WO2021188345A1 - Reinforced polymer concrete and method for fabricating the same - Google Patents
Reinforced polymer concrete and method for fabricating the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2021188345A1 WO2021188345A1 PCT/US2021/021814 US2021021814W WO2021188345A1 WO 2021188345 A1 WO2021188345 A1 WO 2021188345A1 US 2021021814 W US2021021814 W US 2021021814W WO 2021188345 A1 WO2021188345 A1 WO 2021188345A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- polymer concrete
- composition
- chdm
- reinforcing material
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000002986 polymer concrete Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 35
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 229920005644 polyethylene terephthalate glycol copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- YIMQCDZDWXUDCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]methanol Chemical compound OCC1CCC(CO)CC1 YIMQCDZDWXUDCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000012779 reinforcing material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- -1 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920001634 Copolyester Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- VEIOBOXBGYWJIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexane;methanol Chemical compound OC.OC.C1CCCCC1 VEIOBOXBGYWJIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 53
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Natural products C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hydroperoxy-2-(2-hydroperoxybutan-2-ylperoxy)butane Chemical group CCC(C)(OO)OOC(C)(CC)OO WFUGQJXVXHBTEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- FDSYTWVNUJTPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3,9-bis(carboxymethyl)-3,6,9,15-tetrazabicyclo[9.3.1]pentadeca-1(15),11,13-trien-6-yl]acetic acid Chemical compound C1N(CC(O)=O)CCN(CC(=O)O)CCN(CC(O)=O)CC2=CC=CC1=N2 FDSYTWVNUJTPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phthalic anhydride Natural products C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 LGRFSURHDFAFJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl 2,2-difluorocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1CC1(F)F JHIWVOJDXOSYLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001123 polycyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002748 Basalt fiber Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920006231 aramid fiber Polymers 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003011 styrenyl group Chemical group [H]\C(*)=C(/[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000002952 polymeric resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920003002 synthetic resin Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 21
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229920002292 Nylon 6 Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920002302 Nylon 6,6 Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000011398 Portland cement Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000004342 Benzoyl peroxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000019400 benzoyl peroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229920006305 unsaturated polyester Polymers 0.000 description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 4
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- 150000002009 diols Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 4
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Furan Chemical compound C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013036 cure process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002657 fibrous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 2
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N monobenzene Natural products C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000035699 permeability Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 2
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011388 polymer cement concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000644 propagated effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007347 radical substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzoylperoxide Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C(=O)OOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 OMPJBNCRMGITSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000914 Metallic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001555 benzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon carbon Chemical compound C.C CREMABGTGYGIQB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001934 cyclohexanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005538 encapsulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006241 epoxy vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013100 final test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N haloperidol Chemical compound C1CC(O)(C=2C=CC(Cl)=CC=2)CCN1CCCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 LNEPOXFFQSENCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003317 industrial substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004816 latex Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000126 latex Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002595 magnetic resonance imaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000021715 photosynthesis, light harvesting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011513 prestressed concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012744 reinforcing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012783 reinforcing fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007142 ring opening reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B26/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders, e.g. polymer or resin concrete
- C04B26/02—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B26/10—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B26/18—Polyesters; Polycarbonates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B16/00—Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B16/04—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B16/06—Macromolecular compounds fibrous
- C04B16/0675—Macromolecular compounds fibrous from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B16/00—Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B16/04—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B16/06—Macromolecular compounds fibrous
- C04B16/0675—Macromolecular compounds fibrous from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B16/0683—Polyesters, e.g. polylactides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/28—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B24/282—Polyurethanes; Polyisocyanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B24/00—Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers
- C04B24/24—Macromolecular compounds
- C04B24/28—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
- C04B24/283—Polyesters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B32/00—Artificial stone not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- C04B32/02—Artificial stone not provided for in other groups of this subclass with reinforcements
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0071—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability making use of a rise in pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B40/00—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability
- C04B40/0082—Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability making use of a rise in temperature, e.g. caused by an exothermic reaction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00241—Physical properties of the materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/0037—Materials containing oriented fillers or elements
- C04B2111/00379—Materials containing oriented fillers or elements the oriented elements being fibres
Definitions
- concrete has been formed from a mixture that includes Portland cement and aggregate (often a mixture of fine and coarse aggregate).
