WO2021202823A1 - Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 - Google Patents
Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2021202823A1 WO2021202823A1 PCT/US2021/025298 US2021025298W WO2021202823A1 WO 2021202823 A1 WO2021202823 A1 WO 2021202823A1 US 2021025298 W US2021025298 W US 2021025298W WO 2021202823 A1 WO2021202823 A1 WO 2021202823A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- patient
- thyme
- dose
- water
- powder
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 82
- 208000025721 COVID-19 Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 230000001225 therapeutic effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 241000711573 Coronaviridae Species 0.000 title description 74
- 235000007303 Thymus vulgaris Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 226
- 239000001585 thymus vulgaris Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 226
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 206010019233 Headaches Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 231100000869 headache Toxicity 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 206010011224 Cough Diseases 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 241000246358 Thymus Species 0.000 claims abstract 59
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 126
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 93
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- MGSRCZKZVOBKFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N thymol Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1O MGSRCZKZVOBKFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000036772 blood pressure Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000005844 Thymol Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229960000790 thymol Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000000284 resting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000036760 body temperature Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 pinenes Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000005283 ground state Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N p-cymene Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 HFPZCAJZSCWRBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006187 pill Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- HHTWOMMSBMNRKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N carvacrol Natural products CC(=C)C1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 HHTWOMMSBMNRKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- RECUKUPTGUEGMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N carvacrol Chemical compound CC(C)C1=CC=C(C)C(O)=C1 RECUKUPTGUEGMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000007746 carvacrol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WYXXLXHHWYNKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N isocarvacrol Natural products CC(C)C1=CC=C(O)C(C)=C1 WYXXLXHHWYNKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N (R)-camphor Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)C(=O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-XCBNKYQSSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 241000723346 Cinnamomum camphora Species 0.000 claims description 3
- WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Citral Natural products CC(C)=CCCC(C)=CC=O WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930008380 camphor Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 229960000846 camphor Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001849 cineol derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940043350 citral Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930007927 cymene Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-JXMROGBWSA-N geranial Chemical compound CC(C)=CCC\C(C)=C\C=O WTEVQBCEXWBHNA-JXMROGBWSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229930006978 terpinene Natural products 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003507 terpinene derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010020772 Hypertension Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010012601 diabetes mellitus Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N (+)-borneol Chemical compound C1C[C@@]2(C)[C@@H](O)C[C@@H]1C2(C)C DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-WEDXCCLWSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- REPVLJRCJUVQFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (-)-isopinocampheol Natural products C1C(O)C(C)C2C(C)(C)C1C2 REPVLJRCJUVQFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- CKDOCTFBFTVPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N borneol Natural products C1CC2(C)C(C)CC1C2(C)C CKDOCTFBFTVPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229940116229 borneol Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dl-isoborneol Natural products C1CC2(C)C(O)CC1C2(C)C DTGKSKDOIYIVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 240000002657 Thymus vulgaris Species 0.000 abstract description 167
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 abstract description 95
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 21
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000036039 immunity Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 21
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 21
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 20
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 20
- 244000309467 Human Coronavirus Species 0.000 description 17
- 108091032973 (ribonucleotides)n+m Proteins 0.000 description 15
- 208000015181 infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 15
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 14
- 241000127282 Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Species 0.000 description 13
- 241000315672 SARS coronavirus Species 0.000 description 13
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 13
- 241001428935 Human coronavirus OC43 Species 0.000 description 12
- 230000000840 anti-viral effect Effects 0.000 description 12
- 241000711450 Infectious bronchitis virus Species 0.000 description 11
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 description 10
- 241000711466 Murine hepatitis virus Species 0.000 description 10
- 201000003176 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 10
- 241001122767 Theaceae Species 0.000 description 10
- 241000008904 Betacoronavirus Species 0.000 description 9
- 241001678559 COVID-19 virus Species 0.000 description 9
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 9
- 206010025482 malaise Diseases 0.000 description 9
- 108020003175 receptors Proteins 0.000 description 9
- 102000005962 receptors Human genes 0.000 description 9
- 241000288673 Chiroptera Species 0.000 description 8
- 235000013353 coffee beverage Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000012489 doughnuts Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 241000711443 Bovine coronavirus Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000711467 Human coronavirus 229E Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000482741 Human coronavirus NL63 Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000233805 Phoenix Species 0.000 description 7
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 7
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 7
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 241000004176 Alphacoronavirus Species 0.000 description 6
- 241000112287 Bat coronavirus Species 0.000 description 6
- 208000001528 Coronaviridae Infections Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 241001461743 Deltacoronavirus Species 0.000 description 6
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 241000008920 Gammacoronavirus Species 0.000 description 6
- 241000282414 Homo sapiens Species 0.000 description 6
- 108060004795 Methyltransferase Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 241000711484 Transmissible gastroenteritis virus Species 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 235000009508 confectionery Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 201000009240 nasopharyngitis Diseases 0.000 description 6
- 235000020238 sunflower seed Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 241000004177 Alphacoronavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 5
- 102100035765 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108090000975 Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 102100031673 Corneodesmosin Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 101710139375 Corneodesmosin Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000709661 Enterovirus Species 0.000 description 5
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000000232 Lipid Bilayer Substances 0.000 description 5
- 101710085938 Matrix protein Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 101710127721 Membrane protein Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000008906 Murine coronavirus Species 0.000 description 5
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 description 5
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 108010076039 Polyproteins Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 5
- 206010057190 Respiratory tract infections Diseases 0.000 description 5
- 101710172711 Structural protein Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000002919 epithelial cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000004519 grease Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000004779 membrane envelope Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 108020004999 messenger RNA Proteins 0.000 description 5
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 210000003705 ribosome Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 230000001932 seasonal effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000013518 transcription Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000035897 transcription Effects 0.000 description 5
- 102000040650 (ribonucleotides)n+m Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 241000008921 Avian coronavirus Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000008905 Betacoronavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 4
- 108010049990 CD13 Antigens Proteins 0.000 description 4
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000700588 Human alphaherpesvirus 1 Species 0.000 description 4
- 241000699670 Mus sp. Species 0.000 description 4
- 241001135549 Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus Species 0.000 description 4
- 108091027544 Subgenomic mRNA Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 241000282898 Sus scrofa Species 0.000 description 4
- 108010003533 Viral Envelope Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 239000000443 aerosol Substances 0.000 description 4
- 206010006451 bronchitis Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 210000004899 c-terminal region Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 210000001035 gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 206010022000 influenza Diseases 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 4
- QZDDFQLIQRYMBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-nitro-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-4-oxochromen-8-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(C(C=2[N+]([O-])=O)=O)=C1OC=2C1=CC=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O QZDDFQLIQRYMBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 102100022749 Aminopeptidase N Human genes 0.000 description 3
- 241000711506 Canine coronavirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000005976 Citrus sinensis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 240000002319 Citrus sinensis Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 208000004232 Enteritis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 101710204837 Envelope small membrane protein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000725579 Feline coronavirus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 3
- 241001109669 Human coronavirus HKU1 Species 0.000 description 3
- 101710145006 Lysis protein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 108010052285 Membrane Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 208000025370 Middle East respiratory syndrome Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 108700026244 Open Reading Frames Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 241000283984 Rodentia Species 0.000 description 3
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 3
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000000539 amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001493065 dsRNA viruses Species 0.000 description 3
- 208000005098 feline infectious peritonitis Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 3
- 108010028403 hemagglutinin esterase Proteins 0.000 description 3
- 210000000987 immune system Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 231100000518 lethal Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000001665 lethal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229930003658 monoterpene Natural products 0.000 description 3
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000955 prescription drug Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019419 proteases Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 229960004793 sucrose Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 238000013519 translation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229960005486 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241001439211 Almeida Species 0.000 description 2
- 244000099147 Ananas comosus Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007119 Ananas comosus Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241001218594 Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282832 Camelidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001594994 Canine respiratory coronavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 102100024533 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710190843 Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 244000060011 Cocos nucifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013162 Cocos nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 102000016622 Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108010067722 Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 108010002700 Exoribonucleases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000004678 Exoribonucleases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 206010016322 Feeling abnormal Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241001178864 Ferret systemic coronavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000018522 Gastrointestinal disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000018697 Membrane Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 241001529936 Murinae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000282339 Mustela Species 0.000 description 2
- 241001292005 Nidovirales Species 0.000 description 2
- 206010035664 Pneumonia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 229940096437 Protein S Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000320410 Rat sialodacryoadenitis coronavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000035415 Reinfection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 101710200092 Replicase polyprotein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000592197 Rhinolophidae Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000004178 Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2 Species 0.000 description 2
- 101710198474 Spike protein Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102100031989 Transmembrane protease serine 2 Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 101710081844 Transmembrane protease serine 2 Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 241000711508 Turkey coronavirus Species 0.000 description 2
