, the products obtained were analyzed by XRD in terms of sacrificial agents and reaction time at the same starting solution.
The XRD patterns of radical trapping experiments with ·OH and ·O
2
-scavengers strongly support the results discussed in the previous section. The crystallization started at 8h in both ·OH and ·O
2
-trapping reaction (Fig. 4A and 4B) . The shorter reaction time of trapping tests than that of sacrificial agent and photocatalyst free system (Fig. 1A) confirmed that the photocatalytic crystallization of zeolite was a ROS radicals dominated process under visible light irradiation. More specifically, both ·OH and ·O
2
- are more active species than OH
– towards Si-O (Al-O) bonds activation and breaking. Furthermore, g-C
3N
4 photocatalysis system can retain a single ROS rich condition with either ·OH or ·O
2
-to facilitate the synthesis of zeolite in each trapping reaction.
The band gap of g-C
3N
4 (2.7 eV) matches well with the thermodynamic requirements in various chemical reactions. The typical photocatalytic process of g-C
3N
4 can be described in Fig. 5:under visible light irradiation, electrons (e
-) on the valence band (VB) of g-C
3N
4 are excited into higher energy levels on the conduction band (CB) of g-C
3N
4, leaving holes (h
+) in the VB as shown in Eq 1. The holes react with the target reactants (e.g., ROS precursors) as sacrificial reagents.
During the zeolite synthesis reaction described herein, the photogenerated holes of g-C
3N
4 oxidize H
2O and OH
- to ·OH as shown in Eqs 2 and 3. Furthermore, the reaction in Eq 3 possibly is the main process to produce ·OH, because of the high concentration of OH
- in the solution. On the other hand, photoexcited electrons of g-C
3N
4 reduced the O
2 to ·O
2
- as shown in Eq 4, which is the only way to generate ·O
2
-. In addition, Eqs 5 and 6 show the reversible reactions to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between ·OH and H
2O
2. Therefore, the photogenerated ROS radicals including ·OH and ·O
2
- are expected to play a catalytic role in the synthesis process of zeolite. Based on the result of EPR tests and radical trapping experiments, a ROS radicals dominant reaction mechanism towards fast and efficient synthesis of zeolites through C
3N
4-based photocatalysis can be explained in this work.
C
3N
4 + hv→e
- + h
+ (1)
h
+ + H
2O →·OH + H
+ (2)
h
+ + OH
-→·OH (3)
e
-+ O
2→·O
2
- (4)
·OH + ·OH → H
2O
2 (5)
H
2O
2+ hv→ 2·OH (6)
To gain insights into how OH
–, ·OH and ·O
2
- groups affect the depolymerization and nucleation of the gel, DFT calculations were performed to understand the process of the Si-O (Al-O) bonds breaking and new Si-O (Al-O) bonds formation, which could be considered as the reverse of the depolymerization stage. Here, the highly deprotonated clusters [SiO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5, [AlO
2 (OH) –O–AlO
3] Na
5 and [AlO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5 were chosen to model the gel. Single and multiple reaction mechanism were studied to search the optimal reaction pathway of different groups. In each mechanism, the steps with the highest energy gap were defined as the rate-determining steps. The energy barriers of the rate-determining steps for Si-O (Al-O) bonds breaking (ΔE
b) and recombination (ΔE
r) were marked with red and blue arrows, respectively.