- Portland cement and aggregate
- concrete is often reinforced with steel rebar or wire cage.
- Steel is selected for its low cost and workability, specifically that it can be hot formed and welded to achieve complex shapes; however, steel is subject to corrosion, which causes swelling of the steel and induces spalling and fracture in the concrete.
- the porosity of traditional concrete permits corrosive liquids and gases (such as salt water or hydrogen sulfide) to attack the steel rebar, which has led to numerous developments to mitigate this problem.
- Composite rebar is commonly used as an alternative to steel rebar in construction applications with environmental constraints that make steel rebar unsuitable. This may include applications with high risk of corrosion (such as bridges, water treatment facilities, or industrial drainage) or sensitivity to magnetic interference (such as buildings that house magnetic resonance imaging equipment or radio broadcasting equipment). These materials are conventionally produced by pultrusion of fiber reinforced thermosets, though other production methods would be familiar to one having skill in the art.
- the majority of composite matrix materials are thermosets selected from the categories of unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy resins, vinylester resins, or acrylic resins. Fibers reinforcement is usually fiberglass, carbon fiber, or basalt fiber. The selection of fiber and matrix material is based on a combination of performance requirements, environmental requirements, and cost constraints.
- Polymer concrete is defined to include both polymer cement concrete, whereby the polymer replaces lime-based cement used in traditional concrete, and polymer modified concrete, whereby the polymer is used in addition to lime-based cement.
- Polymer concretes are formed from a mixture that includes a polymer and aggregate. The most commonly used polymers are epoxy, latex, unsaturated polyester resin, vinylester, furan, and acrylate.
- Polymer concrete has several advantages compared to traditional concrete, including superior strength and impact resistance, low permeability, high chemical resistance, good vibration damping, and fast curing. The low permeability and high chemical resistance of polymer concrete make it particularly suitable for use in enclosures to protect sensitive electronic and control equipment and as well as drainage systems for industrial chemicals.
- Polymer concrete also protects steel rebar and wire cage from corrosion.
- Failure of reinforced concrete frequently occurs due to shear slippage or disbond between the concrete and the reinforcement material which decouples the load transfer between the materials. Steel does not exhibit a high degree of adhesion to binders used in traditional concrete or polymer concrete. While coatings can be applied to steel to achieve adhesion, the preferred alternative involves texturing of rebar (deformed rebar) or using a wire cage structure, both methods that increases the load transfer area in contact with the concrete and resists shear slippage. Composite rebar used in traditional concretes often reproduce the texture or cage structure in an effort to replicate this effect; however very little optimization has occurred in the space of polymer concrete.
- Polyesters are formed from the reaction of diacid and diol molecules. These can either be classified into unsaturated polyesters (which are thermoset materials) and saturated polyesters (usually thermoplastics) based on whether they retain double bonds after the polymerization process (unsaturated means that double bonds are retained). The presence of non benzene double bonds allows unsaturated polyesters to be cross-linked into its final thermoset form.
- Unsaturated polyester resin may be used in the production of polymer concrete as the primary binding agent.
- the majority of UPR use a combination of maelic anyhydride and phthalic anhydride (diacids) plus propylene glycol (diol) to form the unsaturated polyester structure.
- a cross-linking reagent often styrene
- free radical initiator often provided by methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (“MEKP”) or benzoyl peroxide (“BPO”)
- MEKP methyl ethyl ketone peroxide
- BPO benzoyl peroxide
- This cross-linking structure gives UPR good chemical resistance, which is why it is used in polymer concrete applications; however, UPR’s adhesive properties are lower than epoxy (a more expensive thermoset), which makes selecting suitable reinforcement materials difficult.
- the composition of the reinforced polymer concrete can include a polymer concrete mixture and a reinforcing material.
- the polymer concrete mixture can include UPR.
- UPR can be formed by combining maelic anhydride and phthalic anhydride (diacids) with propylene glycol (diol).
- the reinforcing material can include a polymer and a reinforcement fiber.