- 208000036142 Viral infection Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010171 animal model Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000021152 breakfast Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000034303 cell budding Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000005574 cross-species transmission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000034994 death Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000517 death Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000002249 digestive system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000010643 digestive system disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000676 disease causative agent Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000035622 drinking Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013601 eggs Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 206010014599 encephalitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000018685 gastrointestinal system disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000002068 genetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000006454 hepatitis Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 231100000283 hepatitis Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 244000144980 herd Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002458 infectious effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021243 milk fat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000002773 monoterpene derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000002577 monoterpenes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000820 nonprescription drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008506 pathogenesis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002345 respiratory system Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000020029 respiratory tract infectious disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 2
- 208000011580 syndromic disease Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003639 thymyl group Chemical group C1(=CC(C)=CC=C1C(C)C)* 0.000 description 2
- 238000013024 troubleshooting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009385 viral infection Effects 0.000 description 2
- PENWAFASUFITRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1=CN(C=CC=2C3=CC=CC=2)C3=N1 PENWAFASUFITRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 101800000504 3C-like protease Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800000535 3C-like proteinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800002396 3C-like proteinase nsp5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800001631 3C-like serine proteinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000353553 Alpaca coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000006820 Arthralgia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000001178 Bacterial Pneumonia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000008922 Beluga Whale coronavirus SW1 Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000014644 Brain disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 244000024671 Brassica kaber Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000014750 Brassica kaber Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000219357 Cactaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282465 Canis Species 0.000 description 1
- 244000025254 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010084457 Cathepsins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000005600 Cathepsins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 244000119308 Coleus amboinicus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000004094 Coleus amboinicus Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010061994 Coronavirus Spike Glycoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108090000626 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004163 DNA-directed RNA polymerases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 206010013911 Dysgeusia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010013975 Dyspnoeas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001678560 Embecovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001135557 Enteric coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000963676 Equine coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001164362 Ferret enteric coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016623 Fragaria vesca Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000009088 Fragaria x ananassa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011363 Fragaria x ananassa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001123922 Hedgehog coronavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000009889 Herpes Simplex Diseases 0.000 description 1
- XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N IDUR Chemical compound C1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1N1C(=O)NC(=O)C(I)=C1 XQFRJNBWHJMXHO-RRKCRQDMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000004310 Ion Channels Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241001365936 Lallemantia royleana Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011919 Lippia micromera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013025 Lippia micromera var. helleri Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 206010024642 Listless Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010024971 Lower respiratory tract infections Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000008902 Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000008903 Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000699666 Mus <mouse, genus> Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000012902 Nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000025966 Neurological disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010060860 Neurological symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101800000515 Non-structural protein 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800000508 Non-structural protein 5 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101710141454 Nucleoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 206010068319 Oropharyngeal pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000283977 Oryctolagus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000002193 Pain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101800004803 Papain-like protease Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800002227 Papain-like protease nsp3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101800001074 Papain-like proteinase Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241001233280 Paradoxurus hermaphroditus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000364057 Peoria Species 0.000 description 1
- 201000007100 Pharyngitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000286209 Phasianidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 108010089430 Phosphoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000007982 Phosphoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241001125039 Pipistrellus Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010035737 Pneumonia viral Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000000474 Poliomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001461748 Porcine coronavirus HKU15 Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710150114 Protein rep Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 101000933967 Pseudomonas phage KPP25 Major capsid protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000253075 Pulicaria vulgaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000944 RNA Helicases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000004409 RNA Helicases Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000700159 Rattus Species 0.000 description 1
- 101710152114 Replication protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000228636 Rhinolophus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000008907 Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000004179 Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000008910 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000017826 Thymus zygis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000656145 Thyrsites atun Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000008908 Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010046306 Upper respiratory tract infection Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000251539 Vertebrata <Metazoa> Species 0.000 description 1
- 108700022715 Viral Proteases Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 108010087302 Viral Structural Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229940125601 Walvax COVID-19 vaccine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 208000035472 Zoonoses Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 201000009840 acute diarrhea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002534 adenoid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000001014 amino acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000019552 anatomical structure morphogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101150010487 are gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000009697 arginine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001484 arginines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012791 bagels Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000023555 blood coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000027499 body ache Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 244000309466 calf Species 0.000 description 1
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000013351 cheese Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000805 cytoplasm Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003210 demyelinating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013345 egg yolk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000002969 egg yolk Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000002491 encephalomyelitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000012202 endocytosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002472 endoplasmic reticulum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000015114 espresso Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028023 exocytosis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001815 facial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108020001507 fusion proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000037865 fusion proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036449 good health Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001475 halogen functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000005802 health problem Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000887 hydrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001727 in vivo Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001524 infective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000968 intestinal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000010189 intracellular transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007794 irritation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003734 kidney Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002632 lipids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 208000017971 listlessness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000004185 liver Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000004072 lung Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000018977 lysine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002669 lysines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002483 medication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000034217 membrane fusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000877 morphologic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010172 mouse model Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000006417 multiple sclerosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000010813 municipal solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035772 mutation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004719 natural immunity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005445 natural material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036407 pain Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000052769 pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001575 pathological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000012830 plain croissants Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000013594 poultry meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000750 progressive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001915 proofreading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004850 protein–protein interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000005084 renal tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000029058 respiratory gaseous exchange Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000023504 respiratory system disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000003248 secreting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004739 secretory vesicle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 235000020183 skimmed milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013599 spices Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009885 systemic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010678 thyme oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005100 tissue tropism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003437 trachea Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000013638 trimer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000701161 unidentified adenovirus Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000712461 unidentified influenza virus Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000012795 verification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000029812 viral genome replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009447 viral pathogenesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 208000009421 viral pneumonia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000002845 virion Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000010464 virion assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 206010048282 zoonosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
- A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
- A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
- A61K36/53—Lamiaceae or Labiatae (Mint family), e.g. thyme, rosemary or lavender
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/105—Plant extracts, their artificial duplicates or their derivatives
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
- A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/0087—Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
- A61K9/0095—Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/4833—Encapsulating processes; Filling of capsules
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
- A61P31/12—Antivirals
- A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
Definitions
- Coronaviruses are a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, they cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses in humans include some cases of the common cold (which is also caused by other viruses, predominantly rhinoviruses), while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. In cows and pigs they cause diarrhea, while in mice they cause hepatitis and encephalomyelitis.