As shown in Figs 6A, 6B, and 6C, the energy barriers of H
2O, ·OH and ·O
2
-from high to low were 1.97 eV, 1.45 eV and 0.98 eV (ΔE
b) and 2.75 eV, 1.49 eV and 0.62 eV of (ΔE
r) , indicating both ROS played catalytic role on Si-O-Si bonds breaking and recombination in the single-step reaction process. In this process, ·OH and ·O
2
-could directly react with the other side of [SiO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5 without H to produce the monomeric species P. On the other hand, compared with the single-step reaction process lower energy barrier of OH
– and ·OH were obtained in Figs 6D and 6E, suggesting the multi-step reaction processes were the optimal paths of OH
– and ·OH for Si-O-Si bonds breaking and recombination. In the multiple process, the ΔE
b and ΔE
r of ·OH were 0.34 eV and 1.14 eV. As the rate-determining step, water and ·OH reacted with the dimeric silicon species to form a pentacoordinated intermediate I1. Then, I1 was converted into I2 during an H transfer step followed by the generation of the monomeric species P. However, it is difficult to search the reaction pathway that links water and ·OH attacking the cluster through intermediates (I1 and I2) for ·O
2
-radical.
Based on the above analysis, ·OH followed the multi-step reaction mechanism while ·O
2
-abided by a single-step reaction mechanism during the depolymerization and nucleation. Both two ROS made great contribution to the fast production of zeolite. Specifically, ·OH exhibited higher catalytic activity for Si-O-Si bond breaking, because the ΔE
b of ·OH was lower than that of ·O
2
-. Furthermore, ·O
2
-, with lower ΔE
r than that of ·OH, possessed better performance for Si-O-Si bond recombination. Interestingly, the same pathways and catalytic contributions of ROS were found in the case of Al–O–Si bonds, in which ·OH and ·O
2
-follow multiple and single steps reaction mechanisms with minimum energy requirement for Al–O–Si bonds breaking and recombination, respectively (more details can be seen in Fig. 8) . It is worth noting that in the case of the Al–O–Al bonds, both ·OH and ·O
2
-followed single-step reaction process (see Fig. 9) . Furthermore, both ROS could catalyze the Al–O–Al bonds breaking while only ·OH made contribution to the new Al–O–Al bonds formation.
From the above theoretical calculations, it could be concluded that ·OH and ·O
2
- accelerate the depolymerization and nucleation stages of Si-O-Si (Al-O-Si) bonds, which explained the role of ROS radicals dominant reactions on speeding up the synthesis of zeolites due to the synergistic effect of ·OH and ·O
2
-through the g-C
3N
4-based photocatalysis.
In summary, we demonstrated a facile and fast synthesis of Na-X zeolite via a g-C
3N
4-based visible-light-driven photocatalytic process with reactive oxygen species being the dominant radicals. It requires only 8 hours to start the crystallization at room temperature. During the photocatalytic synthesis process, both hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide free radical (·O
2
-) accelerate the depolymerization and nucleation processes of zeolite. The minimum-energy pathway of ·O
2
-to promote the growth of zeolite follows a single-step reaction, meaning that ·O
2
-can react directly with the other side of the highly deprotonated clusters (such as [SiO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5, [AlO
2 (OH) –O–AlO
3] Na
5 and [AlO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5) without H, producing the monomeric species P. This is different from the multi-step reaction mechanism of OH
– for conventional zeolite fabrication. Nevertheless, the minimum-energy pathways of ·OH to break and reform the Si-O (Al-O) bonds are more interesting. Specifically, both multi-step and single-step reaction mechanisms are involved for [SiO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5, [AlO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5, and [AlO
2 (OH) –O–AlO
3] Na
5, respectively. For the photocatalytic process, the role of the reactive oxygen species radicals on accelerating the production of zeolites has been confirmed by both experimental and theoretical results, with the synergistic effects of ·OH and ·O
2
-on breaking and reforming of Si-O (Al-O) bonds. The present work has opened a new pathway for fast and green production of zeolite.
Examples
Materials
Sodium hydroxide NaOH, AR, 96%was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. Na
2SiO
3·9H
2O, AR, was purchased from Macklin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. NaAlO
2 (Al
2O
3 >41%) was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.. Melamine, AR, was purchased from Macklin Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. 5, 5-Dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Tert-butanol (anhydrous, ≥ 99.5%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. P-benzoquinone (41%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co.