- the polymer used in the reinforcing material can be any polymer with a backbone that includes cyclohexane dimethanol (“CHDM”).
- CHDM cyclohexane dimethanol
- the polymer can be a CHDM- containing polyurethane or polyester, such as PETG, polycyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate glycol (“PCTG”), and poly cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate acid (“PCTA”).
- the polymer can be thermoset or thermoplastic so long as it contains the CHDM backbone.
- the reinforcement fiber can be any type of fiber material that provides increased strength, stiffness, or functionality compared to the polymer.
- the reinforcement fiber can be glass fiber, carbon fiber, basalt fiber, or metallic fiber.
- the reinforced polymer concrete can be formed by inserting the polymer concrete mixture and the reinforcing material into a mold.
- the polymer concrete may be prepared by mixing UPR, aggregate, and a curing agent.
- the curing agent may consist of a cross- linking reagent and a free radical initiator.
- the reinforcing material may be added to the mold before the polymer concrete is introduced while still in a liquid or semi-liquid state.
- the interaction of the curing agent and UPR triggers a reaction in the UPR that opens double bonds and allows for cross-linking between adjacent polyester molecules through the cross-linking reagent molecules.
- the free radical initiator can be MEKP or BPO. The mixture may then be allowed to cure.
- the mixture may be cured at room temperature and pressure in an open mold that exposes at least part of the polymer concrete to the air.
- the mixture may be cured through the application of heat and/or pressure in a closed mold that fully encloses the polymer concrete during the curing process.
- the mixture may be cured in an open mold that is heated.
- Described herein are also methods for creating an interlaced composite that includes a CHDM-containing polymer and introducing it into a polymer concrete mixture as a reinforcing material.
- An interlaced composite can be created and inserted into a mold.
- a polymer concrete mixture containing UPR, aggregate, and a curing agent can be inserted into the mold such that the polymer concrete mixture and CHDM-containing interlaced composite are in direct contact.
- the concrete mixture can then be allowed to cure.
- FIG. 1 A illustrates a side view of a reinforced polymer concrete.
- FIG. IB illustrates a top view of a reinforced polymer concrete.
- FIG. 2 illustrates lap shear test equipment loaded with a sample of reinforced polymer concrete.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram of a plain weave illustrating the interlacing of warp and weft tapes in accordance with the present disclosure.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example method for incorporating an interlaced composite into a polymer concrete mixture as a reinforcing agent.
- thermoplastic materials were tested for adhesion to both open mold and closed mold polymer concrete mixes. Five of the selected plastics were chosen based on potential compatibility for bonding with unsaturated polyester used in polymer concrete, and one plastic (polypropylene) was selected as a known non-polar control. All plastics with potential compatibility contain polar carbonyl group (oxygen double bonded to carbon) and several possess rings structures within or attached to the main backbone chain. The selected polymers were chosen in an effort to approximate the molecular structure of the UPR and increase the likelihood of participating in the UPR cross-linking reaction caused by the presence of the curing agent. The tested thermoplastic materials were:
- polypropylene which has repeated subunits of:
- polyamide 6 which has repeated subunits of:
- nylon 6,6 polyamide 6,6
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PETG which is a copolymer of PET in which CHDM is added to the polymer backbone, but at lower levels than ethylene glycol (“EG”):
- PC polycarbonate
- the elevated temperature can range from 150 degrees centigrade up to the degradation temperature of the material, but it is typically closer to the 150 degrees centigrade.
- the pressure can range from a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure up to the compressive strength of the material, but it is typically elevated to 100-300 psi.
- test specimens were cut from the polymer concrete using a water jet.
- FIGS. 1A and IB illustrate an example of a test specimen 100 after the water jet cuts.
- 120 identifies the thermoplastic strip and 110 identifies the polymer concrete.
- Notches 130 and 140 were created when the specimen was cut to create the necessary lap shear region 150.
- FIG. 2 shows the test specimen 100 oriented within the grips of a universal testing machine 200, such that the length of the specimen is in-line with the tensile loading direction (illustrated by arrows 215) of the machine and the plane of the notches 130 and 140 are perpendicular to tensile loading direction.