- Coronaviruses constitute the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae. in the family Coronaviridae. order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single- stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, one of the largest among RNA viruses. They have characteristic club-shaped spikes that project from their surface, which in electron micrographs create an image reminiscent of the solar corona, from which their name derives. [0004] Etymology
- coronavirus is derived from Latin corona, meaning “crown” or “wreath”, itself a borrowing from Greek _ kor _n_, "garland, wreath”
- the name was coined by June Almeida and David Tyrrell who first observed and studied human coronaviruses. The word was first used in print in 1968 by an informal group of virologists in the journal Nature to designate the new family of viruses.
- the name refers to the characteristic appearance of virions (the infective form of the virus) by electron microscopy, which have a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of the solar corona or halo. This morphology is created by the viral spike peplomers, which are proteins on the surface of the virus.
- Coronavirus was accepted as a genus name by the International Committee for the Nomenclature of Viruses (later renamed International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses) in 1971. As the number of new species increased, the genus was split into four genera, namely Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Deltacoronavirus, and Gammacoronavirus in 2009. The common name coronavirus is used to refer to any member of the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae. As of 2020, 45 species are officially recognised.
- JHM brain disease
- HBV mouse hepatitis virus
- the IBV-like novel cold viruses were soon shown to be also morphologically related to the mouse hepatitis virus. This new group of viruses were named coronaviruses after their distinctive morphological appearance.
- Human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43 continued to be studied in subsequent decades.
- the coronavirus strain B814 was lost. It is not known which present human coronavirus it was.
- Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS- CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2003, HCoV HKU1 in 2004, MERS-CoV in 2013, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. There have also been a large number of animal coronaviruses identified since the 1960s.
- Coronaviruses are large, roughly spherical particles with unique surface projections. Their size is highly variable with average diameters of 80 to 120 nm. Extreme sizes are known from 50 to 200 nm in diameter. The total molecular weight is on average 40,000 kDa. They are enclosed in an envelope embedded with a number of protein molecules. The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell.
- the viral envelope is made up of a lipid bilayer in which the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored.
- the molar ratio of E:S:M in the lipid bilayer is approximately 1 :20:300.
- the E and M protein are the structural proteins that combined with the lipid bilayer to shape the viral envelope and maintain its size. S proteins are needed for interaction with the host cells. But human coronavirus NL63 is peculiar in that its M protein has the binding site for the host cell, and not its S protein.
- the diameter of the envelope is 85 nm.
- the envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron-dense shells (shells that are relatively opaque to the electron beam used to scan the virus particle).
- the M protein is the main structural protein of the envelope that provides the overall shape and is a type III membrane protein. It consists of 218 to 263 amino acid residues and forms a layer 7.8 nm thick. It has three domains, a short N-terminal ectodomain, a triple-spanning transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal endodomain. The C-terminal domain forms a matrix-like lattice that adds to the extra-thickness of the envelope. Different species can have either N- or O- linked glycans in their protein amino-terminal domain.
- the M protein is crucial during the assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis stages of the virus lifecycle.
- the E proteins are minor structural proteins and highly variable in different species.
- E protein molecule there are only about 20 copies of the E protein molecule in a coronavirus particle. They are 8.4 to 12 kDa in size and are composed of 76 to 109 amino acids. They are integral proteins (i.e. embedded in the lipid layer) and have two domains namely a transmembrane domain and an extramembrane C-terminal domain. They are almost fully _-helical, with a single -helical transmembrane domain, and form pentameric (five-molecular) ion channels in the lipid bilayer. They are responsible for virion assembly, intracellular trafficking and morphogenesis (budding).
- the spikes are the most distinguishing feature of coronaviruses and are responsible for the corona- or halo-like surface.
- a coronavirus particle has 74 surface spikes.
- Each spike is about 20 nm long and is composed of a trimer of the S protein.
- the S protein is in turn composed of an SI and S2 subunit.
- the homotrimeric S protein is a class I fusion protein which mediates the receptor binding and membrane fusion between the virus and host cell.
- the SI subunit forms the head of the spike and has the receptor-binding domain (RBD).
- the S2 subunit forms the stem which anchors the spike in the viral envelope and on protease activation enables fusion.
- the two subunits remain noncovalently linked as they are exposed on the viral surface until they attach to the host cell membrane.
- three SI are attached to two S2 subunits.
- the subunit complex is split into individual subunits when the virus binds and fuses with the host cell under the action of proteases such as cathepsin family and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) of the host cell.
- proteases such as cathepsin family and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) of the host cell.
- SARS-CoV spike After binding of the ACE2 receptor, SARS-CoV spike is activated and cleaved at the
- S1/S2 level SI proteins are the most critical components in terms of infection. They are also the most variable components as they are responsible for host cell specificity. They possess two major domains named N-terminal domain (Sl-NTD) and C-terminal domain (Sl-CTD), both of which serve as the receptor-binding domains.
- the NTDs recognize and bind sugars on the surface of the host cell. An exception is the MHV NTD that binds to a protein receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1).
- Sl-CTDs are responsible for recognizing different protein receptors such as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), aminopeptidase N (APN), and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4).
- ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- API aminopeptidase N
- DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- a subset of coronaviruses also has a shorter spike-like surface protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE).
- HE proteins occur as homodimers composed of about 400 amino acid residues and are 40 to 50 kDa in size. They appear as tiny surface projections of 5 to 7 nm long embedded in between the spikes. They help in the attachment to and detachment from the host cell.
- nucleocapsid is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads-on-a-string type conformation.
- N protein is a phosphoprotein of 43 to 50 kDa in size, and is divided into three conserved domains. The majority of the protein is made up of domains 1 and 2, which are typically rich in arginines and lysines. Domain 3 has a short carboxy terminal end and has a net negative charge due to excess of acidic over basic amino acid residues.
- Coronaviruses contain a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome.
- the genome size for coronaviruses ranges from 26.4 to 31.7 kilobases.
- the genome size is one of the largest among RNA viruses.
- the genome has a 5_ methylated cap and a 3_ polyadenylated tail.