Preparation of g-C
3N
4: g-C
3N
4 nanosheets were produced from melamine powder according to a modified two-step thermal oxidation method. Briefly, 5 g of melamine was put into an alumina crucible with a cover and calcined at 520 ℃ for 4 h with a heating rate of 5 ℃ min
-1. After calcination, the obtained bulk C
3N
4 was grounded into powder in an agate mortar. Then, the above powder was put back in an alumina crucible and heated at 580 ℃ for 1.5 h to prepare the g-C
3N
4 nanosheets. Following that, the resulting powder was dispersed in isopropanol followed by sonication for 8 h. The final products were centrifuged and dried at 60 ℃ for overnight.
Photocatalytic synthesis of Na-X zeolite: In a typical preparation, 24.44 g of Na
2SiO
3·9H
2O was dissolved in 60 ml of deionized water with vigorous stirring for 1 h to obtain solution S1; 4.68 g (6.96 g for NaZ-21) of NaAlO
2 and 56.28 g (60 g for NaZ-21) of NaOH were sequentially dissolved in 60 ml of deionized water with a water bath at room temperature to obtain solution S2. Subsequently, solution S2 was added into solution S1 with stirring and the mixture was further stirred for 1 hours. The obtained solution 120 mL was mixed with 50 mg of photocatalyst (g-C
3N
4) homogeneously in a Pyrex top-irradiation glass reactor connected to a closed gas-circulation system. The synthesis process was respectively conducted under a dark condition (aluminum foil covered sample) and under visible light irradiation from the top of the reactor by using a 300 W Xe lamp with a cut-off filter (λ > 400 nm) , for different time periods (4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 16h and 24h) . The temperature of the reactant solution was maintained constantly at 25 ℃ by a flow of cooling water during the reaction. The obtained precipitates were washed separated by centrifugation, washed with deionized water, and then dried at 60 ℃ overnight.
Theoretical modeling: Simulation using DFT with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) for exchange-correlation potential embedded in the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package (VASP) were calculated and compared with test results from the present experiments and previous literature. The ion-electron interaction was described with the projector augmented wave (PAW) method. The cutoff energy of the plane-wave basis set was set at 500 eV. The [SiO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5, [AlO
2 (OH) –O–AlO
3] Na
5 and [AlO
2 (OH) –O–SiO
3] Na
5 with a periodic boundary condition were modeled with a large super cell of 20×20×20
eliminating the artificial interaction between clusters in adjacent cells. The Brillouin zone integrations were performed by using Gamma 1×1×1 for geometric optimization. The convergence thresholds for structural optimization and transition state (TS) search was set at 0.01 and 0.05
in force, respectively. The convergence criterion for energy is 10
-5 eV. The van der Waals (vdW) dispersion by employing the D3 method of Grimme was considered for all the calculation
9. The climbing image nudged elastic band (CI-NEB) method was used to search the TSs and six images inserted in between two stable states.
Characterization
The microstructure of g-C
3N
4 nanosheets and as prepared Na-X Zeolite were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM, Hitachi S-4800) and a JEM-2100F scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) operated at 200 kV. XPS (KRATOS Analytical, AXIS Ultra DLD) was carried out to analyze the chemical composition of the samples. The UV-vis diffuse spectra (DRS) were measured by a Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer with the scanning range from 200 to 800 nm. The BET specific surface area was determined by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements at 77 K.
SEM Analysis
The morphology of the samples were studied by SEM. The SEM images in Fig. 8A and 8B showed that the product consisted of nanoparticles in the size range 50-1000 nm and some aggregates with grape-like structure. In addition, the nanoparticles were the most general form of the product and the basic unit of the aggregates. Furthermore, the above results indicated that two processes including crystal growth and structure development occurred simultaneously during the 24h synthesis without photocatalyst under dark.