- Grips 210 should be configured to provide sufficient force (illustrated by arrows 205) to firmly hold the test specimen 100 and avoid slippage, without applying so much force that it damages the test specimen 100 and induces failure at the grips.
- thermoplastic strip 120 and the polymer concrete 110 can be determined by calculating the shear stress at the time of disbond failure. For thermoplastic materials with low adhesion, the shear strength will be less than the tensile strength of either of the constituent materials and disbond failure will occur. For thermoplastic materials with high adhesion, the adhesion strength may exceed the tensile strength of either the thermoplastic strip or the polymer concrete, resulting in a tensile failure in the weaker material.
- the load cell was zeroed while the grips were open (without any test specimen) and a preload of 50N was specified for each specimen.
- the preload occurs after the specimen has been loaded in the grips, whereby the specimen is slowly loaded to 50N, at which point the displacement of the load cell is zeroed and the test is started.
- Nylon 6,6 specimens were able to survive both the open and closed mold curing processes. However, similar to PP, none of the Nylon 6,6 samples survived the waterjet cutting. The bond strength of Nylon 6,6 to the UPR concrete was therefore too weak to be able to test the adhesive shear strength.
- the Nylon 6 specimens also survived the curing processes.
- the closed mold Nylon 6 specimens failed the wateijet cutting process; however, the open mold samples survived. Of the four open mold Nylon 6 samples, two of them failed the 50N preload. The remaining two samples were tested and experienced failure in lap shear region 150 at loads between 100N and 275N. In other words, the Nylon 6 and polymer concrete separate from each other in the lap shear region 150 when the tensile load reached between 100N and 275N. Calculated adhesive shear strength for the two samples was 0.21 MPa and 0.47 MPa.
- thermoplastic strip 120 and polymer concrete 110 appeared to be in contact, but the disbond interface became visible if a small amount of tensile force was reapplied to the sample in its longitudinal direction. Due to the unusual failure mode, it was not possible to calculate adhesive shear strength; however, analysis of the force-displacement curve for the test showed that disbond initially occurs between 200N and 250N for two samples, between 400N and 425N for one sample, and around 800N for one sample.
- the PET specimens survived both the open and closed mold curing processes with the closed mold samples failing during the wateijet cut. Two of the four open mold PET samples also failed the 50N preload threshold. The remaining two specimens were tested and experienced failure in lap shear region 150 at loads between 150N and 250N. The calculated adhesive shear strength of the two specimens was 0.49MPa and 0.26 MPa.
- Polypropylene was selected to provide establish a benchmark for a material that we knew would not participate in the UPR polymerization reaction due to a lack of polarity and reactive functional groups. Nylon 6 and nylon 6,6 were expected to exhibit some polar interaction with the UPR; however, we were surprised to observe different behavior between these two materials as their chemical structures are very nearly identical. In particular, the observation that nylon 6,6 was no better than polypropylene at withstanding the wateijet cut, while the nylon 6 not only survived the waterjet cut, but also had 2/4 samples pass the 50N preload was unexpected.
- the PC and PETG specimens were subject to sharp impact force to induce fracture in order to compare adhesive behavior between the materials.
- the PC materials suffered disbond at the interface between the plastic strip and polymer concrete regardless of whether they were struck on the plastic face or the polymer concrete face, or on edge near the interface.
- fracture paths were observed across the interface between the polymer concrete and PETG materials with no visual disbond, for both low angle and high angle fracture paths. This indicates that the adhesive strength between the materials is high enough to result in cohesive energy dissipation across the interface.
- a final test whereby a continuous glass fiber reinforced PETG sheet was cast into a UPR polymer concrete slab structure, cured, and then struck repeatedly with a hammer further confirmed the high level of adhesion between the polymer concrete and PETG.
- the glass/PETG sheet was sized to be smaller than slab and impact outside of sheet-reinforced region caused fracture within 1-2 strikes, while impact in the sheet reinforced region took 3-4 impacts before any fracture occurred and even once the surface layer of polymer concrete was cracked, several more impacts were necessary to propagate the impact through the sheet. Despite the fractures, the glass/PETG sheet remained firmly adhered to the polymer concrete fragments and it was only by pulling apart the glass strands within the glass/PETG tape that we were able to separate the fragments.