- the genome organization for a coronavirus is 5_-leader-UTR-replicase (ORFlab)-spike (S)-envelope (E)-membrane (M)-nucleocapsid (N)-3_UTR-poly (A) tail.
- ORFlab 5_-leader-UTR-replicase
- S spike
- E envelope
- M membrane
- N 3_UTR-poly
- the open reading frames la and lb which occupy the first two-thirds of the genome, encode the replicase polyprotein (pplab).
- the replicase polyprotein self cleaves to form 16 nonstructural proteins (nspl-nspl6).
- the later reading frames encode the four major structural proteins: spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid. Interspersed between these reading frames are the reading frames for the accessory proteins. The number of accessory proteins and their function is unique depending on the specific coronavirus.
- Infection begins when the viral spike protein attaches to its complementary host cell receptor. After attachment, a protease of the host cell cleaves and activates the receptor-attached spike protein. Depending on the host cell protease available, cleavage and activation allows the virus to enter the host cell by endocytosis or direct fusion of the viral envelope with the host membrane.
- the coronavirus RNA genome has a 5_ methylated cap and a 3_ polyadenylated tail, which allows it to act like a messenger RNA and be directly translated by the host cell's ribosomes.
- the host ribosomes translate the initial overlapping open reading frames ORFla and ORFlb of the virus genome into two large overlapping polyproteins, ppla and pplab.
- the larger polyprotein pplab is a result of a -1 ribosomal ffameshift caused by a slippery sequence (UUUAAAC) and a downstream RNA pseudoknot at the end of open reading frame ORFla.
- the ribosomal ffameshift allows for the continuous translation of ORFla followed by ORFlb.
- polyproteins have their own proteases, PLpro (nsp3) and 3CLpro (nsp5), which cleave the polyproteins at different specific sites.
- the cleavage of polyprotein pplab yields 16 nonstructural proteins (nspl to nspl6).
- Product proteins include various replication proteins such as RNA- dependent RNA polymerase (nspl2), RNA helicase (nspl 3), and exoribonuclease (nspl4).
- the main replicase-transcriptase protein is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). It is directly involved in the replication and transcription of RNA from an RNA strand.
- the other nonstructural proteins in the complex assist in the replication and transcription process.
- the exoribonuclease nonstructural protein for instance, provides extra fidelity to replication by providing a proofreading function which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase lacks.
- Replication One of the main functions of the complex is to replicate the viral genome.
- RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense genomic RNA from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This is followed by the replication of positive-sense genomic RNA from the negative-sense genomic RNA.
- Transcription The other important function of the complex is to transcribe the viral genome.
- RdRp directly mediates the synthesis of negative-sense subgenomic RNA molecules from the positive-sense genomic RNA. This process is followed by the transcription of these negative- sense subgenomic RNA molecules to their corresponding positive-sense mRNAs.
- the subgenomic mRNAs form a "nested set" which have a common 5'-head and partially duplicate 3 '-end.
- Recombination The replicase-transcriptase complex is also capable of genetic recombination when at least two viral genomes are present in the same infected cell.
- RNA recombination appears to be a major driving force in determining genetic variability within a coronavirus species, the capability of a coronavirus species to jump from one host to another and, infrequently, in determining the emergence of novel coronaviruses.
- the exact mechanism of recombination in coronaviruses is unclear, but likely involves template switching during genome replication.
- the replicated positive-sense genomic RNA becomes the genome of the progeny viruses.
- the mRNAs are gene transcripts of the last third of the virus genome after the initial overlapping reading frame. These mRNAs are translated by the host's ribosomes into the structural proteins and a number of accessory proteins. RNA translation occurs inside the endoplasmic reticulum.
- the viral structural proteins S, E, and M move along the secretory pathway into the Golgi intermediate compartment. There, the M proteins direct most protein-protein interactions required for assembly of viruses following its binding to the nucleocapsid.
- Progeny viruses are then released from the host cell by exocytosis through secretory vesicles. Once released the viruses can infect other host cells.
- Infected carriers are able to shed viruses into the environment.
- the interaction of the coronavirus spike protein with its complementary cell receptor is central in determining the tissue tropism, infectivity, and species range of the released virus.
- Coronaviruses mainly target epithelial cells. They are transmitted from one host to another host, depending on the coronavirus species, by either an aerosol, fomite, or fecal-oral route.
- SARS coronavirus for example, infects the human epithelial cells of the lungs via an aerosol route by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.
- ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- TGEV Transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus
- APN alanine aminopeptidase
- Coronaviruses form the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, which is one of two sub-families in the family Coronaviridae, order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are divided into the four genera: Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus. Alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses infect mammals, while gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses primarily infect birds.
- Alphacoronavirus type species: Alphacoronavirus 1 Species: Alphacoronavirus 1 (TGEV, Feline coronavirus, Canine coronavirus), Human coronavirus 229E, Human coronavirus NL63, Miniop terus bat coronavirus 1, Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8, Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2, Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512 Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus (MHV)
- Betacoronavirus 1 Bovine Coronavirus, Human coronavirus OC43
- Hedgehog coronavirus 1 Human coronavirus HKU1, Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Murine coronavirus, Pipistrellus bat coronavirus H U5, Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2), Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4 Genus Gammacoronavirus
- type species Avian coronavirus (IBV)
- Species Avian coronavirus, Beluga whale coronavirus SW1 Genus Deltacoronavirus; type species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11 Species: Bulbul coronavirus HKU11, Porcine coronavirus HKU15
- the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses is estimated to have existed as recently as 8000 BCE, although some models place the common ancestor as far back as 55 million years or more, implying long term coevolution with bat and avian species.
- the most recent common ancestor of the alphacoronavirus line has been placed at about 2400 BCE, of the betacoronavirus line at 3300 BCE, of the gammacoronavirus line at 2800 BCE, and of the deltacoronavirus line at about 3000 BCE.
- bats the reservoir for alphacoronaviruses and betacoronavirus - and birds the reservoir for gammacoronaviruses and deltacoronaviruses.
- the large number and global range of bat and avian species that host viruses has enabled extensive evolution and dissemination of coronaviruses.
- the human coronavirus NL63 shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (ARCoV.2) between 1190 and 1449 CE.
- the human coronavirus 229E shared a common ancestor with a bat coronavirus (GhanaGrpl Bt CoV) between 1686 and 1800 CE. More recently, alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged sometime before 1960.
- MERS-CoV emerged in humans from bats through the intermediate host of camels. MERS-CoV, although related to several bat coronavirus species, appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago. The most closely related bat coronavirus and SARS-CoV diverged in 1986.
- the ancestors of SARS-CoV first infected leaf-nose bats of the genus Hipposideridae; subsequently, they spread to horseshoe bats in the species Rhinolophidae, then to Asian palm civets, and finally to humans.
- bovine coronavirus of the species Betacoronavirus 1 and subgenus Embecovirus is thought to have originated in rodents and not in bats.
- equine coronavirus diverged from the bovine coronavirus after a cross-species jump.