On the other side, larger nanoparticles aggregates with sheet-like structure were observed in Fig 8C and 8D. It is worth noting that, the differences of morphology between zeolite and zeolite/CN samples was attributed to the combination of zeolite and g-C
3N
4. More specifically, during the 8h synthesis under visible light irradiation, g-C
3N
4 nanosheets were employed as the substrate for nucleation and crystal growth of zeolite to form the sheet-like structure of nanoparticles aggregates.
TEM
As shown in Fig. 9A and 9B the sample exhibited a few layered sheet-like structure which was attributed to the deposition of zeolite nanoparticles on the g-C
3N
4 nanosheets. Further magnification in Fig. 9C shows that the nanoparticles covered on the whole surface of g-C
3N
4 nanosheets can be distinguished, indicating the role of g-C
3N
4 nanosheets as a substrate during the synthesis process of zeolite. Furthermore, it is reasonable to speculate that a good combination of zeolite and g-C
3N
4 nanosheets was achieved.
EDS Analysis
The STEM-EDS (energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) result was shown in Fig. 10. It confirmed that the studied sample consists of Al, Si, O, C and N, which were the main constituent elements of zeolites and g-C
3N
4, respectively. Furthermore, the ratio of component elements has important effect to the as-prepared composite. For zeolite, the framework SiO
2/Al
2O
3 ratio of about 2.2 in the EDS pattern was consistent with Na-X type zeolite with faujasite (FAU) structure. It is worth noted that C and N elements were not in stoichiometric proportion. And this result could be contributed to the broken of g-C
3N
4 structure or combination of g-C
3N
4 with zeolite. Therefore, further analysis should be carried out to clarify the reason of the phenomenon.
XPS Analysis
The surface composition of a material is commonly characterized by XPS. For zeolite, it is generally considered that, Al, Si, and O are the building elements of zeolite structure and the Si/Al atomic ratio is an indicator of dealumination process on the surface of zeolite structure. The XPS analysis showed that SiO
2/Al
2O
3 atomic ratio of the as-prepared sample was 2.12, corresponding to Na-X type zeolite with faujasite (FAU) structure. As shown in Fig. 11A, the peak located at 73.9 eV indicated the presence of aluminosilicate. Fig. 11B showed the XPS spectrum for Si 2p. The peak of Si 2p was at 101.8 eV corresponding to Si Almand. In Fig. 11C, the O 1s peaks at 531, 531.7 and 536.3 eV was attributed to the C-O bonds, surface hydroxyl groups and Na KLL auger overlap with O1s, respectively. On the other hand, for g-C
3N
4, C and N are main constituent elements. The C1s spectra in Fig. 11D. showed three peaks at 284.73, 284.96 and 288.29 eV, which were assigned to sp
2 C-C bonds, C-OH bonds and N-C=N bonds in the g-C
3N
4 lattice, respectively. The N1s region in Fig. 11E can be fitted into two peaks at 398.4 eV and 400.2 eV. The peak at 398.4 eV was ascribed to pyridinic nitrogen (C=N–C) , which indicated the presence of graphite-like sp
2-bonded g-C
3N
4. The peak at 400.2 eV corresponded with tertiary nitrogen (N- (C)
3) . The above results confirmed that the sample was composed of zeolite structure and g-C
3N
4.
DRS Analysis
In order to evaluate their light absorption property of the products, the UV-vis diffuse spectroscopy tests of zeolite and zeolite/g-C
3N
4 were conducted. As shown in Fig. 12, little light absorption was obtained in the wavelength range between 300 nm and 800 nm because of the white colour of the zeolite. However, compared with zeolite, zeolite/g-C
3N
4 exhibited absorption in the UV and visible light regions (from 300 nm to 450 nm) , which could be attributed to the existence of g-C
3N
4. Furthermore, this light absorption property indicates that the product has a potential for photocatalytic application. Combined with the EDS and XPS results, g-C
3N
4 should be stable after reaction and the nonstoichiometric proportion of C and N elements was ascribed to the combination of g-C
3N
4 to zeolite.