- TP A Terephthalic acid
- EG Terephthalic acid
- PETG PETG is unique in its inclusion of CHDM.
- CHDM Unlike TP A, which contains a benzene ring backbone, CHDM only has a cyclohexane ring (with carbon-carbon single bonds), which is both more flexible and more reactive than the benzene structure (due to benzenes delocalized resonate structure). Also, after polymerization, this cyclohexane ring is located further from the protective carbonyl functional groups, which makes it easier for the cyclohexane to participate in subsequent reactions.
- the cyclohexane ring of CHDM may be participating in the free radical initiated cross-linking reaction that occurs when a curing agent is added to the liquid UPR during polymer concrete casting.
- One embodiment of the reinforced polymer concrete described here can include polymer concrete and a reinforcing material.
- the reinforcing material can include a polymer and a reinforcement fiber.
- the polymer in the reinforcement material can be any CHDM-containing polymer.
- the polymer can be thermoset or thermoplastic so long as it contains as CHDM backbone.
- polyurethanes formed by reacting isocyanates and polyols can be synthesized using CHDM as part of the polyol component. It is suspected that all such CHDM-containing polyurethanes would experience similar bonding during the polymer concrete curing process.
- Some examples of CHDM- containing polyesters include the copolyesters PETG, PCTG, and PCTA. The monomers for polymerization of PCT, PCTG, and PCTA are:
- UPR One example of a binding agent that can be used in the polymer concrete is UPR.
- Other binding agents can be used that would create the similar cross-linking mechanisms with CHDM-containing polymers, such as vinyl ester and epoxy.
- UPR is significantly cheaper and more widely available than the available alternatives. For that reason, it may be preferred to use UPR as the primary binding agent.
- UPR can be formed by combining maelic anhydride and phthalic anhydride (diacids) with propylene glycol (diol) to form an unsaturated polyester structure as shown below:
- Polymer concrete differs from more traditional concretes in the binding agent used. Portland cement is the most common binding agent used in traditional concrete.
- Portland cement When mixed with water, Portland cement creates a paste that binds with sand and rock to harden. While Portland cement usually originates from limestone, polymer concretes use polymers as a binding agent, as explained above. Because Portland cement-based concretes use a limestone-based binding agent as opposed to a polymer-based binding agent, their adhesion properties to different materials would greatly differ. For example, the paragraphs below describe a cross-linking mechanism that may be active in creating a chemical bond between CHDM-containing polyesters and UPR polymer concrete. This cross-linking mechanism would not be present with a Portland cement-based concrete and therefore would not experience the same adhesion strength with PETG.
- the cyclohexane ring of CHDM may participate in the free radical initiated cross-linking reaction that occurs when MEKP is added to liquid UPR during polymer concrete casting.
- Cyclohexane may be vulnerable to free radical initiated ring opening.
- it may be able to actively participate in the UPR cross-linking reaction as a radicalized UPR molecule or radicalized styrene attacks the CHDM, opening it and forming a bond with one arm of the open ring.
- the remaining arm can rotate to a lower energy conformation (opposite the first arm) which may allow it to react with an additional styrene molecule without interference from the UPR attached to the first arm.
- the cyclohexane within PETG may participate in the cross-linking reaction through radical substitution of one of the carbon- hydrogen bonds, rather than ring separation.
- radical substitution reaction utilize phthalic acid-based CHDM-containing polyesters which changes the location of the cyclohexane ring relative to the protective carbonyl groups, whereas PETG both utilize terephthalic acid, so this mechanism may not be favored.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an interlaced composite 300 as described in related applications referenced above and incorporated by reference into this application.
- the interlaced composite 300 can include a first set of two or more warp tapes 310 (substantially parallel to one another) and a first set of two or more weft tapes 320 (substantially parallel to one another), wherein at least a portion of the first set of warp tapes 310 are interlaced with, and bonded and bonded to, at least a portion of the first set of weft tapes 320.
- tape refers to an element having length much greater than its width or thickness.