- human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus after another cross-species spillover event. It is speculated that the flu pandemic of 1890 may have been caused by this spillover event, and not by the influenza virus, because of the related timing, neurological symptoms, and unknown causative agent of the pandemic.
- human coronavirus OC43 is also suspected of playing a role in neurological diseases.
- the human coronavirus OC43 began to diverge into its present genotypes.
- mouse hepatitis virus (Murine coronavirus), which infects the mouse's liver and central nervous system, is related to human coronavirus OC43 and bovine coronavirus.
- Human coronavirus HKU1 like the aforementioned viruses, also has its origins in rodents.
- Coronaviruses vary significantly in risk factor. Some can kill more than 30% of those infected, such as MERS-CoV, and some are relatively harmless, such as the common cold. Coronaviruses can cause colds with major symptoms, such as fever, and a sore throat from swollen adenoids. Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia (either direct viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia) and bronchitis (either direct viral bronchitis or secondary bacterial bronchitis).
- SARS-CoV which causes severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
- MERS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus
- SARS-CoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- the common cold is usually caused by rhino viruses, in about 15% of cases the cause is a coronavirus.
- the human coronaviruses HCoV-OC43, HCoV-HKUl, HCoV-229E, and HCoV-NL63 continually circulate in the human population in adults and children worldwide and produce the generally mild symptoms of the common cold.
- the four mild coronaviruses have a seasonal incidence occurring in the winter months in temperate climates. There is no preponderance in any season in tropical climates.
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome Characteristics of zoonotic coronavirus strains: MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and related diseases
- SARS- CoV SARS coronavirus
- MERS Middle East respiratory syndrome
- MERS-CoV Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- the Wuhan strain has been identified as a new strain of Betacoronavirus from group 2B with approximately 70% genetic similarity to the SARS-CoV.
- the virus has a 96% similarity to a bat coronavirus, so it is widely suspected to originate from bats as well.
- Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the 1930s. They infect a range of animals including swine, cattle, horses, camels, cats, dogs, rodents, birds and bats. The majority of animal related coronaviruses infect the intestinal tract and are transmitted by a fecal-oral route. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.
- Infectious bronchitis virus a type of coronavirus, causes avian infectious bronchitis.
- the virus is of concern to the poultry industry because of the high mortality from infection, its rapid spread, and its effect on production. The virus affects both meat production and egg production and causes substantial economic loss.
- infectious bronchitis virus targets not only the respiratory tract but also the urogenital tract. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken. The virus is transmitted by aerosol and food contaminated by feces. Different vaccines against IBV exist and have helped to limit the spread of the virus and its variants.
- Infectious bronchitis virus is one of a number of strains of the species Avian coronavirus. Another strain of avian coronavirus is turkey coronavirus (TCV) which causes enteritis in turkeys.
- TCV turkey coronavirus
- Coronaviruses also affect other branches of animal husbandry such as pig farming and the cattle raising.
- Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which is related to bat coronavirus HKU2, causes diarrhea in pigs.
- Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that has recently emerged and similarly causes diarrhea in pigs.
- Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1
- BCV bovine coronavirus
- Betacoronavirus 1 and related to HCoV-OC43 is responsible for severe profuse enteritis in young calves.
- feline coronavirus which are both members of the species Alphacoronavirus 1.
- Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease with high mortality.
- FIP feline infectious peritonitis
- Canine coronavirus (CCoV) which is a member of the species Alphacoronavirus 1
- Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) which is a member of the species Betacoronavirus 1 and related to HCoV-OC43, cause respiratory disease.
- Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).
- ECE epizootic catarrhal enteritis
- FSC ferret systemic coronavirus
- MHV Mouse hepatitis virus
- SARS-CoV SARS-CoV
- MHV was the best-studied coronavirus both in vivo and in vitro as well as at the molecular level.
- Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis.
- SDAV Sialodacryoadenitis virus
- Rabbit enteric coronavirus causes acute gastrointestinal disease and diarrhea in young European rabbits. Mortality rates are high.
- Vaccines are available for animal coronaviruses IBV, TGEV, and Canine CoV, although their effectiveness is limited. In the case of outbreaks of highly contagious animal coronaviruses, such as PEDV, measures such as destruction of entire herds of pigs may be used to prevent transmission to other herds.
- the disclosed invention comprises medical therapeutic treatment methods and compositions for a new use of the herb thyme, the new use can also be described as a second medical use since the herb thyme has been previous used to treat various types of viral infections.
- the herb thyme is also known as Common Thyme or Spanish Thyme.
- the new use of the herb thyme is for the treatment of the Coronavirus COVID-19 disease and the symptoms of Covid-19 disease, and likely for the prevention of Covid-19 disease.
- a method of use for the herb thyme for the treatment of COVID-19 disease and its symptoms is also disclosed.
- the herb thyme and its compounds have previously been shown to have antiviral activity against certain viruses in medical studies.
- HSV-1 herpes simplex virus type 1
- Some of the many antiviral substances in the herb thyme may be thymol, camphor, bomeol, carvacrol, terpinenes, pinenes, cymene, terpinenols, citral and cineoles, and any one of or combination thereof these constituents may be beneficial for use in the treatment of the disease Covid-19.
- the disclosed invention comprises a composition and treatment to prevent the progression and severity of COVID-19 after infection and the occurrence of symptoms of the disease, the treatment is to be initiated soon after the patient develops the first signs of symptoms and preferably initiated within approximately twenty four hours of the onset of symptoms of the disease.
- the symptoms of the disease comprising but not limited to individually or in combination thereof being fever, headache, sore joints, cough, fatigue, and chills. Generally the fever may be mild or moderate in the initial symptoms stage.
- the treatment consists of the oral administration of the herb thyme, also know as common thyme (Thymus Vulgaris). Generally the leaf of the herb is used and the leaf of the herb is generally ground into powder for easy assimilation by the digestive tract of the patient.
- the herb Thyme in a ground, powdered form and ingested with water in the disclosed treatment method has be shown to reduce and eliminate the symptoms and Covid- 19 disease sickness in a single disclosed patient that developed the symptoms of COVID-19 on two different occasions spaced approximately twelve days apart.
- the disclosed patient recovered from the symptoms each of the two times and was able to return back to his normal working routine within approximately two days.
- the disclosed patient was treated each time within 24 hours of the onset of the symptoms of the Covid-19 disease.
- a second set of symptoms have occurred in some patients throught the world after the patient has suffered an initial set of symptoms of the disease, the second set of symptoms has been described as a re-infection.
- the term “re-infection” may be an inappropriate description since the virus may remain in the patient’s system for an extended period of time prolonging the infection without symptoms of the infection, and the virus simply may re-activate its aggressive replication process.
- the second set of symptoms after an initial recovery of the first set of symptoms resulting in an aggressive replication process of the virus may be caused by a number of different and unkown factors, although one factor to possibly cause the virus to re-activate its aggressive replication process may be the ingestion of an substantial amount of sugar and fat such as cane sugar and milk cream in a food such as ice cream, this seemed to be the case as described by the disclosed patient in the following paragraphs of this application.