BET Analysis
In order to get further information of the structure of product, the BET specific surface area was investigated by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm measurements. The BET specific surface area of the product was determined to be 50.15 m
2/g. The relatively low specific surface area of product indicated that the ROS exhibits limited catalytic effect on the porous structure development. Therefore, it is reasonable to extrapolate that the photocatalysis over g-C
3N
4 under visible light irradiation has a selective effect on the nucleation and crystal growth processes during the synthesis of Na-X zeolite.
Photocatalytic Performance
In order to evaluate the photocatalytic activity of product, the pollutant degradation reaction was conducted under visible light irradiation. In this test, methylene blue (MB) , with high toxicity and accumulation property, was employed as the target pollutant. As shown in Fig. 13, after 3h reaction, the color of MB solution (20 ppm) turned from blue to almost clear indicated the photocatalytic degradation of MB over the product. It is obvious that the g-C
3N
4 not only acted as a promoter of zeolite crystallization, but also endows the zeolite with photocatalytic activity, making it have greater potential for applications in environment engineering.
Claims (20)
- A method for preparing a zeolite, the method comprising: contacting a metal aluminate, a metal silicate, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3N 4) , and at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS) precursor selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light under conditions that generate ROS thereby forming the zeolite.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction composition further comprises water.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the hydroxide is a metal hydroxide salt.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the metal silicate is selected from the group consisting of a metal nesosilicate, a metal sorosilicate, a metal cyclosilicate, a metal inosilicate, a metal phyllosilicate, a metal tectosilicate, and mixtures thereof.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the metal silicate is a metal metasilicate.
- The method of claim 1 wherein the metal silicate comprises one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Group 1, Group 2, Group 4, Group 7, Group 8, Group 12, and Group 13 of the periodic table.
- The method of claim 1 wherein the metal silicate is sodium metasilicate.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the metal aluminate is sodium aluminate.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the g-C 3N 4 is present in a catalytic amount.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the zeolite is a Na-X type zeolite, Na-Z21 type zeolite, Na-A type zeolite, FAU type zeolite, EMT type zeolite, zeolite Y type zeolite, ZSM-5 type zeolite, or a mixture thereof.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the zeolite has a crystallinity between 20-70%by weight.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the step of irradiating the reaction composition occurs between 20-30℃.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the reaction composition has a pH greater than 7.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises contacting M 1AlO 2, M 2 2SiO 3, g-C 3N 4, M 3OH, and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light thereby forming the zeolite, wherein each of M 1, M 2, and M 3 is independently selected from Group 1 of the periodic table; and g-C 3N 4 is present in a catalytic amount.
- The method of claim 14, wherein each of M 1, M 2, and M 3 is Na +.
- The method of claim 14, wherein the step of irradiating the reaction composition occurs between 20-30℃.
- The method of claim 14, wherein M 1AlO 2 has a concentration in the reaction composition between 0.2-0.7 M; 0.5-1.0 M 2 2SiO 3 has a concentration in the reaction composition; and M 3OH has a concentration between 1-14 M in the reaction composition.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the method comprises contacting M 1AlO 2, M 2 2SiO 3, g-C 3N 4, M 3OH, and oxygen thereby forming a reaction composition, wherein M 1AlO 2 has a concentration of 0.3-0.7 M in the reaction mixture; M 2 2SiO 3 has a concentration of 0.5-0.8 in the reaction mixture; and M 3OH has a concentration of 8-12 M in the reaction mixture; and irradiating the reaction composition with visible light at a temperature between 20-30℃ thereby forming the zeolite, wherein each of M 1, M 2, and M 3 is independently selected from Group 1 of the periodic table; and g-C 3N 4 is present in a catalytic amount.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the zeolite has a crystallinity of 50-70%by weight.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the zeolite is a Na-X type zeolite, a NaZ-21 type zeolite, or a mixture thereof.
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