- the tapes 310 and 320 can include a polymer and a reinforcement fiber, such as carbon, basalt, glass, metallic, or aramid, or any other fiber reinforcement that would be known by a person having ordinary skill in the art to provide increased strength, stiffness, or functionality compared to the polymer.
- one or more of tapes 310 and/or 320 can include a CHDM- containing polymer.
- This mixed material interlaced composite may be less expensive than a single material design, or it may be advantageous to induce disbond failure in some areas, while retaining a high level of adhesion in other areas to generate a pseudoplastic failure mode within the material.
- interlaced composite As polymer concrete is traditionally poured or cast into a mold directly from a mixing device, it is important to ensure that the interlaced composite allows the polymer concrete to fill the mold without obstruction. Accordingly, warp tapes 310 and weft tapes 320 can be spaced apart so as to create openings 330.
- the interlaced composite can therefore be designed with one or more openings 330 to allow polymer concrete to flow through and around the interlaced composite during the molding process.
- a plurality of openings 330 within the interlaced composite may be used to increase the surface area in contact between the interlaced composite and polymer concrete.
- a plurality of openings 330 may generate a mechanical bond through encapsulation of interlace points 340 of the interlaced composites. Allowing polymer concrete to flow through and around the interlaced composite also has the benefit of reducing interfacial shear stress, caused by differential strain between materials, by creating continuity between the polymer concrete above and below the interlaced composite.
- the interlaced composite can be produced with tapes spaced as required by the structural design, and the use of thermoplastic polymers in the tapes permits the interlaced composite to be heat formed to any shape and also permits welding of the interlaced composite to itself and to other compatible thermoplastics (such as additional interlaced composites or thermoplastic anchors).
- the interlaced composite is also conducive to the production of prestressed concrete, as the lattice can be tensioned in the warp and weft directions prior to casting.
- a transmission material such as optical fiber or metallic ribbon
- a transmission material may be utilized as a warp or weft tape within the interlaced composite.
- the inclusion of this transmission material may enable structural health monitoring of the cured concrete component. Having the transmission material embedded within the interlaced composite allows it to be precisely located in a known depth of the concrete component, which also happens to be the same location as the maximum expected tensile stress.
- Existing methods of placing optical fibers for structural health monitoring in concrete rely on manual placement of the material, which increases the likelihood of damaging the fiber or results in suboptimal placement caused by difficulty securing the fiber during the pouring process.
- FIG. 4 illustrates an example method for incorporating an interlaced composite into a polymer concrete mixture as a reinforcing material.
- an interlaced composite can be created that includes a CHDM-containing polymer.
- the CHDM- containing polymer can be PETG.
- the interlaced composite can be created using the methods previously described herein, such as the method previously described regarding FIG. 3.
- the composition of the interlaced composite regarding where and how many CHDM- containing polymer tapes are used can be vary according to specific needs. For example, tapes with CHDM-containing polymer may be more expensive than those without, and so fewer tapes with the polymer can be used.
- the interlaced composite can have just one tape with the CHDM-containing polymer. In another example, all the tapes can have the CHDM- containing polymer. For reasons previously described herein, a greater number of tapes with a CHDM-containing polymer in the interlaced composite may create a stronger bond to polymer concrete.
- the interlaced composite can be inserted into a mold.
- the mold can be open or closed.
- the interlaced composite can be positioned in the mold as desired, so long as at least a portion of the interlaced composite is in direct contact with any polymer concrete poured into the mold.
- a polymer concrete mixture can be inserted into the mold.
- the polymer concrete mixture can be a concrete mixture that includes UPR as a binding agent.
- examples of other binding agents can include epoxy and vinyl ester.
- stages 410 and 420 can be performed in the opposite order, simultaneously, or in an overlapping fashion.
- the polymer concrete mixture can include a cross-linking agent and a free radical initiator.
- Styrene is an example cross-linking agent that can be included.
- MEKP and BPO are example free radical initiators that can be included.
- the cross-linking agent and free radical initiator may open the molecules of the binding agent for bonding with the CHDM-containing polymer in the interlaced composite tapes.