- the disclosed patient believes the virus appears to feed off of the sugar and fat to gain strength from the availability of the sugar and fat in the patients system as this scenario seemed to be the scenario that brought on the symptoms of Covid-19 in the disclosed patient symptoms timeline of two occurrences of the Covid-19 disease the disclosed patient suffered from.
- the first occurrence and first set of symptoms of the disease appeared in the disclosed patient approximately one hour after the ingestion of sugar and milk fat from ice cream and the second occurrence and second set of symptoms of the disease appeared in the disclosed patient approximately one hour after the ingestion of sugar and milk fat from a sweet milk tea drink containing sugar and fat.
- the disclosed herb thyme treatment may or may not be effective in reducing the symptoms of an infected patient that has extensive ongoing and severe symptoms of the disease Covid-19 that requires hospitalization or other emergency care.
- the safety of the disclosed treatment of Covid-19 using the herb thyme in a severely or moderately infected person is unknown.
- the side effects of the disclosed treatment seems to be few or none in a healthy patient when the patient is not currently or previous taken prescription drugs when the patient is treated within twenty four hours after the onset of symptoms and wherein the patient is still in basic good health and without breathing difficulties, although this is not substantiated.
- the disclosed patient that was treated with the disclosed thyme herb treatment was suffering from the symptoms of COVID-19, COVID-19 testing at the timeline of March 2020 was not widely available, the disclosed patient was not tested for COVID-19 at that time.
- the disclosed patient was very likely infected and suffering from COVID-19 with many of the symptoms of Covid-19, but testing verification was not attained. Future testing of the disclosed herbal thyme treatment of COVID-19 on additional patients will verify the effectiveness of the disclosed herbal thyme treatment.
- One active ingredient of the herb thyme is thymol. Treating a patient with oil of thyme containing thymol may also be a beneficial treatment alternative to using the entire herb in an unaltered but ground into powder state. Additional extractions of the herb thyme may also be a beneficial alternative for oral ingestion for the treatment of Covid-19 instead of oral administration of the entire herb leaf.
- a presumed object of the disclosed invention and disclosed method of use seems to be to use the antiviral properties of the herb thyme to depress the activity of the virus reducing the viruses ability to replicate and cause harm to the patient, thus allowing the patient to develop immunity to the virus while the virus is in a depressed state remaining in the patient, although this is just a guess of the effect of the herb thyme on the Covid-19 disease and should not be a determination of fact.
- the virus symptoms may resurface in the patient one or more times while the patient is developing immunity to the virus, requiring the patient to then again be treated with the disclosed invention method using the herb thyme utilizing the combination of anti-viral compounds in the herb. If for some reason the patient cannot or does not attain natural immunity to the virus with a reasonable timeframe such as thirty to ninety days, the patient may opt to continue treatment with the disclosed treatment each time the virus affects the patient in a debilitating or symptomatic manner while being diligent and aware of any possible side affects from the ingestion of the herb thyme.
- One side effect of oral ingesting the herb thyme may be elevated blood pressure.
- • is a natural substance has been known to be possibly safe as described when used as a medicine for short periods of time.
- • may be the most effect substance to use to assist the patient in developing immunity to COVID-19 by simply inhibiting the replication of the virus in the patient allowing the patient to recover sufficiently to develop immunity.
- Derivatives of the herb Thyme may also be an effective treatment option for the Covid-19 disease.
- One such derivative is the thymol. Thymol is found in thyme oil or made synthetically. It may be noted, the disclosed patient was treated with the entirety of the thyme leaf in a ground and powdered state with all of the ingredients of the thyme leaf.
- antiviral derivatives of thyme include, camphor, bomeol, carvacrol, terpinenes, pinenes, cymene, terpinenols, citral and cineoles.
- Thursday 2020-02-06 The disclosed patient received his order of thyme from Amazon.
- Sunday 2020-03-01 7:30 pm The disclosed patient returned from the grocery store (Bashes) in Camp Verde at about 7:30 pm and the disclosed patient ate 1 pint of natural ice cream that had a high content of sugar and milk cream.
- the ice creme was Haagen Dazs pineapple coconut.
- the ingredients were Cream, skim milk, cane sugar, pineapple, egg yolks, natural flavor (contains coconut), rum.
- Sunday 2020-03-01 8:00 pm Soon after and with thirty to sixty minutes after eating the ice cream the disclosed patient developed a slight fever and a slight headache with chills and aching in his bones.
- the disclosed patient testing the soreness in his joints tried to do a couple of pushups, the disclosed patient could not do any pushups because of soreness in the shoulders, the shoulders are sore, the disclosed patients shoulders are not normally sore when doing pushups.
- the disclosed patient s headache and fever persisted through out the night.
- Friday 2020-03-13 The disclosed patient was pretty much sick all day with a slight fever and a little more than a slight headache. The disclosed patient did not do too much all day, but he did give himself two more doses of the thyme from the can of thyme purchased from the grocery store, each dose spaced out during the day about 8 hours apart.
- Thursday 2020-03-26 6:00 pm The disclosed patient again ate 7 Valencia oranges for a second time within nine days. The disclosed patient experiences no ill effects from eating the high sugar oranges the same day and in the following days. The disclosed patient experiences no ill effects from eating the high sugar oranges the same day and in the following days.
- Thursday 2020-04-027:00 am The disclosed patient ate two high sugar and high fat donuts bought at Bosa Donuts at 75th ave and Cactus rd in Glendale AZ. One donut was a strawberry and cheese croissant and the other donut was an apple-sugar filled donut. The disclosed patient experienced no ill effects from eating the high sugar donuts the same day.
- the disclosed patient performed labor the same day at the same location as the Bosa Donuts from 7:15 amp to 1:40 pm as he and his employee Brian provided electrical circuits to a monument sign on the same property.
- the work consisted of medium to hard labor digging a trench and installing underground heavy metal conduit and then covering the conduit with excavated dirt, then proceeding to install the electrical circuits.
- the disclosed patient feels that the thyme does not kill the virus, but that the thyme inhibits the virus enough to allow the body to attack the virus with the body’s immune system.
- the disclosed patient says it appears three heaping teaspoon doses of the thyme mixed with water and each dose of one heaping teaspoon of thyme powder taken about 8 hours apart is enough to inhibit the virus to get the desired result of recovery started.
- the disclosed patient also feels it also appears that sugar and fat feeds the virus and increases its replication intervals and severity of the symptoms.
- the disclosed patient feels that a minimal single dose of approximately 1/8 of a heaping teaspoon of thyme powder everyday ingested in the previous stated method will act as a deterrent to symptoms flaring up after a patient has been infected and recovered from Covid-19.
- the disclosed patient feels that ingesting thyme leaves soaked in water that are not ground up into powder may not duplicate the favorable effects of the treatment the disclosed patient experienced when he treated the coronavirus infection with thyme powder soaked in water.
- the disclosed treatment for COVID-19 is the oral ingestion of the herb thyme in a ground, powdered form and soaked in a liquid such as water for about thirty minutes and then ingested with the liquid.
- Six to ten ounces of water may be used to soak the thyme in and the water is to be drank with the ingestion of the thyme.
- the treatment is meant for a patient that has an onset of symptoms such as symptoms comprising but not limited to individually or in combination thereof fever, headache, sore joints, cough, fatigue, chills usually with the last one to three days.
- the disclosed patient initial infection of the virus seems to be between five to ten days prior to the onset of symptoms if the disclosed patient is right about being infected with the coronavirus form the sunflower seeds he ingested.
- the method for treatment for a dose is to add approximately one heaping teaspoon (approximately 0.2 ounces) of ground, powdered Thyme to a six to ten ounces of water in a glass residing in a room temperature (approximately 70 degrees F.) environment.
- the water and thyme powder should sit idly for about thirty minutes to allow the water to soak fully into the Thyme powder, hydrating the Thyme powder fully and allowing the mixture to be stirred with the Thyme powder dispersing the Thyme powder into the water without any dry Thyme powder residing on top of the water surface.
- the patient should then drink the first dose of water and Thyme powder within a one half hour timeframe.
- a second dose of Thyme powder and water should be orally ingested about six to eight hours after the first dose.
- a third dose of thyme and water should be orally ingested about six to eight hours after the second dose.
- the patient should rest or sleep if possible through out the dosing process. The patient may not feel any relief from the COVID-19 symptoms until after the third dose of the thyme powder and water, and any relief may take three to six hours after the third dose depending on the severity of the infection. In the time between the first dose and the third dose oft the thyme powder, it may be beneficial for the patient to refrain from eating food or just eat very light food during this time.
- One object of this disclosed invention is for the patient to develop and gain immunity to allow his or her immune system to fight and contain the replication of the virus, therefore preventing symptoms to appear in the patient when the patient harbors the virus.
- the preferred method in the disclosed invention of gaining immunity to the virus is for the patient to participate in a regime of oral ingestion of thyme and water in three or more doses.
- the patient may require one or more regimes or oral ingestion of the thyme and water if the symptoms of the disease reappear after the first regime.
- Each regime will be ingested intermittently with a period of time between each regime to allow the patients immune system to perform the work of fighting the virus when the virus is in a weakened state.
- the period of time between each regime is usually in the range of one week to four weeks depending on the patient and the patients health and diet and when or if the symptoms reappear, the intake of sugar should be restricted during the immunity building time period so as to not feed the virus a preferred nutrient of the virus.
- the number of regimes needed for the patient to build immunity against the virus will also depend on the patents health, age and diet. The possibility exists that some patients will not be able to develop sufficient immunity to fight off symptoms of the viral infection and may need to ingest the thyme and water on a regular basis or seek additional medical treatment of a different type.
- the single patient in the disclosed study required a second regime of thyme and water approximately two weeks after the first regime.
- the second set of symptoms appearing soon after the patient ingested a large amount of sugar and fat in a milk tea drink.
- the second set of symptoms reappeared within two hours after the sugar infused tea drink was ingested.
- it has been one year since the onset of the second set of symptoms with no re-occurrence of symptoms a third time even though the patient has ingested a moderate amount of sugar and fat by eating donuts, ice cream and oranges, the oranges being of the Valencia variety known for a high sugar content. It appears the patient has developed immunity or at least partial immunity to the virus, additional time will tell in the months ahead.
- Extracted components of the herb thyme either singularly, mixed with other extracted components of the herb or mixed with the entire leaf of the herb may be very effective in the treatment of Covid-19 disease.
- a composition comprising of i) the whole leaf of the herb thyme, or ii) one or more extracted components of the whole leaf of the herb thyme, or iii) a mixture of the whole leaf of the herb thyme combined with one or more extracted components of the whole leaf of the herb thyme for oral ingestion should be the basis for the treatment or the prevention of the disease Covid-19.
- the herb thyme may be more effective in a ground state instead of a whole state in the treatment of Covid-19.
- the herb in the ground state may allow the herb to digest more effectively in the digestive system of the patient.
- the method of combining the ground state of the herb or the whole thyme leaf with a liquid such as water may also improve the effectiveness of the digestion system in digesting the herb.
- Another alternative may be for the herb thyme to be combined with food for the prevention or treatment of the disease Covid-19.
- Synthetic thymol may also be an alternative to the natural form of thymol form the herb thyme when used as an active ingredient for the treatment or prevention of Covid-19 disease.
- the patient seeks medical attention, k) six to eight hours after the first dose of thyme powder and water was orally ingested by the patient, the patient or the patient’s assistant creates a second dose of the powdered thyme and water in the same manner the first dose was created, and the patent orally ingests the second dose of the thyme powder and water in the same manner as the first dose, preferably refraining from food and sugars between the first dose and second dose of the thyme powder and water, l) the patient is monitored for at least one hour after orally ingesting the second dose of thyme powder and water, the monitoring of the patient includes periodically recording the vital signs of the patient including but not limited to; the pulse rate, the body temperature, and the blood pressure while resting, m) if the patient does not have an abnormal or dangerous reaction to the second dose such as a blood pressure or pulse increase in the patient that might be considered to be dangerous to the patients health, the patient will
- the patient seeks medical attention, n) six to eight hours after the second dose of thyme powder and water was ingested by the patient, the patient or the patient’s assistant creates a third dose of the powdered thyme and water in the same manner the first and the second dose was created, and the patient orally ingests the third dose of the thyme powder and water in the same manner as the first dose and the second dose was orally ingested, preferably refraining from food and sugars between the second dose and third dose of the thyme powder and water, o) the patient preferably refrains from food and sugars for four to six hours after the third dose of the powdered thyme and water, p) the patient is monitored for at least one hour after orally ingesting the second dose of thyme powder and water, the monitoring of the patient includes periodically recording the vital signs of the patient including but not limited to; the pulse rate, the body temperature, and the blood pressure while resting
- the patient seeks medical attention, q) the patient stays hydrated prior to the first dose of thyme powder and after the third dose of thyme powder and water, r) eight hours after the third dose of the thyme powder and water, the patient is again monitored for improvement of symptoms of the disease, if the symptoms of the disease do not improve, the patient should seek additional medical care from a health care provider, and the dosage quantities are formulated for a healthy one hundred and seventy pound male 62 years of age with no pre-existing medical conditions such and high blood pressure or diabetes, the dosage formulations may need to be adjusted for a younger or older person that is either lighter in weight or heavier in weight, monitoring of the patient by a health care professional is strongly recommended and may be necessary for the safety of the patient.
- Alternative methods of orally ingesting the herb thyme or its active ingredients may be in other forms such as a pill or a capsule.
- a pill or capsule form may be a much more pleasant way of ingesting the herb thyme since the herb in a powder state and mixed with a liquid such as water can be a very bitter solution to ingest and may be repugnant to some people.
- the effectiveness of a pill or a capsule form in treating the disease Covid-19 may be diminished if complete digestion is not attained.