- the interlaced composite and polymer concrete mixture can be inserted into the mold using a layering technique. For example, a portion of the mold can first be filled with polymer concrete mixture. An interlaced composite can then be pressed into the exposed surface of the polymer concrete mixture. Finally, additional polymer concrete mixture can be poured on top so that the interlaced composite is enclosed within polymer concrete mixture. In other examples, an interlaced composite can be inserted into the mold first. Polymer concrete mixture can then be poured into the mold, thus enclosing the interlaced composite.
- the polymer concrete mixture can be allowed to cure.
- the polymer concrete mixture can cure at room temperature and pressure.
- the polymer concrete mixture can be cured at an elevated temperature and pressure.
- the polymer concrete mixture can cure where the temperature is above 150 degree centigrade and the pressure is between 100-300 psi.
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Abstract
Description
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EP21772087.9A EP4121399A4 (en) | 2020-03-17 | 2021-03-11 | Reinforced polymer concrete and method for fabricating the same |
JP2022542701A JP2023517801A (en) | 2020-03-17 | 2021-03-11 | Reinforced polymer concrete and method for making same |
KR1020227034144A KR20220151180A (en) | 2020-03-17 | 2021-03-11 | Reinforced polymer concrete and its manufacturing method |
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US16/821,600 US20200217011A1 (en) | 2014-08-08 | 2020-03-17 | Reinforced polymer concrete and method for fabricating the same |
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US3753843A (en) * | 1970-06-29 | 1973-08-21 | Monostruct Corp Ltd | Molded structural panel |
US4133928A (en) * | 1972-03-22 | 1979-01-09 | The Governing Council Of The University Of Toronto | Fiber reinforcing composites comprising portland cement having embedded therein precombined absorbent and reinforcing fibers |
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CN106760538A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-05-31 | 河南天地能源发展有限公司 | A kind of new concrete and its construction method |
CN109503067A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-03-22 | 青岛崇置混凝土工程有限公司 | Light aggregate concrete and preparation method thereof |
US20200217011A1 (en) * | 2014-08-08 | 2020-07-09 | WEAV3D, Inc. | Reinforced polymer concrete and method for fabricating the same |
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DE3273103D1 (en) * | 1981-04-03 | 1986-10-16 | Shell Int Research | Polymer concrete compositions and their use in preparing articles |
US5519094A (en) * | 1992-03-06 | 1996-05-21 | B. F. Goodrich Company | Fiber-reinforced thermoplastic molding compositions using a modified thermoplastic polyurethane |
US6046267A (en) * | 1997-05-27 | 2000-04-04 | Tecinomet S.A. | Method and apparatus for producing gas occlusion-free and void-free compounds and composites |
US6263629B1 (en) * | 1998-08-04 | 2001-07-24 | Clark Schwebel Tech-Fab Company | Structural reinforcement member and method of utilizing the same to reinforce a product |
-
2021
- 2021-03-11 EP EP21772087.9A patent/EP4121399A4/en active Pending
- 2021-03-11 KR KR1020227034144A patent/KR20220151180A/en unknown
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US3753843A (en) * | 1970-06-29 | 1973-08-21 | Monostruct Corp Ltd | Molded structural panel |
US4133928A (en) * | 1972-03-22 | 1979-01-09 | The Governing Council Of The University Of Toronto | Fiber reinforcing composites comprising portland cement having embedded therein precombined absorbent and reinforcing fibers |
US4540726A (en) * | 1981-11-04 | 1985-09-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Electropositive bivalent metallic ion unsaturated polyester complexed polymer concrete |
US20150330031A1 (en) * | 2012-12-19 | 2015-11-19 | Carbonloc Pty Ltd | A Railway Sleeper |
US20200217011A1 (en) * | 2014-08-08 | 2020-07-09 | WEAV3D, Inc. | Reinforced polymer concrete and method for fabricating the same |
CN106760538A (en) * | 2016-12-16 | 2017-05-31 | 河南天地能源发展有限公司 | A kind of new concrete and its construction method |
CN109503067A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-03-22 | 青岛崇置混凝土工程有限公司 | Light aggregate concrete and preparation method thereof |
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JP2023517801A (en) | 2023-04-27 |
EP4121399A1 (en) | 2023-01-25 |
KR20220151180A (en) | 2022-11-14 |
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