- stomach or intestinal irritation may develop in some forms of ingestion of the herb.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB2113325.1A GB2595427A (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease COVID-19 |
CA3179222A CA3179222A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
US17/602,234 US20220143121A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
AU2021246761A AU2021246761A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease COVID-19 |
EP21781812.9A EP4125981A4 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
US18/104,030 US11865154B2 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2023-01-31 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease COVID-19 |
US18/388,823 US20240075090A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2023-11-11 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
US18/388,854 US20240082336A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2023-11-12 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US202063100831P | 2020-04-02 | 2020-04-02 | |
US63/100,831 | 2020-04-02 | ||
US202063102925P | 2020-07-08 | 2020-07-08 | |
US63/102,925 | 2020-07-08 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US17/602,234 A-371-Of-International US20220143121A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
US18/104,030 Division US11865154B2 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2023-01-31 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease COVID-19 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2021202823A1 true WO2021202823A1 (en) | 2021-10-07 |
Family
ID=77927462
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US2021/025298 WO2021202823A1 (en) | 2020-04-02 | 2021-04-01 | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease covid-19 |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (4) | US20220143121A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP4125981A4 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2021246761A1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA3179222A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2595427A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2021202823A1 (en) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040071757A1 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2004-04-15 | David Rolf | Inhalation antiviral patch |
WO2005030172A1 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2005-04-07 | The Regents Of The University And Methods | Antimicrobial nanoemulsion compositions and methods |
US20060270614A1 (en) * | 2005-05-24 | 2006-11-30 | Sekhar Boddupalli | Use of chalcones for the treatment of viral disorders |
US20150258287A1 (en) * | 2013-08-22 | 2015-09-17 | Sipnose Ltd | Device to deliver a predetermined amount of a substance to a natural orifice of the body |
US20170157190A1 (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2017-06-08 | Ralco Nutrition, Inc. | Antiviral compositions and methods |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
MD2470G2 (en) * | 2002-09-06 | 2004-12-31 | Научно-Исследовательский Конструкторско-Технологический Институт Пищевой Промышленности Республики Молдова | Process for production of snack canned chick-pea |
CN106179143B (en) * | 2016-08-25 | 2019-05-24 | 上海应用技术学院 | A kind of lavender oil starch capsule and preparation method thereof |
US11324791B2 (en) * | 2018-04-02 | 2022-05-10 | Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University | Antimicrobial extracts of Boswellia and thyme |
-
2021
- 2021-04-01 AU AU2021246761A patent/AU2021246761A1/en active Pending
- 2021-04-01 US US17/602,234 patent/US20220143121A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2021-04-01 WO PCT/US2021/025298 patent/WO2021202823A1/en unknown
- 2021-04-01 GB GB2113325.1A patent/GB2595427A/en active Pending
- 2021-04-01 EP EP21781812.9A patent/EP4125981A4/en active Pending
- 2021-04-01 CA CA3179222A patent/CA3179222A1/en active Pending
-
2023
- 2023-01-31 US US18/104,030 patent/US11865154B2/en active Active
- 2023-11-11 US US18/388,823 patent/US20240075090A1/en active Pending
- 2023-11-12 US US18/388,854 patent/US20240082336A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20040071757A1 (en) * | 2001-11-20 | 2004-04-15 | David Rolf | Inhalation antiviral patch |
WO2005030172A1 (en) * | 2003-09-24 | 2005-04-07 | The Regents Of The University And Methods | Antimicrobial nanoemulsion compositions and methods |
US20060270614A1 (en) * | 2005-05-24 | 2006-11-30 | Sekhar Boddupalli | Use of chalcones for the treatment of viral disorders |
US20150258287A1 (en) * | 2013-08-22 | 2015-09-17 | Sipnose Ltd | Device to deliver a predetermined amount of a substance to a natural orifice of the body |
US20170157190A1 (en) * | 2014-07-22 | 2017-06-08 | Ralco Nutrition, Inc. | Antiviral compositions and methods |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
---|
See also references of EP4125981A4 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20220143121A1 (en) | 2022-05-12 |
US20240082336A1 (en) | 2024-03-14 |
EP4125981A4 (en) | 2023-12-27 |
AU2021246761A1 (en) | 2022-12-08 |
EP4125981A1 (en) | 2023-02-08 |
US20230173010A1 (en) | 2023-06-08 |
CA3179222A1 (en) | 2021-10-07 |
US20240075090A1 (en) | 2024-03-07 |
GB2595427A (en) | 2021-11-24 |
US11865154B2 (en) | 2024-01-09 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Mestecky et al. | Mucosal immunology | |
Schantz | Tapeworms (cestodiasis) | |
King et al. | Historical perspective of rabies in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin | |
Høiby | Pandemics: past, present, future: that is like choosing between cholera and plague | |
Panda et al. | Human Diseases | |
Gajdusek | Urgent opportunistic observations: the study of changing, transient and disappearing phenomena of medical interest in disrupted primitive human communities | |
Nava-Frías et al. | Chikungunya fever: current status in Mexico | |
Sompayrac | How pathogenic viruses work | |
Vaughan et al. | Epidemiology and Public Health: Respiratory infections | |
Ramos et al. | The prehistory of mycotoxins: related cases from ancient times to the discovery of aflatoxins | |
US11865154B2 (en) | Therapeutic treatment for the coronavirus disease COVID-19 | |
Li et al. | A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter study of oseltamivir phosphate for treatment of influenza infection in China | |
Kupperberg | The influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 | |
Upadhyay | Climate induced virus generated communicable diseases: management issues and failures | |
Rallu | Patterns of population decline following European contact and colonization: The cases of Tahiti and the Marquesas | |
Goldsmith | Influenza: The Next Pandemic? | |
Hollenbeck | The 1918-1919 influenza pandemic: a pale horse rides home from war | |
Mohsina et al. | Prevalence, pathogenesis and identification of clinical risk factors associated with dengue virus (DENV) | |
Ahmed | A study on antiarthritic and anti ulcer Activities of saraca indica bark in rats and Mice | |
Uafiznltad | Worldwide Report | |
H Wassili et al. | Ghetto Poverty and Pollution in Egypt: A Deadly Threat for Western Countries Caused by New and Infectious Mutants. A Cultural, Social and Microbiological Synopsis | |
Sanjuna et al. | An Arthropod Virus: Chikungunya its Pathophysiology and Herbal Treatment | |
Sultana et al. | A Narrative Review on Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever: Junin Virus (JUNV) | |
Usman et al. | Investigating Covid-19 and Prophylactive Measures to Contain Spread of the Disease | |
Raval et al. | STATUS OF COVID-19 IN THE WORST AFFECTED TWENTY COUNTRIES AND THE WORLD AT THE END OF 2020 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 202113325 Country of ref document: GB Kind code of ref document: A Free format text: PCT FILING DATE = 20210401 |
|
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 21781812 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 3179222 Country of ref document: CA |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2021781812 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20221102 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2021246761 Country of ref document: AU Date of ref document: 20210401 Kind code of ref document: A |